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{{Tropical cyclone timeline|Name=Timeline of the<br />1991 Atlantic hurricane season|Track=1991 Atlantic hurricane season summary map.png|First date=July 2, 1991|Last date=November 2, 1991|Average wind speed=1|Strongest system=Claudette|Strongest system winds=115|Strongest system pressure=944|Longest system=Claudette|Total days=8.25|Five years=[[Timeline of the 1989 Atlantic hurricane season|1989]], [[Timeline of the 1990 Atlantic hurricane season|1990]], '''1991''', [[Timeline of the 1992 Atlantic hurricane season|1992]], '[[Timeline of the 1993 Atlantic hurricane season|1993]]|Year=1993|Basin=Atl|Season=Atlantic hurricane season|Storm1=[[Hurricane Bob]]|Storm2=[[Hurricane Grace (1991)]]|Storm3=[[1991 Perfect Storm]]}}
The [[1991 Atlantic hurricane season]]
Bob formed from an area of low pressure to the east of the northern [[Bahamas]] on August 16. Steered by a [[Trough (meteorology)|trough]] over the southeastern United States, a [[cut-off low]] over the [[Great Lakes]], and a subtropical [[Ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] over the Atlantic Ocean, Bob moved generally northward and closely paralleled the [[United States East Coast]]. Early on August 19, it brushed the [[Outer Banks]] of [[North Carolina]] shortly before attaining its peak intensity as a low-end Category 3 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 115 mph (185 km/h). Later that day, it made two landfalls in [[Rhode Island]], both at Category 2 intensity, before continuing northeastward into the coast of [[Maine]] as a strong tropical storm.<ref name="Bob TCR 2">{{cite web|last=Mayfield|first=Max|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|date=1992-08-10|access-date=2024-01-30|title=Hurricane Bob Preliminary Report (Page Two)|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/bob/prelim02.gif|format=GIF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023133450/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/bob/prelim02.gif|archive-date=2012-10-23|url-status=live}}</ref> Bob killed at least 17 people along its path and caused extensive damage in [[New England]], totaling $1.5 billion (1991 USD); this made it one of the top ten costliest hurricanes on record for the United States at the time.<ref name="Bob TCR 4">{{cite web|last=Mayfield|first=Max|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|date=1992-08-10|access-date=2024-01-30|title=Hurricane Bob Preliminary Report (Page Four)|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/bob/prelim04.gif|format=GIF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006104104/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/bob/prelim04.gif|archive-date=2013-10-06|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Bob TCR 5">{{cite web|last=Mayfield|first=Max|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|date=1992-08-10|access-date=2024-01-30|title=Hurricane Bob Preliminary Report (Page Five)|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/bob/prelim05.gif|format=GIF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102194131/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/bob/prelim05.gif|archive-date=2014-01-02|url-status=live}}</ref> As of August 2023, Bob remained the most recent hurricane to make landfall in New England.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.wcvb.com/article/hurricane-bob-massachusetts-32nd-anniversary-august-19-1991/44857398|title= Looking back at Hurricane Bob: Last hurricane to hit New England happened 32 years ago|author=WCVB.com Staff|work=[[WCVB-TV]]|location=Boston, Massachusetts|publisher=[[Hearst Television]]|date=August 19, 2023|access-date=January 30, 2024}}</ref>
The Perfect Storm developed as an extratropical cyclone off the coast of eastern [[Nova Scotia]] late on October 28, being steered southward and then westward by a ridge to its north. Late on October 29, the cyclone absorbed [[Hurricane Grace (1991)|Hurricane Grace]] to its south, contributing to substantial intensification. The Perfect Storm reached a minimum barometric pressure of {{convert|972|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}} on October 30; the cyclone’s strength and large size created an enormous area of high seas over the western Atlantic Ocean during late October and early November.<ref name="1991 AHS summary">{{cite journal|url=https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/mwreviews/1991.pdf|title=Annual Summaries: Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1991|last1=Pasch|first1=Richard J.|last2=Avila|first2=Lixion A.|format=PDF|journal=[[Monthly Weather Review]]|volume=120|issue=11|pages=2671–2687|publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]|issn=1520-0493|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1992)120<2688:ATSO>2.0.CO;2|bibcode = 1992MWRv..120.2688A |date=November 1992|access-date=January 30, 2024|doi-access=free}}</ref> It caused severe coastal damage in the northeastern United States, with effects being noted as far south as [[Puerto Rico]]; damages exceeded $200 million (1991 USD)<ref name="ncdc">{{cite web|last=McCown|first=Sam|work=[[National Climatic Data Center]]|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|date=August 20, 2008|title="Perfect Storm" Damage Summary|access-date=January 30, 2024|url=ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/extremeevents/specialreports/perfect-storm-damage.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906073118/ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/extremeevents/specialreports/perfect-storm-damage.pdf|archive-date=September 6, 2021}}</ref> and 13 people were killed.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wcvb.com/article/perfect-storm-30th-anniversary-massachusetts-new-england/38117078|title=30th anniversary of 'Perfect Storm' that devastated New England coast|last=Wankum|first=Mike|work=[[WCVB-TV]]|location=Boston, Massachusetts|publisher=[[Hearst Television]]|date=November 8, 2021|access-date=January 30, 2024}}</ref> As the cyclone executed a counter-clockwise loop south of New England, it gradually acquired tropical characteristics, becoming a minimal hurricane on November 1. The hurricane weakened into a tropical storm and moved north-northeastward, making landfall in Nova Scotia on November 2.
