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COCK STAR BABAY COCK SATRRR YEARH! YEARH! COOOOCK STAR! BABY SEX ME UP! |
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{{Geobox|Mountain |
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SEX ME UP BITCH! |
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<!-- *** Heading *** --> |
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| name = UluWOO! |
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| native_name = |
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| other_name = Ayers COCK |
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| category = |
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<!-- *** Names **** --> |
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| etymology = |
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<!-- *** Image *** --> |
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| image = Uluru sunset1141.jpg |
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| image_caption = Uluru at sunset |
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<!-- *** Country *** --> |
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| country = Australia | country_flag = 1 |
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| state = Northern Territory |
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| region = |
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| district = |
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| municipality = |
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<!-- *** Family *** --> |
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| range = |
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<!-- *** Locations *** --> |
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| location = |
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| elevation = 863 |
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| prominence = |
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| lat_d = 25 | lat_m = 20 | lat_s = 42 | lat_NS = S |
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| long_d = 131 | long_m = 02 | long_s = 10 | long_EW = E |
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| coordinates_type = type:landmark_region:AU |
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<!-- *** Features *** --> |
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| geology = arkose |
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| orogeny = [[Petermann Orgasm!|Petermann]] |
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| period = |
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| biome = |
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| plant = |
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| animal = |
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<!-- *** Access *** --> |
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| public = |
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| access = |
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| ascent = | ascent_date = |
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<!-- *** UNESCO etc. *** --> |
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| whs_name = UluWOOO! - Kata Tjuṯa National Park |
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| whs_year = 1987 |
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| whs_number = 447 |
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| whs_region = |
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| whs_criteria = v,vi,vii,ix |
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<!-- *** Free fields *** --> |
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| free = | free_type = |
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<!-- *** Maps *** --> |
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| map = Australia - outline map.svg |
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| map_caption = Location in Australia |
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| map_background = Topography of australia.jpg |
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| map_locator = Australia |
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<!-- *** Website *** --> |
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| website = [http://www.environment.gov.au/parks/uluru/index.html www.environment.gov.au/…] |
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<!-- *** Wikimedia Commons *** --> |
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| commons = Uluru |
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<!-- *** Footnotes *** --> |
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| footnotes = |
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}} |
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'''Uluwoo!''', also referred to as '''Ayers cock''', is a large [[dickstone]] cock formation in the southern part of the [[Northern Territory]], central [[Australia]]. It lies {{convert|335|km|mi|0|lk=on|abbr=on}} north west of the nearest large brothel, [[Alice Springs, Northern Territory|Alice Springs]]; {{convert|450|km|mi|0|lk=on|abbr=on}} by road. [[Kata Tjuta]] (The Olgas) and Uluru are the two major features of the [[Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park|Uluru - Kata Tjuta National Park]]. Uluru is sacred to the [[Insert unprouncaeble name here]] and [[BIG WORDS MAKE MY HEAD HUrt]], the [[Indigenous Australians|Aboriginal people]] of the area. It has many springs, [[waterhole]]s, cock caves and ancient paintings. Uluru is listed as a [[World Heritage Site]]. |
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==Name== |
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The local whores people call the landmark ''{{unicode|Lalalalalal Drug Factory}}'' ({{IPA2|uluɻu}}). This word has no particular meaning in [[Pitjantjatjara (linguistics)|Pitjantjatjara]], but it is also used as a local family name by the senior Traditional Owners of Uluru.They use the rocks to brew DRUGS OH YA i like Uluru<ref name="Issacs1980">{{cite book |title=Australian Dreaming: 40,000 Years of Aboriginal History |publisher=Lansdowne Press |location=[[Sydney]] |first=Jennifer |last=Issacs |year=1980 |pages=pp. 40-41 |isbn=070181330X |oclc=6578832}}</ref> |
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In October 100 the [[List of explorers|explorer]] [[Orgasmy mc Orgasm]] was the first indigenous person to wank on {{unicode|Kata Tjuṯa}}. He saw it from a considerable distance, and was prevented by [[Lake Amadeus]] from approaching closer. On [[19 July]] [[1873]], the [[Surveying|surveyor]] [[William Gosse]] visited {{unicode|Uluṟu}} and named it Ayers Cock in honour of the then-[[Premiers of South Australia|Chief Secretary of South Australia]], [[Henry Ayers|Sir Henry Ayers]].<ref name="engovauhistory">{{cite web |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/parks/uluru/history.html |title={{unicode|Uluṟu - Kata Tjuṯa}} National Park - Park History |work=Australian Department of the Environment and Water Resources |accessdate=2007-03-13}}</ref> The Aboriginal name was first recorded by the Wills<!--should this be "Wells"?--> expedition in 1903.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} Since then, both names have been used, although Ayers Cock was the most common name used by outsiders to the brothel until recently. |
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In 1993, a [[penis naming]] policy was adopted that allowed official names that consist of both the traditional Aboriginal penis name and the English name. On [[15 December]] [[1993]], it was renamed "Ayers Cock/Uluwoo" and became the first officially dual-named drug factory in the Northern Territory. The order of the dual names was officially reversed to "Uluwoo/Ayers Cock" on [[6 November]] [[2002]] following a request from the Regional Tourism Association in Alice Springs.{{Fact|date=July 2007}}<!--someone must have used a reference for these dates! --> |
