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{{Use American English|date=August 2016}} |
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{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2017}} |
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{{Infobox Government agency |
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|agency_name = United States Department of Defense |
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|type= Department |
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|logo_width = |
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|logo_caption = |
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|seal = United States Department of Defense Seal.svg |
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|seal_width = 140 px |
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|formed = {{Start date and age|1947|9|18}} (as National Military Establishment) |
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|preceding1 = [[United States Department of War|U.S. Department of the Army]]<br/>[[United States Department of the Navy|U.S. Department of the Navy]]<br/>[[United States Department of the Air Force|U.S. Department of the Air Force]] |
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|dissolved = |
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|superseding =| |
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|headquarters = [[The Pentagon]]<br />[[Arlington County, Virginia|Arlington County]], Virginia, US |
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|coordinates = {{coord|38|52|16|N|77|3|21|W|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} |
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|region_code = US |
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|employees = 742,000 (civilian)<br />1,300,000 (active duty military)<br />826,000 (National Guard and reserve): |
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2.87 million total<ref name=About/> (2016) |
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|budget = US$530.1 billion (2010)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gpoaccess.gov/usbudget/fy12/pdf/BUDGET-2012-BUD-7.pdf |title=Budget of the US Government, FY 2011 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2010-10-15 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217132151/http://www.gpoaccess.gov///usbudget/fy12/pdf/BUDGET-2012-BUD-7.pdf |archivedate=February 17, 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />US$549.1 billion (2011)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gpoaccess.gov/usbudget/fy12/pdf/BUDGET-2012-BUD-7.pdf|title=Defense.gov|publisher=|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217132151/http://www.gpoaccess.gov///usbudget/fy12/pdf/BUDGET-2012-BUD-7.pdf|archivedate=February 17, 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />US$553.0 billion (est. 2012)<br />US$496.1 billion (2015)<ref name="defense.gov">{{cite web | url=http://comptroller.defense.gov/Portals/45/documents/defbudget/fy2016/fy2016_Budget_Request_Overview_Book.pdf | title=United States Department of Defense Fiscal Year 2016 Budget Request / Overview | publisher=Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller) Chief Financial Officer | date=February 2015 | accessdate=August 20, 2015 }}</ref><br />US$534.3 billion (base FY2016)<ref name="defense.gov" /> |
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|chief1_name = [[James Mattis]] |
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|chief1_position = [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary]] |
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|chief2_name = [[Patrick M. Shanahan]] |
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|chief2_position = [[United States Deputy Secretary of Defense|Deputy Secretary]] |
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|agency_type = [[United States federal executive departments|Executive Department]] |
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|child1_agency = [[United States Department of the Army|U.S. Department of the Army]] |
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|child2_agency = [[United States Department of the Navy|U.S. Department of the Navy]] |
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|child3_agency = [[United States Department of the Air Force|U.S. Department of the Air Force]] |
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|website = {{URL|www.defense.gov}} |
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|footnotes = |
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}} |
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[[File:The Pentagon US Department of Defense building.jpg|thumb|right|[[The Pentagon]], headquarters of the U.S. Department of Defense]] |
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augneslia allizzadth angaleea//angelita allizza roeata periliza christ666//aka angela dawn winkler /[358-68-4699] angalena bawn bon scott wrorktyiua /watac indain dr of aztect tomahawk// cheifluia annalouhahas tomboy miinnie me lil bit [ME] masterchief mastermind 8 ttreouisas of nno no ledgrevcu |
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The '''Department of Defense''' ('''DoD''',<ref>{{cite web|title=Manual for Written Material|url=http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blaw/dodd/corres/pdf/51104m_030204/p51104m.pdf|publisher=Department of Defense|accessdate=December 10, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040829163034/http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blaw/dodd/corres/pdf/51104m_030204/p51104m.pdf|archivedate=August 29, 2004|page=9}}</ref> '''USDOD''', or '''DOD''') is an [[United States federal executive departments|executive branch department of the federal government of the United States]] charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government concerned directly with [[national security]] and the [[United States Armed Forces]]. The Department is the largest employer in the world,<ref>{{cite web|title=The World's Biggest Employers|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/06/23/the-worlds-biggest-employers-infographic/|website=Forbes.com|publisher=Forbes|accessdate=July 31, 2015}}</ref> with nearly 1.3 million active duty servicemen and women{{efn|soldiers, marines, sailors, airmen}} as of 2016.<ref name="DoD Budget and Manpower Details">{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/News/News-Releases/News-Release-View/Article/652687/department-of-defense-dod-releases-fiscal-year-2017-presidents-budget-proposal|accessdate=February 11, 2016|date=February 9, 2016|title=Department of Defense (DoD) Releases Fiscal Year 2017 President's Budget Proposal|publisher=U.S. Department of Defense}}</ref> Adding to its employees are over 826,000 National Guardsmen and Reservists from the four services,{{efn|Army, Marine Corps, Navy, and Air Force}} and over 742,000 civilians bringing the total to over 2.8 million employees.<ref name=About>{{cite web|title=About Department of Defense|url=https://www.defense.gov/About/|publisher=U.S. Department of Defense|accessdate= July 17, 2017}}</ref> It is headquartered at [[the Pentagon]] in Arlington, Virginia, just outside Washington, D.C. |
