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'''Tuqaq'''{{NoteTag|Also known as '''Duqaq''' or '''Dukak''' ({{lang-fa|دقاق}}, {{lang-tr|Dukak bey}}, {{lang-tk|Dukak beg}} or ''Dukak Temür Yalïgh''}} was a chieftain of the [[Qiniq (tribe)|Qiniq tribe]] of [[Oghuz Turks]] and a {{lang|tk|[[Soubashi|subaşy]]}} (chief of the army) of the [[ |
'''Tuqaq'''{{NoteTag|Also known as '''Duqaq''' or '''Dukak''' ({{lang-fa|دقاق}}, {{lang-tr|Dukak bey}}, {{lang-tk|Dukak beg}} or ''Dukak Temür Yalïgh''}} was a chieftain of the [[Qiniq (tribe)|Qiniq tribe]] of [[Oghuz Turks]] and a {{lang|tk|[[Soubashi|subaşy]]}} (chief of the army) of the [[Khazars]] or [[Oghuz Yabgu State]]. |
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Tuqaq is mostly known for founding the [[Seljuq dynasty]] |
Tuqaq is mostly known for founding the [[Seljuq dynasty]] which established extensive [[Great Seljuq Empire]] in the mid-eleventh century AD. |
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"Temür Yalïgh" literally means "iron bow" or "with an iron bow" in [[old Turkic language]]. |
Duqaq's [[sobriquet]] "Temür Yalïgh" literally means "iron bow" or "with an iron bow" in [[old Turkic language]]. |
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==Origin== |
==Origin== |
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[[File:AD 750OguzYabgu.png|thumb|right|200px|Oguz Yabgu State in AD 750]] |
[[File:AD 750OguzYabgu.png|thumb|right|200px|Oguz Yabgu State in AD 750]] |
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Little is known about Tuqaq's early activities as most of the details of his life are |
Little is known about Tuqaq's early life or activities as most of the details of his life are sparse and uncertain. Some details about his life mostly come from later written sources, composed particularly during the reign of his great-grandson, Seljuq sultan [[Tughril]].<ref name="Kafesoghlu">{{cite book |last1=Kafesoghlu |first1=Ibrahim |title=Studies on Seljuqs and Seljuq History |date=2014 |publisher=Otuken Nesriyat |pages=2-16 |language=Turkish}}</ref> |
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It is the Khazars polity where the earliest reference to Tuqaq is found. According to chronicles composed for Seljuq sultans Tughril and [[Alp Arslan]], the ancestors of the dynasty, Tuqaq and Seljuq, both served the Khazar Khagans as {{lang|tk|subaşy}}. Hence, it suggests that Tuqaq operated in the area west of the [[Aral Sea]] by the mid-tenth century AD.<ref name="P2015">{{cite book |last1=Peacock |first1=A.C.S |title=The Great Seljuq Empire |date=2015 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0-7486-3827-7 |url=https://books.google.tm/books/publisher/content?id=hAndCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT32&img=1&zoom=3&hl=en&sig=ACfU3U1jFROyB7912BK42jCobFM4xlZVrw&w=1280}}</ref> Persian epic ''Maliknameh'' (Book of Kings) also mentions a warrior called Tuqaq who served a Khazar ruler. However, [[Turkish people|Turkish]] historian Kafesoghlu casts doubt on this claim, stating that he instead served the Oghuz Yabgu and was second in rank after the Oghuz ruler.<ref name="Kafesoghlu"/> In fact, the origin of Seljuqs may have been revised in Maliknameh in the late eleventh or early twelfth centuries, when the Seljuqs' connection to Khazars was felt undesirable for certain reasons.{{sfn|Peacock|2013|p=30}} |
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⚫ | Tuqaq's father's |
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⚫ | Tuqaq's father's was probably a man called Kerequchi khwaja, a master of tent-making ([[yurts]]). However, linking Seljuq's ancestry with Kerequchi, a maker of tents for the Turkic rulers, may have been an [[Ilkhanate|Ilkhanid]] invention devised to belittle the prestige of the Seljuq dynasty.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peacock |first1=A.C.S |title=Early Seljuq History: A New Interpretation |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |page=17}}</ref> |
