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The War of the Eight Princes lasted for more than a decade, severely weakening the economy and military capacity of the Western Jin. At the same time, the nomads were also being enlisted by the princes as military forces; one such force of Xianbei, under the command of [[Sima Yue]], captured [[Chang'an]] in 306. |
The War of the Eight Princes lasted for more than a decade, severely weakening the economy and military capacity of the Western Jin. At the same time, the nomads were also being enlisted by the princes as military forces; one such force of Xianbei, under the command of [[Sima Yue]], captured [[Chang'an]] in 306. |
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Taking advantage of this period of weakness, the different non-Chinese peoples began to openly occupy territory and proclaim new regimes. The Di chief [[Li Xiong]] captured [[Chengdu]] in 304, proclaiming the kingdom of [[Cheng Han]]. The most serious initial revolt, however, was [[Xiongnu]] chieftain [[Liu Yuan (Han Zhao)|Liu Yuan]], who proclaimed the kingdom of [[Han Zhao]] in 304 as well, in the northern heartland of the Jin dynasty.<ref name="Li and Zheng, pg 382">Li and Zheng, pg 382</ref> |
Taking advantage of this period of weakness, the different non-Chinese peoples began to openly occupy territory and proclaim new regimes. The Di chief [[Li Xiong]] captured [[Chengdu]] in 304, proclaiming the kingdom of [[Cheng Han]]. The most serious initial revolt, however, was [[Xiongnu]] chieftain [[Liu Yuan (Han Zhao)|Liu Yuan]], who proclaimed the kingdom of [[Han Zhao]] in 304 as well, in the northern heartland of the Jin dynasty.<ref name="Li and Zheng, pg 382">Li and Zheng, pg 382</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=March 2019}} |
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===Jin defeat and Disaster of Yongjia=== |
===Jin defeat and Disaster of Yongjia=== |
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The Jin dynasty was ineffective in its attempts to halt the uprising. The Jin capital, Luoyang was open to Liu Yuan's son Liu Cong (who was now commander of the rebellious forces), and he attacked Luoyang in 309 and 310 CE twice, without success. However, the Jin Chancellor Sima Yue fled Luoyang in 310CE with 40,000 troops to Xiangcheng in Henan in an attempt to flee this threat.<ref name="Li and Zheng, pg 382" /> |
The Jin dynasty was ineffective in its attempts to halt the uprising. The Jin capital, Luoyang was open to Liu Yuan's son Liu Cong (who was now commander of the rebellious forces), and he attacked Luoyang in 309 and 310 CE twice, without success. However, the Jin Chancellor Sima Yue fled Luoyang in 310CE with 40,000 troops to Xiangcheng in Henan in an attempt to flee this threat.<ref name="Li and Zheng, pg 382" />{{Full citation needed|date=March 2019}} |
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After Sima Yue's death, the main Jin forces in Henan, led by Wang Yan, decided to proceed to Shantung to defeat [[Shi Le]], a general of Jie ethnicity under Liu Cong, but was defeated by the rebel forces and more than 100,000 soldiers perished, including Wang Yan himself.<ref name="Li and Zheng, pg 383">Li and Zheng, pg 383</ref> |
After Sima Yue's death, the main Jin forces in Henan, led by Wang Yan, decided to proceed to Shantung to defeat [[Shi Le]], a general of Jie ethnicity under Liu Cong, but was defeated by the rebel forces and more than 100,000 soldiers perished, including Wang Yan himself.<ref name="Li and Zheng, pg 383">Li and Zheng, pg 383</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=March 2019}} |
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The defeat of Wang Yan's forces finally exhausted the military capacity of the Jin, leaving the capital open to capture. Upon entering the city, the invaders engaged in a massacre, razing the city and causing more than 30,000 deaths. This event in Chinese history was known as the [[Disaster of Yongjia]], after the [[era name]] of Emperor Huai of Jin; the emperor himself was captured, while his crown prince and clansmen were killed.<ref name="Li and Zheng, pg 383" /> |
The defeat of Wang Yan's forces finally exhausted the military capacity of the Jin, leaving the capital open to capture. Upon entering the city, the invaders engaged in a massacre, razing the city and causing more than 30,000 deaths. This event in Chinese history was known as the [[Disaster of Yongjia]], after the [[era name]] of Emperor Huai of Jin; the emperor himself was captured, while his crown prince and clansmen were killed.<ref name="Li and Zheng, pg 383" />{{Full citation needed|date=March 2019}} |
