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{{Short description|Māori language term}} |
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[[Image:Tino Rangatiratanga Maori sovereignty movement flag.svg|250px|thumb|right|Tino Rangatiratanga flag, first sketched by Hiraina Marsden, later tweaked by Linda Munn and accompanied by Jan Dobson and others. Poua Erstich is responsible for the meaning of the flag. This image by James Dignan and António Martins of [[Flags of the World (website)|Flags of the World]]]] |
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{{Italic title}}{{Use New Zealand English|date=March 2024}} |
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[[Image:Tino rangatiratanga flag on Harbour Bridge.jpg|250px|thumb|right|The flag flying alongside the [[Flag of New Zealand]] on the [[Auckland Harbour Bridge]], [[Waitangi Day]], 2012. ]] |
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{{about|a phrase in the Māori language|the flag of the same name|national Māori flag}} |
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'''''Tino rangatiratanga''''' is a [[Māori language]] term that is often translated as "absolute sovereignty"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nzcpr.com/the-treaty-of-waitangi-and-new-zealand-citizenship/ |title=The Treaty of Waitangi and New Zealand Citizenship |publisher= New Zealand Centre for Political Research |date=2017-01-29 |accessdate=2020-04-12}}</ref>. It appears in the Māori version of the [[Treaty of Waitangi]], signed by the British Crown and Māori chiefs (''[[rangatira]]'') in 1840. |
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[[File:Treaty of Waitangi – Articles printed in Māori, with “tino Rangatiratanga” highlighted.tif|alt=The Māori text of an original printed (not longhand) copy of the Treaty of Waitangi. The phrase “tino Rangatiratanga” is highlighted for emphasis.|thumb|{{Lang|Mi|Tino rangatiratanga}} is important to Māori and New Zealand culture and politics. Here the phrase is highlighted as it appears in the printed copies of the [[Treaty of Waitangi]], as part of article two ({{Lang|Mi|ko te tuarua}}).]] |
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The Treaty says<ref>http://www.treaty2u.govt.nz/the-treaty-up-close/treaty-of-waitangi/</ref>: |
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'''''{{Lang|Mi|Tino rangatiratanga}}''''' is a [[Māori language]] term that translates literally to 'highest chieftainship' or 'unqualified chieftainship', but is also translated as "self-determination", "sovereignty" and "absolute sovereignty".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Te One |first1=Annie |last2=Clifford |first2=Carrie |date=2021 |title=Tino Rangatiratanga and Well-being: Māori Self Determination in the Face of Covid-19 |journal=Frontiers in Sociology |volume=6 |page=613340 |doi=10.3389/fsoc.2021.613340 |pmid=33869564 |pmc=8022796 |issn=2297-7775|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=English |first=Bill |author-link=Bill English |date=7 May 2002 |title=The Treaty of Waitangi and New Zealand Citizenship |url=https://www.nzcpr.com/the-treaty-of-waitangi-and-new-zealand-citizenship/ |access-date=2020-04-12 |publisher=New Zealand Centre for Political Research}}</ref> The very translation of {{Lang|Mi|tino rangatiratanga}} is important to [[Politics of New Zealand|New Zealand politics]], as it is used in the Māori version of the [[Treaty of Waitangi]] to express "full exclusive and undisturbed possession" over Māori-owned lands and property, but different translations have drastically different implications for the relationship between the 1840 signatories: the [[The Crown|British Crown]] and the Māori chiefs (''[[rangatira]]'').{{Efn|Not all tribes were signatories to the treaty, and for these tribes {{Lang|Mi|tino rangatiratanga}} may not be as important a goal as independence.<ref>{{Citation |title=What does 'Tino Rangatiratanga' mean? |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=93sbWRtEUIw |work=He Tohu |publisher=National Library of New Zealand |language=en |access-date=2022-09-28}}</ref>}} |
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'''''Ko te tuarua |
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⚫ | It has become one of the most contentious phrases in retrospective analyses of the treaty amid debate surrounding the obligations that were agreed to by each signatory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/treaty-of-waitangi/page-1 |title=1. – Treaty of Waitangi – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand |publisher=Teara.govt.nz |date=2012-07-13 |access-date=2015-08-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Orange|first1=Claudia|author-link1=Claudia Orange|title=Story: Treaty of Waitangi: Page 1 – Creating the Treaty of Waitangi|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/treaty-of-waitangi/page-1|website=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand|publisher=Ministry for Culture and Heritage|access-date=7 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709061331/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/treaty-of-waitangi/page-1|archive-date=2015-07-09|location=Wellington, New Zealand|date=13 July 2012}}</ref> The phrase features in current historical and political discourse on race relations in [[New Zealand]] and is widely used by Māori advocacy groups. |