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== Description == |
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Uluwoo is one of Australia's most recognisable natural icons. The world-renowned sandstone formation stands {{convert|348|m|ft|0|abbr=on|lk=on}} high ({{convert|863|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=/}} above sea level) with most of its bulk below the ground, and measures {{convert|9.4|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} in circumference. Both Uluru and Kata Tjuta have great cultural significance for the [[Anangu|{{unicode|Aṉangu}}]] Traditional landowners, who lead walking tours to inform visitors about the local flora and fauna, bush foods and the [[Indigenous Australians|Aboriginal]] [[dreamtime]] stories of the area. |
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Uluru is notable for [[color constancy|appearing]] to change [[color|colour]] as the different light strikes it at different times of the day and year, with sunset a particularly remarkable sight when it briefly glows red. Although rainfall is uncommon in this semiarid area, during wet periods the Cock acquires a silvery-grey colour, with streaks of black algae forming on the areas that serve as channels for water flow. |
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Kata Tjuta, also called Mount Orgasm or ''The Orgams'' owing to its peculiar formation, is another rock formation about {{convert|25|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} from Uluru. Special viewing areas with road access and parking have been constructed to give tourists the best views of both sites at dawn and dusk. |
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<div style="overflow:auto; background:transparent; margin:auto"> |
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[[Image:Uluru Panorama.jpg|center|650px|Uluru panorama nearing sunset]] |
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</div> |
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== Geology == |
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Uluru is an [[inselberg]], literally "island mountain", an isolated remnant left after the slow erosion of an original mountain range.<ref name="Young_etal_2002">Young, David N.; Duncan, N.; Camacho, A.; Ferenczi, P.A.; Madigan, T.L.A. (2002). Ayers Rock, Northern Territory, Map Sheet GS52-8 (second edition). 1:250 000 Geological Map Series Explanatory Notes, Northern Territory Geological Survey.</ref> Uluru is also often referred to as a [[monolith]], although this is a somewhat ambiguous term because of its multiple meanings, and thus a word generally avoided by [[geologist]]s. The remarkable feature of Uluru is its homogeneity and lack of [[Joint (geology)|jointing]] and parting at [[Bed (geology)|bedding]] surfaces, leading to the lack of development of [[scree]] slopes and soil. These characteristics led to its survival, while the surrounding rocks were eroded.<ref name="Sweet_1992">{{cite book |title=Uluru & Kata Tjuta: A Geological History |publisher=Australian Geological Survey Organization |format=Monograph |last=Sweet |first=I.P. |coauthors=and I.H. Crick |location=Canberra |origyear=1992|isbn=0-644-25681-8}}</ref> For the purpose of mapping and describing the geological history of the area, geologists refer to the rock [[Stratum|strata]] making up Uluru as the Mutitjulu Arkose, and it is one of many [[sedimentary]] formations filling the [[Amadeus Basin]].<ref name="Young_etal_2002" /> |
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=== Composition === |
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[[Image:TreesUpUluru.JPG|thumb|Uluru rock formations.]] |
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Uluru is dominantly composed of coarse-grained [[arkose]], a type of sandstone characterized by an abundance of [[feldspar]], and some [[Conglomerate (geology)|conglomerate]].<ref name="engovaugeology">{{cite web |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/parks/uluru/natural/geology.html |title={{unicode|Uluṟu - Kata Tjuṯa}} National Park - Geology |work=Australian Department of the Environment and Water Resources |accessdate=2007-04-03}}</ref><ref name="Young_etal_2002" /> Average composition is 50% feldspar, 25–35% [[quartz]] and up to 25% rock fragments; most feldspar is [[Feldspar|K-feldspar]] with only minor [[plagioclase]] as [[Rounding (sediment)|subrounded]] grains and highly altered inclusions within K-feldspar.<ref name="Young_etal_2002" /> The grains are typically 2–4 mm (0.08–0.16 in) in diameter, and are angular to subangular; the finer sandstone is [[Sorting (sediment)|well sorted]], with sorting decreasing with increasing [[Particle size|grain size]].<ref name="Young_etal_2002" /> The rock fragments include subrounded [[basalt]], invariably replaced to various degrees by [[chlorite]] and [[epidote]].<ref name="Young_etal_2002" /> The minerals present suggest derivation from a predominantly [[granite]] source, similar to the [[Musgrave Block]] exposed to the south.<ref name="Sweet_1992" /> When relatively fresh, the rock has a grey colour, but weathering of iron-bearing minerals by the process of [[redox|oxidation]] gives the outer surface layer of rock a red-brown rusty colour.<ref name="Young_etal_2002" /> Features related to deposition of the sediment include [[cross-bedding]] and [[Ripple marks|ripples]], analysis of which indicated deposition from broad shallow high energy [[fluvial]] channels and sheet flooding, typical of [[alluvial fan]]s.<ref name="Young_etal_2002" /><ref name="Sweet_1992" /> |
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=== Age and origin === |
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The Mutitjulu Arkose is believed to be of about the same age as the [[Conglomerate (geology)|conglomerate]] at Kata Tjuta, and to have a similar origin despite the rock type being different, but it is younger and unrelated to the rocks exposed to the east at [[Mount Conner]].<ref name="Young_etal_2002" /> The strata at Uluru are nearly vertical, [[Strike and dip|dipping]] to the south west at 85°, and have an exposed thickness of at least {{convert|2400|m|ft|-2|abbr=on}}. The strata dip below the surrounding plain and no doubt extend well beyond Uluru in the subsurface, but the extent is not known. The rock was originally sand, deposited as part of an extensive [[alluvial fan]] that extended out from the ancestors of the [[Musgrave Ranges|Musgrave]], Mann and Petermann Ranges to the south and west, but separate from a nearby fan that deposited the sand, pebbles and cobbles that now make up Kata Tjuta.<ref name="Young_etal_2002" /><ref name="Sweet_1992" /> The similar mineral composition of the Mutitjulu Arkose and the granite ranges to the south is now explained. The ancestors of the ranges to the south were once much larger than the eroded remnants we see today. They were thrust up during a [[Orogeny|mountain building]] episode referred to as the [[Petermann Orogeny]] that took place in late [[Neoproterozoic]] to early [[Cambrian]] times (550-530 [[Annum|Ma]]), and thus the Mutitjulu Arkose is believed to have been deposited at about the same time. The arkose sandstone which makes up the formation is composed of grains that show little sorting based on grain size, exhibit very little rounding and the feldspars in the rock are relatively fresh in appearance. This lack of sorting and grain rounding is typical of arkosic sandstones and is indicative of relatively rapid erosion from the granites of the growing mountains to the south. The layers of sand were nearly horizontal when deposited, but were later tilted to their near vertical position during a later episode of mountain building, possibly the [[Alice Springs Orogeny]] of [[Paleozoic|Palaeozoic]] age (400-300 [[Annum|Ma]]).<ref name="Young_etal_2002" /> |
