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{{Infobox country |
{{Infobox country |
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|native_name = ''Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'' |
|native_name = ''Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'' |
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|national_anthem = ''[[İstiklâl Marşı]]''<br/><small>''The Anthem of Independence''</small> |
|national_anthem = ''[[İstiklâl Marşı]]''<br/><small>''The Anthem of Independence''</small> |
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|image_flag = Flag of Turkey.svg |
|image_flag = Flag of Turkey.svg |
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|image_coat = |
|image_coat = Presidential_Seal_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey.png |
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|symbol_type = Presidential Seal |
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|image_map = Turkey (orthographic projection).svg |
|image_map = Turkey (orthographic projection).svg |
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|map_caption = Location of '''Turkey''' |
|map_caption = Location of '''Turkey''' |
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|footnote3 = Population and population density rankings based on 2005 figures. |
|footnote3 = Population and population density rankings based on 2005 figures. |
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|footnote4 = [http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf Human Development Report 2007/2008, page 230. United Nations Development Programme (2007). Retrieved on 2007-11-30.] |
|footnote4 = [http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf Human Development Report 2007/2008, page 230. United Nations Development Programme (2007). Retrieved on 2007-11-30.] |
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|footnote5 = The [[Turkish lira]] (''Türk Lirası'', TL) replaced the [[Turkish lira#8th Emission group|Turkish new lira]] on January 1, 2009 |
|footnote5 = The [[Turkish lira]] (''Türk Lirası'', TL) replaced the [[Turkish lira#8th Emission group|Turkish new lira]] on January 1, 2009. |
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==Etymology== |
==Etymology== |
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{{Main|Names of Turkey}} |
{{Main|Names of Turkey}} |
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The [[name of Turkey]], ''Türkiye'' in the [[Turkish language]], can be divided into two components: ''Türk'', which means "strong" or "mighty" in [[Old Turkic language|Old Turkic]]<ref name="Bartleby">{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/92/T0419200.html|title=Turk|author=American Heritage Dictionary|authorlink=American Heritage Dictionary|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company|accessdate=2006-12-27|year=2000}}</ref> and usually signifying the inhabitants of Turkey or a member of the [[Turkish people|Turkish]] or [[Turkic peoples]],<ref name="Bartleby" /> a later form of ''"Tu–kin"'', a name given by the Chinese to the people living south of the [[Altay Mountains]] of [[Central Asia]] as early as 177 BCE;<ref name="TurkEtymology">{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Turk|title=Turk|first=Douglas |
The [[name of Turkey]], ''Türkiye'' in the [[Turkish language]], can be divided into two components: ''Türk'', which means "strong" or "mighty" in [[Old Turkic language|Old Turkic]]<ref name="Bartleby">{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/92/T0419200.html|title=Turk|author=American Heritage Dictionary|authorlink=American Heritage Dictionary|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company|accessdate=2006-12-27|year=2000}}</ref> and usually signifying the inhabitants of Turkey or a member of the [[Turkish people|Turkish]] or [[Turkic peoples]],<ref name="Bartleby" /> a later form of ''"Tu–kin"'', a name given by the Chinese to the people living south of the [[Altay Mountains]] of [[Central Asia]] as early as 177 BCE;<ref name="TurkEtymology">{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Turk|title=Turk|first=Douglas|last=Harper|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|accessdate=2006-12-27|year=2001}}</ref> and the abstract suffix ''–iye'' (derived from the [[Arabic grammar#Nisba|Arabic suffix]] ''–iyya'', but also associated with the [[Medieval Latin]] suffix ''–ia'' in ''Turchia''. |
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The first recorded use of the term "Türk" or "Türük" as an [[exonym and endonym|autonym]] is contained in the [[Orkhon script|Orkhon inscriptions]] of the [[Göktürks]] (''Celestial Turks'') of Central Asia (c. 8th century CE). The English word "Turkey" is derived from the [[Medieval Latin]] ''Turchia'' (c. 1369).<ref name="TurkEtymology" /> |
The first recorded use of the term "Türk" or "Türük" as an [[exonym and endonym|autonym]] is contained in the [[Orkhon script|Orkhon inscriptions]] of the [[Göktürks]] (''Celestial Turks'') of Central Asia (c. 8th century CE). The English word "Turkey" is derived from the [[Medieval Latin]] ''Turchia'' (c. 1369).<ref name="TurkEtymology" /> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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{{main|History of Turkey}} |
{{main|History of Turkey}} |
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===Antiquity=== |
===Antiquity=== |
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{{Main|History of Anatolia}} |
{{Main|History of Anatolia}} |
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[[File:Celsus-Bibliothek2.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The [[Celsus Library]] in [[Ephesus]], dating from 135 CE]] |
[[File:Celsus-Bibliothek2.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The [[Celsus Library]] in [[Ephesus]], dating from 135 CE]] |
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The first major empire in the area was that of the [[Hittites]], from the 18th through the 13th century BCE. The [[Assyria]]ns colonized parts of southeastern Turkey as far back as 1950 BCE. Subsequently, the [[Phrygia]]ns, an Indo-European people, achieved ascendancy until their kingdom was destroyed by the [[Cimmerians]] in the 7th century BCE.<ref name="TroyHittiteEmpirePhrygians">{{cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/03/waa/ht03waa.htm|title=Anatolia and the Caucasus, 2000–1000 B.C. in ''Timeline of Art History.''|author=The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York|authorlink=Metropolitan Museum of Art|publisher=New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art|accessdate=2006-12-21|month=October |
The first major empire in the area was that of the [[Hittites]], from the 18th through the 13th century BCE. The [[Assyria]]ns colonized parts of southeastern Turkey as far back as 1950 BCE. Subsequently, the [[Phrygia]]ns, an Indo-European people, achieved ascendancy until their kingdom was destroyed by the [[Cimmerians]] in the 7th century BCE.<ref name="TroyHittiteEmpirePhrygians">{{cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/03/waa/ht03waa.htm|title=Anatolia and the Caucasus, 2000–1000 B.C. in ''Timeline of Art History.''|author=The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York|authorlink=Metropolitan Museum of Art|publisher=New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art|accessdate=2006-12-21|month=October|year=2000}}</ref> The most powerful of Phrygia's successor states were [[Lydia]], [[Caria]] and [[Lycia]]. The Lydians and Lycians spoke languages that were fundamentally Indo-European, but both languages had acquired non-Indo-European elements prior to the Hittite and [[Hellenistic civilization|Hellenistic]] periods. |
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Starting around 1200 BC, the coast of Anatolia was settled by [[Aeolians|Aeolian]] and [[Ionians|Ionian]] [[Greeks]]. [[Tushhan]] was the Assyrian provincial capital in southeastern Turkey, between 900 and 600 BC. The Assyrians colonized southeastern Turkey until the year 612 BC, when the Assyrian Empire was conquered by the [[Chaldea|Chaldean dynasty]] in [[Babylon]].<ref>http://www3.uakron.edu/ziyaret/timeline_3period.html</ref><ref>http://www.aina.org/articles/assyrianidentity.pdf</ref> The entire area was conquered by the Persian [[Achaemenid Empire]] during the 6th and 5th centuries and later fell to [[Alexander the Great]] in 334 BCE.<ref name="PersiansInAsiaMinor">{{cite web|url=http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/GREECE/PERSIAN.HTM|title=Ancient Greece: The Persian Wars|author=Hooker, Richard|publisher=Washington State University, WA, United States|accessdate=2006-12-22|date=1999-06-06}}</ref> Anatolia was subsequently divided into a number of small [[Hellenistic civilization|Hellenistic kingdoms]] (including [[Bithynia]], [[Cappadocia]], [[Pergamon|Pergamum]], and [[Pontus]]), all of which had succumbed to the [[Roman Republic]] by the mid-1st century BCE.<ref name="AlexanderToRome">{{cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/04/waa/ht04waa.htm|title=Anatolia and the Caucasus (Asia Minor), 1000 B.C. – 1 A.D. in ''Timeline of Art History.''|author=The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York|authorlink=Metropolitan Museum of Art|publisher=New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art|accessdate=2006-12-21|month=October |
Starting around 1200 BC, the coast of Anatolia was settled by [[Aeolians|Aeolian]] and [[Ionians|Ionian]] [[Greeks]]. [[Tushhan]] was the Assyrian provincial capital in southeastern Turkey, between 900 and 600 BC. The Assyrians colonized southeastern Turkey until the year 612 BC, when the Assyrian Empire was conquered by the [[Chaldea|Chaldean dynasty]] in [[Babylon]].<ref>http://www3.uakron.edu/ziyaret/timeline_3period.html</ref><ref>http://www.aina.org/articles/assyrianidentity.pdf</ref> The entire area was conquered by the Persian [[Achaemenid Empire]] during the 6th and 5th centuries and later fell to [[Alexander the Great]] in 334 BCE.<ref name="PersiansInAsiaMinor">{{cite web|url=http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/GREECE/PERSIAN.HTM|title=Ancient Greece: The Persian Wars|author=Hooker, Richard|publisher=Washington State University, WA, United States|accessdate=2006-12-22|date=1999-06-06}}</ref> Anatolia was subsequently divided into a number of small [[Hellenistic civilization|Hellenistic kingdoms]] (including [[Bithynia]], [[Cappadocia]], [[Pergamon|Pergamum]], and [[Pontus]]), all of which had succumbed to the [[Roman Republic]] by the mid-1st century BCE.<ref name="AlexanderToRome">{{cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/04/waa/ht04waa.htm|title=Anatolia and the Caucasus (Asia Minor), 1000 B.C. – 1 A.D. in ''Timeline of Art History.''|author=The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York|authorlink=Metropolitan Museum of Art|publisher=New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art|accessdate=2006-12-21|month=October|year=2000}}</ref> |
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In 324 CE, the Roman emperor [[Constantine I]] chose [[Byzantium]] to be the new capital of the [[Roman Empire]], renaming it [[New Rome]] (later [[Constantinople]] and [[Istanbul]]). After the fall of the [[Western Roman Empire]], it became the capital of the [[Byzantine Empire]] (Eastern Roman Empire).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/cities/turkey/istanbul/istanbul.html |
In 324 CE, the Roman emperor [[Constantine I]] chose [[Byzantium]] to be the new capital of the [[Roman Empire]], renaming it [[New Rome]] (later [[Constantinople]] and [[Istanbul]]). After the fall of the [[Western Roman Empire]], it became the capital of the [[Byzantine Empire]] (Eastern Roman Empire).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/cities/turkey/istanbul/istanbul.html|title=Constantinople/Istanbul|author=Daniel C. Waugh|publisher=University of Washington, Seattle, WA|accessdate=2006-12-26|year=2004}}</ref> |
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===Turks and the Ottoman Empire=== |
===Turks and the Ottoman Empire=== |
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{{main|Turkic migration|History of the Turkish people|Seljuk Empire|Ottoman Empire}} |
{{main|Turkic migration|History of the Turkish people|Seljuk Empire|Ottoman Empire}} |
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[[File:Edirne 7333 Nevit.JPG|thumb|200px|The [[Selimiye Mosque]] is one of the most famous [[Ottoman architecture|architectural legacies]] of the Ottoman Empire]] |
[[File:Edirne 7333 Nevit.JPG|thumb|200px|The [[Selimiye Mosque]] is one of the most famous [[Ottoman architecture|architectural legacies]] of the Ottoman Empire]] |
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The ''House of Seljuk'' was a branch of the ''Kınık'' [[Oghuz Turks|Oğuz Turks]] who in the 10th century resided on the periphery of the [[Muslim_history#Abbasids - .22Islamic Golden Age.22|Muslim world]], north of the [[Caspian Sea|Caspian]] and [[Aral Sea]]s in the Yabghu [[Khagan]]ate of the Oğuz confederacy.<ref>{{cite book|title=Al Hind: The Making of the Indo Islamic World, Vol. 1, Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, 7th–11th Centuries|first=Andre|last=Wink|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |
The ''House of Seljuk'' was a branch of the ''Kınık'' [[Oghuz Turks|Oğuz Turks]] who in the 10th century resided on the periphery of the [[Muslim_history#Abbasids - .22Islamic Golden Age.22|Muslim world]], north of the [[Caspian Sea|Caspian]] and [[Aral Sea]]s in the Yabghu [[Khagan]]ate of the Oğuz confederacy.<ref>{{cite book|title=Al Hind: The Making of the Indo Islamic World, Vol. 1, Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, 7th–11th Centuries|first=Andre|last=Wink|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers|year=1990|isbn=90-04-09249-8}}</ref> In the 11th century, the Seljuks started migrating from their ancestral homelands towards the eastern regions of Anatolia, which eventually became the new homeland of Oğuz Turkic tribes following the [[Battle of Manzikert]] ([[Malazgirt]]) in 1071. |
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The victory of the Seljuks gave rise to the [[Seljuk Sultanate of Rum|Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate]]; which developed as a separate branch of the larger [[Seljuk Empire]] that covered parts of Central Asia, Iran, Anatolia and [[Southwest Asia]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Oxford History of Byzantium|first=Cyril|last=Mango|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |
The victory of the Seljuks gave rise to the [[Seljuk Sultanate of Rum|Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate]]; which developed as a separate branch of the larger [[Seljuk Empire]] that covered parts of Central Asia, Iran, Anatolia and [[Southwest Asia]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Oxford History of Byzantium|first=Cyril|last=Mango|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|year=2002|isbn=0-1981-4098-3}}</ref> |
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In 1243, the Seljuk armies were defeated by the [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] and the power of the empire slowly disintegrated. In its wake, one of the Turkish principalities governed by [[Osman I]] was to evolve over the next 200 years into the [[Ottoman Empire]], expanding throughout Anatolia, the Balkans and the Levant.<ref name="Ottomans">{{cite book|title=The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire|first=Patrick|last=Kinross|publisher=Morrow |
In 1243, the Seljuk armies were defeated by the [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] and the power of the empire slowly disintegrated. In its wake, one of the Turkish principalities governed by [[Osman I]] was to evolve over the next 200 years into the [[Ottoman Empire]], expanding throughout Anatolia, the Balkans and the Levant.<ref name="Ottomans">{{cite book|title=The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire|first=Patrick|last=Kinross|publisher=Morrow|year=1977|isbn=0-6880-3093-9}}</ref> In 1453, the city of [[Constantinople]] was conquered by the Ottoman armies of [[Mehmed II]], marking the abolition of the Byzantine Empire. |
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In the 16th and 17th centuries and particularly during the reign of [[Suleiman the Magnificent]], the Ottoman Empire was among the world's most powerful political entities, controlling territories on three continents. It was often at odds with the [[Holy Roman Empire]] in its steady advance towards [[Central Europe]] through the [[Balkans]] and the southern part of the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]].<ref name="Ottoman_Turkey">{{cite book|title=History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey|first=Stanford|last=Jay Shaw|coauthors=Kural Shaw, Ezel|publisher=Cambridge University Press |
In the 16th and 17th centuries and particularly during the reign of [[Suleiman the Magnificent]], the Ottoman Empire was among the world's most powerful political entities, controlling territories on three continents. It was often at odds with the [[Holy Roman Empire]] in its steady advance towards [[Central Europe]] through the [[Balkans]] and the southern part of the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]].<ref name="Ottoman_Turkey">{{cite book|title=History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey|first=Stanford|last=Jay Shaw|coauthors=Kural Shaw, Ezel|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1977|isbn=0-5212-9163-1}}</ref> At sea the empire contended with the combined forces (Holy Leagues) of [[Habsburg Spain]], the [[Republic of Venice]] and the [[Knights of St. John]] for the control of the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] basin. In the [[Indian Ocean]] it frequently confronted [[Portugal|Portuguese]] fleets for defending its monopoly over the ancient maritime trade routes between [[East Asia]] and [[Western Europe]], which had become increasingly compromised since the discovery of the [[Cape of Good Hope]] in 1488. |
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After nearly a [[Decline of the Ottoman Empire|century of decline]], the Ottoman Empire entered [[World War I]] on the side of the [[Central Powers]] and was ultimately defeated. |
After nearly a [[Decline of the Ottoman Empire|century of decline]], the Ottoman Empire entered [[World War I]] on the side of the [[Central Powers]] and was ultimately defeated. Following the [[Armistice of Mudros]] on October 30, 1918, the victorious [[Allies of World War I|Allied Powers]] sought the [[partitioning of the Ottoman Empire|dismemberment of the Ottoman state]] through the [[Treaty of Sèvres]] in 1920.<ref name="Ottomans" /> |
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===Republic era=== |
===Republic era=== |
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{{Main|History of the Republic of Turkey|Atatürk's reforms}} |
{{Main|History of the Republic of Turkey|Atatürk's reforms}} |
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[[File:MustafaKemalAtaturk.jpg|thumb|right|240px|[[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]], founder and first President of the Republic of Turkey]] |
[[File:MustafaKemalAtaturk.jpg|thumb|right|240px|[[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]], founder and first President of the Republic of Turkey]] |
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The [[Occupation of Istanbul|occupation of İstanbul]] and [[Occupation of İzmir|İzmir]] by the Allies in the aftermath of World War I prompted the [[establishment of the Turkish national movement]].<ref name="Ottoman_Turkey" /> Under the leadership of [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Mustafa Kemal]] [[Pasha]], a military commander who had distinguished himself during the [[Battle of Gallipoli]], the [[Turkish War of Independence]] was waged with the aim of revoking the terms of the Treaty of Sèvres.<ref name="Atatürk">{{cite book|title=Ataturk|first=Andrew|last=Mango|publisher=Overlook |
The [[Occupation of Istanbul|occupation of İstanbul]] and [[Occupation of İzmir|İzmir]] by the Allies in the aftermath of World War I prompted the [[establishment of the Turkish national movement]].<ref name="Ottoman_Turkey" /> Under the leadership of [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Mustafa Kemal]] [[Pasha]], a military commander who had distinguished himself during the [[Battle of Gallipoli]], the [[Turkish War of Independence]] was waged with the aim of revoking the terms of the Treaty of Sèvres.<ref name="Atatürk">{{cite book|title=Ataturk|first=Andrew|last=Mango|publisher=Overlook|year=2000|isbn=1-5856-7011-1}}</ref> |
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By September 18, 1922, the occupying armies were expelled, and the new Turkish state was established. On November 1, the [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey|newly founded parliament]] formally abolished the [[Sultan]]ate, thus ending 623 years of Ottoman rule. The [[Treaty of Lausanne]] of July 24, 1923, led to the international recognition of the sovereignty of the newly formed "Republic of Turkey" as the [[successor state]] of the Ottoman Empire, and the republic was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923, in the new capital of [[Ankara]].<ref name="Ottoman_Turkey" /> |
By September 18, 1922, the occupying armies were expelled, and the new Turkish state was established. On November 1, the [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey|newly founded parliament]] formally abolished the [[Sultan]]ate, thus ending 623 years of Ottoman rule. The [[Treaty of Lausanne]] of July 24, 1923, led to the international recognition of the sovereignty of the newly formed "Republic of Turkey" as the [[successor state]] of the Ottoman Empire, and the republic was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923, in the new capital of [[Ankara]].<ref name="Ottoman_Turkey" /> |
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Mustafa Kemal became the republic's first [[President of Turkey]] and subsequently introduced [[Atatürk's Reforms|many radical reforms]] with the aim of founding a new secular republic from the remnants of its Ottoman past.<ref name="Ottoman_Turkey" /> According to the Law on Family Names, the Turkish parliament presented Mustafa Kemal with the honorific surname "Atatürk" (''Father Turk'') in 1934.<ref name="Atatürk" /> |
Mustafa Kemal became the republic's first [[President of Turkey]] and subsequently introduced [[Atatürk's Reforms|many radical reforms]] with the aim of founding a new secular republic from the remnants of its Ottoman past.<ref name="Ottoman_Turkey" /> According to the Law on Family Names, the Turkish parliament presented Mustafa Kemal with the honorific surname "Atatürk" (''Father Turk'') in 1934.<ref name="Atatürk" /> |
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Turkey remained neutral during most of [[World War II]] but entered on the side of the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] on February 23, 1945, as a ceremonial gesture and in 1945 became a charter member of the United Nations.<ref name="Turkey_UN">{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/Overview/growth.htm |
Turkey remained neutral during most of [[World War II]] but entered on the side of the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] on February 23, 1945, as a ceremonial gesture and in 1945 became a charter member of the United Nations.<ref name="Turkey_UN">{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/Overview/growth.htm|title=Growth in United Nations membership (1945–2005)|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=2006-10-30|date=2006-07-03}}</ref> Difficulties faced by [[Greece]] after the war in quelling a [[Greek Civil War|communist rebellion]], along with demands by the [[Soviet Union]] for military bases in the [[Turkish Straits]], prompted the [[United States]] to declare the [[Truman Doctrine]] in 1947. The doctrine enunciated American intentions to guarantee the security of Turkey and Greece, and resulted in large-scale [[Turkey-United States relations|U.S. military and economic support]].<ref name="Truman Doctrine">{{cite book|title=Outposts and Allies: U.S. Army Logistics in the Cold War, 1945–1953|first=James A.|last=Huston|publisher=Susquehanna University Press|year=1988|isbn=0-9416-6484-8|url=http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0941664848&id=ID4E3Lm8TsgC&pg=PA198&lpg=PA198&ots=Yg9KqG871J&dq=turkey+cold+war&sig=d5Xry3n-9lmlUZTnM6tpFBBtxOQ#PPA177,M1}}</ref> |
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After participating with the United Nations forces in the [[Korean War|Korean conflict]], Turkey joined [[NATO]] in 1952, becoming a bulwark against Soviet expansion into the [[Mediterranean Basin|Mediterranean]]. Following a decade of [[Cypriot Civil War|intercommunal violence]] on the island of [[Cyprus]] and the [[EOKA-B|Greek military coup of July 1974]], overthrowing President [[Makarios III|Makarios]] and installing [[Nikos Sampson]] as dictator, Turkey [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus|invaded the Republic of Cyprus]] in 1974. Nine years later the [[Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus]] (TRNC) was established. Turkey is the only country to recognise the TRNC <ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1021835.stm |
After participating with the United Nations forces in the [[Korean War|Korean conflict]], Turkey joined [[NATO]] in 1952, becoming a bulwark against Soviet expansion into the [[Mediterranean Basin|Mediterranean]]. Following a decade of [[Cypriot Civil War|intercommunal violence]] on the island of [[Cyprus]] and the [[EOKA-B|Greek military coup of July 1974]], overthrowing President [[Makarios III|Makarios]] and installing [[Nikos Sampson]] as dictator, Turkey [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus|invaded the Republic of Cyprus]] in 1974. Nine years later the [[Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus]] (TRNC) was established. Turkey is the only country to recognise the TRNC <ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1021835.stm|title=Timeline: Cyprus|work=British Broadcasting Corporation|accessdate=2006-12-25|date=2006-12-12}}</ref> |
