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{{Short description|none}} <!-- This short description is INTENTIONALLY "none" - please see WP:SDNONE before you consider changing it! --> |
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'''Transport in Mexico City''' is managed by the government of the [[Mexican Federal District]] through several [[public company|public companies]] that administer the different means of transportation. The government of [[Mexico City]] operates the second busiest ''publicly owned'' transit system in [[North America]] after [[New York City]], if private operators (which carry about 60% of the traffic) are included, the Mexico City passenger transport system handles about twice the passengers of the [[Metropolitan Transportation Authority (New York)|New York MTA]]. Often, ridership figures given for Mexico City do not include suburban traffic in Mexico City's four massive bus terminals, each of which is similar in size to the [[Port Authority Bus Terminal]] in New York City. |
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{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2021}} |
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{{Use American English|date=December 2021}} |
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| image3 = Tren Ligero TE-95 con nueva cromática de Movilidad Integrada.jpg |
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| image4 = Ecobici CDMX IMG 0435 (31619424713).jpg |
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| footer = Clockwise, from top: [[Mexico City International Airport|AICM]], [[Red de Transporte de Pasajeros|RTP]] bus system, [[Ecobici (Mexico City)|Ecobici]] ([[bicycle-sharing system]]), [[Tarjeta de Movilidad Integrada|mobility card]], [[Mexico City Metro|Metro]], [[Xochimilco Light Rail|light train]] |
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'''Transportation in [[Mexico City]]''' consists of a variety modes, including the roads, the [[Mexico City Metro]], extensive bus and [[bus rapid transit]] systems (the [[Mexico City Metrobús|Metrobús]], [[Red de Transporte de Pasajeros|RTP]], and the [[Trolleybuses in Mexico City|trolleybus]]), as well as the [[Xochimilco Light Rail]] and [[Cablebús|cable cars]]. The city is serviced by the [[Mexico City International Airport|Benito Juárez International Airport]] which is supported by the [[Toluca International Airport|Toluca]] and [[Felipe Ángeles International Airport|Zumpango]] airports, both in the neighboring [[State of Mexico]]. Additionally, like other cities around the world, Mexico City has public taxis, [[Pesero|public buses and share taxis]] and [[Rickshaws in Mexico City|rickshaws]]. ''[[Trajinera]]s'', [[gondola]]-like boats, service the [[Xochimilco Lake]] area. Previously, the city used to operate [[Streetcars in Mexico City|streetcars]]. The [[Greater Mexico City]] area has additional routes that provide services to the city, including the [[Tren Suburbano]] commuter railway, the [[Mexibús]] BRT network, and the [[Mexicable]] aerial lift system. The transport services are operated by public or private entities but all of them are regulated in the city by the ''Secretaría de Movilidad'' (SEMOVI; Secretary of Mobility). |
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Despite the multiple [[public transport]] options, private [[car]]s are still widely used throughout the metropolitan area estimated at more than 4.5 million in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/politica/Cuantos-autos-circulan-en-la-CDMX-diariamente-20160922-0101.html|title=¿Cuántos autos circulan en la CDMX diariamente?|work=[[El Economista (Mexico)|El Economista]]|date=22 September 2016|agency=[[Notimex]]|access-date=6 April 2022|language=es}}</ref> Further, motorized public transportation is rated as bad and unsafe by its users, specifically for the high incidence of assaults and robberies as well as harassment, abuse, and sexual harassment of women.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.excelsior.com.mx/comunidad/2016/08/29/1113772|title=Malo e inseguro, así califican pasajeros el transporte público|date=29 August 2016|work=[[Excélsior]]|agency=Notimex|language=es|access-date=6 April 2022}}</ref> The systems are also considered by the users as inefficient, ineffective, and face problems such as the lack of regulation and official supervision.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://distintaslatitudes.net/archivo/el-transporte-publico-en-la-ciudad-de-mexico-incentivos-a-la-ineficiencia|title=El transporte público en la Ciudad de México: incentivos a la ineficiencia|language=es|first=Salvador|last=Medina|date=12 January 2011|work=Distintas Latitudes|access-date=6 April 2022}}</ref> |
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==Public transportation types== |
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The following is a list of means of transportation available in Mexico City together with the company that operates them: |
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* [[Mexico City Metro]] is the [[subway system]] operated by [[Sistema de Transporte Colectivo]], a public company. |
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* The [[Xochimilco Light Rail]] and the [[Trolleybuses in Mexico City|Mexico City trolleybus network]] are operated by [[Servicio de Transportes Eléctricos del Distrito Federal]], a public company. |
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* [[Mexico City bus network]] is operated by [[Red de Transporte de Pasajeros]], a public company. |
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* [[Mexico City Metrobús]] is jointly operated by [[Corredor Insurgentes, SA de CV]], a [[private company]], and Red de Transporte de Pasajeros. |
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* ''[[Pesero]]s'' operated by various private companies and [[cooperative]]s. |
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* [[Taxicab|Taxis]] licensed to individuals by the Mexico City government. Mexico has many illegal taxis as well, which are not licensed. |
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* The [[Tren Suburbano]] is Mexico City's [[regional rail]] network. |
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* Numerous suburban bus routes emanate from Mexico City's four major bus stations: Terminal Central del Norte (North terminal), México TAPO (East terminal), México Taxqueña (Central del Sur, South terminal), and México Observatorio (Poniente or West terminal). Together these terminals are probably the world's largest agglomeration of intercity and suburban bus terminals outside of [[China]]. Other suburban bus and pesero lines terminate at Mexico City Metro stations. |
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* [[Streetcars in Mexico City]] have not operated since 1979, however there are plans for a modern streetcar in the city center. |
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==Buses== |
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{{See also|Terminal de Autobuses de Pasajeros de Oriente}} |