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Although the main Jin regime in the North was defeated, Jin forces continued to hold three provinces in the North, namely Youzhou, Liangzhou, and Bingzhou. These provinces, however, were cut off from the remnant Jin forces now in the South and eventually overrun, reducing [[Eastern Jin|Jin]] control to the area south of the [[Huai River]]. |
Although the main Jin regime in the North was defeated, Jin forces continued to hold three provinces in the North, namely Youzhou, Liangzhou, and Bingzhou. These provinces, however, were cut off from the remnant Jin forces now in the South and eventually overrun, reducing [[Eastern Jin|Jin]] control to the area south of the [[Huai River]]. |
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While the era was one of military catastrophe, it was also one of deep cultural interaction. The nomadic tribes introduced new methods of government, while also encouraging introduced faiths such as [[Buddhism]]. Meanwhile, the southward exodus of the cultured Jin elite, who then spread across the southern provinces including modern-day [[Fujian]] and [[Guangdong]], further integrated the areas south of the Yangtze River into the Chinese cultural sphere. |
While the era was one of military catastrophe, it was also one of deep cultural interaction. The nomadic tribes introduced new methods of government, while also encouraging introduced faiths such as [[Buddhism]]. Meanwhile, the southward exodus of the cultured Jin elite, who then spread across the southern provinces including modern-day [[Fujian]] and [[Guangdong]], further integrated the areas south of the Yangtze River into the Chinese cultural sphere. |
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The "Eight Great Surnames" were eight noble families who migrated from northern China to [[Fujian]] in southern China due to the uprising of the five barbarians when the Eastern Jin was founded, the Hu, He, Qiu, Dan, Zheng, Huang, Chen and Lin surnames.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dean |first1=Kenneth |last2=Zheng |first2=Zhenman |date=2009 |title=Ritual Alliances of the Putian Plain. Volume One: Historical Introduction to the Return of the Gods | |
The "Eight Great Surnames" were eight noble families who migrated from northern China to [[Fujian]] in southern China due to the uprising of the five barbarians when the Eastern Jin was founded, the Hu, He, Qiu, Dan, Zheng, Huang, Chen and Lin surnames.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dean |first1=Kenneth |last2=Zheng |first2=Zhenman |date=2009 |title=Ritual Alliances of the Putian Plain. Volume One: Historical Introduction to the Return of the Gods |chapter=Appendix One. Legends Of The Main Surnames Of The Putian Plain (Based On The Account In Zhang Qin’s Putian Xianzhi) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lSiwCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA341#v=onepage&q&f=false |page=341 |doi=10.1163/ej.9789004176027.i-437.88 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=904742946X }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Xu |first1=Bin |last2=Xie |first2=Bizhen |editor1-last=Li |editor1-first=Tang |editor2-first=Dietmar W. |editor2-last=Winkler |date=2013 |title=From the Oxus River to the Chinese Shores: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VYaMuV3N5vUC&pg=PA270&dq=chen+eight+surnames+fujian&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjp3pGT8KbhAhXrYd8KHTYPD18Q6AEIMTAC#v=onepage&q=chen%20eight%20surnames%20fujian&f=false |page=270 |chapter= The Rise and Fall of Nestorianism in Quanzhou during the Yuan dynasty|dead-url= |format= |language= |location= |edition=illustrated |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |isbn= 3643903294 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ni |first1=Hao |last2= |first2= |date= |title=Travel Guide of Fujian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ytGJDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT4&dq=chen+eight+surnames+fujian&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjp3pGT8KbhAhXrYd8KHTYPD18Q6AEINTAD#v=onepage&q=chen%20eight%20surnames%20fujian&f=false |publisher=DeepLogic |series=Travelling in China }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Szonyi |first1=Michael |last2= |first2= |date=2002 |title= Practicing Kinship: Lineage and Descent in Late Imperial China |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6La08w3cBcAC&pg=PA27&dq=chen+eight+surnames+fujian&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjp3pGT8KbhAhXrYd8KHTYPD18Q6AEIOjAE#v=onepage&q=chen%20eight%20surnames%20fujian&f=false |page=27 |dead-url= |format= |language= |location= |edition=illustrated |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=0804742618 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Zheng |first1=Zhenman |last2= |first2= |date=2001 |title=Family Lineage Organization and Social Change in Ming and Qing Fujian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q6l_WOr1lLYC&pg=PA190&dq=chen+eight+surnames+fujian&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjp3pGT8KbhAhXrYd8KHTYPD18Q6AEIJTAA#v=onepage&q=chen%20eight%20surnames%20fujian&f=false |page=190 |dead-url= |format= |language= |location= |edition=illustrated |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=0824823338 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Clark |first1=Hugh R. |last2= |first2= |date=2007 |title=Portrait of a Community: Society, Culture, and the Structures of Kinship in the Mulan River Valley (Fujian) from the Late Tang Through the Song |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=126EsR8rpC8C&pg=PA223&lpg=PA223&dq=chen+eight+surnames+fujian+putian&source=bl&ots=FiU_zVuVt8&sig=ACfU3U0uXWfxtLqjMYx0KFBvVks9cZTAhw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj3y9SQ9qbhAhURn-AKHWYtBAwQ6AEwGnoECAQQAQ#v=onepage&q=chen%20eight%20surnames%20fujian%20putian&f=false |page=223 |dead-url= |format= |language= |location= |edition=illustrated |publisher=Chinese University Press |isbn=9629962276 |archive-url= |archive-date= |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dean |first1=Kenneth |last2= |first2= |date=1998 |title= Transformations of the She (altars of the soil) in Fujian |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/asie_0766-1177_1998_num_10_1_1236 |journal=Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie |volume= |issue=10 |pages= 19-75 |doi= |access-date= }}</ref> |
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[[Ming dynasty]] pirate [[Zheng Zhilong]] and his son [[Koxinga]]'s ancestors in the Zheng family originated in northen China but due to the Uprising of the Five Barbarians and [[Disaster of Yongjia]] by the [[Five Barbarians]], the Zheng family were among the northern Chinese refugees who fled to southern China and settled in [[Putian]], Fujian. They later moved to [[Zhangzhou]] and moved on to [[Nan'an]].<ref>福建人民出版社《闽台关系族谱资料选编》</ref><ref>台湾《漳龙衍派鄱山氏之来龙去脉》( 在2002年举行的纪念郑成功收复台湾340周年研讨会上 郑姓)</ref> |
[[Ming dynasty]] pirate [[Zheng Zhilong]] and his son [[Koxinga]]'s ancestors in the Zheng family originated in northen China but due to the Uprising of the Five Barbarians and [[Disaster of Yongjia]] by the [[Five Barbarians]], the Zheng family were among the northern Chinese refugees who fled to southern China and settled in [[Putian]], Fujian. They later moved to [[Zhangzhou]] and moved on to [[Nan'an]].<ref>福建人民出版社《闽台关系族谱资料选编》</ref><ref>台湾《漳龙衍派鄱山氏之来龙去脉》( 在2002年举行的纪念郑成功收复台湾340周年研讨会上 郑姓)</ref> |
Revision as of 01:27, 30 March 2019
Uprising of the Five Barbarians (五胡亂華) | |||||||
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| |||||||
Belligerents | |||||||
Rebels of various ethnicities including the Five Barbarians | Jin dynasty | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Liu Yuan, Liu Cong, Shi Le and other tribal chieftains | Sima Yue, Wang Yan | ||||||
Strength | |||||||
c.100,000 | 100,000-200,000 | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
Unknown | unknown |
The Uprising of the Five Barbarians (simplified Chinese: 五胡乱华; traditional Chinese: 五胡亂華; pinyin: Wǔhú luànhuá; lit. 'Five Barbarians throw China into disorder'), is a Chinese expression referring refers to a series of uprisings between 304 and 316 by non-Han Chinese peoples living in Northeast Asia against the Jin dynasty (265–420). The uprisings helped topple Emperor Huai of Jin in Luoyang and ended the Western Jin dynasty. Rulers from five ethnic groups, the Xiongnu, Xianbei, Jie, Qiang and Di, then established a series of independent kingdoms in what is now northern China. This period of Chinese history, known as the Sixteen Kingdoms (五胡十六國, 'sixteen kingdoms of the five barbarians'), lasted until the Northern Wei dynasty united northern China in the 5th century.