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ɢʒçɵʁʢʉʷ |
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The Department of Defense is headed by the [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]], a cabinet-level head who reports directly to the President of the United States. Beneath the Department of Defense are three subordinate military departments: the [[United States Department of the Army]], the [[United States Department of the Navy]], and the [[United States Department of the Air Force]]. In addition, four [[United States Intelligence Community|national intelligence services]] are subordinate to the Department of Defense: the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] (DIA), the [[National Security Agency]] (NSA), the [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]] (NGA), and the [[National Reconnaissance Office]] (NRO). Other [[List of Department of Defense agencies|Defense Agencies]] include the [[DARPA|Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency]] (DARPA), the [[Defense Logistics Agency]] (DLA), the [[Missile Defense Agency]] (MDA), the Defense Health Agency (DHA), [[Defense Threat Reduction Agency]] (DTRA), the [[Defense Security Service]] (DSS), and the [[Pentagon Force Protection Agency]] (PFPA), all of which are under the command of the Secretary of Defense. Military operations are managed by nine regional or functional [[Unified combatant command]]s. The Department of Defense also operates several joint services schools, including the [[National Defense University]] (NDU) and the [[National War College]] (NWC). |
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== History == |
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{{See also|National Security Act of 1947|History of the United States military}} |
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The history of the defense of the United States started with the [[Continental Congress in 1775]]. The creation of the United States Army was enacted on June 14, 1775.<ref name="June 14">{{cite web | url=http://www.history.army.mil/html/faq/birth.html | title=June 14th: The Birthday of the U.S. Army | publisher=U.S. Army Center of Military History | date=June 14, 2012 | accessdate=June 19, 2014 | author=Maass, John R.}}</ref> This coincides with the American holiday [[Flag Day (United States)|Flag Day.]] The Second Continental Congress would charter the United States Navy, on October 13, 1775,<ref name="Navy Birthday">{{cite web | url=http://www.history.navy.mil/birthday.htm | title=Navy Birthday Information – 13 October 1775 | accessdate=June 19, 2014 | author=Naval History and Heritage Command}}</ref> and create the United States Marine Corps on November 10, 1775. Today, both the Navy and the Marine Corps are separate military services subordinate to the Department of the Navy.<ref name="Marine Birthday">{{cite web | url=http://www.marines.com/history-heritage/timeline | title=Marine Corps: Timeline | publisher=United States Marine Corps | accessdate=June 19, 2014}}</ref> |
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=== The War Department === |
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{{Main|United States Department of War}} |
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The Preamble of the United States Constitution gave the authority to the federal government to defend its citizens: |
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{{Quotation|We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.||Constitution of the United States|}} |
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Upon the seating of the first Congress on March 4, 1789, legislation to create a military defense force stagnated as they focused on other concerns relevant to setting up the new government. President [[George Washington]] went to Congress to remind them of their duty to establish a military twice during this time. Finally, on the last day of the session, September 29, 1789, Congress created the [[United States War Department|War Department]], historic forerunner of the Department of Defense.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/revolut/jb_revolut_army_1.html | title=Congress Officially Created the U.S. Military: September 29, 1789 | publisher=Library of Congress | accessdate=June 20, 2014}}</ref>{{USStat|1|95}} The War Department handled naval affairs until Congress created the [[United States Department of the Navy|Navy Department]] in 1798. The secretaries of each of these departments reported directly to the President as cabinet-level advisors until 1949, when all military departments became subordinate to the Secretary of Defense. |
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=== National Military Establishment === |
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[[File:Truman signing National Security Act Amendment of 1949.jpg|thumb|left|President [[Harry Truman]] signs the National Security Act Amendment of 1949]] |
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After the end of World War II, President [[Harry Truman]] proposed creation of a unified department of national defense. In a special message to Congress on December 19, 1945, the President cited both wasteful military spending and inter-departmental conflicts. Deliberations in Congress went on for months focusing heavily on the role of the military in society and the threat of granting too much military power to the executive.<ref>{{cite book|author=Hogan, Michael J.|title=A cross of iron: Harry S. Truman and the origins of the national security state, 1945–1954|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-521-79537-1|pages=37–38|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd4C3cY7Y7IC&pg=PA37}}</ref> |