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Following the end of the [[Single-Party Period of Republic of Turkey|single-party period]] in 1945, the [[Multi-party period of the Republic of Turkey|multi-party period]] created tensions over the next decades, and the period between the 1960s and the 1980s was particularly marked by periods of political instability that resulted in a number of military [[coup d'état|coups d'états]] [[1960 Turkish coup d'état|in 1960]], [[1971 Turkish coup d'état|1971]], [[1980 Turkish coup d'état|1980]] and a [[1997 military memorandum (Turkey)|military memorandum in 1997]].<ref name="TRPoliticsandMilitary">{{cite book|title=Turkish Politics and the Military|first=William Mathew|last=Hale|publisher=Routledge, UK|year=1994|isbn=0-4150-2455-2}}</ref> In 1984, the [[Kurdistan Workers' Party]] began an insurgency which has claimed over 40,000 lives.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8352934.stm |
Following the end of the [[Single-Party Period of Republic of Turkey|single-party period]] in 1945, the [[Multi-party period of the Republic of Turkey|multi-party period]] created tensions over the next decades, and the period between the 1960s and the 1980s was particularly marked by periods of political instability that resulted in a number of military [[coup d'état|coups d'états]] [[1960 Turkish coup d'état|in 1960]], [[1971 Turkish coup d'état|1971]], [[1980 Turkish coup d'état|1980]] and a [[1997 military memorandum (Turkey)|military memorandum in 1997]].<ref name="TRPoliticsandMilitary">{{cite book|title=Turkish Politics and the Military|first=William Mathew|last=Hale|publisher=Routledge, UK|year=1994|isbn=0-4150-2455-2}}</ref> In 1984, the [[Kurdistan Workers' Party]] began an insurgency which has claimed over 40,000 lives.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8352934.stm|title=Turkey's PKK peace plan delayed|work=BBC|accessdate=2010-02-06|date=2009-11-10}}</ref> The liberalization of the Turkish economy during the 1980s changed the landscape of the country, with successive periods of high growth and crises punctuating the following decades.<ref name="80sLiberalization" /> |
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==Government and politics== |
==Government and politics== |
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{{Main|Politics of Turkey|Constitution of Turkey|Elections in Turkey}} |
{{Main|Politics of Turkey|Constitution of Turkey|Elections in Turkey}} |
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Turkey is a [[parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[representative democracy]]. Since its foundation as a republic in 1923, Turkey has developed a strong tradition of [[secular state|secularism]].<ref name="TR_Secularism">{{cite book|title=Religion and Politics in Turkey|first=Ali|last=Çarkoǧlu|publisher=Routledge, UK|year=2004|isbn=0-4153-4831-5|url=http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0415348315&id=t5G_zw9exMQC&pg=PP1&lpg=PP1&ots=nBltWxHPjd&dq=Religion+in+Turkey&sig=gLF9WOvOo0qZO5iwyUQSUc26Ya0#PPA28,M1 }}</ref> [[Constitution of Turkey|Turkey's constitution]] governs the legal framework of the country. It sets out the main principles of government and establishes Turkey as a unitary centralized state. |
Turkey is a [[parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[representative democracy]]. Since its foundation as a republic in 1923, Turkey has developed a strong tradition of [[secular state|secularism]].<ref name="TR_Secularism">{{cite book|title=Religion and Politics in Turkey|first=Ali|last=Çarkoǧlu|publisher=Routledge, UK|year=2004|isbn=0-4153-4831-5|url=http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0415348315&id=t5G_zw9exMQC&pg=PP1&lpg=PP1&ots=nBltWxHPjd&dq=Religion+in+Turkey&sig=gLF9WOvOo0qZO5iwyUQSUc26Ya0#PPA28,M1 }}</ref> [[Constitution of Turkey|Turkey's constitution]] governs the legal framework of the country. It sets out the main principles of government and establishes Turkey as a unitary centralized state. |
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The [[head of state]] is the [[List of Presidents of Turkey|President of the Republic]] and has a largely ceremonial role. The president is elected for a five-year term by direct elections. [[Abdullah Gül]] was elected as president on August 28, 2007, by a popular parliament round of votes, succeeding [[Ahmet Necdet Sezer]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6966216.stm |
The [[head of state]] is the [[List of Presidents of Turkey|President of the Republic]] and has a largely ceremonial role. The president is elected for a five-year term by direct elections. [[Abdullah Gül]] was elected as president on August 28, 2007, by a popular parliament round of votes, succeeding [[Ahmet Necdet Sezer]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6966216.stm|title=Turks elect ex-Islamist president|work=BBC|accessdate=2007-08-28|date=2007-11-02}}</ref> |
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[[Executive (government)|Executive power]] is exercised by the [[List of Prime Ministers of Turkey|Prime Minister]] and the [[Council of Ministers of Turkey|Council of Ministers]] which make up the government, while the [[legislature|legislative]] power is vested in the unicameral parliament, the [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey]]. The [[judiciary]] is independent of the executive and the legislature, and the Constitutional Court is charged with ruling on the conformity of [[Legal System in the Republic of Turkey|laws and decrees]] with the constitution. The [[Turkish Council of State|Council of State]] is the tribunal of last resort for administrative cases, and the [[High Court of Appeals of Turkey|High Court of Appeals]] for all others.<ref name="TR_Constit">{{cite web|url=http://www.byegm.gov.tr/mevzuat/anayasa/anayasa-ing.htm|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070203170110/http://www.byegm.gov.tr/mevzuat/anayasa/anayasa-ing.htm|archivedate=2007-02-03|title=Turkish Constitution|author=Turkish Directorate General of Press and Information|publisher=Turkish Prime Minister's Office|accessdate=2006-12-16|date=2001-10-17}}</ref> |
[[Executive (government)|Executive power]] is exercised by the [[List of Prime Ministers of Turkey|Prime Minister]] and the [[Council of Ministers of Turkey|Council of Ministers]] which make up the government, while the [[legislature|legislative]] power is vested in the unicameral parliament, the [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey]]. The [[judiciary]] is independent of the executive and the legislature, and the Constitutional Court is charged with ruling on the conformity of [[Legal System in the Republic of Turkey|laws and decrees]] with the constitution. The [[Turkish Council of State|Council of State]] is the tribunal of last resort for administrative cases, and the [[High Court of Appeals of Turkey|High Court of Appeals]] for all others.<ref name="TR_Constit">{{cite web|url=http://www.byegm.gov.tr/mevzuat/anayasa/anayasa-ing.htm|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070203170110/http://www.byegm.gov.tr/mevzuat/anayasa/anayasa-ing.htm|archivedate=2007-02-03|title=Turkish Constitution|author=Turkish Directorate General of Press and Information|publisher=Turkish Prime Minister's Office|accessdate=2006-12-16|date=2001-10-17}}</ref> |
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[[File:Cropped rte.JPG|thumb|180px|left|[[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] has twice been elected Prime Minister since 2002, and his party won 47% of the votes in the 2007 general elections]] |
[[File:Cropped rte.JPG|thumb|180px|left|[[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] has twice been elected Prime Minister since 2002, and his party won 47% of the votes in the 2007 general elections]] |
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The prime minister is elected by the parliament through a vote of confidence in the government and is most often the head of the [[List of political parties in Turkey|party]] having the most seats in parliament. The current prime minister is the former mayor of İstanbul, [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]], whose conservative [[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|AKP party]] won an absolute majority of parliamentary seats in the [[Turkish general election, 2002|2002 general elections]], organized in the aftermath of the economic crisis of 2001, with 34% of the suffrage.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2392717.stm |
The prime minister is elected by the parliament through a vote of confidence in the government and is most often the head of the [[List of political parties in Turkey|party]] having the most seats in parliament. The current prime minister is the former mayor of İstanbul, [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]], whose conservative [[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|AKP party]] won an absolute majority of parliamentary seats in the [[Turkish general election, 2002|2002 general elections]], organized in the aftermath of the economic crisis of 2001, with 34% of the suffrage.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2392717.stm|title=Turkey's old guard routed in elections|work=BBC|accessdate=2006-12-14|date=2002-11-04}}</ref> |
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In the [[Turkish general election, 2007|2007 general elections]], the AKP received 46.6% of the votes and could defend its majority in parliament.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6910444.stm |
In the [[Turkish general election, 2007|2007 general elections]], the AKP received 46.6% of the votes and could defend its majority in parliament.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6910444.stm|title=Turkey re-elects governing party|work=BBC|accessdate=2007-11-02|date=2007-07-22}}</ref> Neither the prime minister nor the ministers have to be members of the parliament, but in most cases they are (one notable exception was [[Kemal Derviş]], the minister of state in charge of the economy following the financial crisis of 2001;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/2184663.stm |title=Profile: Kemal Derviş|work=BBC|accessdate=2006-12-14|date=2002-08-12}}</ref> he is currently the president of the [[United Nations Development Programme]]).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4489627.stm|title=UN post for Turkish ex-minister|work=BBC|accessdate=2006-12-14|date=2005-04-27}}</ref> |
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In 2007, a series of events regarding state secularism and the role of the judiciary in the [[legislature]] has occurred. These included the controversial [[Turkish presidential election, 2007|presidential election]] of Abdullah Gül, who in the past had been involved with [[Islamist]] parties;<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6966216.stm Turks elect ex-Islamist president] BBC. (2007-08-28). Retrieved on 2009-09-22.</ref> and the government's proposal to lift the [[Headscarf controversy in Turkey|headscarf ban]] in universities, which was annulled by the Constitutional Court, leading to a fine and a near ban of the ruling party.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7438348.stm Court annuls Turkish scarf reform] BBC. (2007-06-05). Retrieved on 2009-09-22.</ref> |
In 2007, a series of events regarding state secularism and the role of the judiciary in the [[legislature]] has occurred. These included the controversial [[Turkish presidential election, 2007|presidential election]] of Abdullah Gül, who in the past had been involved with [[Islamist]] parties;<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6966216.stm Turks elect ex-Islamist president] BBC. (2007-08-28). Retrieved on 2009-09-22.</ref> and the government's proposal to lift the [[Headscarf controversy in Turkey|headscarf ban]] in universities, which was annulled by the Constitutional Court, leading to a fine and a near ban of the ruling party.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7438348.stm Court annuls Turkish scarf reform] BBC. (2007-06-05). Retrieved on 2009-09-22.</ref> |
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[[Universal suffrage]] for both sexes has been applied throughout Turkey since 1933, and every Turkish citizen who has turned 18 years of age has the right to vote. As of 2004, there were 50 registered [[List of political parties in Turkey|political parties in the country]].<ref name="BYEGM_TrPolSys">{{cite web|url=http://www.byegm.gov.tr/REFERENCES/Structure.htm|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070203025134/http://www.byegm.gov.tr/REFERENCES/Structure.htm|archivedate=2007-02-03 |title=Political Structure of Turkey|author=Turkish Directorate General of Press and Information|publisher=Turkish Prime Minister's Office|accessdate=2006-12-14|date=2004-08-24}}</ref> The Constitutional Court can strip the public financing of political parties that it deems anti-secular or [[separatism|separatist]], or ban their existence altogether.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1466160.stm|title=Euro court backs Turkey Islamist ban|work=BBC|accessdate=2006-12-14|date=2001-07-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2850601.stm |
[[Universal suffrage]] for both sexes has been applied throughout Turkey since 1933, and every Turkish citizen who has turned 18 years of age has the right to vote. As of 2004, there were 50 registered [[List of political parties in Turkey|political parties in the country]].<ref name="BYEGM_TrPolSys">{{cite web|url=http://www.byegm.gov.tr/REFERENCES/Structure.htm|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070203025134/http://www.byegm.gov.tr/REFERENCES/Structure.htm|archivedate=2007-02-03 |title=Political Structure of Turkey|author=Turkish Directorate General of Press and Information|publisher=Turkish Prime Minister's Office|accessdate=2006-12-14|date=2004-08-24}}</ref> The Constitutional Court can strip the public financing of political parties that it deems anti-secular or [[separatism|separatist]], or ban their existence altogether.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1466160.stm|title=Euro court backs Turkey Islamist ban|work=BBC|accessdate=2006-12-14|date=2001-07-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2850601.stm|title=Turkey's Kurd party ban criticised|work=BBC|accessdate=2006-12-14|date=2003-03-14}}</ref> |
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There are 550 members of parliament who are elected for a four-year term by a [[party-list proportional representation]] system from 85 electoral districts which represent the 81 administrative [[provinces of Turkey]] (İstanbul is divided into three electoral districts, whereas Ankara and [[İzmir]] are divided into two each because of their large populations). To avoid a [[hung parliament]] and its excessive political fragmentation, only parties winning at least [[election threshold|10% of the votes]] cast in a national parliamentary election gain the right to representation in the parliament.<ref name="BYEGM_TrPolSys" /> |
There are 550 members of parliament who are elected for a four-year term by a [[party-list proportional representation]] system from 85 electoral districts which represent the 81 administrative [[provinces of Turkey]] (İstanbul is divided into three electoral districts, whereas Ankara and [[İzmir]] are divided into two each because of their large populations). To avoid a [[hung parliament]] and its excessive political fragmentation, only parties winning at least [[election threshold|10% of the votes]] cast in a national parliamentary election gain the right to representation in the parliament.<ref name="BYEGM_TrPolSys" /> |
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As a result of this threshold, in the 2007 elections three parties formally entered the parliament (compared to two in 2002).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2399665.stm |
As a result of this threshold, in the 2007 elections three parties formally entered the parliament (compared to two in 2002).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2399665.stm|title=Turkey leaps into the unknown|first=Roger|last=Hardy|work=BBC|accessdate=2006-12-14|date=2002-11-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6912052.stm |title=Turkey awaits AKP's next step |first=Sarah|last=Rainsford|work=BBC|accessdate=2007-07-23|date=2007-11-02}}</ref> However, because of a system of alliances and independent candidatures, seven parties are currently represented in the parliament. Independent candidates may run; to be elected, however, they also must win at least 10% of the vote in their circonscription.<ref name="BYEGM_TrPolSys" /> |
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== Foreign relations == |
== Foreign relations == |
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{{Main|Foreign relations of Turkey|Accession of Turkey to the European Union}} |
{{Main|Foreign relations of Turkey|Accession of Turkey to the European Union}} |
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The independence of the Turkic states of the Soviet Union in 1991, with whom Turkey shares a common cultural and linguistic heritage, allowed Turkey to extend its economic and political relations deep into Central Asia.<ref>{{cite book|title=Turkish Foreign Policy In Post Cold War Era|first=Idris|last=Bal|publisher=Universal Publishers|location= |year=2004|isbn=1-5811-2423-6|url=http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN1581124236&id=vDzjkrTDKjYC&pg=PP1&lpg=PP1&ots=5PdqmRoyEn&dq=turkey+cold+war&sig=XoCrRT0pN70sZn6zvtnpdBF0HWw#PRA1-PA291,M1 }}</ref> The most salient of these relations saw the completion of a multi billion dollar oil and natural gas pipeline from [[Baku]] in [[Azerbaijan]] to the port of [[Ceyhan]] in Turkey. The [[Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline]], as it is called, has formed part of Turkey's foreign policy strategy to become an energy conduit to the West. However, Turkey's border with Armenia, a state in the Caucasus, remains closed following its occupation of Azeri territory during the [[Nagorno-Karabakh War]].<ref>[http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78799.htm U.S. Department of State: Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Armenia: Respect for Human Rights. Section 1, a.]</ref> |
The independence of the Turkic states of the Soviet Union in 1991, with whom Turkey shares a common cultural and linguistic heritage, allowed Turkey to extend its economic and political relations deep into Central Asia.<ref>{{cite book|title=Turkish Foreign Policy In Post Cold War Era|first=Idris|last=Bal|publisher=Universal Publishers|location= |year=2004|isbn=1-5811-2423-6|url=http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN1581124236&id=vDzjkrTDKjYC&pg=PP1&lpg=PP1&ots=5PdqmRoyEn&dq=turkey+cold+war&sig=XoCrRT0pN70sZn6zvtnpdBF0HWw#PRA1-PA291,M1 }}</ref> The most salient of these relations saw the completion of a multi billion dollar oil and natural gas pipeline from [[Baku]] in [[Azerbaijan]] to the port of [[Ceyhan]] in Turkey. The [[Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline]], as it is called, has formed part of Turkey's foreign policy strategy to become an energy conduit to the West. However, Turkey's border with Armenia, a state in the Caucasus, remains closed following its occupation of Azeri territory during the [[Nagorno-Karabakh War]].<ref>[http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78799.htm U.S. Department of State: Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Armenia: Respect for Human Rights. Section 1, a.]</ref> |
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In April 2010, Washington stepped up its efforts to impose a new round of sanctions on Iran over its nuclear program. But key Asian powers such as Turkey oppose the adoption of a new round of sanctions against Teheran. Some think-tanks such as the [[CEE Council]] have argued that the Iranian nuclear crisis could deepen the Turkey-US rift and trigger a new arms race in the Middle-East, fuelled essentially by ideological motives.<ref>{{cite news |last=Firzli |first=M. Nicolas |title= “Turkey, Asia and the Iranian Nuclear Crisis”|date=May 2010 |publisher=The Vienna Review |url= http://canadianeuropean.com/yahoo_site_admin/assets/docs/Turkey_Asia__Iranian_Nuclear_Crisis_Vienna_Review__May_2010.11575525.pdf}}</ref> |
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==Military== |
==Military== |
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[[File:TuAF1.jpg|thumb|240px|A [[KC-135|KC-135R-CRAG Stratotanker]] of the [[Turkish Air Force]] [[Aerial refueling|refueling]] [[Turkish Aerospace Industries|TAI]]-built [[F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16]] fighter jets]] |
[[File:TuAF1.jpg|thumb|240px|A [[KC-135|KC-135R-CRAG Stratotanker]] of the [[Turkish Air Force]] [[Aerial refueling|refueling]] [[Turkish Aerospace Industries|TAI]]-built [[F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16]] fighter jets]] |
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The [[Turkish Armed Forces]] consists of the [[Turkish Army|Army]], the [[Turkish Navy|Navy]] and the [[Turkish Air Force|Air Force]]. The [[Turkish Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie]] and the [[Turkish Coast Guard|Coast Guard]] operate as parts of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in peacetime, although they are subordinated to the Army and Navy Commands respectively in wartime, during which they have both internal law enforcement and military functions.<ref name="TSK_Organisation">{{cite web|url=http://www.tsk.mil.tr/eng/genel_konular/savunmaorganizasyonu.htm |
The [[Turkish Armed Forces]] consists of the [[Turkish Army|Army]], the [[Turkish Navy|Navy]] and the [[Turkish Air Force|Air Force]]. The [[Turkish Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie]] and the [[Turkish Coast Guard|Coast Guard]] operate as parts of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in peacetime, although they are subordinated to the Army and Navy Commands respectively in wartime, during which they have both internal law enforcement and military functions.<ref name="TSK_Organisation">{{cite web|url=http://www.tsk.mil.tr/eng/genel_konular/savunmaorganizasyonu.htm|title=Turkish Armed Forces Defense Organization|author=Turkish General Staff|authorlink=Turkish Armed Forces|publisher=Turkish Armed Forces|accessdate=2006-12-15|year=2006}}</ref> |
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The Turkish Armed Forces is the second largest standing [[armed forces|armed force]] in NATO, after the [[Military of the United States|U.S. Armed Forces]], with a combined strength of 1,043,550 uniformed personnel serving in its five branches.<ref name="Economist">Economist Intelligence Unit:Turkey, p.23 (2005)</ref> [[Conscription in Turkey|Every fit male Turkish citizen]] otherwise not barred is required to serve in the military for a time period ranging from three weeks to fifteen months, dependent on education and job location.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/home/RSDCOI/3c1622484.pdf|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20061122042609/http://www.unhcr.org/home/RSDCOI/3c1622484.pdf|archivedate=2006-11-22 |
The Turkish Armed Forces is the second largest standing [[armed forces|armed force]] in NATO, after the [[Military of the United States|U.S. Armed Forces]], with a combined strength of 1,043,550 uniformed personnel serving in its five branches.<ref name="Economist">Economist Intelligence Unit:Turkey, p.23 (2005)</ref> [[Conscription in Turkey|Every fit male Turkish citizen]] otherwise not barred is required to serve in the military for a time period ranging from three weeks to fifteen months, dependent on education and job location.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/home/RSDCOI/3c1622484.pdf|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20061122042609/http://www.unhcr.org/home/RSDCOI/3c1622484.pdf|archivedate=2006-11-22|title=Turkey/Military service|author=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Directorate for Movements of Persons, Migration and Consular Affairs – Asylum and Migration Division|authorlink=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|publisher=UNHCR|format=PDF|accessdate=2006-12-27|month=July|year=2001}}</ref> Turkey does not recognise conscientious objection and does not offer a civilian alternative to military service.<ref>http://www.ebco-beoc.eu/</ref> |
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Turkey is one of five NATO member states which are part of the [[nuclear sharing]] policy of the alliance, together with [[Belgium]], [[Germany and weapons of mass destruction|Germany]], [[Italy]], and the [[Netherlands and weapons of mass destruction|Netherlands]].<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,618550,00.html Der Spiegel: ''Foreign Minister Wants US Nukes out of Germany'' (2009-04-10)]</ref> A total of 90 [[B61 nuclear bomb]]s are hosted at the [[Incirlik Air Base]], 40 of which are allocated for use by the [[Turkish Air Force]].<ref>[http://www.nrdc.org/nuclear/euro/euro_pt1.pdf NRDC: U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe • Hans M. Kristensen / Natural Resources Defense Council, 2005.]</ref> |