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Mexico City is served by [[Mexico City International Airport]] ([[IATA Airport Code]]: MEX). This airport is [[Latin America]]'s busiest and largest in traffic, with regular (daily) flights to [[North America]], mainland [[Mexico]], [[Central America]] and the [[Caribbean]], [[South America]], [[Europe]] and [[Asia]], and with codeshare agreements spanning the entire globe, mainly thanks to the most important carrier based there, [[Aeroméxico]] ([[Skyteam]]). It is used by over 26 million passengers per year.<ref>http://www.aeropuertosmexico.com/DF/aptoDFes.htm Aeropuertos Mexico</ref> This traffic exceeds the current capacity of the airport, which has historically centralized the majority of air trafficked in the country. An alternative option is [[Lic. Adolfo López Mateos International Airport]] ([[IATA Airport Code]]: TLC) located in the nearby [[Toluca]] with about 4.5 million passengers transported in 2008. About 31 million people went through the city's airports in 2008. The government engaged in an extensive restructuring program that includes the new second adjacent terminal, which began operations in 2007, and the enlargement of four other airports — at the nearby cities of [[Toluca]] ([[Lic. Adolfo López Mateos International Airport|Mateos Airport]]), [[Querétaro, Querétaro|Querétaro]] (Querétaro International Airport), [[Puebla, Puebla|Puebla]] ([[Hermanos Serdán International Airport]]), and [[Cuernavaca]] — that, along with Mexico City's airport, comprise the ''[[Grupo Aeroportuario del Valle de México]]'', distributing traffic to different regions in Mexico. The city of [[Pachuca]] will also provide additional expansion to central Mexico's airport network. Mexico City's airport is the main hub for 11 of the 21 [[List of airlines of Mexico|national airline companies]]. |
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===Bus rapid transit=== |
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{{Main|Mexico City Metrobús|Mexibús}} |
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The city's first [[bus rapid transit]] line, the [[Mexico City Metrobús|Metrobús]], began operation in June 2005, along [[Avenida de los Insurgentes|Avenida Insurgentes]]. More and more lines opened and as of mid-2017 there are 6 routes with a 7th planned along [[Paseo de la Reforma]] to connect [[Santa Fe, Mexico City|Santa Fe]] with the city center and points north.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metrobus.cdmx.gob.mx/portal-ciudadano/informacion-linea-7|title=refoma línea 7|last=Metrobús|website=Metrobús|access-date=17 August 2017|archive-date=17 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817075913/http://www.metrobus.cdmx.gob.mx/portal-ciudadano/informacion-linea-7|url-status=dead}}</ref> As each line opened, the 'pesero' minibuses were removed from each route, in order to reduce pollution and commute times. As of mid-2017, there were 568<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metrobus.cdmx.gob.mx/dependencia/acerca-de/flota|title=Flota|last=Metrobús|website=Metrobús}}</ref> Metrobús buses. In late 2016 they transported an average of 1.1 million passengers daily.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.metrobus.cdmx.gob.mx/transparencia/documentos/art14/XIX/CD_4a_2016.pdf|title=Imforme Anual 2016|website=data.metrobus.cdmx.gob.mx}}</ref> [[Mexibús]] provides 4 bus rapid transit lines connecting [[Metro Ciudad Azteca]] and [[Metro Pantitlán]] with [[Cuautitlán]], [[Ecatepec]] and other suburban areas in the State of Mexico.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.transmasivo.com.mx/|title=TRANSMASIVO|website=www.transmasivo.com.mx}}</ref> |
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===Public buses=== |
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{{Main|Pesero|Red de Transporte de Pasajeros}} |
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The ''[[pesero]]s'' are typically half-length passenger buses (known as ''microbús'') that sit 22 passengers and stand up to 28. {{As of|2007}}, the approximately 28,000 peseros carried up to 60 percent of the city's passengers.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.setravi.df.gob.mx/vialidades/transporte_vialidad.html |publisher = SETRAVI |title = Official statistics on ground transport in Mexico City |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090815115257/http://www.setravi.df.gob.mx/vialidades/transporte_vialidad.html |archive-date = 15 August 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bLs3H_IWr3wC&pg=PA381 |page = 381 |title = The Transit Metropolis: A Global Inquiry |author = Robert Cervero | author-link=Robert Cervero|isbn = 9781559635912 |date = October 1998 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title = Paratransit in America | last = Cervero |first=Robert|author-link=Robert Cervero|date=1997|publisher=Praeger}}</ref> In August 2016, Mayor Mancera announced that new pesero vehicle and concessions would be eliminated unless they were ecologically friendly vehicles,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/articulo/metropoli/cdmx/2016/06/8/no-habra-mas-microbuses-en-la-cdmx-mancera|title=No habrá más microbuses en la CDMX: Mancera|date=8 June 2016|website=El Universal}}</ref> and in October 2011 the city's Secretary of Mobility Héctor Serrano states that by the end of the current administration (2018) there would no longer by any peseros/microbuses circulating at all, and that new full-sized buses would take over the routes.<ref name="excelsior-pesero">[http://www.excelsior.com.mx/comunidad/2016/10/10/1121631 "Al término del gobierno de Mancera ya no habrá microbuses: Semovi"] ("Semovi says that by the end of Mancera's term there will be no microbuses", ''Excelsior'', 10 October 2016)</ref> |
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In 2014, the city launched so-called "Bus Rapid Service", with mid-sized [[Mercedes-Benz]] Boxer buses carrying 75–85 passengers<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.automotores-rev.com/en-operacion-69-autobuses-mercedes-benz-boxer-60-mbo/|title=En operación 69 autobuses Mercedes-Benz Revista Auto Motores Informa|date=9 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://transporteinformativo.com/inician-operacion-85-autobuses-mercedes-benz-en-corredor-chapultepec-palmas/|title=Inician operación 85 autobuses Mercedes-Benz en Corredor Chapultepec-Palmas – transporteinformativo.com|website=transporteinformativo.com|access-date=18 September 2017|archive-date=18 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918064359/http://transporteinformativo.com/inician-operacion-85-autobuses-mercedes-benz-en-corredor-chapultepec-palmas/|url-status=dead}}</ref> painted purple-on-white, replacing 'peseros' on certain groups of routes. Operation is a concession to the private firms (SAUSA, COTOBUSA, TREPSA) instead of to individual vehicle operators.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/fVL8EUfnWz0 Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20181105211457/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fVL8EUfnWz0&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fVL8EUfnWz0|title=Presentación del corredor Tacubaya- La Valenciana|last=SAUSA RUTA 86|date=7 October 2014|publisher=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.milenio.com/df/corredor_a_valenciana-ruta_86-transporte_df_0_379762169.html|title=Cambios en ex Ruta 86 causan inconformidad entre choferes|first=Erica|last=Flores}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.comunicacion.cdmx.gob.mx/noticias/nota/encabeza-jefe-de-gobierno-inicio-de-operaciones-de-los-corredores-sevilla-defensa-y-toreo-buenavista-boletin|title=Encabeza Jefe de Gobierno inicio de operaciones de los Corredores Sevilla-Defensa y Toreo-Buenavista|website=Comunicacion.cdmx.gob.mx|access-date=18 September 2017|archive-date=18 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918064741/http://www.comunicacion.cdmx.gob.mx/noticias/nota/encabeza-jefe-de-gobierno-inicio-de-operaciones-de-los-corredores-sevilla-defensa-y-toreo-buenavista-boletin|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.excelsior.com.mx/comunidad/2014/10/30/989766|title=Inauguran corredor de transporte Palmas-Chapultepec|date=30 October 2014}}</ref> |