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The literal translation (by Professor I H Kawharu, published in Report of the Royal Commission on Social Policy, Wellington, 1988 <ref>http://www.treaty2u.govt.nz/the-treaty-up-close/treaty-of-waitangi/</ref>) of the above says: |
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A [[National Māori flag|''tino rangatiratanga'' flag]] was designed in 1989 and has become accepted as a national flag for Māori groups across New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/flags |title=Flags |publisher=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |date=2016-01-13 |access-date=2016-03-07}}</ref> |
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'''''The Second |
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⚫ | It has become one of the most contentious phrases in retrospective analyses of the |
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== Origins and etymology == |
== Origins and etymology == |
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[[File:He Wakaputanga (Whakaputanga) o te Rangatiratanga o Nu Tireni - The Declaration of Independence of the United Tribes of New Zealand pg1.jpg|thumb|The Declaration of Independence of the United Tribes of New Zealand, made to the British Resident in New Zealand on 28 October 1835. The phrase ''tino rangatiratanga'' can be seen in the first line of section one.]] |
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A {{Lang|Mi|[[rangatira]]}} is a chief, the nominalising suffix {{Lang|Mi|-tanga}} makes the word an abstract noun referring to the quality or attributes of chieftainship. The word is also translated as 'chiefly autonomy', or 'kingdom', referencing the 'chiefly authority' and domain of the chief.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=rangatiratanga |url=https://maoridictionary.co.nz/search?&keywords=rangatiratanga |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=Te Aka Māori Dictionary |language=en}}</ref> |
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{{Lang|Mi|Tino}} is used as an intensifier, indicating that something is true, genuine or unrivalled.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=tino |url=https://maoridictionary.co.nz/search?keywords=tino |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=Te Aka Māori Dictionary |language=en}}</ref> The addition in this context means the phrase can be translated as 'highest chieftainship'.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=314}} |
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*[https://maoridictionary.co.nz/search?idiom=&phrase=&proverb=&loan=&histLoanWords=&keywords=tino Tino]: absolute ... used before a noun to indicate something is unrivalled or is true or genuine. |
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⚫ | The intention of the phrase was to "emphasize to a chief the Queen's intention to give the complete control according to ''their'' customs".<ref name=":0">Kawharu, I. H. (1989). ''Waitangi: Māori and Pākēha perspectives of the Treaty of Waitangi''. Auckland, New Zealand: Oxford University Press.</ref>{{Rp|page=319}} One English translation is 'absolute sovereignty', although many also refer to it as [[self-determination]],<ref>Awatere, D. (1982). Maori sovereignty. Broadsheet, 100, 38–42.</ref> [[autonomy]],<ref>{{cite report |author=Waitangi Tribunal |year=1996 |title=The Taranaki report: Kaupapa tuatahi (Wai 143) |location=Wellington, New Zealand |access-date=9 August 2010 |url=http://www.waitangi-tribunal.govt.nz/reports/downloadpdf.asp?reportid=3FECC540-D049-4DE6-A7F0-C26BCCDAB345.pdf}}</ref> or Māori independence. |
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*[https://maoridictionary.co.nz/search?idiom=&phrase=&proverb=&loan=&histLoanWords=&keywords=rangatiratanga Rangatiratanga]: kingdom, realm, sovereignty, principality, self-determination, self-management. |
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== Treaty of Waitangi == |
== Treaty of Waitangi == |
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The emphasis on ''tino rangatiratanga'' draws from an inconsistency arising between Article 1 and Article 2 of the [[Treaty of Waitangi]]: |
The emphasis on ''{{Lang|Mi|tino rangatiratanga}}'' draws from an inconsistency arising between Article 1 and Article 2 of the [[Treaty of Waitangi]]: |
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*In the English text of Article 1 of the |
*In the English text of Article 1 of the treaty, the Māori signatories cede their sovereignty to the British Crown. For the Māori text, since there was no direct Māori translation for the idea, the missionary neologism {{Lang|Mi|[[kawanatanga]]}} ('governorship') was used to represent the concept of sovereignty. That word was based on the transliteration of {{Lang|Mi|kawana}} from 'governor', which had been invented by [[Bible]] translators to explain [[Pontius Pilate]]'s authority in [[Iudaea Province|Judaea]]. {{Lang|Mi|Kawana}} had also been used prior to 1840 to describe the Governor of [[New South Wales]]. |