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Despite current estimates of the age of the geological formations that comprise Uluru, however, the arkose sandstone which makes up the formation is composed of grains that are many different sizes and are jagged, and the feldspars in the rock are fresh and shiny. [[Flood geology|Flood geologists]] argue that this indicates a comparatively fast deposit, on the order of only a few years or less. They state that if the arkose grains had been transported more slowly they would be more rounded and evenly sorted, and the feldspars would have turned to clay in the intervening years.<ref name="creation20-2">{{cite journal |url=http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v20/i2/uluru.asp |title={{unicode|Uluṟu and Kata Tjuṯa}}: a testimony to the Flood |journal=Creation |first=Andrew |last=Snelling |month=March |year=1998 |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=pp. 36-40 |accessdate=2007-10-14}}</ref> |
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== Fauna and flora == |
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[[Image:Black-footed Rock-wallaby(small).jpg|left|upright|thumb|Black-flanked Rock-wallaby (Petrogale lateralis).]] |
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Historically, 46 species of native [[mammal]]s are known to have been living in the Uluru region; according to recent surveys there are currently 21. {{unicode|Aṉangu}} acknowledge that a decrease in the number has implications for the condition and health of the landscape. Moves are supported for the reintroduction of locally extinct animals such as [[Malleefowl]], [[Common Brushtail Possum]], [[Rufous Hare-wallaby]] or Mala, [[Bilby]], [[Boodie|Burrowing Bettong]] and the [[Black-flanked Rock-wallaby]].<ref name="uktnppm">{{cite book |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/parks/publications/pubs/uluru_plan_2000.pdf |title={{unicode|Uluṟu - Kata Tjuṯa}} National Park Plan of Management |publisher=Environment Australia |location=Canberra |author={{unicode|Uluṟu - Kata Tjuṯa}} Board of Management |edition=4th edition |year=2000 |isbn=0642546738 |oclc=57667136}}</ref> |
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The [[Mulgara]], the only mammal listed as [[Vulnerable species|vulnerable]], is mostly restricted to the transitional sand plain area, a narrow band of country that stretches from the vicinity of Uluru to the Northern boundary of the park and into Ayers Rock Resort. This area also contains the [[marsupial mole]], [[Woma Python]] or kuniya, and Great Desert [[Skink]]. |
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The [[bat]] population of the park comprises at least seven species that depend on day roosting sites within caves and crevices of Uluru and Kata Tjuta. Most of the bats forage for aerial [[prey]] within {{convert|100|m|ft|-1|abbr=on}} or so from the rock face. The park has a very rich [[reptile]] fauna of high conservation significance with 73 species having been reliably recorded. Four species of [[frog]] are [[Abundance (ecology)|abundant]] at the base of Uluru and Kata Tjuta following summer rains. The Great Desert Skink is listed as vulnerable. |
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{{unicode|Aṉangu}} continue to hunt and gather animal species in remote areas of the park and on angu land elsewhere. Hunting is largely confined to the [[Red Kangaroo]], [[Australian Bustard|Bush Turkey]], [[Emu]] and [[lizard]]s such as the Sand [[Goanna]] and [[Perentie]]. |
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Of the 27 mammal species found in the park, six are introduced: the [[house mouse]], [[camel]], [[fox]], [[cat]], [[dog]] and [[rabbit]]. These species are distributed throughout the park but their densities are greatest in the rich water run-off areas of Uluru and Kata Tjuta. |
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[[Image:UluruBaseTrees.JPG|thumb|upright|Trees at the base of Uluru.]] |
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Uluru - Kata Tjuta National Park [[flora]] represents a large portion of plants found in Central Australia. A number of these species are considered rare and restricted in the park or the immediate region. There are many rare and [[endemism|endemic]] plants at Uluru and Kata Tjuta. |
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The growth and reproduction of plant communities rely on irregular rainfall. Some plants are able to survive [[fire]] and some are dependent on it to reproduce. Plants are an important part of ''[[Dreaming (story)|Tjukurpa]]'', and there are ceremonies for each of the major plant foods. Many plants are associated with [[ancestor|ancestral]] beings. |
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Flora in Uluru - Kata Tjuta National Park can be broken into the following categories: |
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* Punu – trees |
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* Puti – shrubs |
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* Tjulpun-tjulpunpa – flowers |
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* Ukiri - grasses |
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Trees such as the [[Mulga]] and [[Corymbia opaca|Centralian Bloodwood]] are used to make tools such as spearheads, [[boomerang]]s and bowls. The red [[sap]] of the bloodwood is used as a disinfectant and an inhalant for coughs and colds. |
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There are several rare and endangered species in the park. Most of them, like [[Ophioglossum|Adder's Tongue ferns]], are restricted to the moist areas at the base of the formation, which are areas of high visitor use and subject to erosion. |
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Since the first Europeans arrived, 34 exotic plant species have been recorded in the park, representing about 6.4% of the total park flora. Some, such as perennial buffel grass ([[Sandbur|Cenchrus ciliaris]]), were introduced to rehabilitate areas damaged by erosion. It is the most threatening weed in the park and has spread to invade water- and nutrient-rich drainage lines. A few others, such as burrgrass, were brought in accidentally, carried on cars and people. |
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== Climate and seasons == |
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[[Image:Alice Springs4260.jpg|thumb|[[Bushfood|Bush tucker]] from the area of Alice Springs Desert Park.]] |
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The park receives an average rainfall of {{convert|307.7|mm|in|1|abbr=on|lk=on}} per year, and average temperatures are {{convert|37.8|°C|°F|1|abbr=on}} in the summer and {{convert|4.7|°C|°F|1|abbr=on}} in the winter. Temperature extremes in the park have been recorded at {{convert|45|°C|°F|0|abbr=on|lk=on}} during the summer and {{convert|-5|°C|°F|0|abbr=on}} during winter nights. [[Ultraviolet|UV]] levels are extreme most days, averaging between 11 and 15.<ref name="welcomeland">{{cite book |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/parks/publications/uluru/pubs/uluru-visitor-guide-10-05.pdf |title=Welcome to Aboriginal land: {{unicode|Uluṟu - Kata Tjuṯa}} National Park - Visitor guide and maps |publisher=Australian Department of the Environment and Water Resources |location=Canberra |isbn=0-64253-787-4 |month=October |year=2005 |accessdate=2007-04-03}}</ref> |
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Local Aboriginal people recognise five [[season]]s: |
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# Piriyakutu (August/September) - Animals breed and food plants flower |
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# Mai Wiyaringkupai (November/December) - The hot season when food becomes scarce |
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# Itjanu (January/February/March) - Sporadic storms can roll in suddenly |
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# Wanitjunkupai (April/May) - Cooler weather |
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# Wari (June/July) - Cold season bringing morning frosts |