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On July 26, 1947, Truman signed the [[National Security Act of 1947]], which set up a unified military command known as the "'''National Military Establishment'''", as well as creating the [[Central Intelligence Agency]], the [[United States National Security Council|National Security Council]], [[National Security Resources Board]], [[United States Air Force]] (formerly the [[United States Army Air Forces|Army Air Forces]]) and the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]]. The act placed the National Military Establishment under the control of a single [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]].<ref name="Polmar-2005-p17">{{cite book|author=Polmar, Norman|title=The Naval Institute guide to the ships and aircraft of the U.S. fleet|publisher=Naval Institute Press|year=2005|isbn=978-1-59114-685-8|page=17|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8MwyTX-iA2wC&pg=PA17}}</ref><ref name="nibley">{{cite web|url=http://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571293/james-v-forrestal/|title=James V. Forrestal, Harry S. Truman Administration|first=|date=|website=Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense|publisher=Office of the Secretary of Defense|author=|accessdate=July 25, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Bolton, M. Kent|title=U.S. national security and foreign policymaking after 9/11: present at the re-creation|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2008|isbn=978-0-7425-5900-4|page=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IETboc9ajpQC&pg=PA3}}</ref> The National Military Establishment formally began operations on September 18, the day after the [[United States Senate|Senate]] confirmed [[James V. Forrestal]] as the first Secretary of Defense.<ref name="nibley" /> The National Military Establishment was renamed the "Department of Defense" on August 10, 1949 and absorbed the three cabinet level military departments, in an amendment to the original 1947 law.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Rearden, Steven L.|chapter=Department of Defense|editors=DeConde, Alexander|title=Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy, Volume 1|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=2001|isbn=978-0-684-80657-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7dG-pVarDAC&pg=PA439|display-editors=etal}}</ref> |
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Under the [[Department of Defense Reorganization Act]] of 1958 ({{USPL|85|599}}), channels of authority within the department were streamlined, while still maintaining the ordinary authority of the Military Departments to organize, train and equip their associated forces. The Act clarified the overall decision-making authority of the Secretary of Defense with respect to these subordinate Military Departments and more clearly defined the operational chain of command over U.S. military forces (created by the military departments) as running from the President to the Secretary of Defense and then to the unified combatant commanders. Also provided in this legislation was a centralized research authority, the [[Advanced Research Projects Agency]], eventually known as [[DARPA]]. The act was written and promoted by the Eisenhower administration, and was signed into law August 6, 1958. |
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== Organizational structure == |
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{{Main|Organizational structure of the United States Department of Defense}} |
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{{See also|List of Department of Defense agencies}} |
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[[File:DoD Organization December 2013.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Department of Defense organizational chart (December 2013)]] |
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The [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]], appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the [[United States Senate|Senate]], is by federal law ({{UnitedStatesCode|10|113}}) the head of the Department of Defense, "the principal assistant to the President in all matters relating to Department of Defense", and has "authority, direction and control over the Department of Defense". Because the [[Constitution of the United States|Constitution]] vests all military authority in [[United States Congress|Congress]] and the President, the statutory authority of the Secretary of Defense is derived from their constitutional authorities. Since it is impractical for either Congress or the President to participate in every piece of Department of Defense affairs, the Secretary of Defense, and the Secretary's subordinate officials generally exercise military authority. |
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The Department of Defense is composed of the [[Office of the Secretary of Defense]] (OSD), the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]] (JCS) and the [[Joint Staff]] (JS), [[Office of the Inspector General, U.S. Department of Defense|Office of the Inspector General]] (DODIG), the [[Unified Combatant Command|Combatant Commands]], the Military Departments ([[United States Department of the Army|Department of the Army]] (DA), [[United States Department of the Navy|Department of the Navy]] (DON) & [[United States Department of the Air Force|Department of the Air Force]] (DAF)), the [[List of Department of Defense agencies|Defense Agencies and Department of Defense Field Activities]], the [[National Guard Bureau]] (NGB), and such other offices, agencies, activities, organizations, and commands established or designated by law, or by the President or by the Secretary of Defense. |
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Department of Defense Directive 5100.01 describes the organizational relationships within the Department, and is the foundational issuance for delineating the major functions of the Department. The latest version, signed by former Secretary of Defense [[Robert Gates]] in December 2010, is the first major re-write since 1987.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://odam.defense.gov/omp/Functions/Organizational_Portfolios/Evolution%20of%205100.1.html |title=Organizational and Management Planning |publisher=Odam.defense.gov |date= |accessdate=2013-06-15}}</ref><ref>[http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/510001p.pdf Department of Defense Directive 5100.01]</ref> |
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=== Office of the Secretary of Defense === |
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{{Main|Office of the Secretary of Defense}} |
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[[File:DoD Structure Jan2008.png|thumb|right|350px|2008 OSD organizational chart]] |
