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{{Infobox ship class overview |
{{Infobox ship class overview |
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|Name= |
|Name= |
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|Builders=[[China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation]] [[Bohai Shipyard]], [[Huludao]] |
|Builders=[[China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation]] [[Bohai Shipyard]], [[Huludao]] |
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|Operators={{navy|CHN}} |
|Operators={{navy|CHN}} |
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|Class before=[[Type 091 submarine|Type 091]] |
|Class before=[[Type 091 submarine|Type 091]] |
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|In service range= |
|In service range= |
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|In commission range= |
|In commission range= |
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|Total ships building= |
|Total ships building= 2 <ref name="osmint">http://osimint.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/OSIMINT-26FEB13-huludao-China-Type-094-Type-093.png</ref> |
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|Total ships planned= 10 <ref>http://www.guancha.cn/Science/2013_04_02_135879.shtml</ref> <ref>http://mil.sohu.com/20140916/n404363632.shtml</ref> |
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|Total ships planned= |
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|Total ships completed= 5+ <ref>http://www.guancha.cn/Science/2013_04_02_135879.shtml</ref> <ref>http://mil.sohu.com/20140916/n404363632.shtml</ref> |
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|Total ships completed= |
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|Total ships cancelled= |
|Total ships cancelled= |
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|Total ships active= 5 According to Chinese Officials. <ref>http://www.guancha.cn/Science/2013_04_02_135879.shtml</ref> <ref>http://mil.sohu.com/20140916/n404363632.shtml</ref> <ref>http://news.ifeng.com/a/20140827/41754418_0.shtml#p=1</ref> |
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|Total ships active= 2 {{as of|June 2014}}<ref>[[United States Department of Defense]] (2014: 8)</ref> |
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|Total ships laid up= |
|Total ships laid up= |
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|Total ships lost= |
|Total ships lost= |
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|Total ships retired= |
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|Total ships preserved= |
|Total ships preserved= |
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}} |
}} |
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|Ship type= |
|Ship type= |
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|Ship tonnage= |
|Ship tonnage= |
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|Ship displacement= 6,000 - 7,000 tonnes submerged<ref name= |
|Ship displacement= 6,000 - 7,000 tonnes submerged<ref name=Type093> |
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{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.sinodefence.com/navy/sub/type093shang.asp |
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|title=Type 093 (09-III) Shang Class Nuclear-Powered Attack Submarine |
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|work=SinoDefence.com |
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|date=4 April 2009 |
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|accessdate=2009-04-27 |
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}}</ref> |
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|Ship tons burthen= |
|Ship tons burthen= |
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|Ship length=110 m |
|Ship length=110 m |
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|Ship beam=11 m |
|Ship beam=11 m |
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|Ship height= |
|Ship height= |
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|Ship draught= |
|Ship draught= |
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|Ship draft= |
|Ship draft=10 m |
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|Ship depth= |
|Ship depth= |
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|Ship hold depth= |
|Ship hold depth= |
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|Ship ice class= |
|Ship ice class= |
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|Ship power= |
|Ship power= |
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|Ship propulsion= |
|Ship propulsion=pressure water nuclear reactor |
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|Ship sail plan= |
|Ship sail plan= |
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|Ship speed=30 [[knot (unit)|kn]] |
|Ship speed=30 [[knot (unit)|kn]] |
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|Ship range=Unlimited |
|Ship range=Unlimited |
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|Ship endurance= |
|Ship endurance= |
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|Ship capacity= |
|Ship capacity= |
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|Ship troops= |
|Ship troops= |
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|Ship complement= |
|Ship complement=~100 |
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|Ship crew= |
|Ship crew= |
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|Ship time to activate= |
|Ship time to activate= |