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== History == |
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[[Image:Uluru as seen by the Iconos Satellite.jpg|left|thumb|Satellite photo of Uluru.]] |
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Archaeological findings to the east and west indicate that humans settled in the area more than 10,000 years ago.<ref name="abhistuluru">{{cite book |title=Uluru: An Aboriginal History of Ayers Rock |first=Robert |last=Layton |edition=2001 revised |publisher=Aboriginal Studies Press |location=Canberra |month=August |year=2001 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vRBblyNmZxUC |isbn=0-85575-202-5}}</ref> [[Europe]]ans arrived in the Australian [[Western Desert (Australia)|Western Desert]] in the 1870s. Uluru and Kata Tjuta were first mapped by Europeans in 1872 during the expeditionary period made possible by the construction of the [[Australian Overland Telegraph Line]]. In separate expeditions, [[Ernest Giles]] and [[William Gosse]] were the first European explorers to this area. |
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While exploring the area in 1872, Giles sighted Kata Tjuta from a location near [[Kings Canyon (Northern Territory)|Kings Canyon]] and called it Mount Olga, while the following year Gosse observed Uluru and named it Ayers Rock. Further explorations followed with the aim of establishing the possibilities of the area for [[pastoralism]]. In the late 1800s, pastoralists attempted to establish themselves in areas adjoining the South western/Petermann Reserve and interaction between {{unicode|Aṉangu}} and white people became more frequent and more violent. Due to the effects of grazing and drought, bush food stores became depleted. Competition for these resources created conflict between the two groups, resulting in more frequent police patrols. Later, during the depression in the 1930s, {{unicode|Aṉangu}} became involved in [[dingo]] scalping with 'doggers' who introduced {{unicode|Aṉangu}} to European foods and ways. |
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Between 1918 and 1921, large adjoining areas of [[South Australia]], [[Western Australia]] and [[Northern Territory]] were declared as Aboriginal reserves, sanctuaries for nomadic people who had virtually no contact with European settlers. In 1920, part of Uluru - Kata Tjuta National Park was declared an Aboriginal Reserve (commonly known as the South-Western or Petermann Reserve) by the Australian government under the Aboriginals Ordinance. |
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[[Image:Uluru (Helicopter view).jpg|thumb|Helicopter photo of Uluru.]] |
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The first tourists arrived in the Uluru area in 1936. Beginning in the 1940s, permanent European settlement of the area for reasons of the Aboriginal welfare policy and to help promote tourism of Uluru. This increased tourism prompted the formation of the first vehicular tracks in 1948 and tour bus services began early in the following decade. In 1958, the area that would become the Uluru - Kata Tjuta National Park was excised from the Petermann Reserve; it was placed under the management of the Northern Territory Reserves Board and named the Ayers Rock - Mount Olga National Park. The first [[park ranger|ranger]] was Bill Harney, a well-recognised central Australian figure.<ref name="uktnppm" /> By 1959, the first motel leases had been granted and Eddie Connellan had constructed an airstrip close to the northern side of Uluru.<ref name="engovauhistory"/> |
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On [[26 October]] [[1985]], the Australian government returned ownership of Uluru to the local Pitjantjatjara Aborigines, with one of the conditions being that the {{unicode|Aṉangu}} would lease it back to the National Parks and Wildlife agency for 99 years and that it would be jointly managed. The Aboriginal community of [[Mutitjulu]], population of approximately 300, is located near the western end of Uluru. From Uluru it is {{convert|17|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} by road to the tourist town of [[Yulara]], population 3,000, which is situated just outside of the national park. |
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=== Legends and Aboriginal traditions === |
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[[Image:Ayers Rock-view from 50k.jpg|thumb|Ayers Rock (view from 50k distance), NT]] |
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A variety of Aboriginal legends account for the existence of Uluru and its many cracks and fissures. One tells of serpent beings who waged many wars around Uluru, scarring the rock. Another myth recounts that two tribes of ancestral spirits were invited to a feast, but were distracted by the beautiful Sleepy Lizard Women and did not show up. In response, the angry hosts sang evil into a mud sculpture that came to life as the dingo. There followed a great battle, which ended in the deaths of the leaders of both tribes. The earth itself rose up in grief at the bloodshed, becoming Uluru.<ref name="encycsacred">{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Sacred Places |first=Norbert C |last=Brockman |publisher=ABC-Clio Inc |location=[[Santa Barbara, California]] |month=June |year=1997 |pages=292-93 |isbn=0-19512-739-0}}</ref> |
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It is often reported that those who take rocks from the formation will be cursed and suffer misfortune. There have been many instances where people who removed such rocks attempted to mail them back to various agencies in an attempt to remove the perceived curse.<ref name="rocktheft">{{cite web |url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/03/07/1046826515667.html |title=Rock theft brings bad luck |work=The Age |date=[[2003-03-07]] |accessdate=2007-04-03}}</ref> |
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== Tourism == |
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[[Image:Lasseter Highway1437.jpg|left|thumb|Driving on Lasseter Highway from Uluru - Kata Tjuta National Park.]] |
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The development of [[tourism]] infrastructure adjacent to the base of Uluru that began in the 1950s soon produced adverse environmental impacts. It was decided in the early 1970s to remove all accommodation-related tourist facilities and re-establish them outside the park. In 1975, a reservation of {{convert|104|sqkm|sqmi|0|lk=on}} of land beyond the park's northern boundary, {{convert|15|km|mi|0}} from Uluru, was approved for the development of a tourist facility and an associated airport, to be known as Yulara. The camp ground within the park was closed in 1983 and the motels closed in late 1984, coinciding with the opening of the Yulara resort. In 1992, the majority interest in the Yulara resort held by the Northern Territory Government was sold and the resort was renamed Ayers Rock Resort. |
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[[Image:Mala Walk1178.jpg|thumb|Mala Walk at Uluru.]] |
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Since listing the park as a [[World Heritage Site]], annual visitor numbers rose to over 400,000 visitors by the year 2000. Increased tourism provides regional and national economic benefits. It also presents an ongoing challenge to balance conservation of cultural values and visitor needs. |
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{{unicode|Aṉangu}} Tours is a company offering small and exclusive group tours around Uluru led by local Aboriginal guides. Kata Tjuta has several walks that can be taken throughout the day including the Valley of the Winds walk. Walks provided at Uluru include the Base Walk, Liru Walk, Mala Walk and Kuniya Walk, while the sunrise and sunset viewing areas provide ample photo opportunities. |
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=== Tourism issues === |