Turkey is one of five NATO member states which are part of the [[nuclear sharing]] policy of the alliance, together with [[Belgium]], [[Germany and weapons of mass destruction|Germany]], [[Italy]], and the [[Netherlands and weapons of mass destruction|Netherlands]].<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,618550,00.html Der Spiegel: ''Foreign Minister Wants US Nukes out of Germany'' (2009-04-10)]</ref> A total of 90 [[B61 nuclear bomb]]s are hosted at the [[Incirlik Air Base]], 40 of which are allocated for use by the [[Turkish Air Force]].<ref>[http://www.nrdc.org/nuclear/euro/euro_pt1.pdf NRDC: U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe • Hans M. Kristensen / Natural Resources Defense Council, 2005.]</ref> |
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[[File:MEKO 200 TN.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[MEKO 200|MEKO 200 TN]] type frigates of the [[Turkish Navy]] in formation]] |
[[File:MEKO 200 TN.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[MEKO 200|MEKO 200 TN]] type frigates of the [[Turkish Navy]] in formation]] |
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In 1998, Turkey announced a program of modernization worth [[United States dollar|US$]]160 billion over a twenty year period in various projects including [[tank]]s, [[fighter jet]]s, [[helicopter]]s, [[submarine]]s, [[warship]]s and [[assault rifle]]s.<ref>Economist Intelligence Unit:Turkey, p.22 (2005)</ref> Turkey is a Level 3 contributor to the [[F-35 Lightning II|Joint Strike Fighter]] (JSF) program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defenselink.mil/Releases/Release.aspx?ReleaseID=3417 |
In 1998, Turkey announced a program of modernization worth [[United States dollar|US$]]160 billion over a twenty year period in various projects including [[tank]]s, [[fighter jet]]s, [[helicopter]]s, [[submarine]]s, [[warship]]s and [[assault rifle]]s.<ref>Economist Intelligence Unit:Turkey, p.22 (2005)</ref> Turkey is a Level 3 contributor to the [[F-35 Lightning II|Joint Strike Fighter]] (JSF) program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defenselink.mil/Releases/Release.aspx?ReleaseID=3417|title=DoD, Turkey sign Joint Strike Fighter Agreement|author=US Department of Defense|authorlink=US Department of Defense|publisher=US Department of Defense|accessdate=2006-12-27|date=2002-07-11}}</ref> |
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Turkey has maintained forces in international missions under the United Nations and NATO since 1950, including [[peacekeeping]] missions in [[Somalia]] and former [[Yugoslavia]], and support to coalition forces in the [[First Gulf War]]. Turkey maintains 36,000 troops in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and has had troops deployed in [[Afghanistan]] as part of the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|U.S. stabilization force]] and the UN-authorized, NATO-commanded [[International Security Assistance Force]] (ISAF) since 2001.<ref name="Economist"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tsk.mil.tr/eng/uluslararasi/isaf_int/tarihce.htm |
Turkey has maintained forces in international missions under the United Nations and NATO since 1950, including [[peacekeeping]] missions in [[Somalia]] and former [[Yugoslavia]], and support to coalition forces in the [[First Gulf War]]. Turkey maintains 36,000 troops in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and has had troops deployed in [[Afghanistan]] as part of the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|U.S. stabilization force]] and the UN-authorized, NATO-commanded [[International Security Assistance Force]] (ISAF) since 2001.<ref name="Economist"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tsk.mil.tr/eng/uluslararasi/isaf_int/tarihce.htm|title=Brief History of ISAF|author=Turkish General Staff|authorlink=Turkish Armed Forces|publisher=Turkish Armed Forces|accessdate=2006-12-16|year=2006}}</ref> In 2006, the Turkish parliament deployed a peacekeeping force of Navy patrol vessels and around 700 ground troops as part of an expanded [[United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon]] (UNIFIL) in the wake of the [[2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict|Israeli-Lebanon conflict]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6069126.stm|title=Turkish troops arrive in Lebanon|work=British Broadcasting Corporation|accessdate=2006-12-14|date=2006-10-20}}</ref> |
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The [[Chief of the Turkish General Staff|Chief of the General Staff]] is appointed by the president and is responsible to the prime minister. The Council of Ministers is responsible to the parliament for matters of national security and the adequate preparation of the armed forces to defend the country. However, the authority to declare war and to deploy the Turkish Armed Forces to foreign countries or to allow foreign armed forces to be stationed in Turkey rests solely with the parliament.<ref name="TSK_Organisation" /> The actual commander of the armed forces is the Chief of the General Staff [[İlker Başbuğ|General İlker Başbuğ]] since August 30, 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=111807 |
The [[Chief of the Turkish General Staff|Chief of the General Staff]] is appointed by the president and is responsible to the prime minister. The Council of Ministers is responsible to the parliament for matters of national security and the adequate preparation of the armed forces to defend the country. However, the authority to declare war and to deploy the Turkish Armed Forces to foreign countries or to allow foreign armed forces to be stationed in Turkey rests solely with the parliament.<ref name="TSK_Organisation" /> The actual commander of the armed forces is the Chief of the General Staff [[İlker Başbuğ|General İlker Başbuğ]] since August 30, 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=111807|title=Introducing General İlker Başbuğ|work=Turkish Daily News|accessdate=2008-08-15|date=2008-08-06}}</ref> |
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== Administrative divisions == |
== Administrative divisions == |
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{{main|List of regions of Turkey|Provinces of Turkey|Districts of Turkey|List of cities in Turkey}} |
{{main|List of regions of Turkey|Provinces of Turkey|Districts of Turkey|List of cities in Turkey}} |
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{{Turkey Labelled Map|float=right}} |
{{Turkey Labelled Map|float=right}} |
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Provinces usually bear the same name as their provincial capitals, also called the central district; exceptions to this custom are the provinces of [[Hatay Province|Hatay]] (capital: [[Antakya]]), [[Kocaeli Province|Kocaeli]] (capital: [[İzmit]]) and [[Sakarya Province|Sakarya]] (capital: [[Adapazarı]]). Provinces with the largest populations are [[Istanbul]] (+12.9 million), [[Ankara Province|Ankara]] (+4.6 million), [[İzmir Province|İzmir]] (+3.8 million), [[Bursa Province|Bursa]] (+2.5 million) and [[Adana Province|Adana]] (+2.0 million). |
Provinces usually bear the same name as their provincial capitals, also called the central district; exceptions to this custom are the provinces of [[Hatay Province|Hatay]] (capital: [[Antakya]]), [[Kocaeli Province|Kocaeli]] (capital: [[İzmit]]) and [[Sakarya Province|Sakarya]] (capital: [[Adapazarı]]). Provinces with the largest populations are [[Istanbul]] (+12.9 million), [[Ankara Province|Ankara]] (+4.6 million), [[İzmir Province|İzmir]] (+3.8 million), [[Bursa Province|Bursa]] (+2.5 million) and [[Adana Province|Adana]] (+2.0 million). |
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The biggest city and the pre-Republican capital [[Istanbul]] is the financial, economic and cultural heart of the country.<ref name="USLC_TRGeo" /> An estimated 75.5% of Turkey's population live in urban centers.<ref>{{cite web|author=Turkish Statistical Institute|authorlink=Turkish Statistical Institute|publisher=Turkish Statistical Institute|url=http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=6178 |
The biggest city and the pre-Republican capital [[Istanbul]] is the financial, economic and cultural heart of the country.<ref name="USLC_TRGeo" /> An estimated 75.5% of Turkey's population live in urban centers.<ref>{{cite web|author=Turkish Statistical Institute|authorlink=Turkish Statistical Institute|publisher=Turkish Statistical Institute|url=http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=6178|title=2009 Census, population living in cities |accessdate=2010-01-25|year=2010}}</ref> In all, 19 provinces have populations that exceed 1 million inhabitants, and 20 provinces have populations between 1 million and 500,000 inhabitants. Only two provinces have populations less than 100,000. |
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==Geography and climate== |
==Geography and climate== |
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{{main|Geography of Turkey|Environmental issues in Turkey}} |
{{main|Geography of Turkey|Environmental issues in Turkey}} |
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[[File:Bosphorus Bridge Night.jpg|thumb|400px|right|[[Bosphorus Bridge]] in Istanbul, connecting Europe (left) and Asia (right)]] |
[[File:Bosphorus Bridge Night.jpg|thumb|400px|right|[[Bosphorus Bridge]] in Istanbul, connecting Europe (left) and Asia (right)]] |
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Turkey is a [[transcontinental country|transcontinental]]<ref>{{cite web |
Turkey is a [[transcontinental country|transcontinental]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sabanciuniv.edu/socrates/ects/go.php?page=turkey_geography|title=Geography of Turkey|author=Sabancı University|publisher=Sabancı University|accessdate=2006-12-13|year=2005}}</ref> Eurasian country. Asian Turkey (made up largely of Anatolia), which includes 97% of the country, is separated from European Turkey by the [[Bosphorus]], the [[Sea of Marmara]], and the [[Dardanelles]] (which together form a water link between the [[Black Sea]] and the [[Mediterranean Sea]]). [[Eastern Thrace|European Turkey]] (eastern [[Thrace]] or [[Rumelia]] in the [[Balkans|Balkan]] peninsula) comprises 3% of the country.<ref>[http://www.turkishodyssey.com/turkey/turkey.htm Turkish Odyssey: Turkey]</ref> |
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The territory of Turkey is more than 1,600 kilometres (1,000 mi) long and 800 km (500 mi) wide, with a roughly rectangular shape.<ref name="USLC_TRGeo">{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/turkey/18.htm |
The territory of Turkey is more than 1,600 kilometres (1,000 mi) long and 800 km (500 mi) wide, with a roughly rectangular shape.<ref name="USLC_TRGeo">{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/turkey/18.htm|title=Geography of Turkey|author=US Library of Congress|authorlink=US Library of Congress|publisher=US Library of Congress|accessdate=2006-12-13|date=}}</ref> Turkey's area, including lakes, occupies 783,562<ref>[http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2004/Table03.pdf UN Demographic Yearbook, accessed April 16, 2007]</ref> [[square kilometre]]s (300,948 sq mi), of which 755,688 square kilometres (291,773 sq mi) are in [[Southwest Asia]] and 23,764 square kilometres (9,174 sq mi) in [[Europe]].<ref name="USLC_TRGeo" /> Turkey is the world's [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|37th-largest]] country in terms of area. The country is encircled by seas on three sides: the [[Aegean Sea]] to the west, the [[Black Sea]] to the north and the [[Mediterranean Sea]] to the south. Turkey also contains the [[Sea of Marmara]] in the northwest.<ref name="TRGeo_TRMinistryTourism" /> |
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[[File:Oludeniz03.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Ölüdeniz|Ölüdeniz Beach]] near [[Fethiye]] on the [[Turkish Riviera]]]] |
[[File:Oludeniz03.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Ölüdeniz|Ölüdeniz Beach]] near [[Fethiye]] on the [[Turkish Riviera]]]] |
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The European section of Turkey, [[Eastern Thrace]], forms the borders of Turkey with Greece and Bulgaria. The Asian part of the country, [[Anatolia]], consists of a high central plateau with narrow coastal plains, between the Köroğlu and [[Pontic Mountains|Pontic]] mountain ranges to the north and the [[Taurus Mountains]] to the south. Eastern Turkey has a more mountainous landscape and is home to the sources of rivers such as the [[Euphrates]], [[Tigris]] and [[Aras River|Aras]], and contains [[Lake Van]] and [[Mount Ararat]], Turkey's highest point at 5,165 metres (16,946 ft).<ref name="TRGeo_TRMinistryTourism" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=4996 |
The European section of Turkey, [[Eastern Thrace]], forms the borders of Turkey with Greece and Bulgaria. The Asian part of the country, [[Anatolia]], consists of a high central plateau with narrow coastal plains, between the Köroğlu and [[Pontic Mountains|Pontic]] mountain ranges to the north and the [[Taurus Mountains]] to the south. Eastern Turkey has a more mountainous landscape and is home to the sources of rivers such as the [[Euphrates]], [[Tigris]] and [[Aras River|Aras]], and contains [[Lake Van]] and [[Mount Ararat]], Turkey's highest point at 5,165 metres (16,946 ft).<ref name="TRGeo_TRMinistryTourism" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=4996|title=Mount Ararat (Ağrı Dağı), Turkey|author=NASA – Earth Observatory|authorlink=NASA|publisher=NASA|accessdate=2006-12-27|year=2001}}</ref> |
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Turkey is divided into seven census regions: [[Marmara Region, Turkey|Marmara]], [[Aegean Region, Turkey|Aegean]], [[Black Sea Region, Turkey|Black Sea]], [[Central Anatolia Region, Turkey|Central Anatolia]], [[East Anatolia Region, Turkey|Eastern Anatolia]], [[South Eastern Anatolia Region, Turkey|Southeastern Anatolia]] and the [[Mediterranean Sea Region, Turkey|Mediterranean]]. The uneven north Anatolian terrain running along the Black Sea resembles a long, narrow belt. This region comprises approximately one-sixth of Turkey's total land area. As a general trend, the inland Anatolian plateau becomes increasingly rugged as it progresses eastward.<ref name="TRGeo_TRMinistryTourism">{{cite web|url=http://www.turizm.net/turkey/info/geography.html |
Turkey is divided into seven census regions: [[Marmara Region, Turkey|Marmara]], [[Aegean Region, Turkey|Aegean]], [[Black Sea Region, Turkey|Black Sea]], [[Central Anatolia Region, Turkey|Central Anatolia]], [[East Anatolia Region, Turkey|Eastern Anatolia]], [[South Eastern Anatolia Region, Turkey|Southeastern Anatolia]] and the [[Mediterranean Sea Region, Turkey|Mediterranean]]. The uneven north Anatolian terrain running along the Black Sea resembles a long, narrow belt. This region comprises approximately one-sixth of Turkey's total land area. As a general trend, the inland Anatolian plateau becomes increasingly rugged as it progresses eastward.<ref name="TRGeo_TRMinistryTourism">{{cite web|url=http://www.turizm.net/turkey/info/geography.html|title=Geography of Turkey|author=Turkish Ministry of Tourism|publisher=Turkish Ministry of Tourism|accessdate=2006-12-13|year=2005}}</ref> |
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[[File:NEO ararat big.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Mount Ararat|Mt. Ararat (Ağrı Dağı)]] is the highest peak in Turkey at 5,165 m (16,946 ft)]] |
[[File:NEO ararat big.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Mount Ararat|Mt. Ararat (Ağrı Dağı)]] is the highest peak in Turkey at 5,165 m (16,946 ft)]] |
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Turkey's varied landscapes are the product of complex earth movements that have shaped the region over thousands of years and still manifest themselves in fairly frequent [[earthquake]]s and occasional [[volcano|volcanic]] eruptions. The [[Bosporus]] and the [[Dardanelles]] owe their existence to the [[geologic fault|fault lines]] running through Turkey that led to the creation of the Black Sea. There is an earthquake fault line across the north of the country from west to east, which caused [[1999 İzmit earthquake|a major earthquake]] in 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usc.edu/dept/civil_eng/structural_lab/eq-rp/seismicity.html |
Turkey's varied landscapes are the product of complex earth movements that have shaped the region over thousands of years and still manifest themselves in fairly frequent [[earthquake]]s and occasional [[volcano|volcanic]] eruptions. The [[Bosporus]] and the [[Dardanelles]] owe their existence to the [[geologic fault|fault lines]] running through Turkey that led to the creation of the Black Sea. There is an earthquake fault line across the north of the country from west to east, which caused [[1999 İzmit earthquake|a major earthquake]] in 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usc.edu/dept/civil_eng/structural_lab/eq-rp/seismicity.html|title=Brief Seismic History of Turkey|publisher=University of South California, Department of Civil Engineering|accessdate=2006-12-26|date=}}</ref> |
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The coastal areas of Turkey bordering the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea have a [[temperate]] [[Mediterranean climate]], with hot, dry summers and mild to cool, wet winters. The coastal areas of Turkey bordering the Black Sea have a temperate [[Oceanic climate]] with warm, wet summers and cool to cold, wet winters. The Turkish Black Sea coast receives the greatest amount of precipitation and is the only region of Turkey that receives high precipitation throughout the year. The eastern part of that coast averages 2,500 millimeters annually which is the highest precipitation in the country. |
The coastal areas of Turkey bordering the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea have a [[temperate]] [[Mediterranean climate]], with hot, dry summers and mild to cool, wet winters. The coastal areas of Turkey bordering the Black Sea have a temperate [[Oceanic climate]] with warm, wet summers and cool to cold, wet winters. The Turkish Black Sea coast receives the greatest amount of precipitation and is the only region of Turkey that receives high precipitation throughout the year. The eastern part of that coast averages 2,500 millimeters annually which is the highest precipitation in the country. |
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Conditions can be much harsher in the more arid interior. Mountains close to the coast prevent Mediterranean influences from extending inland, giving the central Anatolian plateau of the interior of Turkey a [[continental climate]] with sharply contrasting [[season]]s. |
Conditions can be much harsher in the more arid interior. Mountains close to the coast prevent Mediterranean influences from extending inland, giving the central Anatolian plateau of the interior of Turkey a [[continental climate]] with sharply contrasting [[season]]s. |
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Winters on the plateau are especially severe. Temperatures of −30 [[Celsius|°C]] to −40 °C (−22 °[[Fahrenheit|F]] to −40 °F) can occur in eastern Anatolia, and snow may lie on the ground at least 120 days of the year. In the west, winter temperatures average below 1 °C (34 °F). Summers are hot and dry, with temperatures generally above 30 °C (86 °F) in the day. Annual [[precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] averages about 400 millimetres (15 [[inch|in]]), with actual amounts determined by elevation. The driest regions are the Konya plain and the Malatya plain, where annual rainfall frequently is less than 300 millimetres (12 in). May is generally the wettest month, whereas July and August are the driest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.meteor.gov.tr/2006/english/eng-climateofturkey.aspx|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070110140758/http://www.meteor.gov.tr/2006/english/eng-climateofturkey.aspx|archivedate=2007-01-10 |
Winters on the plateau are especially severe. Temperatures of −30 [[Celsius|°C]] to −40 °C (−22 °[[Fahrenheit|F]] to −40 °F) can occur in eastern Anatolia, and snow may lie on the ground at least 120 days of the year. In the west, winter temperatures average below 1 °C (34 °F). Summers are hot and dry, with temperatures generally above 30 °C (86 °F) in the day. Annual [[precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] averages about 400 millimetres (15 [[inch|in]]), with actual amounts determined by elevation. The driest regions are the Konya plain and the Malatya plain, where annual rainfall frequently is less than 300 millimetres (12 in). May is generally the wettest month, whereas July and August are the driest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.meteor.gov.tr/2006/english/eng-climateofturkey.aspx|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070110140758/http://www.meteor.gov.tr/2006/english/eng-climateofturkey.aspx|archivedate=2007-01-10|title=Climate of Turkey|author=Turkish State Meteorological Service|authorlink=Turkish State Meteorological Service|publisher=Turkish State Meteorological Service|accessdate=2006-12-27|year=2006}}</ref> |
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==Economy== |
==Economy== |
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{{Main|Economy of Turkey|Economic history of Turkey}} |
{{Main|Economy of Turkey|Economic history of Turkey}} |
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[[File:Lev Ist Tur 1.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Levent]] financial district in [[Istanbul]]]] |
[[File:Lev Ist Tur 1.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Levent]] financial district in [[Istanbul]]]] |
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Turkey has the world's [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|15th largest GDP-PPP]]<ref name=WB-GDP-PPP>[http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP_PPP.pdf The World Bank: World Economic Indicators Database. ''GDP (PPP) 2008.''] Data for the year 2008. Last revised on July 1, 2009.</ref> and [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|17th largest Nominal GDP]].<ref name=WB-GDP-Nominal>[http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP.pdf The World Bank: World Economic Indicators Database. ''GDP (Nominal) 2008.''] Data for the year 2008. Last revised on July 1, 2009.</ref> The country is a founding member of the [[OECD]] and the [[G-20 major economies]]. During the first six decades of the republic, between 1923 and 1983, Turkey has mostly adhered to a quasi-[[statism|statist]] approach with strict government planning of the budget and government-imposed limitations over private sector participation, foreign trade, flow of foreign currency, and [[foreign direct investment]]. However, starting from 1983, Turkey began a series of reforms that were initiated by Prime Minister [[Turgut Özal]] and designed to shift the economy from a statist, insulated system to a more private-sector, [[market economy|market]]-based model.<ref name="80sLiberalization">{{cite book|title=Economics and Politics of Turkish Liberalization|first=Tevfik F.|last=Nas|publisher=Lehigh University Press |
Turkey has the world's [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|15th largest GDP-PPP]]<ref name=WB-GDP-PPP>[http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP_PPP.pdf The World Bank: World Economic Indicators Database. ''GDP (PPP) 2008.''] Data for the year 2008. Last revised on July 1, 2009.</ref> and [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|17th largest Nominal GDP]].<ref name=WB-GDP-Nominal>[http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP.pdf The World Bank: World Economic Indicators Database. ''GDP (Nominal) 2008.''] Data for the year 2008. Last revised on July 1, 2009.</ref> The country is a founding member of the [[OECD]] and the [[G-20 major economies]]. During the first six decades of the republic, between 1923 and 1983, Turkey has mostly adhered to a quasi-[[statism|statist]] approach with strict government planning of the budget and government-imposed limitations over private sector participation, foreign trade, flow of foreign currency, and [[foreign direct investment]]. However, starting from 1983, Turkey began a series of reforms that were initiated by Prime Minister [[Turgut Özal]] and designed to shift the economy from a statist, insulated system to a more private-sector, [[market economy|market]]-based model.<ref name="80sLiberalization">{{cite book|title=Economics and Politics of Turkish Liberalization|first=Tevfik F.|last=Nas|publisher=Lehigh University Press|year=1992|isbn=0-9342-2319-X}}</ref> |
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The reforms spurred rapid growth, but this growth was punctuated by sharp [[recession]]s and financial crises in 1994, 1999 (following the earthquake of that year),<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/422653.stm |
The reforms spurred rapid growth, but this growth was punctuated by sharp [[recession]]s and financial crises in 1994, 1999 (following the earthquake of that year),<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/422653.stm|title=Turkish quake hits shaky economy|work=British Broadcasting Corporation|accessdate=2006-12-12|date=1999-08-17}}</ref> and 2001,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1800869.stm|title='Worst over' for Turkey|work=British Broadcasting Corporation|accessdate=2006-12-12|date=2002-02-04}}</ref> resulting in an average of 4% [[gross domestic product|GDP]] growth per annum between 1981 and 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTTURKEY/Resources/361616-1144320150009/Labor_C2.pdf|title=Turkey Labor Market Study|author=World Bank|authorlink=World Bank|publisher=World Bank|format=PDF|accessdate=2006-12-10|year=2005}}</ref> Lack of additional fiscal reforms, combined with large and growing [[public sector]] [[deficit]]s and widespread [[political corruption|corruption]], resulted in high [[inflation]], a weak [[List of banks in Turkey|banking]] sector and increased [[macroeconomics|macroeconomic]] volatility.<ref>{{cite book|title=OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform – Turkey: crucial support for economic recovery : 2002|publisher=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|year=2002|isbn=92-64-19808-3|url=http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN9264198083&id=ufYU_fR7mLgC&pg=PP1&lpg=PP1&ots=xxhe4iYB7B&dq=Turkey&sig=5WqjRxHbjn4ObFDJc_sQKuIB2sg#PPP1,M1}}</ref> |