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*In the English text of Article 2, signatories are assured that |
*In the English text of Article 2, signatories are assured that "the full exclusive and undisturbed possession of their Lands and Estates Forests Fisheries and other properties" would remain for so long as they chose. In the Māori text, signatories are assured that their ''{{Lang|Mi|tino rangatiratanga}}'' will remain undisturbed over their lands, {{Lang|Mi|kainga}} and other {{Lang|Mi|[[taonga]]}}: "te tino rangatiratanga o ratou wenua o ratou kainga me o ratou taonga katoa", literally "the absolute chieftainship of your lands, your homes, and all your treasures/[[taonga]]". |
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Based on the Māori text alone, in Article 1, the signatories appear to be granting ''kawanatanga'' |
Based on the Māori text alone, in Article 1, the signatories appear to be granting ''{{Lang|Mi|kawanatanga}}'', and in Article 2, the signatories are promised that their ''{{Lang|Mi|tino rangatiratanga}}'' ('absolutely sovereignty' or 'highest chieftainship') would remain undisturbed. The apparent inconsistency led to much debate as to whether the Māori signatories intended to cede their sovereignty to the British Crown at all: a debate now definitively resolved by the Waitangi Tribunal ruling that sovereignty was not and could not be ceded.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://waitangitribunal.govt.nz/news/report-on-stage-1-of-the-te-paparahi-o-te-raki-inquiry-released-2/ |title= Treaty Signatories Did Not Cede Sovereignty in February 1840 – Tribunal |publisher=Te Roopu Whakamana i te Tiriti o Waitangi (Waitangi Tribunal) |date=2014-02-14 |access-date=2020-04-12}}</ref> |
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=== Text of the Treaty === |
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Aside from the legal controversy, many Māori see the Treaty as a charter to choose their own way of life within the framework of law, free of external interference in [[taonga]] like language and culture. |
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The original Māori text of article two with a literal translation by Professor I. H. Kawharu, as published in the Report of the Royal Commission on Social Policy in 1988 (bold added):<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=10 January 2019 |title=The Treaty of Waitangi |url=https://www.tepapa.govt.nz/discover-collections/read-watch-play/maori/treaty-waitangi |website=Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, NZ}}</ref> |
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{{verse translation | lang=Mi |
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==Flag== |
==Flag== |
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{{Main articles|National Māori flag}} |
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[[Image:Hikoi 008.jpg|220px|thumb|right|Protester with the Tino Rangatiratanga flag at a protest [[hikoi]] against the [[New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy|foreshore and seabed bill]] in 2004.]] |
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⚫ | The |
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[[Image:Tino Rangatiratanga Maori sovereignty movement flag.svg|thumb|right|The national Māori (or ''tino rangatiratanga'') flag]] |
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⚫ | The ''tino rangatiratanga'' flag is often referred to as the national Māori flag<ref>{{cite web |last1=Manatū Taonga Ministry for Culture and Heritage |title=Flags of New Zealand Page 6 – The national Māori flag |url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/politics/flags-of-new-zealand/maori-flag |website=New Zealand History |access-date=12 October 2018}}</ref> and can be<!-- has been? --> used to represent all Māori.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}} Hiraina Marsden, Jan Smith and Linda Munn designed the flag in 1989.<ref> |
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{{cite web |
{{cite web |
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| last1 = Dignan |
| last1 = Dignan |
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| url = http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/nz_mao.html#tino |
| url = http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/nz_mao.html#tino |
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| website = Flags of the World |
| website = Flags of the World |
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| access-date = 31 March 2015 |
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| quote = It was designed in 1990 by Hiraina Marsden, Jan Smith and Linda Munn, and was the winning design in a national contest to find a "Māori Flag". |