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The Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) is the Secretary and Deputy Secretary's (mainly) civilian staff. |
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OSD is the principal staff element of the Secretary of Defense in the exercise of policy development, planning, resource management, fiscal and program evaluation and oversight, and interface and exchange with other U.S. Government departments and agencies, foreign governments, and international organizations, through formal and informal processes. OSD also performs oversight and management of the Defense Agencies and Department of Defense Field Activities. |
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==== Defense Agencies ==== |
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OSD also supervises the following Defense Agencies: |
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{{columns-list|2| |
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* [[Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute]] (AFRRI) |
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* [[Department of Defense Education Activity]] (DoDEA) |
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* [[Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency]] (DARPA) |
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* [[Defense Commissary Agency]] (DeCA) |
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* [[Defense Contract Audit Agency]] (DCAA) |
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* [[Defense Contract Management Agency]] (DCMA) |
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* [[Defense Finance and Accounting Service]] (DFAS) |
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* [[Defense Information Systems Agency]] (DISA) |
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* Defense Legal Services Agency |
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* [[Defense Logistics Agency]] (DLA) |
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* [[Defense Security Cooperation Agency]] (DSCA) (formerly Defense Security Assistance Agency) |
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* [[Defense Security Service]] (DSS) (formerly Defense Investigative Service) |
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* [[Defense Technical Information Center]] (DTIC) |
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* [[Defense Threat Reduction Agency]] (DTRA) |
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* [[Missile Defense Agency]] (MDA) |
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}} |
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==== National Intelligence Agencies ==== |
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Several defense agencies are members of the [[United States Intelligence Community]]. These are national-level intelligence services that operate under the jurisdiction of the Department of Defense but simultaneously fall under the authorities of the [[Director of National Intelligence]]. They fulfill the requirements of national policy makers and war planners, serve as [[Combat support agency|Combat Support Agencies]], and also assist non-Department of Defense intelligence or law enforcement services such as the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] and the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]. |
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The military services each have their own intelligence elements which are distinct from but subject to coordination, by national intelligence agencies under Department of Defense. Department of Defense manages the nation's coordinating authorities and assets in disciplines of [[signals intelligence]], [[geospatial intelligence]], and [[measurement and signature intelligence]], and also builds, launches and operates the Intelligence Community's satellite assets. Department of Defense also has its own [[Human intelligence (intelligence collection)|human intelligence]] [[Defense Clandestine Service|service]], which contributes to the CIA's human intelligence efforts while also focusing on military human intelligence priorities. These agencies are directly overseen by the [[Undersecretary of Defense for Intelligence]]. |
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{{clear}} |
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{{gallery |
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|align=center|title=National Intelligence Agencies under the Department of Defense |
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|width=160 |
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|height=160 |
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|lines=2 |
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|File:US Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) seal (vector).svg|[[Defense Intelligence Agency]] |
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|File:National Security Agency.svg|[[National Security Agency]] |
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|File:US-NationalGeospatialIntelligenceAgency-2008Seal.svg|[[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]] |
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|File:US-NationalReconnaissanceOffice-Seal.svg|[[National Reconnaissance Office]] |
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}} |
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=== Joint Chiefs of Staff === |
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{{Main|Joint Chiefs of Staff}} |
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[[File:The Joint Staff Org Chart.jpg|thumb|right|325px|Joint Chiefs of Staff/Joint Staff organizational chart.]] |