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Since the economic crisis of 2001 and the reforms initiated by the finance minister of the time, [[Kemal Derviş]], inflation has fallen to single-digit numbers, investor confidence and foreign investment have soared, and unemployment has fallen. The [[IMF]] forecasts a 6% inflation rate for Turkey in 2008.<ref>[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2008/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2006&ey=2008&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=186&s=PCPIEPCH&grp=0&a=&pr.x=42&pr.y=10 IMF: World Economic Outlook Database, April 2008.] Inflation, end of period consumer prices. Data for 2006, 2007 and 2008.</ref> Turkey has gradually opened up its markets through economic reforms by reducing government controls on foreign trade and investment and the [[privatization|privatisation]] of publicly owned industries, and the liberalisation of many sectors to private and foreign participation has continued amid political debate.<ref name="TR_Eco">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6103008.stm|title=Robust economy raises Turkey's hopes|author=Jorn Madslien |
Since the economic crisis of 2001 and the reforms initiated by the finance minister of the time, [[Kemal Derviş]], inflation has fallen to single-digit numbers, investor confidence and foreign investment have soared, and unemployment has fallen. The [[IMF]] forecasts a 6% inflation rate for Turkey in 2008.<ref>[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2008/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2006&ey=2008&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=186&s=PCPIEPCH&grp=0&a=&pr.x=42&pr.y=10 IMF: World Economic Outlook Database, April 2008.] Inflation, end of period consumer prices. Data for 2006, 2007 and 2008.</ref> Turkey has gradually opened up its markets through economic reforms by reducing government controls on foreign trade and investment and the [[privatization|privatisation]] of publicly owned industries, and the liberalisation of many sectors to private and foreign participation has continued amid political debate.<ref name="TR_Eco">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6103008.stm|title=Robust economy raises Turkey's hopes|author=Jorn Madslien|work=British Broadcasting Corporation|accessdate=2006-12-12|date=2006-11-02}}</ref> |
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[[File:TCDD CAF 1.jpg|thumb|left|[[High-speed rail in Turkey|TCDD high speed train]]]] |
[[File:TCDD CAF 1.jpg|thumb|left|[[High-speed rail in Turkey|TCDD high speed train]]]] |
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The GDP growth rate from 2002 to 2007 averaged 7.4%,<ref>Dilenschneider Group and Pangaeia Group, "[http://bennettlawfirm.typepad.com/abraham_dialogue_society/2008/06/turkey-360-did.html Turkey 360: Did You Know]", ''Foreign Affairs'', January/February 2008</ref> which made Turkey one of the fastest growing economies in the world during that period. However, GDP growth slowed down to 4.5% in 2008,<ref name=CIA-Turkey/> and in early 2009 the Turkish economy was affected by the [[financial crisis beginning 2007|global financial crisis]], with the IMF forecasting an overall recession of 5.1% for the year, compared to the Turkish government estimate of 3.6%.<ref>[http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displayStory.cfm?story_id=14041662 The Economist: "Turkey's fragile economy" (2009-07-16)]</ref> |
The GDP growth rate from 2002 to 2007 averaged 7.4%,<ref>Dilenschneider Group and Pangaeia Group, "[http://bennettlawfirm.typepad.com/abraham_dialogue_society/2008/06/turkey-360-did.html Turkey 360: Did You Know]", ''Foreign Affairs'', January/February 2008</ref> which made Turkey one of the fastest growing economies in the world during that period. However, GDP growth slowed down to 4.5% in 2008,<ref name=CIA-Turkey/> and in early 2009 the Turkish economy was affected by the [[financial crisis beginning 2007|global financial crisis]], with the IMF forecasting an overall recession of 5.1% for the year, compared to the Turkish government estimate of 3.6%.<ref>[http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displayStory.cfm?story_id=14041662 The Economist: "Turkey's fragile economy" (2009-07-16)]</ref> |
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Turkey's economy is becoming more dependent on industry in major cities, mostly concentrated in the western provinces of the country, and less on agriculture, however traditional agriculture is still a major pillar to the Turkish economy. In 2007, the agricultural sector accounted for 8.9% of the GDP, while the industrial sector accounted for 30.8% and the services sector accounted for 59.3%.<ref name=CIA-Turkey>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/print/tu.html|title=Turkey|publisher=CIA World Factbook|accessdate=2009-05-15 |
Turkey's economy is becoming more dependent on industry in major cities, mostly concentrated in the western provinces of the country, and less on agriculture, however traditional agriculture is still a major pillar to the Turkish economy. In 2007, the agricultural sector accounted for 8.9% of the GDP, while the industrial sector accounted for 30.8% and the services sector accounted for 59.3%.<ref name=CIA-Turkey>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/print/tu.html|title=Turkey|publisher=CIA World Factbook|accessdate=2009-05-15}}</ref> However, agriculture still accounted for 27.3% of employment.<ref>http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/enlargement/countries/turkey/profile_en.pdf</ref> |
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According to [[Eurostat]] data, Turkish PPS GDP per capita stood at 45 per cent of the EU average in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/2-25062009-BP/EN/2-25062009-BP-EN.PDF|title=GDP per capita in PPS|publisher=Eurostat|accessdate=2009-06-25}}</ref> |
According to [[Eurostat]] data, Turkish PPS GDP per capita stood at 45 per cent of the EU average in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/2-25062009-BP/EN/2-25062009-BP-EN.PDF|title=GDP per capita in PPS|publisher=Eurostat|accessdate=2009-06-25}}</ref> |
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The tourism sector has experienced rapid growth in the last twenty years, and constitutes an important part of the economy. In 2008, there were 30,929,192 [[Tourism in Turkey|visitors]] to the country, who contributed $21.9 billion to Turkey's revenues.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=3993 |
The tourism sector has experienced rapid growth in the last twenty years, and constitutes an important part of the economy. In 2008, there were 30,929,192 [[Tourism in Turkey|visitors]] to the country, who contributed $21.9 billion to Turkey's revenues.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=3993|title=Tourism Statistics in 2008|work=[[TURKSTAT]]|accessdate=2009-01-29|date=2009-01-29}}</ref> |
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[[File:BEKO stand at the international fair.jpg|thumb|220px|Turkish brands like [[Arçelik#Brands|BEKO]] and [[Vestel Elektronik|Vestel]] are among the largest producers of consumer electronics and home appliances in [[Europe]]]] |
[[File:BEKO stand at the international fair.jpg|thumb|220px|Turkish brands like [[Arçelik#Brands|BEKO]] and [[Vestel Elektronik|Vestel]] are among the largest producers of consumer electronics and home appliances in [[Europe]]]] |
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Other key sectors of the Turkish economy are banking, construction, home appliances, electronics, textiles, oil refining, petrochemical products, food, mining, iron and steel, machine industry and automotive. Turkey has a large and growing [[Automotive industry in Turkey|automotive industry]], which produced 1,147,110 motor vehicles in 2008, ranking as the 6th largest producer in Europe (behind the United Kingdom and above Italy) and the 15th largest producer in the world.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ulasimonline.com/news_detail.php?id=8052&uniq_id=1246562801|title=Türkiye otomotiv sektöründe büyüyor|publisher=Ulaşım Online|date=2009-06-29|accessdate=2009-07-06}}</ref><ref>[http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/ OICA: 2008 PRODUCTION STATISTICS]</ref> Turkey is also one of the leading [[shipbuilding]] nations; in 2007 the country ranked 4th in the world (behind China, South Korea and Japan) in terms of the number of ordered [[ship]]s, and also 4th in the world (behind Italy, USA and Canada) in terms of the number of ordered [[Luxury yacht|mega yachts]].<ref>[http://cataniainvestments.com/files/turkey/TURKISH_SHIP_BUILDING_INDUSTURY.pps Catania Investments: Turkish Shipbuilding Industry]</ref> |
Other key sectors of the Turkish economy are banking, construction, home appliances, electronics, textiles, oil refining, petrochemical products, food, mining, iron and steel, machine industry and automotive. Turkey has a large and growing [[Automotive industry in Turkey|automotive industry]], which produced 1,147,110 motor vehicles in 2008, ranking as the 6th largest producer in Europe (behind the United Kingdom and above Italy) and the 15th largest producer in the world.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ulasimonline.com/news_detail.php?id=8052&uniq_id=1246562801|title=Türkiye otomotiv sektöründe büyüyor|publisher=Ulaşım Online|date=2009-06-29|accessdate=2009-07-06}}</ref><ref>[http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/ OICA: 2008 PRODUCTION STATISTICS]</ref> Turkey is also one of the leading [[shipbuilding]] nations; in 2007 the country ranked 4th in the world (behind China, South Korea and Japan) in terms of the number of ordered [[ship]]s, and also 4th in the world (behind Italy, USA and Canada) in terms of the number of ordered [[Luxury yacht|mega yachts]].<ref>[http://cataniainvestments.com/files/turkey/TURKISH_SHIP_BUILDING_INDUSTURY.pps Catania Investments: Turkish Shipbuilding Industry]</ref> |
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In recent years, the chronically high inflation has been brought under control and this has led to the launch of a new currency, the [[Turkish lira#8th Emission group|Turkish new lira]], on January 1, 2005, to cement the acquisition of the economic reforms and erase the vestiges of an unstable economy.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4137469.stm |title=Turkey knocks six zeros off lira|work=[[British Broadcasting Corporation]]|accessdate=2008-07-20|date=2004-12-31}}</ref> On January 1, 2009, the New Turkish Lira was renamed once again as the [[Turkish Lira]], with the introduction of [[Turkish lira#9th Emission group|new banknotes]] and [[Turkish Lira#Coins|coins]]. As a result of continuing economic reforms, inflation has dropped to 8.2% in 2005, and the unemployment rate to 10.3%.<ref name="WorldBank_TRStat">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbank.org.tr/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/ECAEXT/TURKEYEXTN/0,,menuPK:361738~pagePK:141132~piPK:141109~theSitePK:361712,00.html |title=Data and Statistics for Turkey|author=World Bank|authorlink=World Bank|publisher=World Bank|accessdate=2006-12-10|year=2005}}</ref> In 2004, it was estimated that 46.2% of total disposable income was received by the top 20% income earners, while the lowest 20% received 6%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.die.gov.tr/ENGLISH/SONIST/GELIR/k_270206.xls |
In recent years, the chronically high inflation has been brought under control and this has led to the launch of a new currency, the [[Turkish lira#8th Emission group|Turkish new lira]], on January 1, 2005, to cement the acquisition of the economic reforms and erase the vestiges of an unstable economy.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4137469.stm |title=Turkey knocks six zeros off lira|work=[[British Broadcasting Corporation]]|accessdate=2008-07-20|date=2004-12-31}}</ref> On January 1, 2009, the New Turkish Lira was renamed once again as the [[Turkish Lira]], with the introduction of [[Turkish lira#9th Emission group|new banknotes]] and [[Turkish Lira#Coins|coins]]. As a result of continuing economic reforms, inflation has dropped to 8.2% in 2005, and the unemployment rate to 10.3%.<ref name="WorldBank_TRStat">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbank.org.tr/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/ECAEXT/TURKEYEXTN/0,,menuPK:361738~pagePK:141132~piPK:141109~theSitePK:361712,00.html |title=Data and Statistics for Turkey|author=World Bank|authorlink=World Bank|publisher=World Bank|accessdate=2006-12-10|year=2005}}</ref> In 2004, it was estimated that 46.2% of total disposable income was received by the top 20% income earners, while the lowest 20% received 6%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.die.gov.tr/ENGLISH/SONIST/GELIR/k_270206.xls|title=The result of Income Distribution|author=Turkish Statistical Institute|authorlink=Turkish Statistical Institute|publisher=Turkish Statistical Institute|accessdate=2006-12-11|date=2006-02-27}}</ref> |
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[[File:Esenboga terminal.jpg|thumb|left|400px|[[Esenboğa International Airport]] in [[Ankara]]]] |
[[File:Esenboga terminal.jpg|thumb|left|400px|[[Esenboğa International Airport]] in [[Ankara]]]] |
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== Demographics == |
== Demographics == |
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{{Main|Turkish people|Demographics of Turkey|Immigration to Turkey|Languages of Turkey|Education in Turkey|Religion in Turkey|Secularism in Turkey|Islam in Turkey|Christianity in Turkey|History of the Jews in Turkey}} |
{{Main|Turkish people|Demographics of Turkey|Immigration to Turkey|Languages of Turkey|Education in Turkey|Religion in Turkey|Secularism in Turkey|Islam in Turkey|Christianity in Turkey|History of the Jews in Turkey}} |
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[[File:Istiklal Avenue in Istanbul on 3 June 2007.jpg|200px|thumb|[[İstiklal Avenue]] in [[Istanbul]]'s cosmopolitan [[Beyoğlu]] district]] |
[[File:Istiklal Avenue in Istanbul on 3 June 2007.jpg|200px|thumb|[[İstiklal Avenue]] in [[Istanbul]]'s cosmopolitan [[Beyoğlu]] district]] |
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The population of Turkey stood at 72.5 million with a growth rate of 1.45% per annum, based on the 2009 [[census]]. It has an average [[population density]] of 92 persons per km². The proportion of the population residing in [[urban area]]s is 75.5%. People within the 15–64 [[age group]] constitute 67% of the total population, the 0–14 age group corresponds 26% of the population, while 65 years and higher of age correspond to 7% of the total population.<ref>{{cite web|author=Turkish Statistical Institute|authorlink=Turkish Statistical Institute|publisher=Turkish Statistical Institute|url=http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=6178 |
The population of Turkey stood at 72.5 million with a growth rate of 1.45% per annum, based on the 2009 [[census]]. It has an average [[population density]] of 92 persons per km². The proportion of the population residing in [[urban area]]s is 75.5%. People within the 15–64 [[age group]] constitute 67% of the total population, the 0–14 age group corresponds 26% of the population, while 65 years and higher of age correspond to 7% of the total population.<ref>{{cite web|author=Turkish Statistical Institute|authorlink=Turkish Statistical Institute|publisher=Turkish Statistical Institute|url=http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=6178|title=2009 Census, population statistics in 2009|accessdate=2010-01-28|year=2010}}</ref> |
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[[Life expectancy]] stands at 71.1 years for men and 75.3 years for women, with an overall average of 73.2 years for the populace as a whole.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nkg.die.gov.tr/en/goster.asp?aile=1 |
[[Life expectancy]] stands at 71.1 years for men and 75.3 years for women, with an overall average of 73.2 years for the populace as a whole.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nkg.die.gov.tr/en/goster.asp?aile=1|title=Population and Development Indicators – Population and Demography|author=Turkish Statistical Institute|authorlink=Turkish Statistical Institute|publisher=Turkish Statistical Institute|accessdate=2010-01-28|date=2004-10-18}}</ref> [[Education]] is compulsory and free from ages 6 to 15. The literacy rate is 96% for men and 80.4% for women, with an overall average of 88.1%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nkg.die.gov.tr/en/goster.asp?aile=3|title=Population and Development Indicators – Population and Education|author=Turkish Statistical Institute|authorlink=Turkish Statistical Institute|publisher=Turkish Statistical Institute|accessdate=2010-01-28|date=2004-10-18}}</ref> The low figures for women are mainly due to the traditional customs of the [[Arabs in Turkey|Arabs]] and [[Kurds in Turkey|Kurds]] who live in the southeastern provinces of the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3753582.stm|title=Turkish girls in literacy battle|author=Jonny Dymond|work=British Broadcasting Corporation|accessdate=2006-12-11|date=2004-10-18}}</ref> |
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Article 66 of the [[Turkish Constitution]] defines a "Turk" as "anyone who is bound to the Turkish state through the bond of citizenship"; therefore, the legal use of the term "Turkish" as a citizen of Turkey is different from the ethnic definition. However, the majority of the Turkish population are of [[Turkish people|Turkish ethnicity]]. |
Article 66 of the [[Turkish Constitution]] defines a "Turk" as "anyone who is bound to the Turkish state through the bond of citizenship"; therefore, the legal use of the term "Turkish" as a citizen of Turkey is different from the ethnic definition. However, the majority of the Turkish population are of [[Turkish people|Turkish ethnicity]]. |
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Minorities of [[Western Europe|West European]] origin include the [[Levantines]] (or ''[[Levanter]]'', mostly of [[France|French]], [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]] and [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] descent) who have been present in the country (particularly in [[Istanbul]]<ref>[http://arsiv.ntvmsnbc.com/news/458504.asp NTV-MSNBC: "Giovanni Scognamillo ile sinema üzerine"]</ref> and [[İzmir]]<ref>[http://arsiv.sabah.com.tr/2005/10/04/cp/gnc118-20051002-102.html Sabah daily newspaper: "Onlar İzmirli Hristiyan Türkler"]</ref>) since the [[Middle Ages|medieval period]]. |
Minorities of [[Western Europe|West European]] origin include the [[Levantines]] (or ''[[Levanter]]'', mostly of [[France|French]], [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]] and [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] descent) who have been present in the country (particularly in [[Istanbul]]<ref>[http://arsiv.ntvmsnbc.com/news/458504.asp NTV-MSNBC: "Giovanni Scognamillo ile sinema üzerine"]</ref> and [[İzmir]]<ref>[http://arsiv.sabah.com.tr/2005/10/04/cp/gnc118-20051002-102.html Sabah daily newspaper: "Onlar İzmirli Hristiyan Türkler"]</ref>) since the [[Middle Ages|medieval period]]. |
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The [[Kurdish people|Kurds]], a distinct ethnic group concentrated mainly in the southeastern provinces of the country, are the largest non-Turkic ethnicity, estimated at about 18% of the population according to the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]].<ref name="CIA-Appendix" /> Minorities other than the three officially recognized ones do not have any special group privileges, while the term "[[minority group|minority]]" itself remains a sensitive issue in Turkey. Reliable data on the exact ethnic repartition of the population is not available since the Turkish census figures do not include statistics on ethnicity.<ref name="Turkey_Ethnic_groups">{{cite book|title=The other languages of Europe: Demographic, Sociolinguistic and Educational Perspectives|first=Guus|last=Extra|coauthors=Gorter, Durk|publisher=Multilingual Matters |
The [[Kurdish people|Kurds]], a distinct ethnic group concentrated mainly in the southeastern provinces of the country, are the largest non-Turkic ethnicity, estimated at about 18% of the population according to the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]].<ref name="CIA-Appendix" /> Minorities other than the three officially recognized ones do not have any special group privileges, while the term "[[minority group|minority]]" itself remains a sensitive issue in Turkey. Reliable data on the exact ethnic repartition of the population is not available since the Turkish census figures do not include statistics on ethnicity.<ref name="Turkey_Ethnic_groups">{{cite book|title=The other languages of Europe: Demographic, Sociolinguistic and Educational Perspectives|first=Guus|last=Extra|coauthors=Gorter, Durk|publisher=Multilingual Matters|year=2001|isbn=1-8535-9509-8|url=http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN1853595098&id=hvmy_skUPNYC&pg=RA1-PA422&lpg=RA1-PA422&ots=2bxjbJbuzM&dq=%22ethnic+groups+in+turkey%22&sig=gsODCAuvT1TRupKgZBsVDZf-oDE#PRA1-PA421,M1}}</ref> |
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[[File:Istanbul.Sultan Ahmed mosque022.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Sultan Ahmed Mosque]] in Istanbul]] |
[[File:Istanbul.Sultan Ahmed mosque022.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Sultan Ahmed Mosque]] in Istanbul]] |
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===Language=== |
===Language=== |
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[[Turkish language|Turkish]] is the sole [[official language]] throughout Turkey. Reliable figures for the linguistic repartition of the populace are not available for reasons similar to those cited above.<ref name="Turkey_Ethnic_groups" /> Nevertheless, the public broadcaster [[Turkish Radio and Television Corporation|TRT]] broadcasts programmes in local languages and dialects of [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]], [[Adyghe language|Circassian]] and [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] a few hours a week.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.byegm.gov.tr/REFERENCES/radyo-tv2002.htm|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060830170539/http://www.byegm.gov.tr/REFERENCES/radyo-tv2002.htm|archivedate=2006-08-30 |
[[Turkish language|Turkish]] is the sole [[official language]] throughout Turkey. Reliable figures for the linguistic repartition of the populace are not available for reasons similar to those cited above.<ref name="Turkey_Ethnic_groups" /> Nevertheless, the public broadcaster [[Turkish Radio and Television Corporation|TRT]] broadcasts programmes in local languages and dialects of [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]], [[Adyghe language|Circassian]] and [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] a few hours a week.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.byegm.gov.tr/REFERENCES/radyo-tv2002.htm|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060830170539/http://www.byegm.gov.tr/REFERENCES/radyo-tv2002.htm|archivedate=2006-08-30|title=Historical background of radio and television broadcasting in Turkey|author=Turkish Directorate General of Press and Information|publisher=Turkish Prime Minister's Office|accessdate=2006-08-10|year=2003}}</ref> A fully fledged Kurdish language television channel, [[TRT 6]], was opened in early 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=162643|title=Kurdish TRT|author=Nasuhi Güngör|publisher=Zaman|accessdate=2009-02-25|year=2009}}</ref> |
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===Religion=== |
===Religion=== |
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Turkey is a [[secular state]] with no official [[state religion]]; the [[Turkish Constitution]] provides for [[freedom of religion]] and conscience.<ref>[http://servat.unibe.ch/icl/tu00000_.html ICL – International Constitutional Law – Turkey Constitution]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hsfk.de/downloads/prif78.pdf|format=PDF|title=Turkey: Islam and Laicism Between the Interests of State, Politics, and Society|publisher=Peace Research Institute Frankfurt|accessdate=2008-10-19}}</ref> About 99 percent of the population is registered as [[Muslim]], mostly [[Sunni]];<ref name="LoC-profile-TR">[http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,COUNTRYPROF,TUR,4562d8cf2,46f9135d0,0.html Country Profile - Turkey], January 2006, [[United States Library of Congress]], 2008-01</ref><ref name="world-factbook-tr">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tu.html |