| quote = It was designed in 1990 by Hiraina Marsden, Jan Smith and Linda Munn, and was the winning design in a national contest to find a "Māori Flag". |
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}} |
}} |
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⚫ | </ref> It uses black, white, and red as [[national colours of New Zealand]]. The design of the flag references the Māori creation story of [[Rangi and Papa]], suggesting the sky, the earth, and the physical realm of light and being, which was created when they were separated.<ref name="fotw">{{cite web|url=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/nz_mao.html |title=New Zealand – Maori Flags |publisher=Crwflags.com |access-date=2015-08-11}}</ref> |
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</ref> |
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⚫ | It uses black, white, and red as [[national colours of New Zealand]]. The design of the flag references the Māori creation story of [[Rangi and Papa]], suggesting the sky, the earth, and the physical realm of light and being, which was created when they were separated.<ref name="fotw">{{cite web|url=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/nz_mao.html |title=New Zealand – Maori Flags |publisher=Crwflags.com |date |
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The official recognition of the Tino Rangatiratanga flag resulted from a campaign by indigenous rights advocacy group Te Ata Tino Toa.<ref>{{cite web | title=Te Haki – The Māori flag | publisher=Indigenous Portal | url=http://www.indigenousportal.com/Politics/Te-Haki-The-M%C4%81ori-flag.html | accessdate=14 December 2011}}</ref> The group applied for the Tino Rangatiratanga flag to fly on the [[Auckland Harbour Bridge]] on [[Waitangi Day]]. [[Transit New Zealand]], the government agency that was responsible for the bridge, declined on the basis that the flag did not represent a country recognised by the United Nations. After considerable debate in the public arena, the group adopted diverse tactics to raise awareness of the issues, including lobbying Transit NZ and Parliament,<ref>{{cite web | author=Sina Ana Brown-Davis, Spokesperson for Te Ata Tino Toa | title=Letter To Dr Sharples About Flying The Maori Flag | url=http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PO0812/S00242.htm | accessdate=14 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | author=Transit NZ | title=Letter: Request for Support (Transit NZ and the Maori flag) | url=http://www.converge.org.nz/pma/in050208.pdf | accessdate=14 December 2011}}</ref> submissions to the Human Rights Commission and holding an annual 'Fly the Flag' competition,<ref>{{cite web | title=The Maori Flag Flies On Waitangi Day | publisher=Scoop.co.nz | url=http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PO0702/S00080.htm | accessdate=14 December 2011}}</ref> to more direct protest actions including [[bungee jumping]] off the Harbour Bridge, traffic jamming the Harbour Bridge, and flying the largest Tino Rangatiratanga flag ever made over the Harbour Bridge. Key organisers of the campaign included Tia Taurere, Gareth Seymour and [[Teanau Tuiono]]. |
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* ''[[Māori King Movement|Kīngitanga]]'' |
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On 14 December 2009, Prime Minister [[John Key]] and Māori Affairs Minister [[Pita Sharples]] announced that the Māori Tino Rangatiratanga flag was chosen to fly from the [[Auckland Harbour Bridge]] and other official buildings (such as [[Premier House]]) on [[Waitangi Day]]. The announcement followed a Māori Party–led promotion and series of [[Hui (Māori assembly)|hui]] on which Māori flag should fly from the bridge. 1,200 submissions were received, with 80% of participants in favour of the Tino Rangatiratanga flag as they preferred the Māori flag.<ref name="tr_announce">{{cite web|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/3159495/Maori-flag-to-fly-on-Waitangi-Day|author=Colin Espiner|publisher=[[The Dominion Post (Wellington)|The Dominion Post]]|title=Maori flag to fly on Waitangi Day |date=14 December 2009}}</ref> |
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Key said the Māori flag would not replace the [[New Zealand flag]] but would fly alongside it to recognise the partnership the Crown and Māori entered into when signing the Treaty of Waitangi. "No changes are being made to the status of the New Zealand flag," Mr Key said. [[Monarchy New Zealand]] said the move would be "potentially divisive" and AUT University Doctor [[Paul Moon]] was critical of the move.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/political/34708/maori-flag-decision-defended-by-pm|title=Maori Flag Decision Defended By Prime Minister|publisher=[[Radio New Zealand]]|accessdate=24 January 2012|date=9 December 2009}}</ref> |
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Sharples said the Māori flag was a simple way to recognise the status of Māori as ''[[tangata whenua]]'' (people of the land). "However, the New Zealand flag remains the symbol of our nation, and there is no intention to change this, nor to diminish the status of our national flag." |
