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==Phonology== |
==Phonology== |
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{{main|Upper Sorbian phonology}} |
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===Vowels=== |
===Vowels=== |
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The vowel inventory of Upper Sorbian is exactly the same as that of [[Lower Sorbian]].{{sfnp|Stone|2002|p=600}} |
The vowel inventory of Upper Sorbian is exactly the same as that of [[Lower Sorbian]].{{sfnp|Stone|2002|p=600}} |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
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|+ Vowel phonemes{{sfnp| |
|+ Vowel phonemes{{sfnp|Howson|2017|pp=363–634}} |
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! |
! |
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! [[Front vowel|Front]] |
! [[Front vowel|Front]] |
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! [[Back vowel|Back]] |
! [[Back vowel|Back]] |
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|- |
|- |
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! |
! [[Close vowel|Close]] |
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| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|i}} |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
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| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|u}} |
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|- |
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! |
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]] |
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| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ɛ}} |
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| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ɔ}} |
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! |
! [[Open vowel|Open]] |
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⚫ | |||
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| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ä|a}} |
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| align="center" | {{IPA link|ɔ}} |
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! [[Diphthong]]s |
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! align="left" | [[Open vowel|Open]] |
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* Word-initial vowels are rare, and are often preceded by a non-phonemic glottal stop {{IPAblink|ʔ}}, or sometimes {{IPA|/ɦ/}}. {{IPA|/i, u, ɛ, ɔ/}} appear in word-initial position only in recent borrowings, whereas the diphthongs never occur in this position.{{sfnp|Stone|2002|p=604}} |
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*{{IPA|/i/}} is [[Relative articulation#Mid-centralized|mid-centralized]] to {{IPAblink|ɪ}} after hard consonants.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Šewc-Schuster|1984|p=34}}. The author states that {{IPA|[ɪ]}} is less front and somewhat lower than {{IPA|[i]}}, but unlike Russian {{IPA|[ɨ]}}, it is front, not central.</ref> |
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* {{IPA|/ɛ/}} has three allophones: |
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⚫ | |||
** Open-mid {{IPAblink|ɛ}} between hard consonants and after a hard consonant;{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|p=32}} |
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** Mid {{IPAblink|ɛ̝}} between soft consonants and after a soft consonant (excluding {{IPA|/j/}} in both cases);{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|p=32}} |
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** Diphthong with a mid onset {{IPA|[ɛ̝i̯]}} before {{IPA|/j/}}.{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|p=32}} |
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* {{IPA|/ɔ/}} has two allophones: |
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** Diphthong with a mid onset {{IPA|[ɔ̝u̯]}} before labial consonants;{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|p=33}} |
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** Open-mid {{IPAblink|ɔ}} in all other cases.{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|p=33}} |
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* The diphthongs {{IPA|/iɪ, uʊ/}} can also be analyzed as {{IPA|/e, o/}}, introducing a close-open distinction to the mid vowels, as in [[Slovene language|Slovene]].{{sfnp|Howson|2017|pp=363–634}} Here, they are analyzed as diphthongs. |
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* Both of the diphthongs are falling: {{IPA|[iɪ̯, uʊ̯]}}. Both can be monophthongized to {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ɪ}}, {{IPAplink|ʊ}}]}}. {{IPAblink|ɪ}} is the usual realization of {{IPA|/iɪ/}}; the narrow opening diphthong {{IPA|[iɪ]}} occurs only under strong sentence stress in monosyllabic words. Conversely, {{IPA|/uʊ/}} is commonly diphthongal {{IPA|[uʊ]}}.{{sfnp|Howson|2017|pp=363–634}} |
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⚫ | |||
* {{IPA|/a/}} is phonetically central {{IPAblink|ä}}.{{sfnp|Stone|2002|p=600}}{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|p=20}} It is somewhat higher {{IPAblink|ɐ}} after soft consonants.{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|p=31}} |
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===Consonants=== |
===Consonants=== |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |
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|+ Consonant phonemes{{sfnp|Stone|2002|p=600}}{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|p=46}} |
|+ Consonant phonemes{{sfnp|Stone|2002|p=600}}{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|p=46}} |
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!colspan=2 rowspan=2 | |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | |
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!colspan=2 | [[Labial consonant|Labial]] |