Turkey is a [[secular state]] with no official [[state religion]]; the [[Turkish Constitution]] provides for [[freedom of religion]] and conscience.<ref>[http://servat.unibe.ch/icl/tu00000_.html ICL – International Constitutional Law – Turkey Constitution]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hsfk.de/downloads/prif78.pdf|format=PDF|title=Turkey: Islam and Laicism Between the Interests of State, Politics, and Society|publisher=Peace Research Institute Frankfurt|accessdate=2008-10-19}}</ref> About 99 percent of the population is registered as [[Muslim]], mostly [[Sunni]];<ref name="LoC-profile-TR">[http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,COUNTRYPROF,TUR,4562d8cf2,46f9135d0,0.html Country Profile - Turkey], January 2006, [[United States Library of Congress]], 2008-01</ref><ref name="world-factbook-tr">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tu.html|title=Turkey|work=World Factbook|year=2007|publisher=[[CIA]]}}</ref> however, a 2007 survey found that about 3% of adults define their relation with religion as "having no religious conviction" or "not believing in religious obligations".<ref name="KONDA">[http://www.konda.com.tr/html/dosyalar/ghdl&t_en.pdf KONDA Research and Consultancy - Religion, secularism and the veil in daily life]</ref> The majority of the Muslims are Sunni (85–90%) and a large minority are [[Alevism|Alevi]] (10–15%), a community within [[Twelver]] [[Shi'a Islam]], numbering from 7–11 million.<ref name="mgmpPRC">{{Citation|editor-last=Miller|editor-first=Tracy|month=October|year=2009|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World’s Muslim Population|format=PDF|url=http://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf|accessdate=2009-10-08}}</ref> There are also some [[Sufism|Sufi]] practitioners.<ref>[http://www.allaboutturkey.com/sufi.htm All about Turkey: ''Sufism'']</ref> The highest Islamic religious authority is the [[Presidency of Religious Affairs]] ({{lang-tr|Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı}}), it interprets the [[Hanafi]] school of law, and is responsible for regulating the operation of the country's 75,000 registered mosques and employing local and provincial imams.<ref name=religiousfreedomreport>[http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90204.htm Bureau of Democracy, Human rights and Labor – International Religious Freedom Report 2007– Turkey]</ref> Based on a nationwide [[Statistical survey|survey]] in 2007 however, it showed 96.8% of Turkish citizens have a [[religion]], while 3.2% are [[irreligion|irreligious]] and [[atheism|atheists]].<ref>[http://www.konda.com.tr/html/dosyalar/ghdl&t_en.pdf KONDA Research and Consultancy – Religion, Secularism and the veil in daily life.]</ref> |
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There are less than 100,000 minorities which follow other religions,<ref>[http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=161291 Foreign Ministry: 89,000 minorities live in Turkey] Today's Zaman (2008-12-15). Retrieved on 2009-08-23.</ref> mainly [[Christianity|Christians]], mostly [[Armenian Apostolic]], [[Assyrian Church of the East]] and [[Greek Orthodox]] (64,000 people) and [[Judaism|Jews]], mainly [[Sephardi]] (26,000 people).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americansephardifederation.org/PDF/exhibitions/Jewish_Costumes_Early_History_Jews_in_Turkey.pdf |format=PDF|title=An Overview of the History of the Jews in Turkey |
There are less than 100,000 minorities which follow other religions,<ref>[http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=161291 Foreign Ministry: 89,000 minorities live in Turkey] Today's Zaman (2008-12-15). Retrieved on 2009-08-23.</ref> mainly [[Christianity|Christians]], mostly [[Armenian Apostolic]], [[Assyrian Church of the East]] and [[Greek Orthodox]] (64,000 people) and [[Judaism|Jews]], mainly [[Sephardi]] (26,000 people).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americansephardifederation.org/PDF/exhibitions/Jewish_Costumes_Early_History_Jews_in_Turkey.pdf |format=PDF|title=An Overview of the History of the Jews in Turkey|publisher=American Sephardi Federation|accessdate=2008-10-19|year=2006}}</ref><ref>[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Turkey.pdf Country Profile: Turkey, August 2008 – Library of Congress – Federal Research Division]</ref> According to a [[Pew Research Center]] report in 2002, 65% of the people believe religion is very important,<ref name="Pew Research Center">{{cite web|url=http://pewglobal.org/reports/display.php?ReportID=167|title=Pew Global Attitudes Project: Religion is very important|accessdate=2002-12-19}}</ref> while according to a [[Eurobarometer]] poll in 2005, 95% of citizens responded that they believe there is a [[God]].<ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf Eurobarometer Poll, 2005]</ref> |
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The [[Orthodox Church]] has been headquartered in Istanbul since the fourth century AD. However, the Turkish government does not recognize the [[ecumenical]] status of [[Patriarch]] [[Bartholomew I]], who is the [[primus inter pares|most senior bishop among equals]] in the traditional hierarchy of Orthodox Christianity, and forces the Church to operate under significant restrictions. Most of the Church's properties and schools, including the [[Theological School of Halki]], have been expropriated, while Christians remain widely persecuted in Turkey.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=6001717n|title=The Patriarch Bartholomew|date=20 December 2009|work=[[60 Minutes]]|publisher=[[CBS]]|accessdate=11 January 2010}}</ref> |
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== Culture == |
== Culture == |
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{{Main|Culture of Turkey|Turkish architecture|Turkish art|Turkish cuisine}} |
{{Main|Culture of Turkey|Turkish architecture|Turkish art|Turkish cuisine}} |
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[[File:DolmabahceMainGate.JPG|thumb|right|180px|One of the main entrance gates of the [[Dolmabahçe Palace]]]] |
[[File:DolmabahceMainGate.JPG|thumb|right|180px|One of the main entrance gates of the [[Dolmabahçe Palace]]]] |
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Turkey has a very diverse culture that is a blend of various elements of the [[Turkic peoples|Oğuz Turkic]], [[Anatolia]]n, [[Culture of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] (which was itself a continuation of both [[Greco-Roman]] and [[Islamic]] cultures) and [[Western culture]] and traditions, which started with the [[Tanzimat|Westernization of the Ottoman Empire]] and still continues today. This mix originally began as a result of the encounter of Turks and their culture with those of the peoples who were in their path during [[Turkic migration|their migration]] from Central Asia to the West.<ref name="TR_culture" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turks.org.uk/index.php?pid=8 |
Turkey has a very diverse culture that is a blend of various elements of the [[Turkic peoples|Oğuz Turkic]], [[Anatolia]]n, [[Culture of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] (which was itself a continuation of both [[Greco-Roman]] and [[Islamic]] cultures) and [[Western culture]] and traditions, which started with the [[Tanzimat|Westernization of the Ottoman Empire]] and still continues today. This mix originally began as a result of the encounter of Turks and their culture with those of the peoples who were in their path during [[Turkic migration|their migration]] from Central Asia to the West.<ref name="TR_culture" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turks.org.uk/index.php?pid=8|title=Turks – A Journey of a Thousand Years: 600–1600|author=Royal Academy of Arts|authorlink=Royal Academy of Arts|publisher=Royal Academy of Arts|accessdate=2006-12-12|year=2005}}</ref> |
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As Turkey successfully transformed from the religion-based former Ottoman Empire into a modern nation-state with a very strong separation of state and religion, an increase in the methods of artistic expression followed. During the first years of the republic, the government invested a large amount of resources into fine arts; such as museums, theatres, opera houses and architecture. Diverse historical factors play important roles in defining the modern Turkish identity. Turkish culture is a product of efforts to be a "modern" Western state, while maintaining traditional religious and historical values.<ref name="TR_culture">{{cite book|title=Social Theory and Later Modernities: The Turkish Experience|first=İbrahim|last=Kaya|publisher=Liverpool University Press |
As Turkey successfully transformed from the religion-based former Ottoman Empire into a modern nation-state with a very strong separation of state and religion, an increase in the methods of artistic expression followed. During the first years of the republic, the government invested a large amount of resources into fine arts; such as museums, theatres, opera houses and architecture. Diverse historical factors play important roles in defining the modern Turkish identity. Turkish culture is a product of efforts to be a "modern" Western state, while maintaining traditional religious and historical values.<ref name="TR_culture">{{cite book|title=Social Theory and Later Modernities: The Turkish Experience|first=İbrahim|last=Kaya|publisher=Liverpool University Press|year=2003|isbn=0-8532-3898-7|url=http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0853238987&id=0Iy7pJBRgjYC&pg=PA58&lpg=PA58&dq=Turkish+culture&sig=vfMN32AjbkM6idjKsbT7JR4zfWg#PPA49,M1}}</ref> |
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[[Music of Turkey|Turkish music]] and [[Turkish literature|literature]] form great examples of such a mix of cultural influences, which were a result of the interaction between the Ottoman Empire and the Islamic world along with Europe, thus contributing to a blend of Turkic, Islamic and European traditions in modern-day Turkish music and literary arts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkmusikisi.com/osmanli_musikisi/the_ottoman_music.htm |
[[Music of Turkey|Turkish music]] and [[Turkish literature|literature]] form great examples of such a mix of cultural influences, which were a result of the interaction between the Ottoman Empire and the Islamic world along with Europe, thus contributing to a blend of Turkic, Islamic and European traditions in modern-day Turkish music and literary arts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkmusikisi.com/osmanli_musikisi/the_ottoman_music.htm|title=The Ottoman music|author=Cinuçen Tanrıkorur|authorlink=Cinuçen Tanrıkorur|publisher=www.turkmusikisi.com|accessdate=2006-12-12|date=}}</ref> Turkish literature was heavily influenced by [[Persian literature|Persian]] and [[Arabic literature]] during most of the Ottoman era, though towards the end of the Ottoman Empire, particularly after the [[Tanzimat]] period, the effect of both Turkish folk and European literary traditions became increasingly felt. The mix of cultural influences is dramatized, for example, in the form of the "new symbols [of] the clash and interlacing of cultures" enacted in the works of [[Orhan Pamuk]], winner of the 2006 [[Nobel Prize in Literature]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6044192.stm|title=Pamuk wins Nobel Literature prize|work=British Broadcasting Corporation|accessdate=2006-12-12|date=2006-10-12}}</ref> |
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Architectural elements found in Turkey are also testaments to the unique mix of traditions that have influenced the region over the centuries. In addition to the traditional [[Byzantine architecture|Byzantine elements]] present in numerous parts of Turkey, many artifacts of the later [[Ottoman architecture]], with its exquisite blend of local and Islamic traditions, are to be found throughout the country, as well as in many former territories of the Ottoman Empire. [[Mimar Sinan]] is widely regarded as the greatest architect of the classical period in Ottoman architecture. Since the 18th century, Turkish architecture has been increasingly influenced by Western styles, and this can be particularly seen in Istanbul where buildings like [[Dolmabahçe Palace|Dolmabahçe]] and [[Çırağan Palace]]s are juxtaposed next to numerous modern skyscrapers, all of them representing different traditions.<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of Ottoman Architecture|first=Godfrey|last=Goodwin|publisher=Thames & Hudson |
Architectural elements found in Turkey are also testaments to the unique mix of traditions that have influenced the region over the centuries. In addition to the traditional [[Byzantine architecture|Byzantine elements]] present in numerous parts of Turkey, many artifacts of the later [[Ottoman architecture]], with its exquisite blend of local and Islamic traditions, are to be found throughout the country, as well as in many former territories of the Ottoman Empire. [[Mimar Sinan]] is widely regarded as the greatest architect of the classical period in Ottoman architecture. Since the 18th century, Turkish architecture has been increasingly influenced by Western styles, and this can be particularly seen in Istanbul where buildings like [[Dolmabahçe Palace|Dolmabahçe]] and [[Çırağan Palace]]s are juxtaposed next to numerous modern skyscrapers, all of them representing different traditions.<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of Ottoman Architecture|first=Godfrey|last=Goodwin|publisher=Thames & Hudson|year=2003|isbn=0-5002-7429-0|url=}}</ref> |
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==Sports== |
==Sports== |
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{{main|Sports in Turkey}} |
{{main|Sports in Turkey}} |
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[[File:Atatürk Olympic Stadium Istanbul.jpg|thumb|240px|[[Atatürk Olympic Stadium]] in [[Istanbul]] hosted the [[2005 UEFA Champions League Final]]]] |
[[File:Atatürk Olympic Stadium Istanbul.jpg|thumb|240px|[[Atatürk Olympic Stadium]] in [[Istanbul]] hosted the [[2005 UEFA Champions League Final]]]] |
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The most popular sport in Turkey is [[Association football|football]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allaboutturkey.com/sports.htm |
The most popular sport in Turkey is [[Association football|football]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allaboutturkey.com/sports.htm|title=Sports in Turkey|author=Burak Sansal|publisher=allaboutturkey.com|accessdate=2006-12-13|year=2006}}</ref> Turkey's top teams include [[Galatasaray S.K.|Galatasaray]], [[Fenerbahçe S.K.|Fenerbahçe]] and [[Besiktas J.K.|Beşiktaş]]. In 2000, Galatasaray cemented its role as a major European club by winning the [[UEFA Cup]] and [[UEFA Super Cup]]. Two years later the Turkish national team finished third in the [[2002 World Cup]] Finals in Japan and South Korea, while in 2008 the national team reached the semi-finals of the [[UEFA Euro 2008]] competition. The [[Atatürk Olympic Stadium]] in Istanbul hosted the [[2005 UEFA Champions League Final]], while the [[Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium]] in Istanbul hosted the [[2009 UEFA Cup Final]]. |
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Other mainstream sports such as [[basketball]] and [[volleyball]] are also popular. Turkey hosted the finals of [[EuroBasket 2001]] and will also host the finals of the [[2010 FIBA World Championship]]. The men's national basketball team finished second in EuroBasket 2001 and reached the quarter-finals of the [[2006 FIBA World Championship]]; while [[Efes Pilsen S.K.]] won the [[Korac Cup]] in 1996, finished second in the [[Saporta Cup]] of 1993, and made it to the Final Four of [[Euroleague]] and [[Suproleague]] in 2000 and 2001.<ref>[http://en.efesbasket.org/the_clup/icerik.aspx?SectionId=103 Historic achievements of the Efes Pilsen Basketball Team]</ref> Turkish basketball players such as [[Mehmet Okur]] and [[Hidayet Türkoğlu]] have also been successful in the [[NBA]]. Women's volleyball teams, namely [[Eczacıbaşı Istanbul|Eczacıbaşı]] and [[Vakifbank Günes S. Istanbul|Vakıfbank Güneş Sigorta]], have won numerous European championship titles and medals. |
Other mainstream sports such as [[basketball]] and [[volleyball]] are also popular. Turkey hosted the finals of [[EuroBasket 2001]] and will also host the finals of the [[2010 FIBA World Championship]]. The men's national basketball team finished second in EuroBasket 2001 and reached the quarter-finals of the [[2006 FIBA World Championship]]; while [[Efes Pilsen S.K.]] won the [[Korac Cup]] in 1996, finished second in the [[Saporta Cup]] of 1993, and made it to the Final Four of [[Euroleague]] and [[Suproleague]] in 2000 and 2001.<ref>[http://en.efesbasket.org/the_clup/icerik.aspx?SectionId=103 Historic achievements of the Efes Pilsen Basketball Team]</ref> Turkish basketball players such as [[Mehmet Okur]] and [[Hidayet Türkoğlu]] have also been successful in the [[NBA]]. Women's volleyball teams, namely [[Eczacıbaşı Istanbul|Eczacıbaşı]] and [[Vakifbank Günes S. Istanbul|Vakıfbank Güneş Sigorta]], have won numerous European championship titles and medals. |
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The traditional Turkish national sport has been the [[yağlı güreş]] (''oiled wrestling'') since Ottoman times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allaboutturkey.com/yagligures.htm |
The traditional Turkish national sport has been the [[yağlı güreş]] (''oiled wrestling'') since Ottoman times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allaboutturkey.com/yagligures.htm|title=Oiled Wrestling|author=Burak Sansal|publisher=allaboutturkey.com|accessdate=2006-12-13|year=2006}}</ref> [[Edirne]] hosts the annual [[Kırkpınar]] oiled wrestling tournament since 1361.<ref>[http://www.kirkpinar.com/home.php?link=history&dil=en Kırkpınar Oiled Wrestling Tournament: History]</ref> International wrestling styles governed by [[International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles|FILA]] such as [[Freestyle wrestling]] and [[Greco-Roman wrestling]] are also popular, with many European, World and Olympic championship titles won by Turkish wrestlers both individually and as a national team.<ref>[http://www.iat.uni-leipzig.de/datenbanken/dbwrest/start.php FILA Wrestling Database]</ref> |
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[[Olympic weightlifting|Weightlifting]] has been a successful Turkish sport. Turkish weightlifters, both male and female, have broken numerous world records and won several European,<ref>[http://www.halter.gov.tr/AVRUPA%20REKORLARI.XLS Turkish Weightlifting Federation: List of European (Avrupa) records by male and female weightlifters] |
[[Olympic weightlifting|Weightlifting]] has been a successful Turkish sport. Turkish weightlifters, both male and female, have broken numerous world records and won several European,<ref>[http://www.halter.gov.tr/AVRUPA%20REKORLARI.XLS Turkish Weightlifting Federation: List of European (Avrupa) records by male and female weightlifters]</ref> World and Olympic<ref>[http://www.halter.gov.tr/DÜNYA-OLİMPİYAT%20REKORLARI.XLS Turkish Weightlifting Federation: List of World (Dünya) and Olympic (Olimpiyat) records by male and female weightlifters]</ref> championship titles. [[Naim Suleymanoglu|Naim Süleymanoğlu]] and [[Halil Mutlu]] have achieved legendary status as one of the few weightlifters to have won three gold medals in three Olympics. |
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[[File:Istanbul Park Turkish Grand Prix Circuit.jpg|thumb|left|400px|[[Istanbul Park]] racing circuit a few hours before the [[Formula One|F1]] [[Turkish Grand Prix]]]] |
[[File:Istanbul Park Turkish Grand Prix Circuit.jpg|thumb|left|400px|[[Istanbul Park]] racing circuit a few hours before the [[Formula One|F1]] [[Turkish Grand Prix]]]] |
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[[Motorsports]] have become popular recently, especially following the inclusion of the [[Rally of Turkey]] to the [[FIA]] [[World Rally Championship]] calendar in 2003,<ref>[http://www.wrcturkey.com/v08/e_historyevent.asp WRC Rally of Turkey: Brief event history]</ref> and the inclusion of the [[Turkish Grand Prix]] to the [[Formula One]] racing calendar in 2005.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula_one/circuit_guide/4252173.stm BBC Sport: Formula 1 circuit guide: Istanbul, Turkey] |
[[Motorsports]] have become popular recently, especially following the inclusion of the [[Rally of Turkey]] to the [[FIA]] [[World Rally Championship]] calendar in 2003,<ref>[http://www.wrcturkey.com/v08/e_historyevent.asp WRC Rally of Turkey: Brief event history]</ref> and the inclusion of the [[Turkish Grand Prix]] to the [[Formula One]] racing calendar in 2005.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula_one/circuit_guide/4252173.stm BBC Sport: Formula 1 circuit guide: Istanbul, Turkey]</ref> Other important annual motorsports events which are held at the [[Istanbul Park]] racing circuit include the [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing|MotoGP Grand Prix of Turkey]], the [[FIA]] [[World Touring Car Championship]], the [[GP2 Series]] and the [[Le Mans Series]]. From time to time [[Istanbul]] and [[Antalya]] also host the Turkish leg of the [[F1 Powerboat Racing]] championship; while the Turkish leg of the [[Red Bull Air Race World Series]], an [[air racing]] competition, takes place above the [[Golden Horn]] in Istanbul. Surfing, snowboarding, skateboarding, paragliding and other extreme sports are becoming more popular every year. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{col-begin}} |
{{col-begin}} |
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{{col-break|width=50%}} |
{{col-break|width=50%}} |
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;History |
;History |
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* {{cite book|title=The Turks in World History|first=Carter Vaughn|last=Findley|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|year=2004|isbn=0195177266}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|title = The Turks in World History |
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* {{cite book|title=The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire|first=Patrick|last=Kinross|publisher=Morrow|year=1977|isbn=0688030939}} |
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|first=Carter Vaughn|last=Findley |
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|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |
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* {{cite book|title=Ataturk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey|first=Andrew|last=Mango|publisher=Overlook|year=2000|isbn=1585670111}} |
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|year=2004 |
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|isbn=0195177266 |
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* {{cite book|title=The Oxford History of Byzantium|first=Cyril|last=Mango|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|year=2002|isbn=0198140983}} |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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* {{cite book|title=History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey|first=Stanford Jay|last=Shaw|coauthors=Kural Shaw, Ezel|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1977|isbn=0521291631}} |
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|title = The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire |
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|first=Patrick|last=Kinross |
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* {{cite book|title=Al Hind: The Making of the Indo Islamic World, Vol. 1, Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, 7th–11th Centuries|first=André|last=Wink|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers|year=1990|isbn=9004092498}} |
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|publisher=Morrow |
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|year=1977 |
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|isbn=0688030939 |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|title = Ataturk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey |
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|first=Andrew|last=Mango |
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|publisher=Overlook |
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|year=2000 |
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|isbn=1585670111 |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|title = The Oxford History of Byzantium |
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|first=Cyril|last=Mango |
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|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |
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|year=2002 |
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|isbn=0198140983 |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
|||
|title = History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey |
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|first=Stanford Jay|last=Shaw |
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|coauthors=Kural Shaw, Ezel |
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|publisher=Cambridge University Press |
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|year=1977 |
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|isbn=0521291631 |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|title = Al Hind: The Making of the Indo Islamic World, Vol. 1, Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, 7th–11th Centuries |
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|first=André|last=Wink |
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|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |
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|year=1990 |
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|isbn=9004092498 |
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}} |
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;Politics |
;Politics |
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* {{cite web|title=Upsurge amidst Political Uncertainty. Nationalism in post-2004 Turkey. SWP Research Paper 2006/RP 11, October 2006|first=Ioannis N.|last=Grigoriadis|publisher=Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (German Institute for International and Security Affairs)|location=Berlin|format=PDF|accessdate=2007-07-31|year=2006|url=http://www.swp-berlin.org/common/get_document.php?asset_id=3380}} |
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* {{cite web |
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|title = Upsurge amidst Political Uncertainty. Nationalism in post-2004 Turkey. SWP Research Paper 2006/RP 11, October 2006 |