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The Persian epic ''Maliknameh'' (Book of Kings) mentions a warrior called Tuqaq who served a [[Khazars|Khazar]] [[Khagan]] (ruler). However, [[Turkish people|Turkish]] historian Kafesoghlu casts doubt on this claim, stating that he served the Oghuz Yabgu his whole life and was second in rank after the Yabgu himself.<ref name="Kafesoghlu"/> However, Peacock argues that in the later eleventh or twelfth century, a revised version of Seljuq origins appeared in Maliknameh where the Khazar connection was felt undesirable, and subsequently the Khazar king turned into the ruler of Turks.{{sfn|Peacock|2013|p=30}} |
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Tuqaq's nickname "Iron Bow" suggests that he had tremendous power and influence |
Tuqaq's nickname "Iron Bow" suggests that he had tremendous power and influence among the people, <ref>{{cite book |last1=Lange |first1=Christian |title=Seljuqs: Politics, Society and Culture |date=2012 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |page=30}}</ref> since arrow and bow were considered a sign of power in Oghuz culture.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bosworth |first1=Clifford |title=The Turks in the Early Islamic World |date=2007 |page=Xiii}}</ref><ref name="Kafesoghlu"/><ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Turan |editor-first=Refik |title=History of Seljuqs |language=Turkish |location= Ankara |publisher=Grafiker Yayinlari |date=2012 |page= 27|chapter= Origins of Seljuqs |last=Özgüdenli |first= Osman Gazi}}</ref> |
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==Affiliations== |
==Affiliations== |
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[[File:Kinik.png|thumb|right|200px|[[Tamgha]] of the [[Oghuz Turks|Oghuz-Turkoman]] tribe of [[Qiniq (tribe)|Qiniq]], to which Tuqaq belonged]] |
[[File:Kinik.png|thumb|right|200px|[[Tamgha]] of the [[Oghuz Turks|Oghuz-Turkoman]] tribe of [[Qiniq (tribe)|Qiniq]], to which Tuqaq belonged]] |
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Tuqaq |
Tuqaq's relationship with his sovereign is said to have been complicated as he objected to the policy of raiding other [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] (non-Oghuz) tribes. During one of such quarrels, Tuqaq got injured in the face by his ruler, but he managed to hit back and kick his offender off his horse.<ref name="Kafesoghlu"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Artamonova |first1=M |title=The History of Khazars |date=1962 |publisher=Hermitage |page=419 |language=Russian}}</ref> Whereas Prof. [[A. C. S. Peacock|Peacock]] and [[Clifford Edmund Bosworth|Bosworth]] believe that this story is probably a back projection of a later role and may have been invented after the establishment of the Seljuq state.{{sfn|Peacock|2013|p=30}}<ref>Bosworth, C., 'The origins of the Seljuqs', The Seljuqs: politics, society and culture, ed. C. Lange and S. Mecit; Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2011., p.18</ref> |
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Later, Tuqaq (or his son Seljuq) rebelled against his sovereign and broke decisively with the Khazars. Seljuqs and their followers later migrated to the town of [[Kyzylorda|Jand]] (present-day [[Kazakhstan]]). The reasons for this migration remain unclear and details are obscure.<ref name="P2015"/> |