! colspan="2" | [[Labial consonant|Labial]] |
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!colspan=2 | [[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br/>[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] |
! colspan="2" | [[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br/>[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] |
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! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] |
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] |
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!colspan=2 | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]/<br/>[[Uvular consonant|Uvular]] |
! colspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]/<br/>[[Uvular consonant|Uvular]] |
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! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]] |
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]] |
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|-class=small |
|- class="small" |
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! hard |
! hard |
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! [[Palatalization (phonetics)|soft]] |
! [[Palatalization (phonetics)|soft]] |
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! hard |
! hard |
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|- |
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!colspan=2| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] |
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] |
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| {{IPA link|m}} |
| {{IPA link|m}} |
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| {{IPA|mʲ}} |
| {{IPA|mʲ}} |
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!rowspan=2| [[Stop consonant|Plosive]] |
! rowspan="2" | [[Stop consonant|Plosive]] |
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! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}} |
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}} |
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| {{IPA link|p}} |
| {{IPA link|p}} |
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!rowspan=2| [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]] |
! rowspan="2" | [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]] |
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! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}} |
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}} |
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!rowspan=2| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]] |
! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]] |
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! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}} |
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}} |
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| {{IPA link|f}} |
| {{IPA link|f}} |
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| {{IPA link|ʃ}} |
| {{IPA link|ʃ}} |
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| {{IPA link|x}} |
| {{IPA link|ʀ̝̊|x}} |
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! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}} |
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}} |
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| ({{IPA link|v}}) |
| ({{IPA link|v}}) |
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| ({{IPA|zʲ}}) |
| ({{IPA|zʲ}}) |
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| {{IPA link|ʒ}} |
| {{IPA link|ʒ}} |
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| {{IPA link|ɦ}} |
| {{IPA link|ɦ}} |
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|- |
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! colspan=2| [[ |
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]] |
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! colspan=2| [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]] |
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⚫ | |||
| {{IPA link|l}} |
| {{IPA link|l}} |
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* {{IPA|/m, mʲ, p, pʲ, b, bʲ, w, wʲ/}} are [[Bilabial consonant|bilabial]], whereas {{IPA|/f, v/}} are [[Labiodental consonant|labiodental]].{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|pp=35–37, 41, 46}} |
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⚫ | |||
*{{IPA|/ |
** {{IPA|/mʲ, pʲ, bʲ/}} are strongly palatalized.{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|p=41}} |
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** {{IPA|/w/}} is a somewhat velarized bilabial approximant {{IPAblink|β̞|β̞ˠ}}, whereas {{IPA|/wʲ/}} is a strongly palatalized bilabial approximant {{IPAblink|ɥ}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Šewc-Schuster|1984|pp=36–37, 41, 46}}. On page 36, the author states that Upper Sorbian {{IPA|/β/}} is less velar than Polish {{IPA|/w/}}. The weakness of the velarization is confirmed by the corresponding image on page 37.</ref> |
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** {{IPA|/v/}} is very rare. Apart from loanwords, it occurs only in two Slavonic words: ''zełharny'' {{IPA|/ˈzɛvarni/}} 'deceitful' and ''zełharnosć'' {{IPA|/ˈzɛvarnɔst͡ʃ/}} 'deceitfulness', both of which are derivatives of ''łhać'' {{IPA|/ˈfat͡ʃ/}} 'to lie'. Usage of these words is typically restricted to the [[Bautzen]] dialect, as speakers of the Catholic dialect use ''łžeć'' {{IPA|/ˈbʒɛt͡ʃ/}} and its derivatives.{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|p=36}}{{sfnp|Stone|2002|pp=603–604}} |
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⚫ | |||
* |
* {{IPA|/n, l/}} are alveolar {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|n|n͇}}, {{IPAplink|l|l͇}}]}}, {{IPA|/ɲ/}} is [[Alveolo-palatal consonant|alveolo-palatal]] {{IPAblink|ɲ̟}}, whereas {{IPA|/t, d, t͡s, d͡z, t͡sʲ, s, z, zʲ/}} are dental {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|t̪}}, {{IPAplink|d̪}}, {{IPAplink|t̪͡s̪}}, {{IPAplink|d̪͡z̪}}, t̪͡s̪ʲ, {{IPAplink|s̪}}, {{IPAplink|z̪}}, z̪ʲ]}}.{{sfnp|Stone|2002|p=600}}{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|pp=37–41, 46}}{{sfnp|Zygis|2003|pp=190–191}} |