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City agency [[Red de Transporte de Pasajeros]] (RTP), formerly M1,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/articulo/metropoli/cdmx/2016/06/19/usuarios-de-m1-se-quejan-de-exceso-en-tiempos-de-espera|title=Usuarios de M1 se quejan de exceso en tiempos de espera|date=19 June 2016}}</ref> operates various networks of large buses including regular, Ecobús, [[Circuito Bicentenario]], Atenea, Express, school and night routes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Red de Rutas por Tipo de Servicio |publisher=Ciudad de México |url=http://www.sm1.gob.mx/redderutas.html |access-date=18 September 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409015423/http://www.sm1.gob.mx/redderutas.html |archive-date=9 April 2017 }}</ref> In 2016, more bus routes were added to replace pesero routes.<ref name="excelsior-pesero" /> In 2016, the [[SVBUS]] express bus service was launched, with limited stops and utilizing the city's toll roads on the second-level of the [[Anillo Periférico|Periférico]] ring road and [[Supervía Poniente]] and connecting [[Toreo Parque Central|Toreo]]/[[Metro Cuatro Caminos|Cuatro Caminos]] with [[Santa Fe, Mexico City|Santa Fe]], [[San Jerónimo Lídice]] and [[Santa María Tepepan|Tepepan]] near [[Xochimilco]] in the southeast. Suburban buses also leave from the city's main intercity bus stations. |
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===Trolleybuses=== |
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{{Main|Trolleybuses in Mexico City}} |
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==Cable cars== |
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{{Main|Cablebús|Mexicable}} |
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==Metro== |
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[[File:NM-16.jpeg|thumb|left|[[Mexico City Metro]]]] |
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{{Main|Mexico City Metro}} |
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Mexico City is served by the ''[[Mexico City Metro|Sistema de Transporte Colectivo]]'', a {{convert|225.9|km|0|abbr=on}} [[rapid transit|metro]] system, which is the largest in Latin America. The first portions were opened in 1969 and it has expanded to 12 lines with [[List of Mexico City metro stations|195 stations]]. The metro transports 4.4 million people every day. It is the 8th busiest metro system in the world, behind Tokyo (10.0 million), Beijing (9.3 million), Shanghai (7.8 million), Seoul (7.3 million), Moscow (6.7 million), Guangzhou (6.2 million), and New York City (4.9 million).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uitp.org/sites/default/files/cck-focus-papers-files/UITP-Statistic%20Brief-Metro-A4-WEB_0.pdf|title=World Metro Figures: Statistics Brief|date=October 2015|publisher=UITP|page=2|access-date=18 June 2016|archive-date=29 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629233425/http://www.uitp.org/sites/default/files/cck-focus-papers-files/UITP-Statistic%20Brief-Metro-A4-WEB_0.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is heavily subsidized, and has some of the lowest fares in the world, each trip costing 5.00 [[Mexican peso|pesos]] (roughly US$0.27) from 05:00 am to midnight. Several stations display [[Pre-Columbian era|pre-Columbian]] artifacts and architecture that were discovered during the metro's construction. {{Citation needed|date=December 2008}} However, the metro covers less than half of the total urban area. The Metro stations are also differentiated by the use of icons and glyphs which were created for the illiterate, a unique system that has become iconic characteristic of Mexico City. Each icon was developed based on historical (characters, sites, pre-Hispanic motifs), linguistic, symbolic (glyphs) or geographic references. A complementary system of icons was used for the Metrobús (BRT) stops. |
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==Commuter rail== |
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===El Insurgente=== |
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{{Main|El Insurgente}} |
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El Insurgente, is a commuter rail line currently under construction. The passenger railway line will connect the cities of Toluca and Mexico City. |
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===Tren Suburbano=== |
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{{Main|Tren Suburbano}} |
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A suburban [[commuter rail]] system, the [[Tren Suburbano]] serves the metropolitan area, beyond the reach of the [[Mexico City Metro|metro]], with only one line serving to municipalities such as [[Tlalnepantla de Baz|Tlalnepantla]] and [[Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico State|Cuautitlán Izcalli]], but with future lines planned to serve e.g. [[Chalco de Díaz Covarrubias|Chalco]] and [[Los Reyes Acaquilpan|La Paz]]. |
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==Light rail== |
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{{Main|Xochimilco Light Rail}} |
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The [[Xochimilco Light Rail]] is a [[light rail]] system operated by [[Servicio de Transportes Eléctricos]]. |
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==Cycling== |
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[[File:15-07-12-Mexico-D-F-RalfR-N3S_9031.jpg|thumb|right|Bicycles available for rental in [[Zona Rosa, Mexico City|Zona Rosa]]]] |
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{{Main|Muévete en Bici|Ecobici (Mexico City)}} |