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|Ship sensors= |
|Ship sensors= |
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|Ship EW= |
|Ship EW= |
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|Ship armament=6 torpedo tubes |
|Ship armament=6 torpedo tubes<br />Torpedoes<br />Cruise missiles<br />Anti-ship missiles<br />24 X VLS [[CJ-10]] cruise missile (Type 093B) |
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|Ship armour= |
|Ship armour= |
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|Ship armor= |
|Ship armor= |
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The '''Type 093''' ([[NATO reporting name]]: ''[[Shang Dynasty|Shang]]'', Chinese designation: '''09-III''') is a [[Nuclear submarine|nuclear-powered]] [[attack submarine]] class deployed by the Chinese [[People's Liberation Army Navy]] |
The '''Type 093''' ([[NATO reporting name]]: ''[[Shang Dynasty|Shang]]'', Chinese designation: '''09-III''') is a [[Nuclear submarine|nuclear-powered]] [[attack submarine]] class deployed by the Chinese [[People's Liberation Army Navy]]. These boats are expected to replace the older [[Type 091 submarine|Type 091]] (NATO: ''[[Han Dynasty|Han]]'' class) SSNs currently in service. The Type 093 are armed with various torpedoes and anti-ship missiles. There are currently five ships active. |
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The lead boat in this class was launched in 2002. Construction of the Type 093 submarines is being conducted at the Bohai Shipyard in [[Huludao]]. Six to eight boats are expected to be built. Improved Type 093 variants has also been launched, with an upgraded subclass seen in 2013 with VLS.<ref name="osmint"/> |
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The improved '''Type 093A''' is in production. One was launched in 2012, with three more under construction. |
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These boats are expected to replace the older [[Type 091 submarine|Type 091]] (NATO: ''[[Han Dynasty|Han]]'' class) SSNs currently in service. |
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== Programme == |
== Programme == |
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China’s new generation nuclear submarine program can be dated back to the early 1980s, when the PLA Navy issued the requirement for a new nuclear attack submarine (SSN) as the successor to its first-generation Type 091 (NATO codename: Han class) nuclear attack submarine. The submarine development program, codenamed Type 093, was officially approved by the PLA leadership in July 1983. However, the development program only made very limited progress in its early stage due to enormous technical difficulties, especially the nuclear reactor and onboard weapon systems. Development was speculated to have been suspended until the mid-1990s, when the Type 093 project revived, which finally commenced construction in the late 1990s. The extended re-fits to the 091 Han-class SSNs appeared to be the reason of delaying the development of the Type 093. |
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globalsecurity.org reports that development of the Type 093 began in the early 1980s.<ref name="globalsecurity"/> However, Admiral [[Liu Huaqing]] wrote in his memoirs that development began in 1994; this followed President [[Jiang Zemin]]'s continued support for nuclear submarine development after the launch of the final Type 091 in 1990. Erickson and Goldstein suggest that the [[Yinhe incident]] in 1993<ref>Erickson and Goldstein (2007: 58)</ref>, and continued tensions with Taiwan<ref>Erickson and Goldstein (2007: 64-65)</ref>, also drove approval of the program. |
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Rumors were that the Type 093 design was speculated to have general performance comparable to that of Russian [[Victor class submarine#Victor III|Victor-III class]], SSNs originally introduced in the late 1970s by the Soviet navy, as well as early versions of the American [[Los Angeles class submarine]].<ref name=Type093/> Some have gone as far as saying it is comparable to early [[Alfa class submarine]] SSNs.<ref name=http://anja-athirdeye.blogspot.com/2008/10/chinas-future-nuclear-submarine-force.html>{{cite web|author=anja |url=http://anja-athirdeye.blogspot.com/2008/10/chinas-future-nuclear-submarine-force.html |title=ANJA A THIRD EYE: China's future nuclear submarine force: insights from Chinese writings |publisher=Anja-athirdeye.blogspot.com |date=2008-10-12 |accessdate=2011-12-27}}</ref> Chinese articles and researchers claim that the submarine is close to the improved [[Los Angeles class]] in performance.<ref>http://www.chinanews.com/mil/hd2011/2013/04-01/189399.shtml#nextpage</ref><ref>http://anja-athirdeye.blogspot.ca/2008/10/chinas-future-nuclear-submarine-force.html</ref><ref>http://mil.sohu.com/20140916/n404363632.shtml</ref> |
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Two Type 093s were launched in 2002 and 2003 respectively.<ref>O'Rourke (2014: 91)</ref> Four improved Type 093As were in production in 2013<ref>[[United States Department of Defense]] (2013: 6)</ref>; one of these was launched in 2012.<ref>O'Rourke (2014: 91)</ref> Analysts speculate that no further Type 093s will be built due to the development of the [[Type 095 submarine|Type 095]].<ref name="globalsecurity"/> |