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The [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]] (JCS) is a body of senior uniformed leaders in the Department of Defense who advise the Secretary of Defense, the [[United States Homeland Security Council|Homeland Security Council]], the [[United States National Security Council|National Security Council]] and the President on military matters. The composition of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is defined by statute and consists of the ''[[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]]'' (''CJCS''), ''[[Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]]'' (''VCJCS''), ''[[Senior Enlisted Advisor to the chairman]]'' (''SEAC''), the Military Service Chiefs from the [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army|Army]], [[Commandant of the Marine Corps|Marine Corps]], [[Chief of Naval Operations|Navy]], and [[Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force|Air Force]], in addition to the Chief of [[National Guard Bureau]], all appointed by the President following [[United States Senate|Senate]] confirmation.<ref>[https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/151-] 10 USC 151. Joint Chiefs of Staff: composition; functions</ref> Each of the individual Military Service Chiefs, outside their Joint Chiefs of Staff obligations, works directly for the Secretary of the Military Department concerned, i.e. [[Secretary of the Army]], [[Secretary of the Navy]], and the [[Secretary of the Air Force]].<ref>[[Title 10 of the United States Code|10 U.S.C.]] [http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/10C305.txt § 3033] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312222246/http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/10C305.txt |date=March 12, 2013 }}</ref><ref>[[Title 10 of the United States Code|10 U.S.C.]] [http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/10C505.txt § 5033] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312222228/http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/10C505.txt |date=March 12, 2013 }}</ref><ref>[[Title 10 of the United States Code|10 U.S.C.]] [http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/10C506.txt § 5043] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312221844/http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/10C506.txt |date=March 12, 2013 }}</ref><ref>[[Title 10 of the United States Code|10 U.S.C.]] [http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/10C805.txt § 8033] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312222221/http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/10C805.txt |date=March 12, 2013 }}</ref> |
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Following the [[Goldwater-Nichols Act]] in 1986 the Joint Chiefs of Staff do not have operational command authority, neither individually nor collectively, as the chain of command goes from the President to the Secretary of Defense, and from the Secretary of Defense to the [[Unified Combatant Command|Commanders of the Combatant Commands]].<ref>[[Title 10 of the United States Code|10 U.S.C.]] [http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/10C6.txt § 162(b)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529014041/http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/10C6.txt |date=May 29, 2013 }}</ref> Goldwater-Nichols also created the office of vice-chairman, and the chairman is now designated as the ''principal military adviser'' to the Secretary of Defense, the Homeland Security Council, the National Security Council and to the President.<ref>[[Title 10 of the United States Code|10 U.S.C]] [http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/10C5.txt § 151(b)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312222255/http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/10C5.txt |date=March 12, 2013 }}</ref> |
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The '''Joint Staff''' ('''JS''') is a headquarters staff at the [[Pentagon (building)|Pentagon]] composed of personnel from all four services that assist the chairman and vice-chairman in discharging their duties, and managed by the ''[[Director of the Joint Staff]]'' (''DJS'') who is a [[Lieutenant General (United States)|Lieutenant General]] or [[Vice Admiral (United States)|Vice Admiral]].<ref>[[Title 10 of the United States Code|10 U.S.C]] [http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/10C5.txt § 155] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312222255/http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/10C5.txt |date=March 12, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Polmar, Norman|chapter=Defense organization|title=The Naval Institute guide to the ships and aircraft of the U.S. fleet|publisher=Naval Institute Press|year=2005|isbn=978-1-59114-685-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8MwyTX-iA2wC&pg=PA19}}</ref> |
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{{clear right}} |
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=== Military Departments === |
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{{gallery |
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|align=right |
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|width=125 |
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|lines=3 |
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|title=Military Departments of the Department of Defense |
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|File:United States Department of the Army Seal.svg|[[United States Department of the Army|Department of the Army]] |
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|File:United States Department of the Navy Seal.svg|[[United States Department of the Navy|Department of the Navy]] |
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|File:Seal of the US Air Force.svg|[[United States Department of the Air Force|Department of the Air Force]] |
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}} |
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There are three Military Departments within the Department of Defense: |
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# the [[United States Department of the Army|Department of the Army]], which the [[United States Army]] is organized within. |
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# the [[United States Department of the Navy|Department of the Navy]], which the [[United States Navy]] and the [[United States Marine Corps]] are organized within. |
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# the [[United States Department of the Air Force|Department of the Air Force]], which the [[United States Air Force]] is organized within. |
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The Military Departments are each headed by their own Secretary (i.e., [[United States Secretary of the Army|Secretary of the Army]], [[United States Secretary of the Navy|Secretary of the Navy]] and [[United States Secretary of the Air Force|Secretary of the Air Force]]), appointed by the President, with the advice and consent of the [[United States Senate|Senate]]. They have legal authority under [[Title 10 of the United States Code]] to conduct all the affairs of their respective departments within which the military services are organized.<ref>{{UnitedStatesCode|10|3013}}, {{UnitedStatesCode|10|5013}} and {{UnitedStatesCode|10|8013}}</ref> The Secretaries of the Military Departments are (by law) subordinate to the [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] and (by SecDef delegation) to the [[United States Deputy Secretary of Defense|Deputy Secretary of Defense]]. |