Background
The southward migration of nomadic tribes into the lands around the Yellow River had been ongoing since the Eastern Han dynasty for several reasons. Military and diplomatic successes provided an incentive for nomads to move into closer contact with Han Chinese, while the wars of the later Three Kingdoms period also encouraged this immigration, which repopulated previously devastated areas and provided military power and labour.
By the end of the 4th century, the nomadic tribes had moved into the Guanzhong area, as well as the watersheds of the Wei and Xing rivers, practically surrounding the Jin capital in Luoyang. At the same time, the accession of Emperor Hui of Jin, who was possibly developmentally disabled, led to a struggle between the princes of the ruling Sima family to control him, sparking off the War of the Eight Princes.
Uprising
Beginnings of the uprising
The War of the Eight Princes lasted for more than a decade, severely weakening the economy and military capacity of the Western Jin. At the same time, the nomads were also being enlisted by the princes as military forces; one such force of Xianbei, under the command of Sima Yue, captured Chang'an in 306.
Taking advantage of this period of weakness, the different non-Chinese peoples began to openly occupy territory and proclaim new regimes. The Di chief Li Xiong captured Chengdu in 304, proclaiming the kingdom of Cheng Han. The most serious initial revolt, however, was Xiongnu chieftain Liu Yuan, who proclaimed the kingdom of Han Zhao in 304 as well, in the northern heartland of the Jin dynasty.[1][full citation needed]
Jin defeat and Disaster of Yongjia
The Jin dynasty was ineffective in its attempts to halt the uprising. The Jin capital, Luoyang was open to Liu Yuan's son Liu Cong (who was now commander of the rebellious forces), and he attacked Luoyang in 309 and 310 CE twice, without success. However, the Jin Chancellor Sima Yue fled Luoyang in 310CE with 40,000 troops to Xiangcheng in Henan in an attempt to flee this threat.[1][full citation needed]
After Sima Yue's death, the main Jin forces in Henan, led by Wang Yan, decided to proceed to Shantung to defeat Shi Le, a general of Jie ethnicity under Liu Cong, but was defeated by the rebel forces and more than 100,000 soldiers perished, including Wang Yan himself.[2][full citation needed]
The defeat of Wang Yan's forces finally exhausted the military capacity of the Jin, leaving the capital open to capture. Upon entering the city, the invaders engaged in a massacre, razing the city and causing more than 30,000 deaths. This event in Chinese history was known as the Disaster of Yongjia, after the era name of Emperor Huai of Jin; the emperor himself was captured, while his crown prince and clansmen were killed.[2][full citation needed]
Although the main Jin regime in the North was defeated, Jin forces continued to hold three provinces in the North, namely Youzhou, Liangzhou, and Bingzhou. These provinces, however, were cut off from the remnant Jin forces now in the South and eventually overrun, reducing Jin control to the area south of the Huai River.
Historical impact
The collapse of the Western Jin had long-lasting effects. In the conquered areas, various non-Han leaders quickly established a large series of kingdoms and states, most of which were short lived; this era of fragmentation and state creation lasted for more than a century, until the Northern Wei regime finally conquered and "unified" the northern regions in 439 and became the first of the Northern Dynasties.