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The local government continuously strives for a reduction of massive traffic congestion, and has increased incentives for making a [[bicycle-friendly]] city. This includes [[Muévete en Bici]] and North America's second-largest [[bicycle sharing system]], [[Ecobici (Mexico City)|Ecobici]], launched in 2010, in which registered residents can get bicycles for 45 minutes with a pre-paid subscription of 300 pesos a year. There are, as of September 2013, 276 stations with 4,000 bicycles across an area stretching from the [[Historic center of Mexico City|Historic center]] to [[Polanco (Mexico)|Polanco]].<ref>{{cite news |newspaper = km0 |url = http://www.guiadelcentrohistorico.mx/kmcero/acciones-de-gobierno/nuevas-estaciones-de-ecobici |date = September 2013 |author = Jesús de León Torres |title = Nuevas estaciones de EcoBici |trans-title=New EcoBici stations |language=es }}</ref> within {{convert|300|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} of one another and are fully automatic using a transponder based card. Bicycle-service users have access to several permanent [[Ciclovía]]s (dedicated bike paths/lanes/streets), including ones along [[Paseo de la Reforma]] and Avenida Chapultepec as well as one running {{convert|59|km|mi|abbr=off|sp=us}} from [[Polanco (Mexico)|Polanco]] to [[Fierro del Toro]], which is located south of [[Cumbres del Ajusco National Park]], near the [[Morelos]] state line.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.fimevic.df.gob.mx/ciclovia/cartel.htm |title = Untitled Document |work = df.gob.mx |access-date = 18 May 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141112160203/http://www.fimevic.df.gob.mx/ciclovia/cartel.htm |archive-date = 12 November 2014 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://transeunte.org/temas/ciclovia-reforma/ |title="Ciclovía Reforma", ''Transeunte'' |access-date=20 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021000458/http://transeunte.org/temas/ciclovia-reforma/ |archive-date=21 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The city's initiative is inspired by forward thinking examples, such as [[Denmark]]'s [[Copenhagenization (bicycling)|Copenhagenization]]. |
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==Roads== |
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[[File:Vista de la Ciudad de México desde Periferico y Paseo de la Reforma.JPG|thumb|The [[Anillo Periférico]] and [[Paseo de la Reforma]] in [[Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City|Miguel Hidalgo]]]] |
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Greater Mexico City is connected through a private network of toll [[Controlled-access highway|expressways]] to the nearby cities of [[Querétaro, Querétaro|Querétaro]], [[Toluca]], [[Cuernavaca]], [[Pachuca]] and [[Puebla, Puebla|Puebla]]. Ring roads are the [[Circuito Interior]] (inner ring), [[Anillo Periférico]]; the [[Circuito Exterior Mexiquense]] ("State of Mexico outer loop") toll road skirting the northeastern and eastern edges of the metropolitan area,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://diarioportal.com/2009/10/12/en-una-semana-abre-la-carretera-ecatepec-naucalpan/ |title=En una semana abre la carretera Ecatepec-Naucalpan | Portal | Diario de Toluca, Estado de México |access-date=2013-09-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220233650/http://diarioportal.com/2009/10/12/en-una-semana-abre-la-carretera-ecatepec-naucalpan/ |archive-date=2013-12-20 }}</ref> the [[Autopista Chamapa-La Venta|Chamapa-La Venta]] toll road skirting the northwestern edge, and the [[Arco Norte]] completely bypassing the metropolitan area in an arc from west (Toluca) to north (Tula) to east (Puebla). A second level (where tolls are charged) of the Periférico, colloquially called the ''segundo piso'' ("second floor"), was officially opened in 2012, with sections still being completed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Abre Ebrard segundos pisos (Ebrard opens "second levels")|url=http://www.reforma.com/ciudad/articulo/681/1361468/|work=Reforma (newspaper)|date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> The [[Viaducto Miguel Alemán]] crosses the city east–west from Observatorio to the airport. In 2013 the [[Supervía Poniente]] opened, a toll road linking the new [[Santa Fe, Mexico City|Santa Fe]] business district with southwestern Mexico City. Inside the city, ''[[Eje vial|ejes viales]]''; high-volume, mostly one-way roads, cross the city from side to side in a vast numbered system. |
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In the late 1970s many arterial roads were redesigned as ''[[Eje vial|ejes viales]]''; high-volume one-way roads that cross, in theory, Mexico City proper from side to side. The ''eje vial'' network is based on a quasi-[[Cartesian coordinate system|Cartesian]] grid, with the ''ejes'' themselves being called ''Eje 1 Poniente'', ''Eje Central'', and ''Eje 1 Oriente'', for example, for the north–south roads, and ''Eje 2 Sur'' and ''Eje 3 Norte'', for example, for east–west roads. Ring roads are the [[Circuito Interior]] (inner ring), [[Anillo Periférico]]; the [[Circuito Exterior Mexiquense]] ("State of Mexico outer loop") toll road skirting the northeastern and eastern edges of the metropolitan area,<ref>{{cite web |title=En una semana abre la carretera Ecatepec-Naucalpan |date=12 October 2009 |website=Portal - Diario del Estado de México |url = http://diarioportal.com/2009/10/12/en-una-semana-abre-la-carretera-ecatepec-naucalpan/ |access-date = 21 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131220233650/http://diarioportal.com/2009/10/12/en-una-semana-abre-la-carretera-ecatepec-naucalpan/ |archive-date = 20 December 2013 }}</ref> the [[Autopista Chamapa-La Venta|Chamapa-La Venta]] toll road skirting the northwestern edge, and the [[Arco Norte]] completely bypassing the metropolitan area in an arc from northwest ([[Atlacomulco]]) to north ([[Tula de Allende|Tula, Hidalgo]]) to east ([[Puebla, Puebla|Puebla]]). A second level (where tolls are charged) of the Periférico, colloquially called the ''segundo piso'' ("second floor"), was officially opened in 2012, with sections still being completed.<ref>{{cite web |title = Abre Ebrard segundos pisos (Ebrard opens "second levels") |url = http://www.reforma.com/ciudad/articulo/681/1361468/ |work = Reforma (newspaper) |date = 4 December 2012 }}</ref> The [[Viaducto Miguel Alemán]] crosses the city east–west from Observatorio to the airport. In 2013 the [[Supervía Poniente]] opened, a toll road linking the new [[Santa Fe, Mexico City|Santa Fe]] business district with southwestern Mexico City. |
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There is an environmental program, called [[Hoy No Circula]] ("Today Does Not Run", or "One Day without a Car"), whereby vehicles that have not passed emissions testing are restricted from circulating on certain days according to the ending digit of their [[Vehicle registration plate|license plates]]; this in an attempt to cut down on pollution and traffic congestion. While in 2003, the program still restricted 40% of vehicles in the metropolitan area,<ref>{{cite web |title = Actualización Del Programa Hoy No Circula |trans-title=Update of the "Hoy No Circula" Program |url = http://www.sma.df.gob.mx/sma/download/archivos/actualizacion_phnc_dip.pdf |access-date = 21 September 2013 |publisher = Gobierno Del Distrito Federal, Secretaría Del Medio Ambiente, Dirección General De Gestión Ambiental Del Aire, Dirección De Instrumentación De Políticas |page = 19 |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130923095052/http://www.sma.df.gob.mx/sma/download/archivos/actualizacion_phnc_dip.pdf |archive-date = 23 September 2013 }}</ref> with the adoption of stricter emissions standards in 2001 and 2006,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.meca.org/galleries/files/Mexico06.pdf |title = Mexican Emission Standards based on Federal Tier I Light-duty Vehicles up to 6000 lbs. GVWR |work = meca.org |access-date = 6 June 2016 |archive-date = 23 September 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130923072222/http://www.meca.org/galleries/files/Mexico06.pdf |url-status = dead }}</ref> in practice, these days most vehicles are exempt from the circulation restrictions as long as they pass regular emissions tests.<ref>{{cite web|title=Programa de Verificación Vehicular. Segundo semestre de 2013. |trans-title=Vehicle Verification Program. Second semester 2013. |url=http://www.sma.df.gob.mx/verificentros/index.php?op=inicio |publisher=Gobierno del Distrito Federal, Secretaría del Medio Ambiente |language=es |access-date=12 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305183101/http://www.sma.df.gob.mx/verificentros/index.php?op=inicio |archive-date=5 March 2016 }}</ref> |