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The Secretaries of the Military Departments, in turn, normally exercises authority over their forces by delegation through their respective Service Chiefs (i.e., [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army|Chief of Staff of the Army]], [[Commandant of the Marine Corps]], [[Chief of Naval Operations]], and [[Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force|Chief of Staff of the Air Force]]) over forces not assigned to a [[Unified Combatant Command|Combatant Command]].<ref name="Polmar, Norman 2005 20">{{cite book|author=Polmar, Norman|chapter=Defense Organization|title=The Naval Institute guide to the ships and aircraft of the U.S. fleet|publisher=Naval Institute Press|year=2005|isbn=978-1-59114-685-8|page=20|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8MwyTX-iA2wC&pg=PA20}}</ref> |
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The Secretaries of the Military Departments and the Service Chiefs do not possess operational command authority over U.S. troops (this power was stripped from them in the [[Defense Reorganization Act of 1958]]), and instead the Military Departments are tasked solely with "the training, provision of equipment, and administration of troops."<ref name="Polmar, Norman 2005 20" /> |
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=== Unified Combatant Commands === |
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[[File:Unified Combatant Commands map.png|450px|thumb|right|Map of the Department of Defense's geographic commands]] |
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A [[Unified Combatant Command]] is a military command composed of personnel and equipment from at least two Military Departments, which has a broad and continuing mission.<ref>{{cite book|author=Watson, Cynthia A.|title=Combatant Commands: Origins, Structure, and Engagements|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2010|isbn=978-0-313-35432-8|page=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v183dxvXOa0C&pg=PA3}}</ref><ref name="ABA-p44">{{cite book|editor=Whitley, Joe D.|title=Homeland security: legal and policy issues|chapter=Unified Combatant Commands and USNORTHCOM|publisher=American Bar Association|year=2009|isbn=978-1-60442-462-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJI54yr1ymQC&pg=PA44|display-editors=etal}}</ref> |
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The Military Departments are responsible for equipping and training the troops to fight, while the Unified Combatant Commands are responsible for actual operational command of military forces.<ref name="ABA-p44" /> Almost all operational U.S. forces are under the authority of a Unified Command.<ref name="Polmar, Norman 2005 20" /> The Unified Commands are governed by a [[Unified Command Plan]], a frequently updated document (produced by the Department of Defense) which lays out the Command's mission, geographical/functional responsibilities, and force structure.<ref name="ABA-p44" /> |
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During military operations, the chain of command runs from the President to the [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] to the [[combatant commander]]s of the Combatant Commands.<ref name="Polmar, Norman 2005 20" /> |
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The United States currently has nine Combatant Commands, organized either on a geographical basis (known as "[[area of responsibility]]", AOR) or on a global, functional basis:<ref>{{cite book|author=Reveron, Derek S.|title=America's Viceroys: The Military and U.S. Foreign Policy|publisher=Macmillan|year=2007|isbn=978-0-230-60219-9|page=26|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OsnxXXxn5BEC&pg=PA26}}</ref> |
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* [[U.S. Northern Command]] (USNORTHCOM) |
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* [[U.S. Southern Command]] (USSOUTHCOM) |
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* [[U.S. Central Command]] (USCENTCOM) |
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* [[U.S. European Command]] (USEUCOM) |
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* [[U.S. Pacific Command]] (USPACOM) |
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* [[U.S. Africa Command]] (USAFRICOM) |
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* [[U.S. Strategic Command]] (USSTRATCOM) |
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* [[U.S. Special Operations Command]] (USSOCOM) |
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* [[U.S. Transportation Command]] (USTRANSCOM) |
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== Budget == |
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[[File:U.S. Defense Spending Trends.png|thumb|right|300px|Chart showing growth in U.S. Department of Defense spending 2000–2011]] |
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{{Main|Military budget of the United States}} |
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[[File:Defense Spending as a Percent of GDP.png|800px|center|Defense Spending as a Percent of GDP 1792-2017]] |
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Department of Defense spending in 2010 was 4.8% of GDP and accounted for about 45% of budgeted [[List of countries by military expenditures|global military spending]] – more than the next 17 largest militaries combined.<ref>{{cite news|title=Military Spending: Defence Costs|work=The Economist|date=June 8, 2011|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/dailychart/2011/06/military-spending}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://milexdata.sipri.org/ |title=The SIPRI Military Expenditure Database |publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]] |accessdate=December 13, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328072123/http://milexdata.sipri.org/ |archivedate=March 28, 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> |