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The U.S. Navy intelligence and Pentagon predicted that the PLA Navy would have around 3~4 Type 093 submarines by 2010, other sources suggested that eventual production could reach 6 to 8 units. The exact number to be built may well depend on the results of the ongoing sea trial for the first hull, which has been carried out at the PLA Navy’s Huludao [[submarine base]] since 2003. |
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A modified Type 093 with a planeless sail may also have been produced.<ref name="id">{{cite web|author=Posted by Galrahn |url=http://www.informationdissemination.net/2007/10/thoughts-on-chinese-nuclear-submarine.html |title=Thoughts on Chinese Nuclear Submarine Photography and Sources |publisher=Information Dissemination |date=2007-10-21 |accessdate=2011-12-27}}</ref> By 2013, two newly improved 093 designated 093A and a further improved one designated 093B were spotted under construction. This would bring the total number of 093 class SSN to seven, and potentially with more to be build. The new boats have slightly improved hull shapes and smoother surface as well as missile VLS.<ref name="osmint"/><ref>http://mil.sohu.com/20140916/n404363632.shtml</ref> |
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== Design == |
== Design == |
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The Type 093 is estimated to be roughly 7000 [[ton|t]] displacement when submerged. The Type 093 is estimated to be {{convert|110|m|ft}} long with a beam of 11 m. The sonar suite includes H/SQC-207 flank-mounted sonar.<ref name="globalsecurity"/> The boat may also use a seven-blade [[Skewback propeller|asymmetric propeller]].<ref name="globalsecurity"/><ref>Erickson and Goldstein (2007: 67)</ref> |
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The Type 093 is estimated to be roughly 7000 [[ton|t]] displacement when submerged. The Type 093 is estimated to be {{convert|110|m|ft}} long with a beam of 11 m and can dive to a maximum depth of {{convert|400|m|ft}}. It is estimated to have a noise level of "110 decibels"<ref name=http://anja-athirdeye.blogspot.com/2008/10/chinas-future-nuclear-submarine-force.html/> and have an endurance of 80 days. It is thought to have a seven-blade [[Skewback propeller|asymmetric propeller]]. This submarine is the first to incorporate flank linear array sonars designated as H/SQG-207 in its design, and this linear flank array was designed by the 715th Institute, with deputy chief designer Mr. Li Qihu (李启虎), who was the chief designer of H/SQ-2 262/262A/262B/262C/H-SQG-4 sonars used to upgrade Type 035, 033, both 091 and 092, 035G, and 039 submarines. |
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The powerplant is speculated to be two [[pressurized water reactor]]s.<ref name="globalsecurity"/> In 2002, Chinese sources claimed the Type 093 was powered by a high-temperature |
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gas-cooled reactor, but the immaturity of the technology makes this unlikely.<ref>Erickson and Goldstein (2007: 67-68)</ref> |
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==Type 093B== |
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Commercial imagery suggests the Type 093A is longer than the Type 093.<ref>O'Rourke (2014: 14)</ref> |
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An improved Type 093 variant incorporates new technologies such as retractable diving planes and a modified hull for greater acoustic stealth.<ref name="id" /><ref name="img">http://img485.imageshack.us/img485/2559/post4031184650391lr8.jpg</ref><ref name="imgus">http://img503.imageshack.us/img503/2513/u1335p27t1d454831f3dt20qf8.jpg</ref> Another improved variant may have been sighted in 2013, with 24 cell VLS.<ref name="osi">{{cite web|url=http://osimint.com/2013/05/07/huludao-shipyard-chinas-new-submarines/ |title=Huludao Shipyard & China’s New Submarines |publisher=open Source IMINT |date=2013-05-07 |accessdate=2013-09-24}}</ref> |
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== Weapons == |
== Weapons == |
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The Type 093 is expected to be armed with six 533 mm and/or 650 mm torpedo tubes that will launch wire, acoustic, and wake-homing torpedoes as well as anti-ship and land attack cruise missiles. This could include the submarine-launched version of the [[C-803|YJ-83]] anti-ship missile. The Type 093B is fitted with a 24-cell [[vertical launch system]]. Currently the YJ-83 is not believed to be nuclear tipped. Nuclear deterrence missions are delegated to the [[Type 092 submarine|092 Xia class]] and [[Type 094 submarine|094 Jin class SSBN]]. |
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The Type 093 is armed with six torpedo tubes; reports conflict on whether these are 553 mm<ref name="globalsecurity"/> or - as claimed by Chinese sources in 2002 - 650 mm tubes.<ref>Erickson and Goldstein (2007: 68)</ref> The Type 093 has been claimed to be armed with the [[YJ-12]]<ref>Erickson and Goldstein (2007: 68)</ref> or [[YJ-82]] anti-ship missiles.<ref name="globalsecurity"/> Anti-ship cruise missiles may also be future options.<ref>[[United States Department of Defense]] (2013: 34)</ref> |
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==Noise== |