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** {{IPA|/t, d, l/}} before {{IPA|/i/}} (in the case of {{IPA|/l/}} also before {{IPA|/ɛ, iɪ/}}) are weakly palatalized {{IPA|[tʲ, dʲ, lʲ]}}. {{Harvcoltxt|Šewc-Schuster|1984}} also reports palatalized {{IPA|[fʲ, vʲ, {{IPAplink|k̟|kʲ}}, {{IPAplink|ɡ˖|ɡʲ}}, {{IPAplink|x̟|xʲ}}, ɦʲ]}} as allophones of {{IPA|/f, v, k, ɡ, x, ɦ/}}.{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|pp=37, 39, 46}} Among these, the labiodental {{IPA|[fʲ, vʲ]}} are extremely rare.{{sfnp|Stone|2002|p=604}} |
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** {{IPA|/n, nʲ/}} are velar {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ŋ}}, ŋʲ]}} in front of velar consonants.{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|pp=39, 46}} |
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** {{IPA|/d͡z/}} is very rare. In many cases, it merges with {{IPA|/z/}} into {{IPAblink|z̪|z}}.{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|p=38}}{{sfnp|Zygis|2003|p=191}} |
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* In most dialects, {{IPA|/t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, ʃ, ʒ/}} are [[Palato-alveolar consonant|palato-alveolar]]. This is unlike Lower Sorbian, where these consonants are laminal retroflex (flat postalveolar) {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|t͡ʂ}}, {{IPAplink|ʂ}}, {{IPAplink|ʐ}}]}} (Lower Sorbian {{IPA|/t͡ʂ/}} does not have a voiced counterpart).{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|pp=40–41}}{{sfnp|Zygis|2003|pp=180–181, 190–191}} Laminal retroflex realizations of {{IPA|/ʃ, ʒ/}}{{fix|text=what about the affricates /tʃ, dʒ/?|date=August 2015}} also occur in Upper Sorbian dialects spoken in some villages north of [[Hoyerswerda]].{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|p=41}}{{sfnp|Zygis|2003|p=180}} |
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⚫ | |||
** {{IPA|/x/}} is typically accompanied with trilling of the uvula, so that {{lang|hsb|brach}} {{IPA|/ˈbrax/}} 'fault' is typically pronounced {{IPA|[bʁaʀ̝̊]}}.{{sfnp|Howson|2017|p=362}} |
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** {{IPA|/x/}} does not occur word-initially, whereas {{IPA|/ɦ/}} does not occur word-finally.{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|p=43}} |
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** Soft {{IPA|/rʲ/}} is strongly palatalized.{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|p=41}} |
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* {{IPA|/ɦ/}} is voiced {{IPAblink|ɦ}}, unlike Lower Sorbian where it is voiceless {{IPAblink|h}}.{{sfnp|Stone|2002|pp=600, 605}}{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|pp=43, 46}} |
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* An epenthetic {{IPA|/j/}} is inserted before a post-vocalic soft consonant, yielding a diphthong. If the soft consonant occurs before {{IPA|/ɛ/}} or {{IPA|/iɪ/}}, it is often realized as hard, and {{IPA|/iɪ/}} is lowered and monophthongized to {{IPAblink|ɛ}}.{{sfnp|Stone|2002|p=604}}{{examples needed|date=August 2017}} |
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* In literary language, the contrast between hard and soft consonants is neutralized in word-final position. Word-finally, the letter {{angle bracket|ń}} represents a post-vocalic sequence {{IPA|/jn/}}, as in ''dźeń'' {{IPA|/ˈd͡ʒɛjn/}} 'day'.{{sfnp|Stone|2002|p=604}} |
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====Final devoicing and assimilation==== |
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{{Expand section|date=April 2015}} |
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Upper Sorbian has both [[final devoicing]] and regressive [[phonation|voicing]] [[assimilation (linguistics)|assimilation]], both word-internal and across word boundaries.{{sfnp|Stone|2002|p=604}}{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|p=26}} In the latter context, {{IPA|/x/}} is voiced to {{IPAblink|ɣ}}. Regressive voicing assimilation does not occur before [[sonorant]]s and {{IPA|/ɦ/}}.{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|p=26}} |
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===Stress=== |
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{{Expand section|date=April 2015}} |
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* Words consisting of up to three syllables are stressed on the first syllable.{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|p=27}} |
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* Foreign words, such as ''student'' {{IPA|/stuˈdɛnt/}} 'student', preserve their original accent.{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|p=28}} |
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==Samples== |
==Samples== |
Revision as of 07:24, 30 October 2023
Upper Sorbian | |
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hornjoserbšćina, hornjoserbsce | |
Pronunciation | [ˈhɔʀɲɔˌsɛʀpʃt͡ʃina] |
Native to | Germany |
Region | Saxony |
Ethnicity | Sorbs |
Native speakers | 13,000 (2007)[1] |
Indo-European
| |
Latin (Sorbian alphabet) | |
Official status | |
Official language in | Regional language in Saxony |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-2 | hsb |
ISO 639-3 | hsb |
Glottolog | uppe1395 |
ELP | Upper Sorbian |
Linguasphere | 53-AAA-bb < 53-AAA-b < 53-AAA-b...-d (varieties: 53-AAA-bba to 53-AAA-bbf) |
Upper Sorbian (hornjoserbšćina), occasionally referred to as Wendish,[2] is a minority language spoken by Sorbs, Germany, in the historical province of Upper Lusatia, which is today part of Saxony. It is grouped in the West Slavic language branch, together with Lower Sorbian, Czech, Polish, Slovak and Kashubian.