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===Parking=== |
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{{Main|Parking in Mexico City}} |
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Street parking in urban neighborhoods is mostly controlled by the ''[[franelero]]s'' a.k.a. "''viene vienes''" (lit. "come on, come on"), who ask drivers for a fee to park. Double parking is common (with ''franeleros'' moving the cars as required), impeding on the available lanes for traffic to pass. In order to mitigate that and other problems and to raise revenue,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Miguel Hidalgo borough, Mexico City government, Autoridad del Espacio Público |url=http://movil.miguelhidalgo.gob.mx/uploads/presentacion_anzures.pdf |title=INSTALACIÓN Y OPERACIÓN DE PARQUÍMETROS COLONIA ANZURES |trans-title=Installation and operation of parking meters in Anzures |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022031636/https://movil.miguelhidalgo.gob.mx/uploads/presentacion_anzures.pdf |archive-date=22 October 2013 }}</ref> 721 parking meters (as of October 2013), have been installed in the west-central neighborhoods [[Lomas de Chapultepec]], [[Condesa]], [[Colonia Roma|Roma]], [[Polanco, Mexico City|Polanco]] and [[Anzures]], in operation from 8 AM to 8 PM on weekdays and charging a rate of 2 pesos per 15 minutes, with offenders' cars booted, costing about 500 pesos to remove. 30 percent of the monthly 16 million-peso (as of October 2013) income from the parking-meter system (named "ecoParq") is earmarked for neighborhood improvements. The granting of the license for all zones exclusively to a new company without experience in operating parking meters, Operadora de Estacionamientos Bicentenario, has generated controversy.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/ciudad-metropoli/2013/impreso/parquimetros-negocio-de-una-sola-empresa-en-el-df-119441.html |newspaper = El Universal |date = 21 October 2013 |title = Parquímetros, negocio de una sola empresa en el DF |trans-title=Parking meters, business of a sole company in the DF |language=es |author = Karla Casillas Bermúdez }}</ref> |
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==Airports== |
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[[File:AICM_AIR_T2.jpg|thumb|[[Mexico City International Airport]]]] |
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{{Main|Mexico City International Airport|Felipe Ángeles International Airport}} |
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[[Mexico City International Airport]] is Mexico City's primary airport ([[International Air Transport Association airport code|IATA Airport Code]]: MEX). It is the [[List of the busiest airports in Latin America|busiest airport in Latin America]] with regular (daily) flights to [[North America]], mainland [[Mexico]], [[Central America]] and the [[Caribbean]], [[South America]], [[Europe]] and [[Asia]]. In 2019, it was used by over 50 million passengers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aicm.com.mx/categoria/estadisticas|title=Estadísticas|work=Mexico City International Airport|access-date=13 January 2022}}</ref> The traffic exceeds the current capacity of the airport, which has historically centralized the majority of air traffic in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.itf-oecd.org/sites/default/files/docs/alternative-solutions-airport-saturation-simulation-models.pdf|work=[[International Transport Forum]]|publisher=[[OECD]]|date=September 2017|first=Alfonso|last=Herrera García|access-date=13 January 2022|title=Alternative Solutions to Airport Saturation: Simulation models applied to congested airports}}</ref> [[Aeroméxico]] ([[SkyTeam|Skyteam]]) is based at this airport, and has codeshare agreements with non-Mexican airlines that span the entire globe. The airport is also a hub for [[Volaris]], [[VivaAerobus]] and [[Aeromar]]. It was a hub for [[Mexicana de Aviacion]] and [[Interjet]] in the past. Mexico City International Airport has two terminals, which are serviced by the [[Aerotrén]], a [[Automatic train operation|self-driving]] [[people mover]] system.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gob.mx/aicm/e/articulos/conoce-mas-de-nuestro-aerotren?idiom=es|title=Da click y conoce más de nuestro aerotrén|language=es|work=Government of Mexico|access-date=13 January 2022}}</ref> |
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[[Felipe Ángeles International Airport]] ([[International Air Transport Association airport code|IATA Airport Code]]: NLU) is Mexico City's secondary airport. The airport opened in 2022, rebuilt from the former Santa Lucía Air Force Base. It is located in [[Zumpango]], [[State of Mexico]], {{convert|48.8|km|mi|sigfig=1}} north-northeast of the [[historic center of Mexico City]] by car.<ref>[https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Zócalo,+Centro+Histórico+de+la+Cdad.+de+México,+Centro,+Ciudad+de+México,+CDMX,+Mexico/Base+Area+Santa+Lucia,+Av+Sta+Luc%C3%ADa,+55600+Zumpango+de+Ocampo,+Méx.,+Mexico/@19.5933399,-99.1846117,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x85d1fecd46f7d787:0xb1ca18d279276c31!2m2!1d-99.1334254!2d19.4319716!1m5!1m1!1s0x85d19290128630e3:0xb776e6669ed2af88!2m2!1d-99.0006637!2d19.7562141!3e0 Google Maps directions from Santa Lucía base to Zócalo, retrieved 6 November 2021]</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=¿Quién es Felipe Ángeles y por qué el aeropuerto se llama así? ("Who was Felipe Angeles and why is the airport called that?" |url=https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/quien-es-felipe-angeles-y-por-que-el-aeropuerto-se-llama-asi |publisher=El Universal (Mexico City) |date=2 October 2021}}</ref> |
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Other airports include the neighboring airports at [[Toluca International Airport|Toluca, State of Mexico]] (IATA: TLC), [[Felipe Ángeles International Airport|Zumpango, State of Mexico]] (IATA: NLU), [[Querétaro International Airport|Querétaro City, Querétaro]] (IATA: QRO), [[Puebla International Airport|Puebla City, Puebla]] (IATA: PBC), and [[Cuernavaca Airport|Cuernavaca, Morelos]] (IATA: CVJ). |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* [[Mexico City]] |
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* [[Hoy No Circula]] |
* [[Hoy No Circula]] |
