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{{Short description|Turbochargers}} |
{{Short description|Turbochargers}} |
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⚫ | '''Twin-turbo''' (not to be confused with a [[twincharger]] setup, which is a combination of a [[supercharger]] and a turbocharger) refers to an [[internal combustion engine|engine]] in which two [[turbocharger|turbochargers]] work in tandem to compress the intake fuel/air mixture (or intake air, in the case of a [[Direct fuel injection|direct-injection]] [[engine]]). The most common layout features two identical or mirrored turbochargers in parallel, each processing half of a [[V engine]]'s produced exhaust through independent piping. The two turbochargers can either be matching or different sizes. |
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⚫ | The system is arranged so that a small ("primary") turbocharger is active while the engine is operating at low RPM, which reduces the boost threshold (RPM at which effective boost is provided) and turbo lag. As RPM increases, a small amount of exhaust gas is fed to the larger ("secondary") turbocharger, to bring it up to operating speed. Then at high RPM, all of the exhaust gases are directed to the secondary turbocharger, so that it can provide the boost required by the engine at high RPM.<ref>{{cite web |
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⚫ | The first production car to use sequential turbocharging was the 1986-1988 [[Porsche 959]], which used sequential twin-turbos on its flat-six engine.<ref>{{cite web |title=Video - The Porsche 959 is a $1.5 Million Automotive Icon |url=https://www.autotrader.com/car-video/video-porsche-959-15-million-automotive-icon-281474979900003 |access-date=6 October 2019 |
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== Types and combinations == |
== Types and combinations == |
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There are '''three''' types of turbine setups used for twin-turbo setups: |
There are '''three''' types of turbine setups used for twin-turbo setups: |
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* Twin-turbo |
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* Parallel |
* Parallel |
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* Sequential |
* Sequential |
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These can be applied to any of the '''five''' types of compressor setups (which theoretically could have 15 different setups): |
These can be applied to any of the '''five''' types of compressor setups (which theoretically could have 15 different setups): |
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* Compound |
* Compound Compressors |
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* Staged |
* Staged Compound Compressors |
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* Staged |
* Staged Sequential Compressors |
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* Parallel |
* Parallel Sequential Compressors |
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* Parallel |
* Parallel Compressors<ref>{{Cite web|title=Toyota Supra MKIV : Types of Twin Turbo Setups|url=http://mkiv.supras.org.nz/articles/twinturbosetups.htm|access-date=2021-01-17|website=mkiv.supras.org.nz}}</ref> |
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== Parallel == |
== Parallel == |
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In diesel powered applications, notable examples are [[Volkswagen]]'s V10 TDI which uses two [[BorgWarner]] turbochargers in a parallel layout and [[BMW]]'s inline 6 B57 engine (B57D30O0, B57D30T0, B57D30S0), which is available in configurations of up to 4 turbochargers that operate in a double-series layout. |
In diesel powered applications, notable examples are [[Volkswagen]]'s V10 TDI which uses two [[BorgWarner]] turbochargers in a parallel layout and [[BMW]]'s inline 6 B57 engine (B57D30O0, B57D30T0, B57D30S0), which is available in configurations of up to 4 turbochargers that operate in a double-series layout. |
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== Sequential == |
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⚫ | Sequential turbocharging refer to a set-up in which the engine uses one turbocharger for lower engine speeds, and a second or both turbochargers at higher engine speeds. This system is intended to overcome the limitation of large turbochargers providing insufficient boost at low RPM. On the other hand, smaller turbos are effective at low RPM (when there is less kinetic energy present in the exhaust gases) but are unable to provide the quantity of compressed intake gases required at higher RPM. Therefore, sequential turbocharger systems provide a way to decrease turbo lag without compromising power output at high RPM.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Köhler|first=Mario|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1014188198|title=Turbochargers in the workshop technology, variants, troubleshooting|others=Krafthand Medien GmbH|year=2017|isbn=978-3-87441-158-5|edition=1st|pages=26|chapter=Volume 17|oclc=1014188198|chapter-url=http://www.turbos.borgwarner.com/tools/download.aspx?t=document&r=1916&d=2155}}</ref> |
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⚫ | '''Twin-turbo''' (not to be confused with a [[twincharger]] setup, which is a combination of a [[supercharger]] and a turbocharger) refers to an [[ |