History
The history of the Upper Sorbian language in Germany began with the Slavic migrations during the 6th century AD. Beginning in the 12th century, there was a massive influx of rural Germanic settlers from Flanders, Saxony, Thuringia and Franconia. This so-called "Ostsiedlung" (eastern settlement or expansion) led to a slow but steady decline in use of the Sorbian language. In addition, in the Saxony region, the Sorbian language was legally subordinated to the German language. Language prohibitions were later added: In 1293, the Sorbian language was forbidden in Berne castle before the courts; in 1327 it was forbidden in Zwickau and Leipzig, and from 1424 on it was forbidden in Meissen. Further, there was the condition in many guilds of the cities of the area to accept only members of German-language origin.
However, the central areas of the Milzener and Lusitzer, in the area of today's Lusatia, were relatively unaffected by the new German language settlements and legal restrictions. The language therefore flourished there. By the 17th century, the number of Sorbian speakers in that area grew to over 300,000. The oldest evidence of written Upper Sorbian is the Burger Eydt Wendisch monument, which was discovered in the city of Bautzen and dates to the year 1532.
Upper Sorbian in Germany
There are an estimated 20,000 to 25,000[citation needed] speakers of Upper Sorbian. Almost all of these live in the state of Saxony, chiefly in the district of Bautzen (Budyšin). The stronghold of the language is the village of Crostwitz (Chrósćicy) and the surrounding municipalities, especially to the west of it. In this core area, Upper Sorbian remains the predominant vernacular.
Phonology
Vowels
The vowel inventory of Upper Sorbian is exactly the same as that of Lower Sorbian.[3]
Front | Central | Back | |
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Close | i | ɨ | u |
Mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
Open | a | ||
Diphthongs | iɪ uʊ |
- Word-initial vowels are rare, and are often preceded by a non-phonemic glottal stop [ʔ], or sometimes /ɦ/. /i, u, ɛ, ɔ/ appear in word-initial position only in recent borrowings, whereas the diphthongs never occur in this position.[5]
- /ɛ/ has three allophones:
- /ɔ/ has two allophones:
- The diphthongs /iɪ, uʊ/ can also be analyzed as /e, o/, introducing a close-open distinction to the mid vowels, as in Slovene.[4] Here, they are analyzed as diphthongs.