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* [[Mexico City |
* [[Rickshaws in Mexico City]] |
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* [[Streetcars in Mexico City]] |
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* [[Trajinera]]s |
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==References== |
==References== |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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{{Commons category|Transport in Mexico City}} |
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*[http://www.metrobus.df.gob.mx/ Metrobús] |
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* |
*{{Official|https://www.semovi.cdmx.gob.mx/|SEMOVI's official website}} |
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*[http://www.ste.df.gob.mx/index.html Sistema de Transportes Eléctricos del Distrito Federal] |
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*[http://centraldelnorte.com.mx/ Terminal Central del Norte] |
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*[http://www.rtp.gob.mx/ Red de Transportes de Pasajeros del DF] |
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*[http://www.fsuburbanos.com/ El Tren Suburbano] |
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*[http://timtotango.googlepages.com/mexicocitytaxiscabsinformation Information on Taxis in Mexico City] |
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*[http://www.viadf.com.mx Free Online Route Planner for all public transport services in Mexico City] |
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*[http://www.buscaturuta.com Online public transport planner in Mexico City] |
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{{Mexico City transport network}} |
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{{Commons category|Transport in Mexico, D. F.}} |
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[[Category:Transportation in Mexico City |
[[Category:Transportation in Mexico City]] |
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[[Category:Mexico City]] |
Latest revision as of 05:15, 2 September 2023
Transportation in Mexico City consists of a variety modes, including the roads, the Mexico City Metro, extensive bus and bus rapid transit systems (the Metrobús, RTP, and the trolleybus), as well as the Xochimilco Light Rail and cable cars. The city is serviced by the Benito Juárez International Airport which is supported by the Toluca and Zumpango airports, both in the neighboring State of Mexico. Additionally, like other cities around the world, Mexico City has public taxis, public buses and share taxis and rickshaws. Trajineras, gondola-like boats, service the Xochimilco Lake area. Previously, the city used to operate streetcars. The Greater Mexico City area has additional routes that provide services to the city, including the Tren Suburbano commuter railway, the Mexibús BRT network, and the Mexicable aerial lift system. The transport services are operated by public or private entities but all of them are regulated in the city by the Secretaría de Movilidad (SEMOVI; Secretary of Mobility).
Despite the multiple public transport options, private cars are still widely used throughout the metropolitan area estimated at more than 4.5 million in 2016.[1] Further, motorized public transportation is rated as bad and unsafe by its users, specifically for the high incidence of assaults and robberies as well as harassment, abuse, and sexual harassment of women.[2] The systems are also considered by the users as inefficient, ineffective, and face problems such as the lack of regulation and official supervision.[3]
Buses
Bus rapid transit
The city's first bus rapid transit line, the Metrobús, began operation in June 2005, along Avenida Insurgentes. More and more lines opened and as of mid-2017 there are 6 routes with a 7th planned along Paseo de la Reforma to connect Santa Fe with the city center and points north.[4] As each line opened, the 'pesero' minibuses were removed from each route, in order to reduce pollution and commute times. As of mid-2017, there were 568[5] Metrobús buses. In late 2016 they transported an average of 1.1 million passengers daily.[6] Mexibús provides 4 bus rapid transit lines connecting Metro Ciudad Azteca and Metro Pantitlán with Cuautitlán, Ecatepec and other suburban areas in the State of Mexico.[7]
Public buses
The peseros are typically half-length passenger buses (known as microbús) that sit 22 passengers and stand up to 28. As of 2007, the approximately 28,000 peseros carried up to 60 percent of the city's passengers.[8][9][10] In August 2016, Mayor Mancera announced that new pesero vehicle and concessions would be eliminated unless they were ecologically friendly vehicles,[11] and in October 2011 the city's Secretary of Mobility Héctor Serrano states that by the end of the current administration (2018) there would no longer by any peseros/microbuses circulating at all, and that new full-sized buses would take over the routes.[12]
In 2014, the city launched so-called "Bus Rapid Service", with mid-sized Mercedes-Benz Boxer buses carrying 75–85 passengers[13][14] painted purple-on-white, replacing 'peseros' on certain groups of routes. Operation is a concession to the private firms (SAUSA, COTOBUSA, TREPSA) instead of to individual vehicle operators.[15][16][17][18]
City agency Red de Transporte de Pasajeros (RTP), formerly M1,[19] operates various networks of large buses including regular, Ecobús, Circuito Bicentenario, Atenea, Express, school and night routes.[20] In 2016, more bus routes were added to replace pesero routes.[12] In 2016, the SVBUS express bus service was launched, with limited stops and utilizing the city's toll roads on the second-level of the Periférico ring road and Supervía Poniente and connecting Toreo/Cuatro Caminos with Santa Fe, San Jerónimo Lídice and Tepepan near Xochimilco in the southeast. Suburban buses also leave from the city's main intercity bus stations.
Trolleybuses
Cable cars
Metro
Mexico City is served by the Sistema de Transporte Colectivo, a 225.9 km (140 mi) metro system, which is the largest in Latin America. The first portions were opened in 1969 and it has expanded to 12 lines with 195 stations. The metro transports 4.4 million people every day. It is the 8th busiest metro system in the world, behind Tokyo (10.0 million), Beijing (9.3 million), Shanghai (7.8 million), Seoul (7.3 million), Moscow (6.7 million), Guangzhou (6.2 million), and New York City (4.9 million).[21] It is heavily subsidized, and has some of the lowest fares in the world, each trip costing 5.00 pesos (roughly US$0.27) from 05:00 am to midnight. Several stations display pre-Columbian artifacts and architecture that were discovered during the metro's construction. [citation needed] However, the metro covers less than half of the total urban area. The Metro stations are also differentiated by the use of icons and glyphs which were created for the illiterate, a unique system that has become iconic characteristic of Mexico City. Each icon was developed based on historical (characters, sites, pre-Hispanic motifs), linguistic, symbolic (glyphs) or geographic references. A complementary system of icons was used for the Metrobús (BRT) stops.