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* {{cite book|title = Turkish Politics and the Military|first=William Mathew|last=Hale|publisher=Routledge (UK)|year=1994|isbn=0415024552|url=http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=50O5kEzZ1JQC&oi=fnd&pg=RA1-PA1&sig=OjT1iSBlPON-NQRoo_tc37Wa_34&dq=Turkish+Armed+Forces#PRA1-PA154,M1}} |
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|first=Ioannis N.|last=Grigoriadis |
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|publisher=Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (German Institute for International and Security Affairs) |
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* {{cite book|title=Political Parties in Turkey|first=Barry M.|last=Rubin|coauthors=Heper, Metin|publisher=Routledge (UK)|year=2002|isbn=0714652741}} |
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|location=Berlin |
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|format=PDF |
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|accessdate=2007-07-31 |
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|year=2006 |
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|url=http://www.swp-berlin.org/common/get_document.php?asset_id=3380 |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|title = Turkish Politics and the Military |
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|first=William Mathew|last=Hale |
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|publisher=Routledge (UK) |
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|year=1994 |
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|isbn=0415024552 |
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|url=http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=50O5kEzZ1JQC&oi=fnd&pg=RA1-PA1&sig=OjT1iSBlPON-NQRoo_tc37Wa_34&dq=Turkish+Armed+Forces#PRA1-PA154,M1 |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|title = Political Parties in Turkey |
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|first=Barry M.|last=Rubin |
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|coauthors=Heper, Metin |
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|publisher=Routledge (UK) |
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|year=2002 |
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|isbn=0714652741 |
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}} |
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;Foreign relations and military |
;Foreign relations and military |
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* {{cite book|title=Turkish Foreign Policy In Post Cold War Era|first=İdris|last=Bal|publisher=Universal Publishers|year=2004|isbn=1581124236|url=http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN1581124236&id=vDzjkrTDKjYC&pg=PP1&lpg=PP1&ots=5PdqmRoyEn&dq=turkey+cold+war&sig=XoCrRT0pN70sZn6zvtnpdBF0HWw#PRA1-PA291,M1}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|title = Turkish Foreign Policy In Post Cold War Era |
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* {{cite web|title=Generating Momentum for a New Era in U.S.-Turkey Relations|first=Steven A.|last=Cook|coauthors=Sherwood-Randall, Elizabeth|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations|format=PDF|accessdate=2006-12-17|date=2006-06-15|url=http://www.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/TurkeyCSR.pdf}} |
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|first=İdris|last=Bal |
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|publisher=Universal Publishers |
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* {{cite book|title=Outposts and Allies: U.S. Army Logistics in the Cold War, 1945–1953|first=James A.|last=Huston|publisher=Susquehanna University Press|year=1988|isbn=0941664848|url=http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0941664848&id=ID4E3Lm8TsgC&pg=PA198&lpg=PA198&ots=Yg9KqG871J&dq=turkey+cold+war&sig=d5Xry3n-9lmlUZTnM6tpFBBtxOQ#PPA177,M1}} |
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|year=2004 |
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|isbn=1581124236 |
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* {{cite book|title=Turkey and the European Union: Domestic Politics, Economic Integration, and International Dynamics|first=Barry M.|last=Rubin|coauthors=Çarkoǧlu, Ali|publisher=Routledge (UK)|year=2003|isbn=0714654027|url=http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0714654027&id=1Nxy_E8Gds4C&pg=PP1&lpg=PP1&ots=_frveF1zQH&dq=Turkey+European+Union&sig=f3oKd0w9QWKju2W47R33TMMdz3w#PPP1,M1}} |
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|url=http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN1581124236&id=vDzjkrTDKjYC&pg=PP1&lpg=PP1&ots=5PdqmRoyEn&dq=turkey+cold+war&sig=XoCrRT0pN70sZn6zvtnpdBF0HWw#PRA1-PA291,M1 |
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}} |
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* {{cite paper|title=Turkey/Military service|author=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Directorate for Movements of Persons, Migration and Consular Affairs – Asylum and Migration Division|publisher=UNHCR|format=PDF|date=July 2001|url=http://www.unhcr.org/home/RSDCOI/3c1622484.pdf}} |
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* {{cite web |
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|title = Generating Momentum for a New Era in U.S.-Turkey Relations |
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|first=Steven A.|last=Cook |
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|coauthors=Sherwood-Randall, Elizabeth |
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|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations |
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|format=PDF |
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|accessdate=2006-12-17 |
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|date=2006-06-15 |
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|url=http://www.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/TurkeyCSR.pdf |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
|||
|title = Outposts and Allies: U.S. Army Logistics in the Cold War, 1945–1953 |
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|first=James A.|last=Huston |
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|publisher=Susquehanna University Press |
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|year=1988 |
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|isbn=0941664848 |
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|url=http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0941664848&id=ID4E3Lm8TsgC&pg=PA198&lpg=PA198&ots=Yg9KqG871J&dq=turkey+cold+war&sig=d5Xry3n-9lmlUZTnM6tpFBBtxOQ#PPA177,M1 |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|title = Turkey and the European Union: Domestic Politics, Economic Integration, and International Dynamics |
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|first=Barry M.|last=Rubin |
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|coauthors=Çarkoǧlu, Ali |
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|publisher=Routledge (UK) |
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|year=2003 |
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|isbn=0714654027 |
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|url=http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0714654027&id=1Nxy_E8Gds4C&pg=PP1&lpg=PP1&ots=_frveF1zQH&dq=Turkey+European+Union&sig=f3oKd0w9QWKju2W47R33TMMdz3w#PPP1,M1 |
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}} |
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* {{cite paper |
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|title = Turkey/Military service |
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|author=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Directorate for Movements of Persons, Migration and Consular Affairs – Asylum and Migration Division |
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|publisher=UNHCR |
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|format=PDF |
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|date=July 2001 |
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|url=http://www.unhcr.org/home/RSDCOI/3c1622484.pdf |
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}}{{dead link|date=December 2009}} |
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{{col-break|width=50%}} |
{{col-break|width=50%}} |
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;Geography and climate |
;Geography and climate |
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* {{cite web|title=Climate of Turkey|author=Turkish State Meteorological Service|publisher=Turkish State Meteorological Service|accessdate=2006-12-27|year=2006|url=http://www.meteor.gov.tr/2006/english/eng-climateofturkey.aspx}} |
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* {{cite web |
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|title = Climate of Turkey |
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|author=Turkish State Meteorological Service |
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|publisher=Turkish State Meteorological Service |
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|accessdate=2006-12-27 |
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|year=2006 |
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|url=http://www.meteor.gov.tr/2006/english/eng-climateofturkey.aspx |
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}} |
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;Economy |
;Economy |
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* {{cite web|title=Turkey's evolving trade integration into Pan-European markets|first=Bartolomiej|last=Kaminski|coauthors=Ng, Francis|publisher=World Bank|format=PDF|accessdate=2006-12-27|date=2006-05-01|url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2006/05/03/000016406_20060503112446/Rendered/PDF/wps3908.pdf}} |
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* {{cite web |
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|title = Turkey's evolving trade integration into Pan-European markets |
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* {{cite book|title=Economics and Politics of Turkish Liberalization|first=Tevfik F.|last=Nas|publisher=Lehigh University Press|year=1992|isbn=093422319X}} |
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|first=Bartolomiej|last=Kaminski |
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|coauthors=Ng, Francis |
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* {{cite book|title=OECD Reviews of Regulatory Refom – Turkey: crucial support for economic recovery : 2002|author=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|publisher=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|year=2002|isbn=9264198083|url=http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN9264198083&id=ufYU_fR7mLgC&pg=PP1&lpg=PP1&ots=xxhe4iYB7B&dq=Turkey&sig=5WqjRxHbjn4ObFDJc_sQKuIB2sg#PPP1,M1}} |
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|publisher=World Bank |
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|format=PDF |
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* {{cite web|title=Turkey Labor Market Study|author=World Bank|publisher=World Bank|format=PDF|accessdate=2006-12-27|year=2005|url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTTURKEY/Resources/361616-1144320150009/Labor_C2.pdf}} |
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|accessdate=2006-12-27 |
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|date=2006-05-01 |
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|url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2006/05/03/000016406_20060503112446/Rendered/PDF/wps3908.pdf |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|title = Economics and Politics of Turkish Liberalization |
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|first=Tevfik F. |
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|last=Nas |
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|publisher=Lehigh University Press |
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|year=1992 |
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|isbn=093422319X |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|title = OECD Reviews of Regulatory Refom – Turkey: crucial support for economic recovery : 2002 |
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|author=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |
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|publisher=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |
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|year=2002 |
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|isbn=9264198083 |
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|url=http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN9264198083&id=ufYU_fR7mLgC&pg=PP1&lpg=PP1&ots=xxhe4iYB7B&dq=Turkey&sig=5WqjRxHbjn4ObFDJc_sQKuIB2sg#PPP1,M1 |
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}} |
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* {{cite web |
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|title = Turkey Labor Market Study |
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|author=World Bank |
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|publisher=World Bank |
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|format=PDF |
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|accessdate=2006-12-27 |
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|year=2005 |
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|url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTTURKEY/Resources/361616-1144320150009/Labor_C2.pdf |
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}} |
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;Demographics |
;Demographics |
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* {{cite book|title=Religion and Politics in Turkey|first=Ali|last=Çarkoǧlu|publisher=Routledge (UK)|year=2004|isbn=0415348315|url=http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0415348315&id=t5G_zw9exMQC&pg=PP1&lpg=PP1&ots=nBltWxHPjd&dq=Religion+in+Turkey&sig=gLF9WOvOo0qZO5iwyUQSUc26Ya0#PPA28,M1}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|title = Religion and Politics in Turkey |
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* {{cite book|title=The other languages of Europe: Demographic, Sociolinguistic and Educational Perspectives|first=Guus|last=Extra|coauthors=Gorter, Durk|publisher=Multilingual Matters|year=2001|isbn=1853595098|url=http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN1853595098&id=hvmy_skUPNYC&pg=RA1-PA422&lpg=RA1-PA422&ots=2bxjbJbuzM&dq=%22ethnic+groups+in+turkey%22&sig=gsODCAuvT1TRupKgZBsVDZf-oDE#PRA1-PA421,M1}} |
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|first=Ali |
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|last=Çarkoǧlu |
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* {{cite book|title=The Alevis in Turkey: The Emergence of a Secular Islamic Tradition|first=David|last=Shankland|publisher=Routledge (UK)|year=2003|isbn=0700716068|url=http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0700716068&id=lFFRzTqLp6AC&pg=PP1&lpg=PP1&dq=Religion+in+Turkey&sig=qrG576JrBxJ4LIBqD-41ALytcAI#PPP1,M1}} |
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|publisher=Routledge (UK) |
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|year=2004 |
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* {{cite news|title=Türkiyedeki Kürtlerin Sayısı! (Number of Kurds in Turkey!)|publisher=[[Milliyet]]|date=2008-06-06|accessdate=2008-06-07|language=Turkish|url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/default.aspx?aType=SonDakika&Kategori=yasam&ArticleID=873452&Date=07.06.2008&ver=16}} |
|||
|isbn=0415348315 |
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|url=http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0415348315&id=t5G_zw9exMQC&pg=PP1&lpg=PP1&ots=nBltWxHPjd&dq=Religion+in+Turkey&sig=gLF9WOvOo0qZO5iwyUQSUc26Ya0#PPA28,M1}} |
|||
* {{cite web|title=2000 Census, population by provinces and districts|author=Turkish Statistical Institute|publisher=Turkish Statistical Institute|format=XLS|accessdate=2006-12-11|year=2000|url=http://www.die.gov.tr/nufus_sayimi/2000tablo5.xls}} |
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* {{cite book |
|||
|title = The other languages of Europe: Demographic, Sociolinguistic and Educational Perspectives |
|||
|first=Guus |
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|last=Extra |
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|coauthors=Gorter, Durk |
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|publisher=Multilingual Matters |
|||
|year=2001 |
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|isbn=1853595098 |
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|url=http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN1853595098&id=hvmy_skUPNYC&pg=RA1-PA422&lpg=RA1-PA422&ots=2bxjbJbuzM&dq=%22ethnic+groups+in+turkey%22&sig=gsODCAuvT1TRupKgZBsVDZf-oDE#PRA1-PA421,M1 |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
|||
|title = The Alevis in Turkey: The Emergence of a Secular Islamic Tradition |
|||
|first=David |
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|last=Shankland |
|||
|publisher=Routledge (UK) |
|||
|year=2003 |
|||
|isbn=0700716068 |
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|url=http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0700716068&id=lFFRzTqLp6AC&pg=PP1&lpg=PP1&dq=Religion+in+Turkey&sig=qrG576JrBxJ4LIBqD-41ALytcAI#PPP1,M1 |
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}} |
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* {{cite news |
|||
|title = Türkiyedeki Kürtlerin Sayısı! (Number of Kurds in Turkey!) |
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|publisher=[[Milliyet]] |
|||
|date=2008-06-06 |
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|accessdate=2008-06-07 |
|||
|language=Turkish |
|||
|url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/default.aspx?aType=SonDakika&Kategori=yasam&ArticleID=873452&Date=07.06.2008&ver=16 |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite web |
|||
|title = 2000 Census, population by provinces and districts |
|||
|author=Turkish Statistical Institute |
|||
|publisher=Turkish Statistical Institute |
|||
|format=XLS |
|||
|accessdate=2006-12-11 |
|||
|year=2000 |
|||
|url=http://www.die.gov.tr/nufus_sayimi/2000tablo5.xls |
|||
}} |
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;Culture |
;Culture |
||
* {{cite book|title=A History of Ottoman Architecture|first=Godfrey|last=Goodwin|publisher=Thames & Hudson|year=2003|isbn=0500274290}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|title = A History of Ottoman Architecture |
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* {{cite book|title=Social Theory and Later Modernities: The Turkish Experience|first=İbrahim|last=Kaya|publisher=Liverpool University Press|year=2003|isbn=0853238987|url=http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0853238987&id=0Iy7pJBRgjYC&pg=PA58&lpg=PA58&dq=Turkish+culture&sig=vfMN32AjbkM6idjKsbT7JR4zfWg#PPA49,M1}} |
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|first=Godfrey |
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|last=Goodwin |
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|publisher=Thames & Hudson |
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|year=2003 |
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|isbn=0500274290 |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|title = Social Theory and Later Modernities: The Turkish Experience |
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|first=İbrahim |
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|last=Kaya |
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|publisher=Liverpool University Press |
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|year=2003 |
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|isbn=0853238987 |
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|url=http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0853238987&id=0Iy7pJBRgjYC&pg=PA58&lpg=PA58&dq=Turkish+culture&sig=vfMN32AjbkM6idjKsbT7JR4zfWg#PPA49,M1 |
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}} |
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{{col-end}} |
{{col-end}} |
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</div> |
</div> |
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==Further reading== |
==Further reading== |
||
<div class="references-small"> |
<div class="references-small"> |
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* {{cite book|title=The Turks Today|first=Andrew|last=Mango|publisher=Overlook|year=2004|isbn=1585676152}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|title = The Turks Today |
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* {{cite book|title=Turkey Unveiled|first=Hugh|last=Pope|coauthors=Pope, Nicole|publisher=Overlook|year=2004|isbn=1585675814}} |
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|first=Andrew |
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|last=Mango |
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* {{cite book|title=The Yogurt Man Cometh: Tales of an American Teacher in Turkey|first=Kevin|last=Revolinski|publisher=Citlembik|year=2006|isbn=9944424013}} |
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|publisher=Overlook |
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|year=2004 |
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|isbn=1585676152 |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
|||
|title = Turkey Unveiled |
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|first=Hugh |
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|last=Pope |
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|coauthors=Pope, Nicole |
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|publisher=Overlook |
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|year=2004 |
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|isbn=1585675814 |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|title = The Yogurt Man Cometh: Tales of an American Teacher in Turkey |
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|first=Kevin |
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|last=Revolinski |
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|publisher=Citlembik |
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|year=2006 |
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|isbn=9944424013 |
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}} |
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* Roxburgh, David J. (ed.) (2005). ''Turks: A Journey of a Thousand Years, 600–1600.'' Royal Academy of Arts. ISBN 1-903973-56-2. |
* Roxburgh, David J. (ed.) (2005). ''Turks: A Journey of a Thousand Years, 600–1600.'' Royal Academy of Arts. ISBN 1-903973-56-2. |
||
* ''Turkey: A Country Study'' (1996). Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. ISBN 0-8444-0864-6. |
* ''Turkey: A Country Study'' (1996). Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. ISBN 0-8444-0864-6. |
||
* {{citation|volume=5|title=“Turkey, Asia and the Iranian Nuclear Crisis”| |editor=M. Nicolas J. Firzli |location=Vienna, Austria|publisher=[[Vienna Review]]|year=2010|series=Commentary |pages=1–4|url= http://canadianeuropean.com/yahoo_site_admin/assets/docs/Turkey_Asia__Iranian_Nuclear_Crisis_Vienna_Review__May_2010.11575525.pdf |chapter= }} |
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* {{citation|volume=5|title=“Turkey, Asia and the Iranian Nuclear Crisis”|editor=M. Nicolas J. Firzli|location=Vienna, Austria|publisher=[[Vienna Review]]|year=2010|series=Commentary|pages=1–4|url=http://canadianeuropean.com/yahoo_site_admin/assets/docs/Turkey_Asia__Iranian_Nuclear_Crisis_Vienna_Review__May_2010.11575525.pdf}} |
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</div> |
</div> |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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{{Toomanylinks}} |
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{{sisterlinks|Turkey}} |
{{sisterlinks|Turkey}} |
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[[Category:Turkey |
[[Category:Turkey]] |
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[[Category:States and territories established in 1923]] |
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[[Category:Western Asia]] |
[[Category:Western Asia]] |
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{{Link FA|hr}} |
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Revision as of 21:11, 30 April 2010
Republic of Turkey Türkiye Cumhuriyeti | |
---|---|
Presidential Seal of Turkey
| |
Motto: Yurtta Barış, Dünyada Barış Peace at Home, Peace in the World | |
Anthem: İstiklâl Marşı The Anthem of Independence | |
Capital | Ankara |
Largest city | Istanbul |
Official languages | Turkish |
Demonym(s) | Turkish |
Government | Parliamentary republic |
• Founder | Mustafa Kemal Atatürk |
Abdullah Gül | |
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan | |
Mehmet Ali Şahin | |
Haşim Kılıç | |
Succession to the Ottoman Empire² | |
July 24, 1923 | |
• Declaration of Republic | October 29, 1923 |
Area | |
• Total | 783,562 km2 (302,535 sq mi) (37th) |
• Water (%) | 1.3 |
Population | |
• 2009 census | 72,561,312[1] (18th³) |
• Density | 92.6/km2 (239.8/sq mi) (108th³) |
GDP (PPP) | 2009 estimate |
• Total | $880.061 billion[2] |
• Per capita | $12,476[2] |
GDP (nominal) | 2009 estimate |
• Total | $615.329 billion[2] |
• Per capita | $8,723[2] |
Gini (2005) | 38 medium |
HDI (2007) | 0.806[3] Error: Invalid HDI value (79th) |
Currency | Turkish lira5 (TRY) |
Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |
Driving side | right |
Calling code | 90 |
ISO 3166 code | TR |
Internet TLD | .tr |
|
Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye), known officially as the Republic of Turkey (, is a )Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in Western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north.