- Both of the diphthongs are falling: [iɪ̯, uʊ̯]. Both can be monophthongized to [ɪ, ʊ]. [ɪ] is the usual realization of /iɪ/; the narrow opening diphthong [iɪ] occurs only under strong sentence stress in monosyllabic words. Conversely, /uʊ/ is commonly diphthongal [uʊ].[4]
- The distinction between /ɛ, ɔ/ on the one hand and /iɪ, uʊ/ on the other is weakened or lost in unstressed syllables.[8]
- /a/ is phonetically central [ä].[3][9] It is somewhat higher [ɐ] after soft consonants.[10]
Consonants
Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Palatal | Velar/ Uvular |
Glottal | |||||
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hard | soft | hard | soft | soft | hard | soft | hard | ||
Nasal | m | mʲ | n | ɲ | |||||
Plosive | voiceless | p | pʲ | t | k | ||||
voiced | b | bʲ | d | ɡ | |||||
Affricate | voiceless | t͡s | (t͡sʲ) | t͡ʃ | |||||
voiced | (d͡z) | d͡ʒ | |||||||
Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ʃ | x | ||||
voiced | (v) | z | (zʲ) | ʒ | r | rʲ | ɦ | ||
Approximant | w | wʲ | l | j |
- /m, mʲ, p, pʲ, b, bʲ, w, wʲ/ are bilabial, whereas /f, v/ are labiodental.[12]
- /mʲ, pʲ, bʲ/ are strongly palatalized.[13]
- /w/ is a somewhat velarized bilabial approximant [β̞ˠ], whereas /wʲ/ is a strongly palatalized bilabial approximant [ɥ].[14]
- /v/ is very rare. Apart from loanwords, it occurs only in two Slavonic words: zełharny /ˈzɛvarni/ 'deceitful' and zełharnosć /ˈzɛvarnɔst͡ʃ/ 'deceitfulness', both of which are derivatives of łhać /ˈfat͡ʃ/ 'to lie'. Usage of these words is typically restricted to the Bautzen dialect, as speakers of the Catholic dialect use łžeć /ˈbʒɛt͡ʃ/ and its derivatives.[15][16]
- /n, l/ are alveolar [n͇, l͇], /ɲ/ is alveolo-palatal [ɲ̟], whereas /t, d, t͡s, d͡z, t͡sʲ, s, z, zʲ/ are dental [t̪, d̪, t̪͡s̪, d̪͡z̪, t̪͡s̪ʲ, s̪, z̪, z̪ʲ].[3][17][18]
- /t, d, l/ before /i/ (in the case of /l/ also before /ɛ, iɪ/) are weakly palatalized [tʲ, dʲ, lʲ]. Šewc-Schuster (1984) also reports palatalized [fʲ, vʲ, kʲ, ɡʲ, xʲ, ɦʲ] as allophones of /f, v, k, ɡ, x, ɦ/.[19] Among these, the labiodental [fʲ, vʲ] are extremely rare.[5]
- /n, nʲ/ are velar [ŋ, ŋʲ] in front of velar consonants.[20]
- /d͡z/ is very rare. In many cases, it merges with /z/ into [z].[21][22]
- /t͡sʲ, zʲ/ are very rare.[21][22] According to Stone (2002), the phonemic status of /t͡sʲ/ is controversial.[5]
- In most dialects, /t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, ʃ, ʒ/ are palato-alveolar. This is unlike Lower Sorbian, where these consonants are laminal retroflex (flat postalveolar) [t͡ʂ, ʂ, ʐ] (Lower Sorbian /t͡ʂ/ does not have a voiced counterpart).[23][24] Laminal retroflex realizations of /ʃ, ʒ/[what about the affricates /tʃ, dʒ/?] also occur in Upper Sorbian dialects spoken in some villages north of Hoyerswerda.[13][25]
- /k, ɡ, x/ are velar, whereas /r, rʲ/ are uvular.[26][27]
- An aspirated [kʰ] is a morpheme-initial allophone of /x/ in some cases, as well as a possible word-initial allophone of /k/.[28]
- /x/ is typically accompanied with trilling of the uvula, so that brach /ˈbrax/ 'fault' is typically pronounced [bʁaʀ̝̊].[29]
- /x/ does not occur word-initially, whereas /ɦ/ does not occur word-finally.[30]
- The alveolar realization [r, rʲ] of /r, rʲ/ is archaic.[31]
- Soft /rʲ/ is strongly palatalized.[13]
- /ɦ/ is voiced [ɦ], unlike Lower Sorbian where it is voiceless [h].[32][33]
- An epenthetic /j/ is inserted before a post-vocalic soft consonant, yielding a diphthong. If the soft consonant occurs before /ɛ/ or /iɪ/, it is often realized as hard, and /iɪ/ is lowered and monophthongized to [ɛ].[5][example needed]
- In literary language, the contrast between hard and soft consonants is neutralized in word-final position. Word-finally, the letter ⟨ń⟩ represents a post-vocalic sequence /jn/, as in dźeń /ˈd͡ʒɛjn/ 'day'.[5]
Final devoicing and assimilation
Upper Sorbian has both final devoicing and regressive voicing assimilation, both word-internal and across word boundaries.[5][34] In the latter context, /x/ is voiced to [ɣ]. Regressive voicing assimilation does not occur before sonorants and /ɦ/.[34]
Stress
- Words consisting of up to three syllables are stressed on the first syllable.[35]
- Foreign words, such as student /stuˈdɛnt/ 'student', preserve their original accent.[36]
Samples
The Lord's Prayer in Upper Sorbian:
- Wótče naš, kiž sy w njebjesach. Swjeć so Twoje mjeno. Přińdź Twoje kralestwo. Stań so Twoja wola, kaž na njebju, tak na zemi. Wšědny chlěb naš daj nam dźens. Wodaj nam naše winy, jako my tež wodawamy swojim winikam. A njewjedź nas do spytowanja, ale wumóž nas wot złeho. Amen.