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Tuqaq's son, Seljuq, held similar views regarding raiding non-Oghuz tribes and this may have been a primary cause for other Turks to join Seljuq's tribe and leave the Oghuz Yabgu for a new homeland in [[Transoxiana]]. This would later have a significant importance as Seljuqs, known as [[Turkoman (ethnonym)|Turkomans]] by that time, became a formidable force in [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], soon challenging powerful [[Ghaznavids]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Early Seljūq History: A New Interpretation |publisher=Routledge |first=Andrew |last=Peacock |year=2010 |pages=92–93}}</ref>{{Sfn|Özgüdenli|2012|p=31}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peacock |first1=Andrew |title=The Great Seljuk Empire |date=2015 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0-7486-3827-7 |pages=33–40}}</ref> |
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==Religious leaning== |
==Religious leaning== |
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Tuqaq may have adhered to Judaism just as other [[Khazars#Judaism|Khazar elites in common]].<ref name="P2015"/> Moreover, two of Tuqaq's grandchildren bore the names of [[Arslan Yabgu|Isrâ'îl]] and [[Mikail of Kınık tribe|Mikâ'îl]] (''Michael''), which also leads to the conviction that Tuqaq and his son Seljuq adhered to [[Judaism]]. However, historian Kafesoghlu believes that this is not true as there is no further evidence other than the names of Tuqaq's descendants to support this dubious claim.<ref name="Kafesoghlu"/> |
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==Death and legacy== |
==Death and legacy== |
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Tuqaq is considered as the founder of the [[Seljuq dynasty]].<ref |
Tuqaq is considered as the founder of the [[Seljuq dynasty]].<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Connolly |editor1-first=Peter |editor2-last=Gillingham |editor2-first=John |editor3-last=Lazenby |editor3-first=John |title=The Hutchinson Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval Warfare |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |page=288}}</ref> He died approximately in AD 903.<ref name="Kosoghlu">{{cite book |last1=Kosoghlu |first1=Nevzat |title=Reflections on the history of the Turkish world and Turkish civilization |date=1990 |publisher=Otuken Nesriyat |page=52 |language=Turkish}}</ref> After his death, his son Seljuq took his position and became a new military commander.<ref name="Kafesoghlu"/> After some time, Seljuq and his followers adopted [[Islam]].<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Connolly |editor1-first=Peter |editor2-last=Gillingham |editor2-first=John |editor3-last=Lazenby |editor3-first=John |title=The Hutchinson Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval Warfare |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |page=288}}</ref> They later founded their own independent [[Beyliks|beylik]] in [[Transoxiana]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sicker |first1=Martin |title=The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab Conquests to the Siege of Vienna |date=2000 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |pages=51–54}}</ref>{{Sfn|Peacock|2015|pp=24-25}} |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
Revision as of 12:58, 19 December 2022
Tuqaq Temur Yalig | |
---|---|
Bey, Soubashi | |
Died | c. 903 AD |
Burial | Unknown |
Issue | Seljuq |
House | Oghuz Yabgu |
Father | Kerequchi (disputed) |
Religion | probably Tengrism |
Tuqaq[note 1] was a chieftain of the Qiniq tribe of Oghuz Turks and a subaşy (chief of the army) of the Khazars or Oghuz Yabgu State.
Tuqaq is mostly known for founding the Seljuq dynasty which established extensive Great Seljuq Empire in the mid-eleventh century AD.
Duqaq's sobriquet "Temür Yalïgh" literally means "iron bow" or "with an iron bow" in old Turkic language.