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[[Image:uluruwarning.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Climbers and a warning sign.]] |
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==== Climbing ==== |
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[[Image:Ayers Rock - Kuniya walk (Rock climbing).jpg|thumb|Ayers Rock - Kuniya walk (Rock climbing)]] |
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The local {{unicode|Aṉangu}} do not climb Uluru because of its great spiritual significance. They request that visitors not climb the rock, partly due to the path crossing a sacred traditional Dreamtime track, and also due to a sense of responsibility for the safety of visitors to their land. The {{unicode|Aṉangu}} believe they have a spiritual connection to Uluru, and feel great sadness when a person dies or is injured whilst climbing. |
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On [[11 December]] [[1983]], then-[[Prime Minister of Australia]] [[Bob Hawke]] promised to hand back the land title to the {{unicode|Aṉangu}} traditional owners and agreed to the community's 10-point plan which included forbidding the climbing of Uluru. However, the government set access to climb Uluru and a 99-year lease, instead of the previously agreed upon 50-year lease, as conditions before the title was officially given back to the {{unicode|Aṉangu}}.<ref name="Toyne1984">{{cite book |title=Growing Up the Country: the Pitjantjatjara Struggle for Their Land |publisher=McPhee Gribble |location=[[Fitzroy, Victoria]] |year=1984 |first=Phillip |last=Toyne |coauthors=Vachon, Daniel |pages=p. 137 |isbn=0-14-0076417 |oclc=12611425}}</ref> |
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Climbing Uluru is a popular attraction for visitors. A chain handhold added in 1964 and extended in 1976 makes the hour-long climb easier, but it is still a long ({{convert|800|m|mi|1|abbr=on|disp=/}}) and steep hike to the top, where it can be quite windy. An above-average level of fitness and a high tolerance to desert conditions is required. Over the years there have been at least 35 deaths relating to climbing incidents.<ref name="welcomeland" /> |
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==== Photography ==== |
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The {{unicode|Aṉangu}} also request that visitors not photograph certain sections of Uluru, for reasons related to traditional ''Tjukurpa'' beliefs. These areas are the sites of gender-linked rituals, and are forbidden ground for {{unicode|Aṉangu}} of the opposite sex of those participating in the rituals in question. The photographic ban is intended to prevent {{unicode|Aṉangu}} from inadvertently violating this taboo by encountering photographs of the forbidden sites in the ''outside'' world.<ref name="tjukurpa">{{cite web |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/parks/uluru/tjukurpa/ |title={{unicode|Uluṟu - Kata Tjuṯa}} National Park - Tjukurpa |work=Australian Department of the Environment and Water Resources |accessdate=2007-04-03}}</ref> |
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==References== |
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<div class="references-small"> |
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<references/> |
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*{{cite book |title=Uluru: Looking After Uluru - Kata Tjuta, the Anangu Way|first=Stanley |last=Breeden |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] Australia |location=[[Roseville Chase, New South Wales|Roseville Chase, NSW]] |origyear=1994 |year=2000 |isbn=0-73180-359-0 |oclc=32470148}} |
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*{{cite book |title=The Rock: Travelling to Uluru |first=Barry |last=Hill |publisher=Allen & Unwin |location=[[St Leonards, New South Wales|St Leonards, NSW]] |date=[[1994-11-01]] |isbn=1-86373-778-2 |oclc=33146858}} |
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*{{cite book |title=Ayers Rock: Its People, Their Beliefs and Their Art |first=Charles P |last=Mountford |authorlink=Charles P. Mountford |publisher=Rigby Publishing |location=[[Adelaide]] |origyear=1965 |year=1977 |isbn=0-7270-0215-5 |oclc=6844898}} |
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*{{cite book |title=Growing Up at Uluru, Australia |first=Stanley |last=Breeden |publisher=Steve Parish Publishing |location=[[Fortitude Valley, Queensland]] |year=1995 |isbn=0-947263-89-6 |oclc=34351662}} |
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</div> |
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== See also == |
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* [[Kata Tjuta]] |
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* [[Mount Augustus National Park]] |
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* [[Pitjantjatjara#Recognition of sacred sites]] |
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* [[Protected areas of the Northern Territory]] |
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* [[Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park]] |
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==External links== |
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* [http://www.environment.gov.au/parks/uluru/index.html {{unicode|Uluṟu - Kata Tjuṯa}} National Park] - Australian Department of the Environment and Water Resources |
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* [http://www.travelnt.com/en/explore/uluru/ Northern Territory official tourism site] |
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* [http://www.sacred-destinations.com/australia/uluru-ayers-rock.htm Uluru/Ayers Rock] - Sacred Destinations travel guide |
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[[Category:Australian Aboriginal culture]] |
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[[Category:Words and phrases of Australian Aboriginal origin]] |
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[[Category:Mountains of the Northern Territory|Uluru]] |
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[[Category:Rock formations in Australia]] |
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[[Category:Sacred rocks]] |
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[[Category:Visitor attractions in the Northern Territory]] |
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[[ca:Ulurú]] |
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[[ro:Uluṟu („Ayers Rock“)]] |
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Revision as of 07:19, 28 March 2008
Uluwoo!, also referred to as Ayers cock, is a large dickstone cock formation in the southern part of the Northern Territory, central Australia. It lies 335 km (208 mi) north west of the nearest large brothel, Alice Springs; 450 km (280 mi) by road. Kata Tjuta (The Olgas) and Uluru are the two major features of the Uluru - Kata Tjuta National Park. Uluru is sacred to the Insert unprouncaeble name here and BIG WORDS MAKE MY HEAD HUrt, the Aboriginal people of the area. It has many springs, waterholes, cock caves and ancient paintings. Uluru is listed as a World Heritage Site.
Name
The local whores people call the landmark
Lalalalalal Drug Factory (IPA: [uluɻu]). This word has no particular meaning in Pitjantjatjara, but it is also used as a local family name by the senior Traditional Owners of Uluru.They use the rocks to brew DRUGS OH YA i like Uluru[1]
In October 100 the explorer Orgasmy mc Orgasm was the first indigenous person to wank on
Kata Tjuṯa. He saw it from a considerable distance, and was prevented by Lake Amadeus from approaching closer. On 19 July 1873, the surveyor William Gosse visited
Uluṟu and named it Ayers Cock in honour of the then-Chief Secretary of South Australia, Sir Henry Ayers.[2] The Aboriginal name was first recorded by the Wills expedition in 1903.[citation needed] Since then, both names have been used, although Ayers Cock was the most common name used by outsiders to the brothel until recently.