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The Department of Defense accounts for the majority of federal discretionary spending. In FY 2010 the Department of Defense budgeted spending accounted for 21% of the U.S. Federal Budget, and 53% of federal [[discretionary spending]], which represents funds not accounted for by pre-existing obligations.<ref name="2010 budget">{{cite web |url=http://www.gpoaccess.gov/usbudget/fy10/pdf/fy10-newera.pdf |title=United States Federal Budget for Fiscal Year 2010 |publisher=[[United States Government Printing Office|Government Printing Office]] |accessdate=January 9, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205005029/http://www.gpoaccess.gov/usbudget/fy10/pdf/fy10-newera.pdf |archivedate=February 5, 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> However, this does not include many military-related items that are outside the Defense Department budget, such as nuclear weapons research, maintenance, cleanup, and production, which is in the Department of Energy budget, Veterans Affairs, the Treasury Department's payments in pensions to military retirees and widows and their families, interest on debt incurred in past wars, or State Department financing of foreign arms sales and militarily-related development assistance. Neither does it include defense spending that is not military in nature, such as the Department of Homeland Security, counter-terrorism spending by the FBI, and intelligence-gathering spending by the NSA. |
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In the [[2010 United States federal budget]], the Department of Defense was allocated a base budget of $533.7 billion, with a further $75.5 billion adjustment in respect of 2009, and $130 billion for overseas contingencies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gpoaccess.gov/usbudget/fy10/pdf/fy10-newera.pdf |title=United States Federal Budget for Fiscal Year 2010 (''vid.'' p.53) |publisher=[[United States Government Printing Office|Government Printing Office]] |accessdate=January 9, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205005029/http://www.gpoaccess.gov/usbudget/fy10/pdf/fy10-newera.pdf |archivedate=February 5, 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The subsequent 2010 Department of Defense Financial Report shows the total budgetary resources for [[fiscal year]] 2010 were $1.2 trillion.<ref name="DoD FR 25">{{cite web |url=http://comptroller.defense.gov/cfs/fy2010/01_DoD_Agency-Wide/Fiscal_Year_2010_DoD_Agencywide_Agency%20Financial%20Report.pdf |title=FY 2010 DoD Agencywide Agency Financial Report (''vid.'' p.25) |publisher=US Department of Defense |accessdate=January 7, 2011}}</ref> Of these resources, $1.1 trillion were obligated and $994 billion were disbursed, with the remaining resources relating to multi-year modernization projects requiring additional time to procure.<ref name="DoD FR 25" /> After over a decade of [[US military expenditure#GAO audits|non-compliance]], [[United States Congress|Congress]] has established a deadline of [[Fiscal year]] 2017 for the Department of Defense to achieve [[Audit#Accounting|audit readiness]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://comptroller.defense.gov/Portals/45/documents/fiar/FIAR_Plan_May_2011.pdf |title=Financial Improvement and Audit Readiness (FIAR) Plan Status Report |publisher=[[Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)|Comptroller, Department of Defense]] |accessdate=September 16, 2016}}</ref> |
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In 2015 the allocation for the Department of Defense was $585 billion,<ref>{{cite web|title=Current & Future Defense Capabilities of the U.S.|url=http://online.utep.edu/resources/webinars-and-infographics/current-future-defense-capabilities-of-the-u-s/|website=UTEP|accessdate=August 18, 2015}}</ref> the [[Military budget of the United States|highest level of budgetary resources]] among all Federal agencies, and this amounts to more than one-half of the annual Federal Expenditures in the United States federal budget [[Discretionary spending|discretionary budget]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Federal Spending: Where Does the Money Go|url=https://www.nationalpriorities.org/budget-basics/federal-budget-101/spending/|website=National Priorities Project|accessdate=August 18, 2015}}</ref> |
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== Energy use == |
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{{Main|Energy usage of the United States military}} |
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The Department of Defense was the largest single consumer of energy in the United States in 2006.<ref>{{cite book|author=Andrews Anthony|title=Department of Defense Facilities: Energy Conservation Policies and Spending|publisher=DIANE Publishing|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4379-3835-7|page=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s2xbNsaxD4IC&pg=PA1}}</ref> |
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In FY 2006, the Department used almost 30,000 gigawatt hours (GWH) of electricity, at a cost of almost $2.2 billion. The Department's electricity use would supply enough electricity to power more than 2.6 million average American homes. In electricity consumption, if it were a country, the Department would rank 58th in the world, using slightly less than [[Denmark]] and slightly more than [[Syria]] (CIA World Factbook, 2006).<ref name="Colonel Gregory J 2007">Colonel Gregory J. Lengyel, USAF, The Brookings Institution, Department of Defense Energy Strategy, August 2007.</ref> |
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The Department of Defense is responsible for 93% of all US government fuel consumption in 2007 ([[United States Department of the Air Force|Department of the Air Force]]: 52%; [[United States Department of the Navy|Department of the Navy]]: 33%; [[United States Department of the Army|Department of the Army]]: 7%; other Department components: 1%).<ref name="Colonel Gregory J 2007" /> The Department of Defense uses {{convert|4600000000|USgal|L}} of fuel annually, an average of {{convert|12600000|USgal|L}} of fuel per day. A large Army division may use about {{convert|6000|USgal|L}} per day. According to the 2005 ''[[CIA World Factbook]]'', if it were a country, the Department of Defense would rank 34th in the world in average daily oil use, coming in just behind [[Iraq]] and just ahead of [[Sweden]].<ref>Colonel Gregory J. Lengyel, USAF, [[The Brookings Institution]], Department of Defense Energy Strategy, August 2007, {{cite web |url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/papers/2007/08defense_lengyel/lengyel20070815.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-09-12 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726045834/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/papers/2007/08defense_lengyel/lengyel20070815.pdf |archivedate=July 26, 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The Air Force is the largest user of fuel energy in the [[Federal government of the United States|federal government]]. The Air Force uses 10% of the nation's aviation fuel. ([[JP-8]] accounts for nearly 90% of its fuels.) This fuel usage breaks down as such: 82% jet fuel, 16% facility management and 2% ground vehicle/equipment.<ref>[http://www.cna.org/documents/PoweringAmericasDefense.pdf Powering America’s Defense: Energy and the Risks to National Security], CNA Analysis & Solutions, May 2009</ref> |