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⚫ | The system is arranged so that a small ("primary") turbocharger is active while the engine is operating at low RPM, which reduces the boost threshold (RPM at which effective boost is provided) and turbo lag. As RPM increases, a small amount of exhaust gas is fed to the larger ("secondary") turbocharger, to bring it up to operating speed. Then at high RPM, all of the exhaust gases are directed to the secondary turbocharger, so that it can provide the boost required by the engine at high RPM.<ref>{{cite web |title=1997 Toyota Supra - Prime Sequence |url=http://www.superstreetonline.com/features/impp-1007-1997-toyota-supra/ |website=SuperStreetOnline |access-date=6 October 2019 |date=27 May 2010}}</ref> |
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⚫ | The first production car to use sequential turbocharging was the 1986-1988 [[Porsche 959]], which used sequential twin-turbos on its flat-six engine.<ref>{{cite web |title=Video - The Porsche 959 is a $1.5 Million Automotive Icon |url=https://www.autotrader.com/car-video/video-porsche-959-15-million-automotive-icon-281474979900003 |website=www.autotrader.com |access-date=6 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kimble Cutaway: Porsche 959 |url=https://www.motor1.com/features/63301/kimble-kutaway-porsche-959/ |website=www.motor1.com |access-date=6 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Sequential turbocharging can also be used with more than two turbochargers, such as in the 2012-2017 [[BMW N57|BMW N57S]] straight-six diesel engine, which uses three sequential turbos.<ref>{{cite web |title=2013 BMW 750d xDrive Review |url=https://www.bmwblog.com/2013/03/29/bmwblog-test-drive-2013-bmw-750d-xdrive-triturbo-diesel/ |website=www.bmwblog.com |access-date=6 October 2019 |language=en |date=29 March 2013}}</ref> |
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== Series == |
== Series == |
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==Quad-turbo== |
==Quad-turbo== |
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{{expand-section|date=August 2021}} |
{{expand-section|date=August 2021}} |
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Automobile manufacturers rarely use more than two turbochargers. Some exceptions are the triple-turbocharger system used by the 2012-2017 BMW N57S straight-six diesel engine, the [[Bugatti V12 engine|quad-turbocharger system used by the V12 engine in the 1991-1995 Bugatti EB110]] and the [[Bugatti W16 engine|quad-turbocharger system used by the W16 engine in the 2005-2015 Bugatti Veyron and 2016-present Bugatti Chiron]]. |
Automobile manufacturers rarely use more than two turbochargers. Some exceptions are the triple-turbocharger system used by the 2012-2017 BMW N57S straight-six diesel engine, the [[Bugatti V12 engine|quad-turbocharger system used by the V12 engine in the 1991-1995 Bugatti EB110]] and the [[Bugatti W16 engine|quad-turbocharger system used by the W16 engine in the 2005-2015 Bugatti Veyron and 2016-present Bugatti Chiron]]. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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== External links == |
== External links == |
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http://mkiv.supras.org.nz/articles/twinturbosetups.htm |
http://mkiv.supras.org.nz/articles/twinturbosetups.htm<nowiki/>{{Automotive engine |expanded}} |
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{{Automotive engine |expanded}} |
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[[Category:Turbochargers |
[[Category:Turbochargers]] |
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[[Category:Engine components]] |
Revision as of 17:34, 23 August 2023
Twin-turbo (not to be confused with a twincharger setup, which is a combination of a supercharger and a turbocharger) refers to an engine in which two turbochargers work in tandem to compress the intake fuel/air mixture (or intake air, in the case of a direct-injection engine). The most common layout features two identical or mirrored turbochargers in parallel, each processing half of a V engine's produced exhaust through independent piping. The two turbochargers can either be matching or different sizes.
Types and combinations
There are three types of turbine setups used for twin-turbo setups:
- Parallel
- Sequential
- Series
These can be applied to any of the five types of compressor setups (which theoretically could have 15 different setups):
- Compound Compressors
- Staged Compound Compressors
- Staged Sequential Compressors
- Parallel Sequential Compressors
- Parallel Compressors[1]
Parallel
A parallel configuration refers to using two equally-sized turbochargers which each receive half of the exhaust gases.[2] Some designs combine the intake charge from each turbocharger into a single intake manifold, while others use a separate intake manifold for each turbocharger.
Parallel configurations are well suited to V6 and V8 engines since each turbocharger can be assigned to one cylinder bank, reducing the amount of exhaust piping needed. In this case, each turbocharger is fed exhaust gases by a separate exhaust manifold. For four-cylinder engines and straight-six engines, both turbochargers can be mounted to a single exhaust manifold.
The aim of using parallel twin-turbos is to reduce turbo lag by being able to use smaller turbochargers than if a single turbocharger was used for the engine. On engines with multiple cylinder banks (e.g. V engines and flat engines) use of parallel twin-turbos can also simplify the exhaust system.
The 1981-1994 Maserati Biturbo was the first production car to use twin-turbochargers.[3] The Biturbo used a 90-degree SOHC V6 engine with one turbocharger per cylinder bank.