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The Ministry of Culture and Heritage published guidelines describing the appropriate way to fly the Māori flag in relation to the New Zealand flag.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mch.govt.nz/nzflag/maori-flag.html|title=Ministry of Culture and Heritage guidelines|publisher=Mch.govt.nz|accessdate=2015-08-11}}</ref> |
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{{clear}} |
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* [[Māori protest movement]] |
* [[Māori protest movement]] |
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* [[United Tribes of New Zealand#Flag|United Tribes of New Zealand flag]] |
* [[United Tribes of New Zealand#Flag|United Tribes of New Zealand flag]] |
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==Notes== |
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{{Notelist}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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* [https://groups.yahoo.com/group/tino-rangatiratanga Tino Rangatiratanga mail list] |
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* [http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10615550 Maori leaders clash over flag's new role] at [[The New Zealand Herald]] |
* [http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10615550 Maori leaders clash over flag's new role] at [[The New Zealand Herald]] |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Tino Rangatiratanga}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tino Rangatiratanga}} |
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[[Category:Constitution of New Zealand]] |
[[Category:Constitution of New Zealand]] |
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[[Category:Flags of indigenous peoples]] |
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[[Category:Māori politics]] |
[[Category:Māori politics]] |
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[[Category:Treaty of Waitangi]] |
[[Category:Treaty of Waitangi]] |
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[[Category:Māori organisations]] |
[[Category:Māori organisations]] |
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[[Category:Māori flags]] |
[[Category:Māori flags]] |
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[[Category:Political terminology in New Zealand]] |
Latest revision as of 11:38, 19 April 2024
Tino rangatiratanga is a Māori language term that translates literally to 'highest chieftainship' or 'unqualified chieftainship', but is also translated as "self-determination", "sovereignty" and "absolute sovereignty".[1][2] The very translation of tino rangatiratanga is important to New Zealand politics, as it is used in the Māori version of the Treaty of Waitangi to express "full exclusive and undisturbed possession" over Māori-owned lands and property, but different translations have drastically different implications for the relationship between the 1840 signatories: the British Crown and the Māori chiefs (rangatira).[a]
It has become one of the most contentious phrases in retrospective analyses of the treaty amid debate surrounding the obligations that were agreed to by each signatory.[4][5] The phrase features in current historical and political discourse on race relations in New Zealand and is widely used by Māori advocacy groups.
A tino rangatiratanga flag was designed in 1989 and has become accepted as a national flag for Māori groups across New Zealand.[6]
Origins and etymology
A rangatira is a chief, the nominalising suffix -tanga makes the word an abstract noun referring to the quality or attributes of chieftainship. The word is also translated as 'chiefly autonomy', or 'kingdom', referencing the 'chiefly authority' and domain of the chief.[7]
Tino is used as an intensifier, indicating that something is true, genuine or unrivalled.[8] The addition in this context means the phrase can be translated as 'highest chieftainship'.[9]: 314
The intention of the phrase was to "emphasize to a chief the Queen's intention to give the complete control according to their customs".[9]: 319 One English translation is 'absolute sovereignty', although many also refer to it as self-determination,[10] autonomy,[11] or Māori independence.
Treaty of Waitangi
The emphasis on tino rangatiratanga draws from an inconsistency arising between Article 1 and Article 2 of the Treaty of Waitangi:
- In the English text of Article 1 of the treaty, the Māori signatories cede their sovereignty to the British Crown. For the Māori text, since there was no direct Māori translation for the idea, the missionary neologism kawanatanga ('governorship') was used to represent the concept of sovereignty. That word was based on the transliteration of kawana from 'governor', which had been invented by Bible translators to explain Pontius Pilate's authority in Judaea. Kawana had also been used prior to 1840 to describe the Governor of New South Wales.