Origin
Little is known about Tuqaq's early life or activities as most of the details of his life are sparse and uncertain. Some details about his life mostly come from later written sources, composed particularly during the reign of his great-grandson, Seljuq sultan Tughril.[1]
It is the Khazars polity where the earliest reference to Tuqaq is found. According to chronicles composed for Seljuq sultans Tughril and Alp Arslan, the ancestors of the dynasty, Tuqaq and Seljuq, both served the Khazar Khagans as subaşy. Hence, it suggests that Tuqaq operated in the area west of the Aral Sea by the mid-tenth century AD.[2] Persian epic Maliknameh (Book of Kings) also mentions a warrior called Tuqaq who served a Khazar ruler. However, Turkish historian Kafesoghlu casts doubt on this claim, stating that he instead served the Oghuz Yabgu and was second in rank after the Oghuz ruler.[1] In fact, the origin of Seljuqs may have been revised in Maliknameh in the late eleventh or early twelfth centuries, when the Seljuqs' connection to Khazars was felt undesirable for certain reasons.[3]
Tuqaq's father's was probably a man called Kerequchi khwaja, a master of tent-making (yurts). However, linking Seljuq's ancestry with Kerequchi, a maker of tents for the Turkic rulers, may have been an Ilkhanid invention devised to belittle the prestige of the Seljuq dynasty.[4]
Tuqaq's nickname "Iron Bow" suggests that he had tremendous power and influence among the people, [5] since arrow and bow were considered a sign of power in Oghuz culture.[6][1][7]
Affiliations
Tuqaq's relationship with his sovereign is said to have been complicated as he objected to the policy of raiding other Turkic (non-Oghuz) tribes. During one of such quarrels, Tuqaq got injured in the face by his ruler, but he managed to hit back and kick his offender off his horse.[1][8] Whereas Prof. Peacock and Bosworth believe that this story is probably a back projection of a later role and may have been invented after the establishment of the Seljuq state.[3][9]
Later, Tuqaq (or his son Seljuq) rebelled against his sovereign and broke decisively with the Khazars. Seljuqs and their followers later migrated to the town of Jand (present-day Kazakhstan). The reasons for this migration remain unclear and details are obscure.[2]
Religious leaning
Tuqaq may have adhered to Judaism just as other Khazar elites in common.[2] Moreover, two of Tuqaq's grandchildren bore the names of Isrâ'îl and Mikâ'îl (Michael), which also leads to the conviction that Tuqaq and his son Seljuq adhered to Judaism. However, historian Kafesoghlu believes that this is not true as there is no further evidence other than the names of Tuqaq's descendants to support this dubious claim.[1]
Death and legacy
Tuqaq is considered as the founder of the Seljuq dynasty.[10] He died approximately in AD 903.[11] After his death, his son Seljuq took his position and became a new military commander.[1] After some time, Seljuq and his followers adopted Islam.[12] They later founded their own independent beylik in Transoxiana.[13][14]
See also
Notes
References
- ^ a b c d e f Kafesoghlu, Ibrahim (2014). Studies on Seljuqs and Seljuq History (in Turkish). Otuken Nesriyat. pp. 2–16.
- ^ a b c Peacock, A.C.S (2015). The Great Seljuq Empire. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-3827-7.
- ^ a b Peacock 2013, p. 30.
- ^ Peacock, A.C.S (2013). Early Seljuq History: A New Interpretation. Routledge. p. 17.
- ^ Lange, Christian (2012). Seljuqs: Politics, Society and Culture. Edinburgh University Press. p. 30.
- ^ Bosworth, Clifford (2007). The Turks in the Early Islamic World. p. Xiii.
- ^ Özgüdenli, Osman Gazi (2012). "Origins of Seljuqs". In Turan, Refik (ed.). History of Seljuqs (in Turkish). Ankara: Grafiker Yayinlari. p. 27.
- ^ Artamonova, M (1962). The History of Khazars (in Russian). Hermitage. p. 419.
- ^ Bosworth, C., 'The origins of the Seljuqs', The Seljuqs: politics, society and culture, ed. C. Lange and S. Mecit; Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2011., p.18
- ^ Connolly, Peter; Gillingham, John; Lazenby, John, eds. (2016). The Hutchinson Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval Warfare. Routledge. p. 288.
- ^ Kosoghlu, Nevzat (1990). Reflections on the history of the Turkish world and Turkish civilization (in Turkish). Otuken Nesriyat. p. 52.
- ^ Connolly, Peter; Gillingham, John; Lazenby, John, eds. (2016). The Hutchinson Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval Warfare. Routledge. p. 288.
- ^ Sicker, Martin (2000). The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab Conquests to the Siege of Vienna. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 51–54.
- ^ Peacock 2015, pp. 24–25.