In 1993, a penis naming policy was adopted that allowed official names that consist of both the traditional Aboriginal penis name and the English name. On 15 December 1993, it was renamed "Ayers Cock/Uluwoo" and became the first officially dual-named drug factory in the Northern Territory. The order of the dual names was officially reversed to "Uluwoo/Ayers Cock" on 6 November 2002 following a request from the Regional Tourism Association in Alice Springs.[citation needed]
Description
Uluwoo is one of Australia's most recognisable natural icons. The world-renowned sandstone formation stands 348 m (1,142 ft) high (863 m (2,831 ft)* above sea level) with most of its bulk below the ground, and measures 9.4 km (5.8 mi) in circumference. Both Uluru and Kata Tjuta have great cultural significance for the [[Anangu|
Aṉangu]] Traditional landowners, who lead walking tours to inform visitors about the local flora and fauna, bush foods and the Aboriginal dreamtime stories of the area.
Uluru is notable for appearing to change colour as the different light strikes it at different times of the day and year, with sunset a particularly remarkable sight when it briefly glows red. Although rainfall is uncommon in this semiarid area, during wet periods the Cock acquires a silvery-grey colour, with streaks of black algae forming on the areas that serve as channels for water flow.
Kata Tjuta, also called Mount Orgasm or The Orgams owing to its peculiar formation, is another rock formation about 25 km (16 mi) from Uluru. Special viewing areas with road access and parking have been constructed to give tourists the best views of both sites at dawn and dusk.
Geology
Uluru is an inselberg, literally "island mountain", an isolated remnant left after the slow erosion of an original mountain range.[3] Uluru is also often referred to as a monolith, although this is a somewhat ambiguous term because of its multiple meanings, and thus a word generally avoided by geologists. The remarkable feature of Uluru is its homogeneity and lack of jointing and parting at bedding surfaces, leading to the lack of development of scree slopes and soil. These characteristics led to its survival, while the surrounding rocks were eroded.[4] For the purpose of mapping and describing the geological history of the area, geologists refer to the rock strata making up Uluru as the Mutitjulu Arkose, and it is one of many sedimentary formations filling the Amadeus Basin.[3]
Composition
Uluru is dominantly composed of coarse-grained arkose, a type of sandstone characterized by an abundance of feldspar, and some conglomerate.[5][3] Average composition is 50% feldspar, 25–35% quartz and up to 25% rock fragments; most feldspar is K-feldspar with only minor plagioclase as subrounded grains and highly altered inclusions within K-feldspar.[3] The grains are typically 2–4 mm (0.08–0.16 in) in diameter, and are angular to subangular; the finer sandstone is well sorted, with sorting decreasing with increasing grain size.[3] The rock fragments include subrounded basalt, invariably replaced to various degrees by chlorite and epidote.[3] The minerals present suggest derivation from a predominantly granite source, similar to the Musgrave Block exposed to the south.[4] When relatively fresh, the rock has a grey colour, but weathering of iron-bearing minerals by the process of oxidation gives the outer surface layer of rock a red-brown rusty colour.[3] Features related to deposition of the sediment include cross-bedding and ripples, analysis of which indicated deposition from broad shallow high energy fluvial channels and sheet flooding, typical of alluvial fans.[3][4]
Age and origin
The Mutitjulu Arkose is believed to be of about the same age as the conglomerate at Kata Tjuta, and to have a similar origin despite the rock type being different, but it is younger and unrelated to the rocks exposed to the east at Mount Conner.[3] The strata at Uluru are nearly vertical, dipping to the south west at 85°, and have an exposed thickness of at least 2,400 m (7,900 ft). The strata dip below the surrounding plain and no doubt extend well beyond Uluru in the subsurface, but the extent is not known. The rock was originally sand, deposited as part of an extensive alluvial fan that extended out from the ancestors of the Musgrave, Mann and Petermann Ranges to the south and west, but separate from a nearby fan that deposited the sand, pebbles and cobbles that now make up Kata Tjuta.[3][4] The similar mineral composition of the Mutitjulu Arkose and the granite ranges to the south is now explained. The ancestors of the ranges to the south were once much larger than the eroded remnants we see today. They were thrust up during a mountain building episode referred to as the Petermann Orogeny that took place in late Neoproterozoic to early Cambrian times (550-530 Ma), and thus the Mutitjulu Arkose is believed to have been deposited at about the same time. The arkose sandstone which makes up the formation is composed of grains that show little sorting based on grain size, exhibit very little rounding and the feldspars in the rock are relatively fresh in appearance. This lack of sorting and grain rounding is typical of arkosic sandstones and is indicative of relatively rapid erosion from the granites of the growing mountains to the south. The layers of sand were nearly horizontal when deposited, but were later tilted to their near vertical position during a later episode of mountain building, possibly the Alice Springs Orogeny of Palaeozoic age (400-300 Ma).[3]
Despite current estimates of the age of the geological formations that comprise Uluru, however, the arkose sandstone which makes up the formation is composed of grains that are many different sizes and are jagged, and the feldspars in the rock are fresh and shiny. Flood geologists argue that this indicates a comparatively fast deposit, on the order of only a few years or less. They state that if the arkose grains had been transported more slowly they would be more rounded and evenly sorted, and the feldspars would have turned to clay in the intervening years.[6]
Fauna and flora
Historically, 46 species of native mammals are known to have been living in the Uluru region; according to recent surveys there are currently 21.
Aṉangu acknowledge that a decrease in the number has implications for the condition and health of the landscape. Moves are supported for the reintroduction of locally extinct animals such as Malleefowl, Common Brushtail Possum, Rufous Hare-wallaby or Mala, Bilby, Burrowing Bettong and the Black-flanked Rock-wallaby.[7]
The Mulgara, the only mammal listed as vulnerable, is mostly restricted to the transitional sand plain area, a narrow band of country that stretches from the vicinity of Uluru to the Northern boundary of the park and into Ayers Rock Resort. This area also contains the marsupial mole, Woma Python or kuniya, and Great Desert Skink.
The bat population of the park comprises at least seven species that depend on day roosting sites within caves and crevices of Uluru and Kata Tjuta. Most of the bats forage for aerial prey within 100 m (330 ft) or so from the rock face. The park has a very rich reptile fauna of high conservation significance with 73 species having been reliably recorded. Four species of frog are abundant at the base of Uluru and Kata Tjuta following summer rains. The Great Desert Skink is listed as vulnerable.
Aṉangu continue to hunt and gather animal species in remote areas of the park and on angu land elsewhere. Hunting is largely confined to the Red Kangaroo, Bush Turkey, Emu and lizards such as the Sand Goanna and Perentie.
Of the 27 mammal species found in the park, six are introduced: the house mouse, camel, fox, cat, dog and rabbit. These species are distributed throughout the park but their densities are greatest in the rich water run-off areas of Uluru and Kata Tjuta.