Separating Anatolia and Thrace are the Sea of Marmara and the Turkish Straits (the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles), which are commonly reckoned to delineate the boundary between Europe and Asia,[4] thereby making Turkey a country of significant geostrategic importance.[5][6] Ethnic Turks form the majority of the population, followed by the Kurds. The predominant religion in Turkey is Islam and its official language is Turkish.
Turkey is the successor state to the Ottoman Empire.[7] It is a democratic, secular, unitary, constitutional republic, with an ancient and historical cultural heritage. Its political system was established in 1923 under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, following the fall of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I. Since then, Turkey has become increasingly integrated with the West through membership in organizations such as the Council of Europe, NATO, OECD, OSCE and the G-20 major economies.
Turkey began full membership negotiations with the European Union in 2005, having been an associate member of the European Economic Community since 1963 and having reached a customs union agreement in 1995. Turkey has also fostered close cultural, political, economic and industrial relations with the Eastern world, particularly with the Middle East and the Turkic states of Central Asia, through membership in organizations such as the Organisation of the Islamic Conference and Economic Cooperation Organization. Turkey is classified as a developed country[8] by the CIA and as a regional power[9][10] by political scientists and economists worldwide.
Etymology
The name of Turkey, Türkiye in the Turkish language, can be divided into two components: Türk, which means "strong" or "mighty" in Old Turkic[11] and usually signifying the inhabitants of Turkey or a member of the Turkish or Turkic peoples,[11] a later form of "Tu–kin", a name given by the Chinese to the people living south of the Altay Mountains of Central Asia as early as 177 BCE;[12] and the abstract suffix –iye (derived from the Arabic suffix –iyya, but also associated with the Medieval Latin suffix –ia in Turchia.
The first recorded use of the term "Türk" or "Türük" as an autonym is contained in the Orkhon inscriptions of the Göktürks (Celestial Turks) of Central Asia (c. 8th century CE). The English word "Turkey" is derived from the Medieval Latin Turchia (c. 1369).[12]
History
Antiquity
The Anatolian peninsula, comprising most of modern Turkey, is one of the oldest continuously inhabited regions in the world. The earliest Neolithic settlements such as Çatalhöyük (Pottery Neolithic), Çayönü (Pre-Pottery Neolithic A to Pottery Neolithic), Nevali Cori (Pre-Pottery Neolithic B), Hacilar (Pottery Neolithic), Göbekli Tepe (Pre-Pottery Neolithic A) and Mersin are considered to be among the earliest human settlements in the world.[13]
The settlement of Troy starts in the Neolithic and continued into the Iron Age. Through recorded history, Anatolians have spoken Indo-European, Semitic and Kartvelian languages, as well as many languages of uncertain affiliation. In fact, given the antiquity of the Indo-European Hittite and Luwian languages, some scholars have proposed Anatolia as the hypothetical center from which the Indo-European languages have radiated.[14]
The first major empire in the area was that of the Hittites, from the 18th through the 13th century BCE. The Assyrians colonized parts of southeastern Turkey as far back as 1950 BCE. Subsequently, the Phrygians, an Indo-European people, achieved ascendancy until their kingdom was destroyed by the Cimmerians in the 7th century BCE.[15] The most powerful of Phrygia's successor states were Lydia, Caria and Lycia. The Lydians and Lycians spoke languages that were fundamentally Indo-European, but both languages had acquired non-Indo-European elements prior to the Hittite and Hellenistic periods.
Starting around 1200 BC, the coast of Anatolia was settled by Aeolian and Ionian Greeks. Tushhan was the Assyrian provincial capital in southeastern Turkey, between 900 and 600 BC. The Assyrians colonized southeastern Turkey until the year 612 BC, when the Assyrian Empire was conquered by the Chaldean dynasty in Babylon.[16][17] The entire area was conquered by the Persian Achaemenid Empire during the 6th and 5th centuries and later fell to Alexander the Great in 334 BCE.[18] Anatolia was subsequently divided into a number of small Hellenistic kingdoms (including Bithynia, Cappadocia, Pergamum, and Pontus), all of which had succumbed to the Roman Republic by the mid-1st century BCE.[19]
In 324 CE, the Roman emperor Constantine I chose Byzantium to be the new capital of the Roman Empire, renaming it New Rome (later Constantinople and Istanbul). After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, it became the capital of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire).[20]
Turks and the Ottoman Empire
The House of Seljuk was a branch of the Kınık Oğuz Turks who in the 10th century resided on the periphery of the Muslim world, north of the Caspian and Aral Seas in the Yabghu Khaganate of the Oğuz confederacy.[21] In the 11th century, the Seljuks started migrating from their ancestral homelands towards the eastern regions of Anatolia, which eventually became the new homeland of Oğuz Turkic tribes following the Battle of Manzikert (Malazgirt) in 1071.
The victory of the Seljuks gave rise to the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate; which developed as a separate branch of the larger Seljuk Empire that covered parts of Central Asia, Iran, Anatolia and Southwest Asia.[22]
In 1243, the Seljuk armies were defeated by the Mongols and the power of the empire slowly disintegrated. In its wake, one of the Turkish principalities governed by Osman I was to evolve over the next 200 years into the Ottoman Empire, expanding throughout Anatolia, the Balkans and the Levant.[23] In 1453, the city of Constantinople was conquered by the Ottoman armies of Mehmed II, marking the abolition of the Byzantine Empire.
In the 16th and 17th centuries and particularly during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire was among the world's most powerful political entities, controlling territories on three continents. It was often at odds with the Holy Roman Empire in its steady advance towards Central Europe through the Balkans and the southern part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.[6] At sea the empire contended with the combined forces (Holy Leagues) of Habsburg Spain, the Republic of Venice and the Knights of St. John for the control of the Mediterranean basin. In the Indian Ocean it frequently confronted Portuguese fleets for defending its monopoly over the ancient maritime trade routes between East Asia and Western Europe, which had become increasingly compromised since the discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488.
After nearly a century of decline, the Ottoman Empire entered World War I on the side of the Central Powers and was ultimately defeated. Following the Armistice of Mudros on October 30, 1918, the victorious Allied Powers sought the dismemberment of the Ottoman state through the Treaty of Sèvres in 1920.[23]
Republic era
The occupation of İstanbul and İzmir by the Allies in the aftermath of World War I prompted the establishment of the Turkish national movement.[6] Under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Pasha, a military commander who had distinguished himself during the Battle of Gallipoli, the Turkish War of Independence was waged with the aim of revoking the terms of the Treaty of Sèvres.[5]
By September 18, 1922, the occupying armies were expelled, and the new Turkish state was established. On November 1, the newly founded parliament formally abolished the Sultanate, thus ending 623 years of Ottoman rule. The Treaty of Lausanne of July 24, 1923, led to the international recognition of the sovereignty of the newly formed "Republic of Turkey" as the successor state of the Ottoman Empire, and the republic was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923, in the new capital of Ankara.[6]
Mustafa Kemal became the republic's first President of Turkey and subsequently introduced many radical reforms with the aim of founding a new secular republic from the remnants of its Ottoman past.[6] According to the Law on Family Names, the Turkish parliament presented Mustafa Kemal with the honorific surname "Atatürk" (Father Turk) in 1934.[5]
Turkey remained neutral during most of World War II but entered on the side of the Allies on February 23, 1945, as a ceremonial gesture and in 1945 became a charter member of the United Nations.[24] Difficulties faced by Greece after the war in quelling a communist rebellion, along with demands by the Soviet Union for military bases in the Turkish Straits, prompted the United States to declare the Truman Doctrine in 1947. The doctrine enunciated American intentions to guarantee the security of Turkey and Greece, and resulted in large-scale U.S. military and economic support.[25]
After participating with the United Nations forces in the Korean conflict, Turkey joined NATO in 1952, becoming a bulwark against Soviet expansion into the Mediterranean. Following a decade of intercommunal violence on the island of Cyprus and the Greek military coup of July 1974, overthrowing President Makarios and installing Nikos Sampson as dictator, Turkey invaded the Republic of Cyprus in 1974. Nine years later the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) was established. Turkey is the only country to recognise the TRNC [26]
Following the end of the single-party period in 1945, the multi-party period created tensions over the next decades, and the period between the 1960s and the 1980s was particularly marked by periods of political instability that resulted in a number of military coups d'états in 1960, 1971, 1980 and a military memorandum in 1997.[27] In 1984, the Kurdistan Workers' Party began an insurgency which has claimed over 40,000 lives.[28] The liberalization of the Turkish economy during the 1980s changed the landscape of the country, with successive periods of high growth and crises punctuating the following decades.[29]
Government and politics
Turkey is a parliamentary representative democracy. Since its foundation as a republic in 1923, Turkey has developed a strong tradition of secularism.[30] Turkey's constitution governs the legal framework of the country. It sets out the main principles of government and establishes Turkey as a unitary centralized state.
The head of state is the President of the Republic and has a largely ceremonial role. The president is elected for a five-year term by direct elections. Abdullah Gül was elected as president on August 28, 2007, by a popular parliament round of votes, succeeding Ahmet Necdet Sezer.[31]
Executive power is exercised by the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers which make up the government, while the legislative power is vested in the unicameral parliament, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature, and the Constitutional Court is charged with ruling on the conformity of laws and decrees with the constitution. The Council of State is the tribunal of last resort for administrative cases, and the High Court of Appeals for all others.[32]
The prime minister is elected by the parliament through a vote of confidence in the government and is most often the head of the party having the most seats in parliament. The current prime minister is the former mayor of İstanbul, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, whose conservative AKP party won an absolute majority of parliamentary seats in the 2002 general elections, organized in the aftermath of the economic crisis of 2001, with 34% of the suffrage.[33]
In the 2007 general elections, the AKP received 46.6% of the votes and could defend its majority in parliament.[34] Neither the prime minister nor the ministers have to be members of the parliament, but in most cases they are (one notable exception was Kemal Derviş, the minister of state in charge of the economy following the financial crisis of 2001;[35] he is currently the president of the United Nations Development Programme).[36]
In 2007, a series of events regarding state secularism and the role of the judiciary in the legislature has occurred. These included the controversial presidential election of Abdullah Gül, who in the past had been involved with Islamist parties;[37] and the government's proposal to lift the headscarf ban in universities, which was annulled by the Constitutional Court, leading to a fine and a near ban of the ruling party.[38]
Universal suffrage for both sexes has been applied throughout Turkey since 1933, and every Turkish citizen who has turned 18 years of age has the right to vote. As of 2004, there were 50 registered political parties in the country.[39] The Constitutional Court can strip the public financing of political parties that it deems anti-secular or separatist, or ban their existence altogether.[40][41]
There are 550 members of parliament who are elected for a four-year term by a party-list proportional representation system from 85 electoral districts which represent the 81 administrative provinces of Turkey (İstanbul is divided into three electoral districts, whereas Ankara and İzmir are divided into two each because of their large populations). To avoid a hung parliament and its excessive political fragmentation, only parties winning at least 10% of the votes cast in a national parliamentary election gain the right to representation in the parliament.[39]
As a result of this threshold, in the 2007 elections three parties formally entered the parliament (compared to two in 2002).[42][43] However, because of a system of alliances and independent candidatures, seven parties are currently represented in the parliament. Independent candidates may run; to be elected, however, they also must win at least 10% of the vote in their circonscription.[39]
Foreign relations
Turkey is a founding member of the United Nations (1945), the OECD (1961), the OIC (1969), the OSCE (1973), the ECO (1985), the BSEC (1992) and the G-20 major economies (1999). On October 17, 2008, Turkey received the votes of 151 countries and was elected as a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, on behalf of the Western European and Others Group, together with Austria which received 132 votes.[44] Turkey's membership of the council effectively began on January 1, 2009.[44] Turkey had previously been a member of the U.N. Security Council in 1951–1952, 1954–1955 and 1961.[44]
In line with its traditional Western orientation, relations with Europe have always been a central part of Turkish foreign policy. Turkey became a founding member of the Council of Europe in 1949, applied for associate membership of the EEC (predecessor of the European Union) in 1959 and became an associate member in 1963. After decades of political negotiations, Turkey applied for full membership of the EEC in 1987, became an associate member of the Western European Union in 1992, reached a Customs Union agreement with the EU in 1995 and has officially begun formal accession negotiations with the EU since October 3, 2005.[45]
It is believed that the accession process will take at least 15 years because of Turkey's size and the depth of disagreements over certain issues.[46] These include disputes with EU member Republic of Cyprus over Turkey's 1974 military invasion. Since 1974, Turkey does not recognize the essentially Greek Cypriot Republic of Cyprus as the sole authority on the island, but instead supports the Turkish Cypriot community in the form of the de facto Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus which is recognized only by Turkey.[47]
The other defining aspect of Turkey's foreign relations has been its ties with the United States. Based on the common threat posed by the Soviet Union, Turkey joined NATO in 1952, ensuring close bilateral relations with Washington throughout the Cold War. In the post-Cold War environment, Turkey's geostrategic importance shifted towards its proximity to the Middle East, the Caucasus and the Balkans. As well as hosting an important NATO air base near Syria and Iraq for U.S. operations in the region, Turkey's status as a secular democracy and its positive relations with Israel made Ankara a crucial ally for Washington. In return, Turkey has benefited from the United States' political, economic and diplomatic support, including in key issues such as the country's bid to join the European Union.
In the 1980s, Turkey began to increasingly cooperate with the leading economies of East Asia, particularly with Japan and South Korea, on a large number of industrial sectors; ranging from the co-production of automotive and other transportation equipment, such as high-speed train sets, to electronical goods, home appliances, construction materials and military hardware.
The independence of the Turkic states of the Soviet Union in 1991, with whom Turkey shares a common cultural and linguistic heritage, allowed Turkey to extend its economic and political relations deep into Central Asia.[48] The most salient of these relations saw the completion of a multi billion dollar oil and natural gas pipeline from Baku in Azerbaijan to the port of Ceyhan in Turkey. The Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline, as it is called, has formed part of Turkey's foreign policy strategy to become an energy conduit to the West. However, Turkey's border with Armenia, a state in the Caucasus, remains closed following its occupation of Azeri territory during the Nagorno-Karabakh War.[49]
Military
The Turkish Armed Forces consists of the Army, the Navy and the Air Force. The Gendarmerie and the Coast Guard operate as parts of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in peacetime, although they are subordinated to the Army and Navy Commands respectively in wartime, during which they have both internal law enforcement and military functions.[50]
The Turkish Armed Forces is the second largest standing armed force in NATO, after the U.S. Armed Forces, with a combined strength of 1,043,550 uniformed personnel serving in its five branches.[51] Every fit male Turkish citizen otherwise not barred is required to serve in the military for a time period ranging from three weeks to fifteen months, dependent on education and job location.[52] Turkey does not recognise conscientious objection and does not offer a civilian alternative to military service.[53]
Turkey is one of five NATO member states which are part of the nuclear sharing policy of the alliance, together with Belgium, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands.[54] A total of 90 B61 nuclear bombs are hosted at the Incirlik Air Base, 40 of which are allocated for use by the Turkish Air Force.[55]
In 1998, Turkey announced a program of modernization worth US$160 billion over a twenty year period in various projects including tanks, fighter jets, helicopters, submarines, warships and assault rifles.[56] Turkey is a Level 3 contributor to the Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) program.[57]
Turkey has maintained forces in international missions under the United Nations and NATO since 1950, including peacekeeping missions in Somalia and former Yugoslavia, and support to coalition forces in the First Gulf War. Turkey maintains 36,000 troops in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and has had troops deployed in Afghanistan as part of the U.S. stabilization force and the UN-authorized, NATO-commanded International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) since 2001.[51][58] In 2006, the Turkish parliament deployed a peacekeeping force of Navy patrol vessels and around 700 ground troops as part of an expanded United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) in the wake of the Israeli-Lebanon conflict.[59]
The Chief of the General Staff is appointed by the president and is responsible to the prime minister. The Council of Ministers is responsible to the parliament for matters of national security and the adequate preparation of the armed forces to defend the country. However, the authority to declare war and to deploy the Turkish Armed Forces to foreign countries or to allow foreign armed forces to be stationed in Turkey rests solely with the parliament.[50] The actual commander of the armed forces is the Chief of the General Staff General İlker Başbuğ since August 30, 2008.[60]
Administrative divisions
The capital city of Turkey is Ankara. The territory of Turkey is subdivided into 81 provinces for administrative purposes. The provinces are organized into 7 regions for census purposes; however, they do not represent an administrative structure. Each province is divided into districts, for a total of 923 districts.
Provinces usually bear the same name as their provincial capitals, also called the central district; exceptions to this custom are the provinces of Hatay (capital: Antakya), Kocaeli (capital: İzmit) and Sakarya (capital: Adapazarı). Provinces with the largest populations are Istanbul (+12.9 million), Ankara (+4.6 million), İzmir (+3.8 million), Bursa (+2.5 million) and Adana (+2.0 million).
The biggest city and the pre-Republican capital Istanbul is the financial, economic and cultural heart of the country.[61] An estimated 75.5% of Turkey's population live in urban centers.[62] In all, 19 provinces have populations that exceed 1 million inhabitants, and 20 provinces have populations between 1 million and 500,000 inhabitants. Only two provinces have populations less than 100,000.
Geography and climate
Turkey is a transcontinental[63] Eurasian country. Asian Turkey (made up largely of Anatolia), which includes 97% of the country, is separated from European Turkey by the Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles (which together form a water link between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea). European Turkey (eastern Thrace or Rumelia in the Balkan peninsula) comprises 3% of the country.[64]
The territory of Turkey is more than 1,600 kilometres (1,000 mi) long and 800 km (500 mi) wide, with a roughly rectangular shape.[61] Turkey's area, including lakes, occupies 783,562[65] square kilometres (300,948 sq mi), of which 755,688 square kilometres (291,773 sq mi) are in Southwest Asia and 23,764 square kilometres (9,174 sq mi) in Europe.[61] Turkey is the world's 37th-largest country in terms of area. The country is encircled by seas on three sides: the Aegean Sea to the west, the Black Sea to the north and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Turkey also contains the Sea of Marmara in the northwest.[66]
The European section of Turkey, Eastern Thrace, forms the borders of Turkey with Greece and Bulgaria. The Asian part of the country, Anatolia, consists of a high central plateau with narrow coastal plains, between the Köroğlu and Pontic mountain ranges to the north and the Taurus Mountains to the south. Eastern Turkey has a more mountainous landscape and is home to the sources of rivers such as the Euphrates, Tigris and Aras, and contains Lake Van and Mount Ararat, Turkey's highest point at 5,165 metres (16,946 ft).[66][67]
Turkey is divided into seven census regions: Marmara, Aegean, Black Sea, Central Anatolia, Eastern Anatolia, Southeastern Anatolia and the Mediterranean. The uneven north Anatolian terrain running along the Black Sea resembles a long, narrow belt. This region comprises approximately one-sixth of Turkey's total land area. As a general trend, the inland Anatolian plateau becomes increasingly rugged as it progresses eastward.[66]
Turkey's varied landscapes are the product of complex earth movements that have shaped the region over thousands of years and still manifest themselves in fairly frequent earthquakes and occasional volcanic eruptions. The Bosporus and the Dardanelles owe their existence to the fault lines running through Turkey that led to the creation of the Black Sea. There is an earthquake fault line across the north of the country from west to east, which caused a major earthquake in 1999.[68]
The coastal areas of Turkey bordering the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea have a temperate Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry summers and mild to cool, wet winters. The coastal areas of Turkey bordering the Black Sea have a temperate Oceanic climate with warm, wet summers and cool to cold, wet winters. The Turkish Black Sea coast receives the greatest amount of precipitation and is the only region of Turkey that receives high precipitation throughout the year. The eastern part of that coast averages 2,500 millimeters annually which is the highest precipitation in the country.