Commuter rail
El Insurgente
El Insurgente, is a commuter rail line currently under construction. The passenger railway line will connect the cities of Toluca and Mexico City.
Tren Suburbano
A suburban commuter rail system, the Tren Suburbano serves the metropolitan area, beyond the reach of the metro, with only one line serving to municipalities such as Tlalnepantla and Cuautitlán Izcalli, but with future lines planned to serve e.g. Chalco and La Paz.
Light rail
The Xochimilco Light Rail is a light rail system operated by Servicio de Transportes Eléctricos.
Cycling
The local government continuously strives for a reduction of massive traffic congestion, and has increased incentives for making a bicycle-friendly city. This includes Muévete en Bici and North America's second-largest bicycle sharing system, Ecobici, launched in 2010, in which registered residents can get bicycles for 45 minutes with a pre-paid subscription of 300 pesos a year. There are, as of September 2013, 276 stations with 4,000 bicycles across an area stretching from the Historic center to Polanco.[22] within 300 meters (980 feet) of one another and are fully automatic using a transponder based card. Bicycle-service users have access to several permanent Ciclovías (dedicated bike paths/lanes/streets), including ones along Paseo de la Reforma and Avenida Chapultepec as well as one running 59 kilometers (37 miles) from Polanco to Fierro del Toro, which is located south of Cumbres del Ajusco National Park, near the Morelos state line.[23][24] The city's initiative is inspired by forward thinking examples, such as Denmark's Copenhagenization.
Roads
Greater Mexico City is connected through a private network of toll expressways to the nearby cities of Querétaro, Toluca, Cuernavaca, Pachuca and Puebla. Ring roads are the Circuito Interior (inner ring), Anillo Periférico; the Circuito Exterior Mexiquense ("State of Mexico outer loop") toll road skirting the northeastern and eastern edges of the metropolitan area,[25] the Chamapa-La Venta toll road skirting the northwestern edge, and the Arco Norte completely bypassing the metropolitan area in an arc from west (Toluca) to north (Tula) to east (Puebla). A second level (where tolls are charged) of the Periférico, colloquially called the segundo piso ("second floor"), was officially opened in 2012, with sections still being completed.[26] The Viaducto Miguel Alemán crosses the city east–west from Observatorio to the airport. In 2013 the Supervía Poniente opened, a toll road linking the new Santa Fe business district with southwestern Mexico City. Inside the city, ejes viales; high-volume, mostly one-way roads, cross the city from side to side in a vast numbered system.
In the late 1970s many arterial roads were redesigned as ejes viales; high-volume one-way roads that cross, in theory, Mexico City proper from side to side. The eje vial network is based on a quasi-Cartesian grid, with the ejes themselves being called Eje 1 Poniente, Eje Central, and Eje 1 Oriente, for example, for the north–south roads, and Eje 2 Sur and Eje 3 Norte, for example, for east–west roads. Ring roads are the Circuito Interior (inner ring), Anillo Periférico; the Circuito Exterior Mexiquense ("State of Mexico outer loop") toll road skirting the northeastern and eastern edges of the metropolitan area,[27] the Chamapa-La Venta toll road skirting the northwestern edge, and the Arco Norte completely bypassing the metropolitan area in an arc from northwest (Atlacomulco) to north (Tula, Hidalgo) to east (Puebla). A second level (where tolls are charged) of the Periférico, colloquially called the segundo piso ("second floor"), was officially opened in 2012, with sections still being completed.[28] The Viaducto Miguel Alemán crosses the city east–west from Observatorio to the airport. In 2013 the Supervía Poniente opened, a toll road linking the new Santa Fe business district with southwestern Mexico City.
There is an environmental program, called Hoy No Circula ("Today Does Not Run", or "One Day without a Car"), whereby vehicles that have not passed emissions testing are restricted from circulating on certain days according to the ending digit of their license plates; this in an attempt to cut down on pollution and traffic congestion. While in 2003, the program still restricted 40% of vehicles in the metropolitan area,[29] with the adoption of stricter emissions standards in 2001 and 2006,[30] in practice, these days most vehicles are exempt from the circulation restrictions as long as they pass regular emissions tests.[31]
Parking
Street parking in urban neighborhoods is mostly controlled by the franeleros a.k.a. "viene vienes" (lit. "come on, come on"), who ask drivers for a fee to park. Double parking is common (with franeleros moving the cars as required), impeding on the available lanes for traffic to pass. In order to mitigate that and other problems and to raise revenue,[32] 721 parking meters (as of October 2013), have been installed in the west-central neighborhoods Lomas de Chapultepec, Condesa, Roma, Polanco and Anzures, in operation from 8 AM to 8 PM on weekdays and charging a rate of 2 pesos per 15 minutes, with offenders' cars booted, costing about 500 pesos to remove. 30 percent of the monthly 16 million-peso (as of October 2013) income from the parking-meter system (named "ecoParq") is earmarked for neighborhood improvements. The granting of the license for all zones exclusively to a new company without experience in operating parking meters, Operadora de Estacionamientos Bicentenario, has generated controversy.[33]
Airports
Mexico City International Airport is Mexico City's primary airport (IATA Airport Code: MEX). It is the busiest airport in Latin America with regular (daily) flights to North America, mainland Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Europe and Asia. In 2019, it was used by over 50 million passengers.[34] The traffic exceeds the current capacity of the airport, which has historically centralized the majority of air traffic in the country.[35] Aeroméxico (Skyteam) is based at this airport, and has codeshare agreements with non-Mexican airlines that span the entire globe. The airport is also a hub for Volaris, VivaAerobus and Aeromar. It was a hub for Mexicana de Aviacion and Interjet in the past. Mexico City International Airport has two terminals, which are serviced by the Aerotrén, a self-driving people mover system.[36]
Felipe Ángeles International Airport (IATA Airport Code: NLU) is Mexico City's secondary airport. The airport opened in 2022, rebuilt from the former Santa Lucía Air Force Base. It is located in Zumpango, State of Mexico, 48.8 kilometres (30 mi) north-northeast of the historic center of Mexico City by car.[37][38]
Other airports include the neighboring airports at Toluca, State of Mexico (IATA: TLC), Zumpango, State of Mexico (IATA: NLU), Querétaro City, Querétaro (IATA: QRO), Puebla City, Puebla (IATA: PBC), and Cuernavaca, Morelos (IATA: CVJ).