Several Japanese car manufacturers have released vehicles with twin-turbochargers. Between 1991-1999, Mitsubishi debuted a twin-turbo variant of the GTO for the North American market known as the Mitsubishi 3000GT.
Parallel configurations have also been used on engines with more than two turbochargers. One example is the 1991-1995 Bugatti EB110, which uses four turbochargers on its V12 engine. The 2005-2015 Bugatti Veyron uses four turbochargers on its W16 engine.
In diesel powered applications, notable examples are Volkswagen's V10 TDI which uses two BorgWarner turbochargers in a parallel layout and BMW's inline 6 B57 engine (B57D30O0, B57D30T0, B57D30S0), which is available in configurations of up to 4 turbochargers that operate in a double-series layout.
Sequential
Sequential turbocharging refer to a set-up in which the engine uses one turbocharger for lower engine speeds, and a second or both turbochargers at higher engine speeds. This system is intended to overcome the limitation of large turbochargers providing insufficient boost at low RPM. On the other hand, smaller turbos are effective at low RPM (when there is less kinetic energy present in the exhaust gases) but are unable to provide the quantity of compressed intake gases required at higher RPM. Therefore, sequential turbocharger systems provide a way to decrease turbo lag without compromising power output at high RPM.[4]
The system is arranged so that a small ("primary") turbocharger is active while the engine is operating at low RPM, which reduces the boost threshold (RPM at which effective boost is provided) and turbo lag. As RPM increases, a small amount of exhaust gas is fed to the larger ("secondary") turbocharger, to bring it up to operating speed. Then at high RPM, all of the exhaust gases are directed to the secondary turbocharger, so that it can provide the boost required by the engine at high RPM.[5]
The first production car to use sequential turbocharging was the 1986-1988 Porsche 959, which used sequential twin-turbos on its flat-six engine.[6][7] Sequential turbocharging can also be used with more than two turbochargers, such as in the 2012-2017 BMW N57S straight-six diesel engine, which uses three sequential turbos.[8]
Series
Serial turbocharging is where the turbochargers are connected in series with the output of the first turbocharger then being further compressed by the second turbocharger and in some cases powering the larger turbine.
A sequential turbo can also be of use to a system where the output pressure must be greater than can be provided by a single turbo, commonly called a compound twin-turbo system. In this case, multiple similarly sized turbochargers are used in sequence, but constantly operating. The first turbo boosts provides the initial compression (for example to three times the intake pressure). Subsequent turbos take the charge from the previous stage and compress it further (for example to an additional three times intake pressure, for a total boost of nine times atmospheric pressure).
A downside of staged turbocharging is that it often leads to large amounts of turbo lag,[9] therefore it is mostly used on piston engine aircraft which usually do not need to rapidly raise and lower engine speed. (and thus where turbo lag is not a primary design consideration), and where the intake pressure is quite low due to low atmospheric pressure at altitude, requiring a very high pressure ratio. High-performance diesel engines also sometimes use this configuration,[10] since diesel engines do not suffer from pre-ignition issues and can therefore use high boost pressures.
Quad-turbo
Automobile manufacturers rarely use more than two turbochargers. Some exceptions are the triple-turbocharger system used by the 2012-2017 BMW N57S straight-six diesel engine, the quad-turbocharger system used by the V12 engine in the 1991-1995 Bugatti EB110 and the quad-turbocharger system used by the W16 engine in the 2005-2015 Bugatti Veyron and 2016-present Bugatti Chiron.
See also
References
- ^ "Toyota Supra MKIV : Types of Twin Turbo Setups". mkiv.supras.org.nz. Retrieved 2021-01-17.
- ^ "Twin-Turbocharging: How Does It Work?". www.carthrottle.com. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
- ^ "Biturbo". www.maserati.com. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
- ^ Köhler, Mario (2017). "Volume 17". Turbochargers in the workshop technology, variants, troubleshooting. Krafthand Medien GmbH (1st ed.). p. 26. ISBN 978-3-87441-158-5. OCLC 1014188198.
- ^ "1997 Toyota Supra - Prime Sequence". SuperStreetOnline. 27 May 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
- ^ "Video - The Porsche 959 is a $1.5 Million Automotive Icon". www.autotrader.com. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
- ^ "Kimble Cutaway: Porsche 959". www.motor1.com. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
- ^ "2013 BMW 750d xDrive Review". www.bmwblog.com. 29 March 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
- ^ "Twin-Turbocharging: How Does It Work?". www.carthrottle.com. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
- ^ "Two Stage Serial Turbochargers for Diesel Engines". www.garrettmotion.com. Retrieved 8 October 2019.