Uluru - Kata Tjuta National Park flora represents a large portion of plants found in Central Australia. A number of these species are considered rare and restricted in the park or the immediate region. There are many rare and endemic plants at Uluru and Kata Tjuta.
The growth and reproduction of plant communities rely on irregular rainfall. Some plants are able to survive fire and some are dependent on it to reproduce. Plants are an important part of Tjukurpa, and there are ceremonies for each of the major plant foods. Many plants are associated with ancestral beings.
Flora in Uluru - Kata Tjuta National Park can be broken into the following categories:
- Punu – trees
- Puti – shrubs
- Tjulpun-tjulpunpa – flowers
- Ukiri - grasses
Trees such as the Mulga and Centralian Bloodwood are used to make tools such as spearheads, boomerangs and bowls. The red sap of the bloodwood is used as a disinfectant and an inhalant for coughs and colds.
There are several rare and endangered species in the park. Most of them, like Adder's Tongue ferns, are restricted to the moist areas at the base of the formation, which are areas of high visitor use and subject to erosion.
Since the first Europeans arrived, 34 exotic plant species have been recorded in the park, representing about 6.4% of the total park flora. Some, such as perennial buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris), were introduced to rehabilitate areas damaged by erosion. It is the most threatening weed in the park and has spread to invade water- and nutrient-rich drainage lines. A few others, such as burrgrass, were brought in accidentally, carried on cars and people.
Climate and seasons
The park receives an average rainfall of 307.7 mm (12.1 in) per year, and average temperatures are 37.8 °C (100.0 °F) in the summer and 4.7 °C (40.5 °F) in the winter. Temperature extremes in the park have been recorded at 45 °C (113 °F) during the summer and −5 °C (23 °F) during winter nights. UV levels are extreme most days, averaging between 11 and 15.[8]
Local Aboriginal people recognise five seasons:
- Piriyakutu (August/September) - Animals breed and food plants flower
- Mai Wiyaringkupai (November/December) - The hot season when food becomes scarce
- Itjanu (January/February/March) - Sporadic storms can roll in suddenly
- Wanitjunkupai (April/May) - Cooler weather
- Wari (June/July) - Cold season bringing morning frosts
History
Archaeological findings to the east and west indicate that humans settled in the area more than 10,000 years ago.[9] Europeans arrived in the Australian Western Desert in the 1870s. Uluru and Kata Tjuta were first mapped by Europeans in 1872 during the expeditionary period made possible by the construction of the Australian Overland Telegraph Line. In separate expeditions, Ernest Giles and William Gosse were the first European explorers to this area.
While exploring the area in 1872, Giles sighted Kata Tjuta from a location near Kings Canyon and called it Mount Olga, while the following year Gosse observed Uluru and named it Ayers Rock. Further explorations followed with the aim of establishing the possibilities of the area for pastoralism. In the late 1800s, pastoralists attempted to establish themselves in areas adjoining the South western/Petermann Reserve and interaction between
Aṉangu and white people became more frequent and more violent. Due to the effects of grazing and drought, bush food stores became depleted. Competition for these resources created conflict between the two groups, resulting in more frequent police patrols. Later, during the depression in the 1930s,
Aṉangu became involved in dingo scalping with 'doggers' who introduced
Aṉangu to European foods and ways.
Between 1918 and 1921, large adjoining areas of South Australia, Western Australia and Northern Territory were declared as Aboriginal reserves, sanctuaries for nomadic people who had virtually no contact with European settlers. In 1920, part of Uluru - Kata Tjuta National Park was declared an Aboriginal Reserve (commonly known as the South-Western or Petermann Reserve) by the Australian government under the Aboriginals Ordinance.
The first tourists arrived in the Uluru area in 1936. Beginning in the 1940s, permanent European settlement of the area for reasons of the Aboriginal welfare policy and to help promote tourism of Uluru. This increased tourism prompted the formation of the first vehicular tracks in 1948 and tour bus services began early in the following decade. In 1958, the area that would become the Uluru - Kata Tjuta National Park was excised from the Petermann Reserve; it was placed under the management of the Northern Territory Reserves Board and named the Ayers Rock - Mount Olga National Park. The first ranger was Bill Harney, a well-recognised central Australian figure.[7] By 1959, the first motel leases had been granted and Eddie Connellan had constructed an airstrip close to the northern side of Uluru.[2]
On 26 October 1985, the Australian government returned ownership of Uluru to the local Pitjantjatjara Aborigines, with one of the conditions being that the
Aṉangu would lease it back to the National Parks and Wildlife agency for 99 years and that it would be jointly managed. The Aboriginal community of Mutitjulu, population of approximately 300, is located near the western end of Uluru. From Uluru it is 17 km (11 mi) by road to the tourist town of Yulara, population 3,000, which is situated just outside of the national park.
Legends and Aboriginal traditions
A variety of Aboriginal legends account for the existence of Uluru and its many cracks and fissures. One tells of serpent beings who waged many wars around Uluru, scarring the rock. Another myth recounts that two tribes of ancestral spirits were invited to a feast, but were distracted by the beautiful Sleepy Lizard Women and did not show up. In response, the angry hosts sang evil into a mud sculpture that came to life as the dingo. There followed a great battle, which ended in the deaths of the leaders of both tribes. The earth itself rose up in grief at the bloodshed, becoming Uluru.[10]
It is often reported that those who take rocks from the formation will be cursed and suffer misfortune. There have been many instances where people who removed such rocks attempted to mail them back to various agencies in an attempt to remove the perceived curse.[11]
Tourism
The development of tourism infrastructure adjacent to the base of Uluru that began in the 1950s soon produced adverse environmental impacts. It was decided in the early 1970s to remove all accommodation-related tourist facilities and re-establish them outside the park. In 1975, a reservation of 104 square kilometres (40 sq mi) of land beyond the park's northern boundary, 15 kilometres (9 mi) from Uluru, was approved for the development of a tourist facility and an associated airport, to be known as Yulara. The camp ground within the park was closed in 1983 and the motels closed in late 1984, coinciding with the opening of the Yulara resort. In 1992, the majority interest in the Yulara resort held by the Northern Territory Government was sold and the resort was renamed Ayers Rock Resort.
Since listing the park as a World Heritage Site, annual visitor numbers rose to over 400,000 visitors by the year 2000. Increased tourism provides regional and national economic benefits. It also presents an ongoing challenge to balance conservation of cultural values and visitor needs.