See also
References
- ^ "¿Cuántos autos circulan en la CDMX diariamente?". El Economista (in Spanish). Notimex. September 22, 2016. Retrieved April 6, 2022.
- ^ "Malo e inseguro, así califican pasajeros el transporte público". Excélsior (in Spanish). Notimex. August 29, 2016. Retrieved April 6, 2022.
- ^ Medina, Salvador (January 12, 2011). "El transporte público en la Ciudad de México: incentivos a la ineficiencia". Distintas Latitudes (in Spanish). Retrieved April 6, 2022.
- ^ Metrobús. "refoma línea 7". Metrobús. Archived from the original on August 17, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
- ^ Metrobús. "Flota". Metrobús.
- ^ "Imforme Anual 2016" (PDF). data.metrobus.cdmx.gob.mx.
- ^ "TRANSMASIVO". www.transmasivo.com.mx.
- ^ "Official statistics on ground transport in Mexico City" (in Spanish). SETRAVI. Archived from the original on August 15, 2009.
- ^ Robert Cervero (October 1998). The Transit Metropolis: A Global Inquiry. p. 381. ISBN 9781559635912.
- ^ Cervero, Robert (1997). Paratransit in America. Praeger.
- ^ "No habrá más microbuses en la CDMX: Mancera". El Universal. June 8, 2016.
- ^ a b "Al término del gobierno de Mancera ya no habrá microbuses: Semovi" ("Semovi says that by the end of Mancera's term there will be no microbuses", Excelsior, 10 October 2016)
- ^ "En operación 69 autobuses Mercedes-Benz Revista Auto Motores Informa". September 9, 2014.
- ^ "Inician operación 85 autobuses Mercedes-Benz en Corredor Chapultepec-Palmas – transporteinformativo.com". transporteinformativo.com. Archived from the original on September 18, 2017. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
- ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: SAUSA RUTA 86 (October 7, 2014). "Presentación del corredor Tacubaya- La Valenciana". YouTube.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Flores, Erica. "Cambios en ex Ruta 86 causan inconformidad entre choferes".
- ^ "Encabeza Jefe de Gobierno inicio de operaciones de los Corredores Sevilla-Defensa y Toreo-Buenavista". Comunicacion.cdmx.gob.mx. Archived from the original on September 18, 2017. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
- ^ "Inauguran corredor de transporte Palmas-Chapultepec". October 30, 2014.
- ^ "Usuarios de M1 se quejan de exceso en tiempos de espera". June 19, 2016.
- ^ "Red de Rutas por Tipo de Servicio". Ciudad de México. Archived from the original on April 9, 2017. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
- ^ "World Metro Figures: Statistics Brief" (PDF). UITP. October 2015. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 29, 2016. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
- ^ Jesús de León Torres (September 2013). "Nuevas estaciones de EcoBici" [New EcoBici stations]. km0 (in Spanish).
- ^ "Untitled Document". df.gob.mx. Archived from the original on November 12, 2014. Retrieved May 18, 2015.
- ^ ""Ciclovía Reforma", Transeunte". Archived from the original on October 21, 2013. Retrieved October 20, 2013.
- ^ "En una semana abre la carretera Ecatepec-Naucalpan | Portal | Diario de Toluca, Estado de México". Archived from the original on December 20, 2013. Retrieved September 21, 2013.
- ^ "Abre Ebrard segundos pisos (Ebrard opens "second levels")". Reforma (newspaper). December 4, 2012.
- ^ "En una semana abre la carretera Ecatepec-Naucalpan". Portal - Diario del Estado de México. October 12, 2009. Archived from the original on December 20, 2013. Retrieved September 21, 2013.
- ^ "Abre Ebrard segundos pisos (Ebrard opens "second levels")". Reforma (newspaper). December 4, 2012.
- ^ "Actualización Del Programa Hoy No Circula" [Update of the "Hoy No Circula" Program] (PDF) (in Spanish). Gobierno Del Distrito Federal, Secretaría Del Medio Ambiente, Dirección General De Gestión Ambiental Del Aire, Dirección De Instrumentación De Políticas. p. 19. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 23, 2013. Retrieved September 21, 2013.
- ^ "Mexican Emission Standards based on Federal Tier I Light-duty Vehicles up to 6000 lbs. GVWR" (PDF). meca.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 23, 2013. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
- ^ "Programa de Verificación Vehicular. Segundo semestre de 2013" [Vehicle Verification Program. Second semester 2013.] (in Spanish). Gobierno del Distrito Federal, Secretaría del Medio Ambiente. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
- ^ "INSTALACIÓN Y OPERACIÓN DE PARQUÍMETROS COLONIA ANZURES" [Installation and operation of parking meters in Anzures] (PDF) (in Spanish). Miguel Hidalgo borough, Mexico City government, Autoridad del Espacio Público. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 22, 2013.
- ^ Karla Casillas Bermúdez (October 21, 2013). "Parquímetros, negocio de una sola empresa en el DF" [Parking meters, business of a sole company in the DF]. El Universal (in Spanish).
- ^ "Estadísticas". Mexico City International Airport. Retrieved January 13, 2022.
- ^ Herrera García, Alfonso (September 2017). "Alternative Solutions to Airport Saturation: Simulation models applied to congested airports" (PDF). International Transport Forum. OECD. Retrieved January 13, 2022.
- ^ "Da click y conoce más de nuestro aerotrén". Government of Mexico (in Spanish). Retrieved January 13, 2022.
- ^ Google Maps directions from Santa Lucía base to Zócalo, retrieved 6 November 2021
- ^ "¿Quién es Felipe Ángeles y por qué el aeropuerto se llama así? ("Who was Felipe Angeles and why is the airport called that?"". El Universal (Mexico City). October 2, 2021.