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In 2002, Chinese sources claimed the Type 093's noise level was on par with the [[Los Angeles-class submarine|improved Los Angeles-class]]. In 2004, Chinese sources claimed the Type 093 was on par with [[Project 971]] ([[NATO reporting name]] ''Akula''), at 110 [[decibel]]s.<ref>Erickson and Goldstein (2007: 67)</ref> In 2009, USN ONI listed the Type 093 as being noisier than [[Project 671|Project 671RTM]] (NATO reporting name ''Victor III'') which entered service in 1979.<ref>Office of Naval Intelligence (2009: 22)</ref> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/china/type-93.htm GlobalSecurity.org] |
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* [http://www.sinodefence.com/navy/sub/type093shang.asp Sinodefence page on the Type 093] |
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;Bibliography |
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* ''China emerges as a maritime power'' JANE'S INTELLIGENCE REVIEW - OCTOBER 01, 2004 |
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{{Refbegin}} |
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* [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0JIW/is_1_60/ai_n19155403/pg_10 ''China's future nuclear submarine force: insights from Chinese writings'' Naval War College Review, winter 2007] |
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*{{cite journal |last1=Erickson |first1=Andrew S. |last2=Goldstein |first2= Lyle J. |date= Winter 2007 |title= China's Future Nuclear Submarine Force: Insights from Chinese Writings |journal= [[Naval War College Review]] |volume= 60 |issue= 1 |url= http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA519346&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf |accessdate=24 January 2015}} |
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*{{Cite report |last=O'Rourke |first=Ronald |date=23 December 2014 |title=China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities - Background and Issues for Congress |url=https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33153.pdf |publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]] |docket=RL33153 |accessdate=24 January 2015}} |
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*{{Cite report |author=Office of Naval Intelligence |authorlink=Office of Naval Intelligence |date=August 2009 |title=The People’s Liberation Army Navy, A Modern Navy with Chinese Characteristics |url=http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/oni/pla-navy.pdf |accessdate=24 January 2015}} |
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*{{Cite report |author=United States Department of Defense |authorlink=United States Department of Defense |date=May 2013 |title=Annual Report To Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China 2013 |url=http://www.defense.gov/pubs/2013_China_Report_FINAL.pdf |accessdate=24 January 2015}} |
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*{{Cite report |author=United States Department of Defense |authorlink=United States Department of Defense |date=June 2014 |title=Annual Report To Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China 2014 |url=http://www.defense.gov/pubs/2014_DoD_China_Report.pdf |accessdate=24 January 2015}} |
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{{Refend}} |
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{{Ship classes of the Chinese Navy|state=collapsed}} |
{{Ship classes of the Chinese Navy|state=collapsed}} |
Revision as of 01:04, 25 January 2015
Class overview | |
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Builders | China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation Bohai Shipyard, Huludao |
Operators | People's Liberation Army Navy |
Preceded by | Type 091 |
Succeeded by | Type 095 |
Planned | 10 [6] [7] |
Building | 2 [8] |
Completed | 5+ [1] [2] |
Active | 5 According to Chinese Officials. [3] [4] [5] |
General characteristics | |
Displacement | 6,000 - 7,000 tonnes submerged[9] |
Length | 110 m |
Beam | 11 m |
Draft | 10 m |
Propulsion | pressure water nuclear reactor |
Speed | 30 kn |
Range | Unlimited |
Complement | ~100 |
Armament | list error: <br /> list (help) 6 torpedo tubes Torpedoes Cruise missiles Anti-ship missiles 24 X VLS CJ-10 cruise missile (Type 093B) |
The Type 093 (NATO reporting name: Shang, Chinese designation: 09-III) is a nuclear-powered attack submarine class deployed by the Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy. These boats are expected to replace the older Type 091 (NATO: Han class) SSNs currently in service. The Type 093 are armed with various torpedoes and anti-ship missiles. There are currently five ships active.
The lead boat in this class was launched in 2002. Construction of the Type 093 submarines is being conducted at the Bohai Shipyard in Huludao. Six to eight boats are expected to be built. Improved Type 093 variants has also been launched, with an upgraded subclass seen in 2013 with VLS.[8]
Programme
China’s new generation nuclear submarine program can be dated back to the early 1980s, when the PLA Navy issued the requirement for a new nuclear attack submarine (SSN) as the successor to its first-generation Type 091 (NATO codename: Han class) nuclear attack submarine. The submarine development program, codenamed Type 093, was officially approved by the PLA leadership in July 1983. However, the development program only made very limited progress in its early stage due to enormous technical difficulties, especially the nuclear reactor and onboard weapon systems. Development was speculated to have been suspended until the mid-1990s, when the Type 093 project revived, which finally commenced construction in the late 1990s. The extended re-fits to the 091 Han-class SSNs appeared to be the reason of delaying the development of the Type 093.