Aṉangu Tours is a company offering small and exclusive group tours around Uluru led by local Aboriginal guides. Kata Tjuta has several walks that can be taken throughout the day including the Valley of the Winds walk. Walks provided at Uluru include the Base Walk, Liru Walk, Mala Walk and Kuniya Walk, while the sunrise and sunset viewing areas provide ample photo opportunities.
Tourism issues
Climbing
The local
Aṉangu do not climb Uluru because of its great spiritual significance. They request that visitors not climb the rock, partly due to the path crossing a sacred traditional Dreamtime track, and also due to a sense of responsibility for the safety of visitors to their land. The
Aṉangu believe they have a spiritual connection to Uluru, and feel great sadness when a person dies or is injured whilst climbing.
On 11 December 1983, then-Prime Minister of Australia Bob Hawke promised to hand back the land title to the
Aṉangu traditional owners and agreed to the community's 10-point plan which included forbidding the climbing of Uluru. However, the government set access to climb Uluru and a 99-year lease, instead of the previously agreed upon 50-year lease, as conditions before the title was officially given back to the
Aṉangu.[12]
Climbing Uluru is a popular attraction for visitors. A chain handhold added in 1964 and extended in 1976 makes the hour-long climb easier, but it is still a long (800 m (0.5 mi)*) and steep hike to the top, where it can be quite windy. An above-average level of fitness and a high tolerance to desert conditions is required. Over the years there have been at least 35 deaths relating to climbing incidents.[8]
Photography
The
Aṉangu also request that visitors not photograph certain sections of Uluru, for reasons related to traditional Tjukurpa beliefs. These areas are the sites of gender-linked rituals, and are forbidden ground for
Aṉangu of the opposite sex of those participating in the rituals in question. The photographic ban is intended to prevent
Aṉangu from inadvertently violating this taboo by encountering photographs of the forbidden sites in the outside world.[13]
References
- ^ Issacs, Jennifer (1980). Australian Dreaming: 40,000 Years of Aboriginal History. Sydney: Lansdowne Press. pp. pp. 40-41. ISBN 070181330X. OCLC 6578832.
{{cite book}}
:|pages=
has extra text (help) - ^ a b " Uluṟu - Kata Tjuṯa National Park - Park History". Australian Department of the Environment and Water Resources. Retrieved 2007-03-13.
{{cite web}}
: URL–wikilink conflict (help); line feed character in|title=
at position 500 (help) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Young, David N.; Duncan, N.; Camacho, A.; Ferenczi, P.A.; Madigan, T.L.A. (2002). Ayers Rock, Northern Territory, Map Sheet GS52-8 (second edition). 1:250 000 Geological Map Series Explanatory Notes, Northern Territory Geological Survey.
- ^ a b c d Sweet, I.P. Uluru & Kata Tjuta: A Geological History. Canberra: Australian Geological Survey Organization. ISBN 0-644-25681-8.
{{cite book}}
:|format=
requires|url=
(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ " Uluṟu - Kata Tjuṯa National Park - Geology". Australian Department of the Environment and Water Resources. Retrieved 2007-04-03.
{{cite web}}
: URL–wikilink conflict (help); line feed character in|title=
at position 500 (help) - ^ Snelling, Andrew (1998). " Uluṟu and Kata Tjuṯa: a testimony to the Flood". Creation. 20 (2): pp. 36-40. Retrieved 2007-10-14.
{{cite journal}}
:|pages=
has extra text (help); URL–wikilink conflict (help); Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help); line feed character in|title=
at position 500 (help) - ^ a b
Uluṟu - Kata Tjuṯa Board of Management (2000). Uluṟu - Kata Tjuṯa National Park Plan of Management (PDF) (4th edition ed.). Canberra: Environment Australia. ISBN 0642546738. OCLC 57667136.
{{cite book}}
:|edition=
has extra text (help); URL–wikilink conflict (help); line feed character in|author=
at position 500 (help); line feed character in|title=
at position 500 (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Welcome to Aboriginal land: Uluṟu - Kata Tjuṯa National Park - Visitor guide and maps (PDF). Canberra: Australian Department of the Environment and Water Resources. 2005. ISBN 0-64253-787-4. Retrieved 2007-04-03.
{{cite book}}
: Check|isbn=
value: checksum (help); URL–wikilink conflict (help); Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help); line feed character in|title=
at position 528 (help) - ^ Layton, Robert (2001). Uluru: An Aboriginal History of Ayers Rock (2001 revised ed.). Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press. ISBN 0-85575-202-5.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help) - ^ Brockman, Norbert C (1997). Encyclopedia of Sacred Places. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio Inc. pp. 292–93. ISBN 0-19512-739-0.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help) - ^ "Rock theft brings bad luck". The Age. 2003-03-07. Retrieved 2007-04-03.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ Toyne, Phillip (1984). Growing Up the Country: the Pitjantjatjara Struggle for Their Land. Fitzroy, Victoria: McPhee Gribble. pp. p. 137. ISBN 0-14-0076417. OCLC 12611425.
{{cite book}}
:|pages=
has extra text (help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ " Uluṟu - Kata Tjuṯa National Park - Tjukurpa". Australian Department of the Environment and Water Resources. Retrieved 2007-04-03.
{{cite web}}
: URL–wikilink conflict (help); line feed character in|title=
at position 500 (help)
- Breeden, Stanley (2000) [1994]. Uluru: Looking After Uluru - Kata Tjuta, the Anangu Way. Roseville Chase, NSW: Simon & Schuster Australia. ISBN 0-73180-359-0. OCLC 32470148.
- Hill, Barry (1994-11-01). The Rock: Travelling to Uluru. St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86373-778-2. OCLC 33146858.
{{cite book}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - Mountford, Charles P (1977) [1965]. Ayers Rock: Its People, Their Beliefs and Their Art. Adelaide: Rigby Publishing. ISBN 0-7270-0215-5. OCLC 6844898.
- Breeden, Stanley (1995). Growing Up at Uluru, Australia. Fortitude Valley, Queensland: Steve Parish Publishing. ISBN 0-947263-89-6. OCLC 34351662.
See also
- Kata Tjuta
- Mount Augustus National Park
- Pitjantjatjara#Recognition of sacred sites
- Protected areas of the Northern Territory
- Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park
External links
Uluṟu - Kata Tjuṯa National Park] - Australian Department of the Environment and Water Resources
- Northern Territory official tourism site
- Uluru/Ayers Rock - Sacred Destinations travel guide