The coastal areas of Turkey bordering the Sea of Marmara including Istanbul, which connects the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea have a transitional climate between a temperate Mediterranean climate and a temperate Oceanic climate with warm to hot, moderately dry summers and cool to cold, wet winters. Snow does occur on the coastal areas of the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea almost every winter, but it usually lies no more than a few days. Snow on the other hand is rare in the coastal areas of the Aegean Sea and very rare in the coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea.
Conditions can be much harsher in the more arid interior. Mountains close to the coast prevent Mediterranean influences from extending inland, giving the central Anatolian plateau of the interior of Turkey a continental climate with sharply contrasting seasons.
Winters on the plateau are especially severe. Temperatures of −30 °C to −40 °C (−22 °F to −40 °F) can occur in eastern Anatolia, and snow may lie on the ground at least 120 days of the year. In the west, winter temperatures average below 1 °C (34 °F). Summers are hot and dry, with temperatures generally above 30 °C (86 °F) in the day. Annual precipitation averages about 400 millimetres (15 in), with actual amounts determined by elevation. The driest regions are the Konya plain and the Malatya plain, where annual rainfall frequently is less than 300 millimetres (12 in). May is generally the wettest month, whereas July and August are the driest.[69]
Economy
Turkey has the world's 15th largest GDP-PPP[70] and 17th largest Nominal GDP.[71] The country is a founding member of the OECD and the G-20 major economies. During the first six decades of the republic, between 1923 and 1983, Turkey has mostly adhered to a quasi-statist approach with strict government planning of the budget and government-imposed limitations over private sector participation, foreign trade, flow of foreign currency, and foreign direct investment. However, starting from 1983, Turkey began a series of reforms that were initiated by Prime Minister Turgut Özal and designed to shift the economy from a statist, insulated system to a more private-sector, market-based model.[29]
The reforms spurred rapid growth, but this growth was punctuated by sharp recessions and financial crises in 1994, 1999 (following the earthquake of that year),[72] and 2001,[73] resulting in an average of 4% GDP growth per annum between 1981 and 2003.[74] Lack of additional fiscal reforms, combined with large and growing public sector deficits and widespread corruption, resulted in high inflation, a weak banking sector and increased macroeconomic volatility.[75]
Since the economic crisis of 2001 and the reforms initiated by the finance minister of the time, Kemal Derviş, inflation has fallen to single-digit numbers, investor confidence and foreign investment have soared, and unemployment has fallen. The IMF forecasts a 6% inflation rate for Turkey in 2008.[76] Turkey has gradually opened up its markets through economic reforms by reducing government controls on foreign trade and investment and the privatisation of publicly owned industries, and the liberalisation of many sectors to private and foreign participation has continued amid political debate.[77]
The GDP growth rate from 2002 to 2007 averaged 7.4%,[78] which made Turkey one of the fastest growing economies in the world during that period. However, GDP growth slowed down to 4.5% in 2008,[79] and in early 2009 the Turkish economy was affected by the global financial crisis, with the IMF forecasting an overall recession of 5.1% for the year, compared to the Turkish government estimate of 3.6%.[80]
Turkey's economy is becoming more dependent on industry in major cities, mostly concentrated in the western provinces of the country, and less on agriculture, however traditional agriculture is still a major pillar to the Turkish economy. In 2007, the agricultural sector accounted for 8.9% of the GDP, while the industrial sector accounted for 30.8% and the services sector accounted for 59.3%.[79] However, agriculture still accounted for 27.3% of employment.[81]
According to Eurostat data, Turkish PPS GDP per capita stood at 45 per cent of the EU average in 2008.[82]
The tourism sector has experienced rapid growth in the last twenty years, and constitutes an important part of the economy. In 2008, there were 30,929,192 visitors to the country, who contributed $21.9 billion to Turkey's revenues.[83]
Other key sectors of the Turkish economy are banking, construction, home appliances, electronics, textiles, oil refining, petrochemical products, food, mining, iron and steel, machine industry and automotive. Turkey has a large and growing automotive industry, which produced 1,147,110 motor vehicles in 2008, ranking as the 6th largest producer in Europe (behind the United Kingdom and above Italy) and the 15th largest producer in the world.[84][85] Turkey is also one of the leading shipbuilding nations; in 2007 the country ranked 4th in the world (behind China, South Korea and Japan) in terms of the number of ordered ships, and also 4th in the world (behind Italy, USA and Canada) in terms of the number of ordered mega yachts.[86]
In recent years, the chronically high inflation has been brought under control and this has led to the launch of a new currency, the Turkish new lira, on January 1, 2005, to cement the acquisition of the economic reforms and erase the vestiges of an unstable economy.[87] On January 1, 2009, the New Turkish Lira was renamed once again as the Turkish Lira, with the introduction of new banknotes and coins. As a result of continuing economic reforms, inflation has dropped to 8.2% in 2005, and the unemployment rate to 10.3%.[88] In 2004, it was estimated that 46.2% of total disposable income was received by the top 20% income earners, while the lowest 20% received 6%.[89]
Turkey has taken advantage of a customs union with the European Union, signed in 1995, to increase its industrial production destined for exports, while at the same time benefiting from EU-origin foreign investment into the country.[90] In 2007 the exports reached $115.3 billion[79] (main export partners: Germany 11.2%, UK 8%, Italy 6.95%, France 5.6%, Spain 4.3%, USA 3.88%; total EU exports 56.5%.) However, larger imports which amounted to $162.1 billion in 2007[79] threatened the balance of trade (main import partners: Russia 13.8%, Germany 10.3%, China 7.8%, Italy 6%, USA 4.8%, France 4.6%, Iran 3.9%, UK 3.2%; total EU imports 40.4%; total Asia imports 27%).[91][92] Turkey's exports amounted to $141.8 billion in 2008, while imports amounted to $204.8 billion.[79]
After years of low levels of foreign direct investment (FDI), Turkey succeeded in attracting $21.9 billion in FDI in 2007 and is expected to attract a higher figure in following years.[93] A series of large privatizations, the stability fostered by the start of Turkey's EU accession negotiations, strong and stable growth, and structural changes in the banking, retail, and telecommunications sectors have all contributed to a rise in foreign investment.[77]
Demographics
The population of Turkey stood at 72.5 million with a growth rate of 1.45% per annum, based on the 2009 census. It has an average population density of 92 persons per km². The proportion of the population residing in urban areas is 75.5%. People within the 15–64 age group constitute 67% of the total population, the 0–14 age group corresponds 26% of the population, while 65 years and higher of age correspond to 7% of the total population.[94]
Life expectancy stands at 71.1 years for men and 75.3 years for women, with an overall average of 73.2 years for the populace as a whole.[95] Education is compulsory and free from ages 6 to 15. The literacy rate is 96% for men and 80.4% for women, with an overall average of 88.1%.[96] The low figures for women are mainly due to the traditional customs of the Arabs and Kurds who live in the southeastern provinces of the country.[97]
Article 66 of the Turkish Constitution defines a "Turk" as "anyone who is bound to the Turkish state through the bond of citizenship"; therefore, the legal use of the term "Turkish" as a citizen of Turkey is different from the ethnic definition. However, the majority of the Turkish population are of Turkish ethnicity.
Other major ethnic groups (large portions of whom have been extensively Turkicized since the Seljuk and Ottoman periods) include the Abkhazians, Adjarians, Albanians, Arabs, Assyrians, Bosniaks, Circassians, Hamshenis, Kurds, Laz, Pomaks, Roma, Zazas and the three officially recognized minorities (per the Treaty of Lausanne), i.e. the Armenians, Greeks and Jews. Signed on January 30, 1923, a bilateral accord of population exchange between Greece and Turkey took effect in the 1920s, with close to 1.5 million Greeks moving from Turkey and some 500,000 Turks coming from Greece.[98]
Minorities of West European origin include the Levantines (or Levanter, mostly of French, Genoese and Venetian descent) who have been present in the country (particularly in Istanbul[99] and İzmir[100]) since the medieval period.
The Kurds, a distinct ethnic group concentrated mainly in the southeastern provinces of the country, are the largest non-Turkic ethnicity, estimated at about 18% of the population according to the CIA.[8] Minorities other than the three officially recognized ones do not have any special group privileges, while the term "minority" itself remains a sensitive issue in Turkey. Reliable data on the exact ethnic repartition of the population is not available since the Turkish census figures do not include statistics on ethnicity.[101]
Language
Turkish is the sole official language throughout Turkey. Reliable figures for the linguistic repartition of the populace are not available for reasons similar to those cited above.[101] Nevertheless, the public broadcaster TRT broadcasts programmes in local languages and dialects of Arabic, Bosnian, Circassian and Kurdish a few hours a week.[102] A fully fledged Kurdish language television channel, TRT 6, was opened in early 2009.[103]
Religion
Turkey is a secular state with no official state religion; the Turkish Constitution provides for freedom of religion and conscience.[104][105] About 99 percent of the population is registered as Muslim, mostly Sunni;[106][107] however, a 2007 survey found that about 3% of adults define their relation with religion as "having no religious conviction" or "not believing in religious obligations".[108] The majority of the Muslims are Sunni (85–90%) and a large minority are Alevi (10–15%), a community within Twelver Shi'a Islam, numbering from 7–11 million.[109] There are also some Sufi practitioners.[110] The highest Islamic religious authority is the Presidency of Religious Affairs (Turkish: Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı), it interprets the Hanafi school of law, and is responsible for regulating the operation of the country's 75,000 registered mosques and employing local and provincial imams.[111] Based on a nationwide survey in 2007 however, it showed 96.8% of Turkish citizens have a religion, while 3.2% are irreligious and atheists.[112]
There are less than 100,000 minorities which follow other religions,[113] mainly Christians, mostly Armenian Apostolic, Assyrian Church of the East and Greek Orthodox (64,000 people) and Jews, mainly Sephardi (26,000 people).[114][115] According to a Pew Research Center report in 2002, 65% of the people believe religion is very important,[116] while according to a Eurobarometer poll in 2005, 95% of citizens responded that they believe there is a God.[117]
Culture
Turkey has a very diverse culture that is a blend of various elements of the Oğuz Turkic, Anatolian, Ottoman (which was itself a continuation of both Greco-Roman and Islamic cultures) and Western culture and traditions, which started with the Westernization of the Ottoman Empire and still continues today. This mix originally began as a result of the encounter of Turks and their culture with those of the peoples who were in their path during their migration from Central Asia to the West.[118][119]
As Turkey successfully transformed from the religion-based former Ottoman Empire into a modern nation-state with a very strong separation of state and religion, an increase in the methods of artistic expression followed. During the first years of the republic, the government invested a large amount of resources into fine arts; such as museums, theatres, opera houses and architecture. Diverse historical factors play important roles in defining the modern Turkish identity. Turkish culture is a product of efforts to be a "modern" Western state, while maintaining traditional religious and historical values.[118]
Turkish music and literature form great examples of such a mix of cultural influences, which were a result of the interaction between the Ottoman Empire and the Islamic world along with Europe, thus contributing to a blend of Turkic, Islamic and European traditions in modern-day Turkish music and literary arts.[120] Turkish literature was heavily influenced by Persian and Arabic literature during most of the Ottoman era, though towards the end of the Ottoman Empire, particularly after the Tanzimat period, the effect of both Turkish folk and European literary traditions became increasingly felt. The mix of cultural influences is dramatized, for example, in the form of the "new symbols [of] the clash and interlacing of cultures" enacted in the works of Orhan Pamuk, winner of the 2006 Nobel Prize in Literature.[121]
Architectural elements found in Turkey are also testaments to the unique mix of traditions that have influenced the region over the centuries. In addition to the traditional Byzantine elements present in numerous parts of Turkey, many artifacts of the later Ottoman architecture, with its exquisite blend of local and Islamic traditions, are to be found throughout the country, as well as in many former territories of the Ottoman Empire. Mimar Sinan is widely regarded as the greatest architect of the classical period in Ottoman architecture. Since the 18th century, Turkish architecture has been increasingly influenced by Western styles, and this can be particularly seen in Istanbul where buildings like Dolmabahçe and Çırağan Palaces are juxtaposed next to numerous modern skyscrapers, all of them representing different traditions.[122]
Sports
The most popular sport in Turkey is football.[123] Turkey's top teams include Galatasaray, Fenerbahçe and Beşiktaş. In 2000, Galatasaray cemented its role as a major European club by winning the UEFA Cup and UEFA Super Cup. Two years later the Turkish national team finished third in the 2002 World Cup Finals in Japan and South Korea, while in 2008 the national team reached the semi-finals of the UEFA Euro 2008 competition. The Atatürk Olympic Stadium in Istanbul hosted the 2005 UEFA Champions League Final, while the Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium in Istanbul hosted the 2009 UEFA Cup Final.
Other mainstream sports such as basketball and volleyball are also popular. Turkey hosted the finals of EuroBasket 2001 and will also host the finals of the 2010 FIBA World Championship. The men's national basketball team finished second in EuroBasket 2001 and reached the quarter-finals of the 2006 FIBA World Championship; while Efes Pilsen S.K. won the Korac Cup in 1996, finished second in the Saporta Cup of 1993, and made it to the Final Four of Euroleague and Suproleague in 2000 and 2001.[124] Turkish basketball players such as Mehmet Okur and Hidayet Türkoğlu have also been successful in the NBA. Women's volleyball teams, namely Eczacıbaşı and Vakıfbank Güneş Sigorta, have won numerous European championship titles and medals.
The traditional Turkish national sport has been the yağlı güreş (oiled wrestling) since Ottoman times.[125] Edirne hosts the annual Kırkpınar oiled wrestling tournament since 1361.[126] International wrestling styles governed by FILA such as Freestyle wrestling and Greco-Roman wrestling are also popular, with many European, World and Olympic championship titles won by Turkish wrestlers both individually and as a national team.[127]
Weightlifting has been a successful Turkish sport. Turkish weightlifters, both male and female, have broken numerous world records and won several European,[128] World and Olympic[129] championship titles. Naim Süleymanoğlu and Halil Mutlu have achieved legendary status as one of the few weightlifters to have won three gold medals in three Olympics.
Motorsports have become popular recently, especially following the inclusion of the Rally of Turkey to the FIA World Rally Championship calendar in 2003,[130] and the inclusion of the Turkish Grand Prix to the Formula One racing calendar in 2005.[131] Other important annual motorsports events which are held at the Istanbul Park racing circuit include the MotoGP Grand Prix of Turkey, the FIA World Touring Car Championship, the GP2 Series and the Le Mans Series. From time to time Istanbul and Antalya also host the Turkish leg of the F1 Powerboat Racing championship; while the Turkish leg of the Red Bull Air Race World Series, an air racing competition, takes place above the Golden Horn in Istanbul. Surfing, snowboarding, skateboarding, paragliding and other extreme sports are becoming more popular every year.
See also
Notes
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- ^ Turkish Statistical Institute (2004-10-18). "Population and Development Indicators – Population and Education". Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2010-01-28.
- ^ Jonny Dymond (2004-10-18). "Turkish girls in literacy battle". British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 2006-12-11.
- ^ The Diaspora Welcomes the Pope. Spiegel Online. November 28, 2006.
- ^ NTV-MSNBC: "Giovanni Scognamillo ile sinema üzerine"
- ^ Sabah daily newspaper: "Onlar İzmirli Hristiyan Türkler"
- ^ a b Extra, Guus (2001). The other languages of Europe: Demographic, Sociolinguistic and Educational Perspectives. Multilingual Matters. ISBN 1-8535-9509-8.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ Turkish Directorate General of Press and Information (2003). "Historical background of radio and television broadcasting in Turkey". Turkish Prime Minister's Office. Archived from the original on 2006-08-30. Retrieved 2006-08-10.
- ^ Nasuhi Güngör (2009). "Kurdish TRT". Zaman. Retrieved 2009-02-25.
- ^ ICL – International Constitutional Law – Turkey Constitution
- ^ "Turkey: Islam and Laicism Between the Interests of State, Politics, and Society" (PDF). Peace Research Institute Frankfurt. Retrieved 2008-10-19.
- ^ Country Profile - Turkey, January 2006, United States Library of Congress, 2008-01
- ^ "Turkey". World Factbook. CIA. 2007.
- ^ KONDA Research and Consultancy - Religion, secularism and the veil in daily life
- ^ Miller, Tracy, ed. (2009), Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World’s Muslim Population (PDF), Pew Research Center, retrieved 2009-10-08
{{citation}}
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ignored (help) - ^ All about Turkey: Sufism
- ^ Bureau of Democracy, Human rights and Labor – International Religious Freedom Report 2007– Turkey
- ^ KONDA Research and Consultancy – Religion, Secularism and the veil in daily life.
- ^ Foreign Ministry: 89,000 minorities live in Turkey Today's Zaman (2008-12-15). Retrieved on 2009-08-23.
- ^ "An Overview of the History of the Jews in Turkey" (PDF). American Sephardi Federation. 2006. Retrieved 2008-10-19.
- ^ Country Profile: Turkey, August 2008 – Library of Congress – Federal Research Division
- ^ "Pew Global Attitudes Project: Religion is very important". Retrieved 2002-12-19.
- ^ Eurobarometer Poll, 2005
- ^ a b Kaya, İbrahim (2003). Social Theory and Later Modernities: The Turkish Experience. Liverpool University Press. ISBN 0-8532-3898-7.
- ^ Royal Academy of Arts (2005). "Turks – A Journey of a Thousand Years: 600–1600". Royal Academy of Arts. Retrieved 2006-12-12.
- ^ Cinuçen Tanrıkorur. "The Ottoman music". www.turkmusikisi.com. Retrieved 2006-12-12.
- ^ "Pamuk wins Nobel Literature prize". British Broadcasting Corporation. 2006-10-12. Retrieved 2006-12-12.
- ^ Goodwin, Godfrey (2003). A History of Ottoman Architecture. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-5002-7429-0.
- ^ Burak Sansal (2006). "Sports in Turkey". allaboutturkey.com. Retrieved 2006-12-13.
- ^ Historic achievements of the Efes Pilsen Basketball Team
- ^ Burak Sansal (2006). "Oiled Wrestling". allaboutturkey.com. Retrieved 2006-12-13.
- ^ Kırkpınar Oiled Wrestling Tournament: History
- ^ FILA Wrestling Database
- ^ Turkish Weightlifting Federation: List of European (Avrupa) records by male and female weightlifters
- ^ Turkish Weightlifting Federation: List of World (Dünya) and Olympic (Olimpiyat) records by male and female weightlifters
- ^ WRC Rally of Turkey: Brief event history
- ^ BBC Sport: Formula 1 circuit guide: Istanbul, Turkey
References
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Further reading
- Mango, Andrew (2004). The Turks Today. Overlook. ISBN 1585676152.
- Pope, Hugh (2004). Turkey Unveiled. Overlook. ISBN 1585675814.
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suggested) (help)
- Revolinski, Kevin (2006). The Yogurt Man Cometh: Tales of an American Teacher in Turkey. Citlembik. ISBN 9944424013.
- Roxburgh, David J. (ed.) (2005). Turks: A Journey of a Thousand Years, 600–1600. Royal Academy of Arts. ISBN 1-903973-56-2.
- Turkey: A Country Study (1996). Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. ISBN 0-8444-0864-6.
- M. Nicolas J. Firzli, ed. (2010), “Turkey, Asia and the Iranian Nuclear Crisis” (PDF), Commentary, vol. 5, Vienna, Austria: Vienna Review, pp. 1–4
External links
Government
- Presidency of the Republic
- The Grand National Assembly
- The Prime Minister's Office[dead link]
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- Ministry of Interior Affairs
- Turkish Armed Forces
- Ministry of Defense
- Ministry of Culture and Tourism
- Chief of State and Cabinet Members
Public institutions
- Directorate General of Press and Information
- Turkish Statistical Institute
- Central Bank
- Treasury
- Competition Authority
- Undersecretariat of Customs
- National Intelligence Organisation
- State Planning Organisation
- Turkish Standards Institution
- The Scientific and Technological Research Council
General information
- "Turkey". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency.
- Country Profile from the BBC News
- Country Profile from The Economist
- Turkey from the United States Department of State including Background Notes and major reports
- Turkey at UCB Libraries GovPubs
- Turkey at Curlie
- Wikimedia Atlas of Turkey
Other
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