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Upper Sorbian:
- Wšitcy čłowjekojo su wot naroda swobodni a su jenacy po dostojnosći a prawach. Woni su z rozumom a swědomjom wobdarjeni a maja mjezsobu w duchu bratrowstwa wobchadźeć.
(All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.)[37]
See also
References
- ^ Upper Sorbian at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ "9780781807807: Sorbian (Wendish)-English English-Sorbian (Wendish) Concise Dictionary (Concise Dictionaries) (English and Sorbian Languages Edition) – AbeBooks – Strauch, Mercin: 0781807808".
- ^ a b c d Stone (2002), p. 600.
- ^ a b c Howson (2017), pp. 363–634.
- ^ a b c d e f Stone (2002), p. 604.
- ^ a b c Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 32.
- ^ a b Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 33.
- ^ Stone (2002), pp. 601, 606–607.
- ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 20.
- ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 31.
- ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 46.
- ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984), pp. 35–37, 41, 46.
- ^ a b c Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 41.
- ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984:36–37, 41, 46). On page 36, the author states that Upper Sorbian /β/ is less velar than Polish /w/. The weakness of the velarization is confirmed by the corresponding image on page 37.
- ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 36.
- ^ Stone (2002), pp. 603–604.
- ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984), pp. 37–41, 46.
- ^ Zygis (2003), pp. 190–191.
- ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984), pp. 37, 39, 46.
- ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984), pp. 39, 46.
- ^ a b Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 38.
- ^ a b Zygis (2003), p. 191.
- ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984), pp. 40–41.
- ^ Zygis (2003), pp. 180–181, 190–191.
- ^ Zygis (2003), p. 180.
- ^ Stone (2002), pp. 600, 602.
- ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984), pp. 42–44, 46.
- ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984), pp. 26–27, 42–43.
- ^ Howson (2017), p. 362.
- ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 43.
- ^ Stone (2002), p. 602.
- ^ Stone (2002), pp. 600, 605.
- ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984), pp. 43, 46.
- ^ a b Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 26.
- ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 27.
- ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 28.
- ^ Sorbian at Omniglot.com
Bibliography
- Ross, Malcom. 2020. Syntax and contact-induced language change. In A. Grant (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Language Contact. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 123–154. [Upper Sorbian and German contact, with resulting changes in Sorbian]
- Šewc-Schuster, Hinc (1984), Gramatika hornjo-serbskeje rěče, Budyšin: Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina
- Stone, Gerald (2002), "Sorbian (Upper and Lower)", in Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville G. (eds.), The Slavonic Languages, London and New York: Routledge, pp. 593–685, ISBN 9780415280785
- Zygis, Marzena (2003), "Phonetic and Phonological Aspects of Slavic Sibilant Fricatives" (PDF), ZAS Papers in Linguistics, 3: 175–213, doi:10.21248/zaspil.32.2003.191
External links
- Online course for Upper and Lower Sorbian (English, Sorbian, German)
- Course in Upper Sorbian
- Kurs serbskeje rěče, introductory texts of the lessons included in the Sorbian language textbook Curs practic de limba sorabă
Dictionaries
- (in Czech and Upper Sorbian) Upper Sorbian dictionary with common phrases
- (in German and Upper Sorbian) Upper Sorbian phraseology dictionary
- (in German and Upper Sorbian) SorbWord
- (in German and Upper Sorbian) Sorbian 'language practice' page at Leipzig University
- (in German and Upper Sorbian) Sorbian information page at Leipzig University
- (in German and Upper Sorbian) Wortschatz.de