Rumors were that the Type 093 design was speculated to have general performance comparable to that of Russian Victor-III class, SSNs originally introduced in the late 1970s by the Soviet navy, as well as early versions of the American Los Angeles class submarine.[9] Some have gone as far as saying it is comparable to early Alfa class submarine SSNs.[10] Chinese articles and researchers claim that the submarine is close to the improved Los Angeles class in performance.[11][12][13]
The U.S. Navy intelligence and Pentagon predicted that the PLA Navy would have around 3~4 Type 093 submarines by 2010, other sources suggested that eventual production could reach 6 to 8 units. The exact number to be built may well depend on the results of the ongoing sea trial for the first hull, which has been carried out at the PLA Navy’s Huludao submarine base since 2003.
A modified Type 093 with a planeless sail may also have been produced.[14] By 2013, two newly improved 093 designated 093A and a further improved one designated 093B were spotted under construction. This would bring the total number of 093 class SSN to seven, and potentially with more to be build. The new boats have slightly improved hull shapes and smoother surface as well as missile VLS.[8][15]
Design
The Type 093 is estimated to be roughly 7000 t displacement when submerged. The Type 093 is estimated to be 110 metres (360 ft) long with a beam of 11 m and can dive to a maximum depth of 400 metres (1,300 ft). It is estimated to have a noise level of "110 decibels"[10] and have an endurance of 80 days. It is thought to have a seven-blade asymmetric propeller. This submarine is the first to incorporate flank linear array sonars designated as H/SQG-207 in its design, and this linear flank array was designed by the 715th Institute, with deputy chief designer Mr. Li Qihu (李启虎), who was the chief designer of H/SQ-2 262/262A/262B/262C/H-SQG-4 sonars used to upgrade Type 035, 033, both 091 and 092, 035G, and 039 submarines.
Type 093B
An improved Type 093 variant incorporates new technologies such as retractable diving planes and a modified hull for greater acoustic stealth.[14][16][17] Another improved variant may have been sighted in 2013, with 24 cell VLS.[18]
Weapons
The Type 093 is expected to be armed with six 533 mm and/or 650 mm torpedo tubes that will launch wire, acoustic, and wake-homing torpedoes as well as anti-ship and land attack cruise missiles. This could include the submarine-launched version of the YJ-83 anti-ship missile. The Type 093B is fitted with a 24-cell vertical launch system. Currently the YJ-83 is not believed to be nuclear tipped. Nuclear deterrence missions are delegated to the 092 Xia class and 094 Jin class SSBN.
References
- ^ http://www.guancha.cn/Science/2013_04_02_135879.shtml
- ^ http://mil.sohu.com/20140916/n404363632.shtml
- ^ http://www.guancha.cn/Science/2013_04_02_135879.shtml
- ^ http://mil.sohu.com/20140916/n404363632.shtml
- ^ http://news.ifeng.com/a/20140827/41754418_0.shtml#p=1
- ^ http://www.guancha.cn/Science/2013_04_02_135879.shtml
- ^ http://mil.sohu.com/20140916/n404363632.shtml
- ^ a b c http://osimint.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/OSIMINT-26FEB13-huludao-China-Type-094-Type-093.png
- ^ a b "Type 093 (09-III) Shang Class Nuclear-Powered Attack Submarine". SinoDefence.com. 4 April 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-27.
- ^ a b anja (2008-10-12). "ANJA A THIRD EYE: China's future nuclear submarine force: insights from Chinese writings". Anja-athirdeye.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2011-12-27.
- ^ http://www.chinanews.com/mil/hd2011/2013/04-01/189399.shtml#nextpage
- ^ http://anja-athirdeye.blogspot.ca/2008/10/chinas-future-nuclear-submarine-force.html
- ^ http://mil.sohu.com/20140916/n404363632.shtml
- ^ a b Posted by Galrahn (2007-10-21). "Thoughts on Chinese Nuclear Submarine Photography and Sources". Information Dissemination. Retrieved 2011-12-27.
- ^ http://mil.sohu.com/20140916/n404363632.shtml
- ^ http://img485.imageshack.us/img485/2559/post4031184650391lr8.jpg
- ^ http://img503.imageshack.us/img503/2513/u1335p27t1d454831f3dt20qf8.jpg
- ^ "Huludao Shipyard & China's New Submarines". open Source IMINT. 2013-05-07. Retrieved 2013-09-24.
- GlobalSecurity.org
- Sinodefence page on the Type 093
- China emerges as a maritime power JANE'S INTELLIGENCE REVIEW - OCTOBER 01, 2004
- China's future nuclear submarine force: insights from Chinese writings Naval War College Review, winter 2007