- In the English text of Article 2, signatories are assured that "the full exclusive and undisturbed possession of their Lands and Estates Forests Fisheries and other properties" would remain for so long as they chose. In the Māori text, signatories are assured that their tino rangatiratanga will remain undisturbed over their lands, kainga and other taonga: "te tino rangatiratanga o ratou wenua o ratou kainga me o ratou taonga katoa", literally "the absolute chieftainship of your lands, your homes, and all your treasures/taonga".
Based on the Māori text alone, in Article 1, the signatories appear to be granting kawanatanga, and in Article 2, the signatories are promised that their tino rangatiratanga ('absolutely sovereignty' or 'highest chieftainship') would remain undisturbed. The apparent inconsistency led to much debate as to whether the Māori signatories intended to cede their sovereignty to the British Crown at all: a debate now definitively resolved by the Waitangi Tribunal ruling that sovereignty was not and could not be ceded.[12]
Text of the Treaty
The original Māori text of article two with a literal translation by Professor I. H. Kawharu, as published in the Report of the Royal Commission on Social Policy in 1988 (bold added):[13]
Ko te Kuini o Ingarani ka wakarite ka wakaae ki nga Rangatira ki nga hapu – ki nga tangata katoa o Nu Tirani te tino rangatiratanga o o ratou wenua o ratou kainga me o ratou taonga katoa. |
The Queen of England agrees to protect the Chiefs, the subtribes and all the people of New Zealand in the unqualified exercise of their chieftainship over their lands, villages and all their treasures. |
Flag
The tino rangatiratanga flag is often referred to as the national Māori flag[14] and can be used to represent all Māori.[citation needed] Hiraina Marsden, Jan Smith and Linda Munn designed the flag in 1989.[15] It uses black, white, and red as national colours of New Zealand. The design of the flag references the Māori creation story of Rangi and Papa, suggesting the sky, the earth, and the physical realm of light and being, which was created when they were separated.[16]
See also
Notes
References
- ^ Te One, Annie; Clifford, Carrie (2021). "Tino Rangatiratanga and Well-being: Māori Self Determination in the Face of Covid-19". Frontiers in Sociology. 6: 613340. doi:10.3389/fsoc.2021.613340. ISSN 2297-7775. PMC 8022796. PMID 33869564.
- ^ English, Bill (7 May 2002). "The Treaty of Waitangi and New Zealand Citizenship". New Zealand Centre for Political Research. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
- ^ "What does 'Tino Rangatiratanga' mean?", He Tohu, National Library of New Zealand, retrieved 28 September 2022
- ^ "1. – Treaty of Waitangi – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand". Teara.govt.nz. 13 July 2012. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
- ^ Orange, Claudia (13 July 2012). "Story: Treaty of Waitangi: Page 1 – Creating the Treaty of Waitangi". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 7 August 2015.
- ^ "Flags". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. 13 January 2016. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
- ^ "rangatiratanga". Te Aka Māori Dictionary. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
- ^ "tino". Te Aka Māori Dictionary. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
- ^ a b Kawharu, I. H. (1989). Waitangi: Māori and Pākēha perspectives of the Treaty of Waitangi. Auckland, New Zealand: Oxford University Press.
- ^ Awatere, D. (1982). Maori sovereignty. Broadsheet, 100, 38–42.
- ^ Waitangi Tribunal (1996). The Taranaki report: Kaupapa tuatahi (Wai 143) (PDF) (Report). Wellington, New Zealand. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
- ^ "Treaty Signatories Did Not Cede Sovereignty in February 1840 – Tribunal". Te Roopu Whakamana i te Tiriti o Waitangi (Waitangi Tribunal). 14 February 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
- ^ "The Treaty of Waitangi". Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, NZ. 10 January 2019.
- ^ Manatū Taonga Ministry for Culture and Heritage. "Flags of New Zealand Page 6 – The national Māori flag". New Zealand History. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
- ^
Dignan, James. "Tino Rangatiratanga flag". Flags of the World. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
It was designed in 1990 by Hiraina Marsden, Jan Smith and Linda Munn, and was the winning design in a national contest to find a "Māori Flag".
- ^ "New Zealand – Maori Flags". Crwflags.com. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
External links