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== Freedom of Information Act processing performance == |
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In the latest [[Center for Effective Government]] analysis of 15 federal agencies which receive the most [[Freedom of Information Act (United States)]] (FOIA) requests, published in 2015 (using 2012 and 2013 data, the most recent years available), the DoD earned a D− by scoring 61 out of a possible 100 points, i.e. did not earn a satisfactory overall grade. While it had improved from a failing grade in 2013, it still had low scores in processing requests (55%) and their disclosure rules (42%).<ref>[http://www.foreffectivegov.org/access-to-information-scorecard-2015/ Making the Grade: Access to Information Scorecard 2015] March 2015, 80 pages, [[Center for Effective Government]], retrieved March 21, 2016</ref> |
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== Related legislation == |
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The organization and functions of the Department of Defense are in [[Title 10 of the United States Code]]. |
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Other significant legislation related to the Department of Defense includes: |
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* 1947: [[National Security Act of 1947]] |
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* 1958: Department of Defense Reorganization Act, {{USPL|85|899}} (see note in history section above) |
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* 1963: [[Department of Defense Appropriations Act]], {{USPL|88|149}} |
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* 1963: Military Construction Authorization Act, {{USPL|88|174}} |
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* 1967: [[Supplemental Defense Appropriations Act]], {{USPL|90|8}} |
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* 1984: Department of Defense Authorization Act, {{USPL|98|525}} |
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* 1986: [[Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986]] (Department of Defense Reorganization Act), {{USPL|99|433}} |
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* 1996: [[Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act]], {{USPL|104|132}} |
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== See also == |
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{{Portal|Government of the United States|Military history}} |
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{{div col|2|colwidth=30em}} |
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* [[Arms industry]] |
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* [[List of United States military bases]] |
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* [[Military–industrial complex]] |
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* [[Nuclear weapon]]s |
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* [[Private military company]] |
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* [[Title 32 of the Code of Federal Regulations]] |
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* [[United States Department of Homeland Security]] |
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* [[United States Department of Justice]] |
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* [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs]] |
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* [[Warrior Games]] |
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{{div col end}} |
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== Notes == |
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{{notelist}} |
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== References == |
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{{Reflist|30em}} |
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== External links == |
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{{Commons category multi|United States Department of Defense|The Pentagon}} |
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* {{Official website}} |
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* [https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/defense-department Department of Defense] in the [[Federal Register]] |
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* [http://comptroller.defense.gov/ Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)] Budget and Financial Management Policy |
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* [http://www.wallstats.com/deathandtaxes/resource/ Death and Taxes: 2009]—A visual guide and infographic of the 2009 United States federal budget including the Department of Defense with data provided by the Comptrollers office. |
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* [http://iac.dtic.mil/iatac/ia_policychart.html Department of Defense IA Policy Chart] |
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* {{Gutenberg author | id=United+States.+Department+of+Defense}} |
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* {{Internet Archive author |search=("Department of Defense" OR "DOD")}} |
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* {{IA|defense-dept|Department of Defense Collection}} |
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{{United States Department of Defense}} |
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{{United States Armed Forces}} |
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{{United States intelligence agencies}} |
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{{United States federal executive departments}} |
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[[Category:United States Department of Defense| ]] |
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[[Category:1947 establishments in the United States]] |
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[[Category:Government agencies established in 1947]] |
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[[Category:Military-industrial complex]] |
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[[Category:Nuclear weapons infrastructure of the United States]] |
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[[Category:United States federal executive departments|Defense]] |
Revision as of 18:45, 27 November 2017
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