The chaos and devastation of the north also led to a mass migration of Han Chinese to the areas south of the Huai River, where conditions were relatively stable. The southward migration of the Jin nobility is referred to in Chinese as yī guān nán dù (衣冠南渡, lit. "garments and headdresses moving south"). Many of those who fled south were of prominent families, who had the means to escape; among these prominent northern families were the Xie clan and the Wang clan, whose prominent members included Xie An and Wang Dao. Wang Dao, in particular, was instrumental in supporting Sima Rui to proclaim the Eastern Jin dynasty at Jiankang and serving as his chancellor. The Eastern Jin, dependent on established southern nobility as well as exiled northern nobility for its survival, became a relatively weak dynasty dominated by regional nobles who served as governors; nonetheless it would survive for another century as a southern regime.
While the era was one of military catastrophe, it was also one of deep cultural interaction. The nomadic tribes introduced new methods of government, while also encouraging introduced faiths such as Buddhism. Meanwhile, the southward exodus of the cultured Jin elite, who then spread across the southern provinces including modern-day Fujian and Guangdong, further integrated the areas south of the Yangtze River into the Chinese cultural sphere.
The "Eight Great Surnames" were eight noble families who migrated from northern China to Fujian in southern China due to the uprising of the five barbarians when the Eastern Jin was founded, the Hu, He, Qiu, Dan, Zheng, Huang, Chen and Lin surnames.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9]
Ming dynasty pirate Zheng Zhilong and his son Koxinga's ancestors in the Zheng family originated in northen China but due to the Uprising of the Five Barbarians and Disaster of Yongjia by the Five Barbarians, the Zheng family were among the northern Chinese refugees who fled to southern China and settled in Putian, Fujian. They later moved to Zhangzhou and moved on to Nan'an.[10][11]
References
- ^ a b Li and Zheng, pg 382
- ^ a b Li and Zheng, pg 383
- ^ Dean, Kenneth; Zheng, Zhenman (2009). "Appendix One. Legends Of The Main Surnames Of The Putian Plain (Based On The Account In Zhang Qin's Putian Xianzhi)". Ritual Alliances of the Putian Plain. Volume One: Historical Introduction to the Return of the Gods. BRILL. p. 341. doi:10.1163/ej.9789004176027.i-437.88. ISBN 904742946X.
- ^ Xu, Bin; Xie, Bizhen (2013). "The Rise and Fall of Nestorianism in Quanzhou during the Yuan dynasty". In Li, Tang; Winkler, Dietmar W. (eds.). From the Oxus River to the Chinese Shores: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia (illustrated ed.). LIT Verlag Münster. p. 270. ISBN 3643903294.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - ^ Ni, Hao. Travel Guide of Fujian. Travelling in China. DeepLogic.
- ^ Szonyi, Michael (2002). Practicing Kinship: Lineage and Descent in Late Imperial China (illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 27. ISBN 0804742618.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - ^ Zheng, Zhenman (2001). Family Lineage Organization and Social Change in Ming and Qing Fujian (illustrated ed.). University of Hawaii Press. p. 190. ISBN 0824823338.
{{cite book}}
: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|dead-url=
(help) - ^ Clark, Hugh R. (2007). Portrait of a Community: Society, Culture, and the Structures of Kinship in the Mulan River Valley (Fujian) from the Late Tang Through the Song (illustrated ed.). Chinese University Press. p. 223. ISBN 9629962276.
{{cite book}}
: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|dead-url=
and|subscription=
(help) - ^ Dean, Kenneth (1998). "Transformations of the She (altars of the soil) in Fujian". Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie (10): 19–75.
- ^ 福建人民出版社《闽台关系族谱资料选编》
- ^ 台湾《漳龙衍派鄱山氏之来龙去脉》( 在2002年举行的纪念郑成功收复台湾340周年研讨会上 郑姓)
Sources
- Li, Bo; Zheng Yin (Chinese) (2001) 5000 years of Chinese history, Inner Mongolian People's publishing corp, ISBN 7-204-04420-7,