This timeline documents tropical cyclone formations, strengthening, weakening, [[landfall]]s, [[Extratropical cyclone#Extratropical transition|extratropical transitions]], and dissipations during the season. It includes information that was not released throughout the season, meaning that data from post-storm reviews by the [[National Hurricane Center]], such as a storm that was not initially warned upon, has been included.
By convention, meteorologists use one [[time zone]] when issuing forecasts and making observations: [[Coordinated Universal Time]] (UTC), and also use the [[24-hour clock]] (where 00:00 = midnight UTC).<ref>{{cite web |title=Understanding the Date/Time Stamps |url=https://www.nws.noaa.gov/mdl/forecast/graphics/common/time.html |accessdate=July 10, 2020 |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]] [[National Hurricane Center]] |location=Miami, Florida}}</ref> The National Hurricane Center uses both UTC and the time zone where the center of the tropical cyclone is currently located. The time zones utilized (east to west)
== Timeline ==
|
Revision as of 21:58, 30 January 2024
Timeline of the 1991 Atlantic hurricane season | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Season boundaries | |||||
First system formed | July 2, 1991 | ||||
Last system dissipated | November 2, 1991 | ||||
Strongest system | |||||
Name | Claudette | ||||
Maximum winds | 130 mph (215 km/h) (1-minute sustained) | ||||
Lowest pressure | 944 mbar (hPa; 27.88 inHg) | ||||
Longest lasting system | |||||
Name | Claudette | ||||
Duration | 8.25 days | ||||
| |||||
The 1991 Atlantic hurricane season was an event in the annual hurricane season in the north Atlantic Ocean. A below-average season for tropical cyclones in the basin, it produced twelve tropical depressions, of which eight strengthened into tropical storms; four of these became hurricanes, of which two—Bob and Claudette—further intensified into major hurricanes (Category 3 or higher on the Saffir–Simpson scale). The season officially began on June 1, 1991, and ended on November 30. These dates, adopted by convention, historically describe the period in each year when most subtropical or tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic.[1] However, tropical cyclone formation is possible at any time of the year. The first system, Tropical Storm Ana, developed on July 2; the last system, the 1991 Perfect Storm, dissipated on November 2. The vast majority of impacts this season were caused by Hurricane Bob and the Perfect Storm.
Bob formed from an area of low pressure to the east of the northern Bahamas on August 16. Steered by a trough over the southeastern United States, a cut-off low over the Great Lakes, and a subtropical ridge over the Atlantic Ocean, Bob moved generally northward and closely paralleled the United States East Coast. Early on August 19, it brushed the Outer Banks of North Carolina shortly before attaining its peak intensity as a low-end Category 3 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 115 mph (185 km/h). Later that day, it made two landfalls in Rhode Island, both at Category 2 intensity, before continuing northeastward into the coast of Maine as a strong tropical storm.[2] Bob killed at least 17 people along its path and caused extensive damage in New England, totaling $1.5 billion (1991 USD); this made it one of the top ten costliest hurricanes on record for the United States at the time.[3][4] As of August 2023, Bob remained the most recent hurricane to make landfall in New England.[5]
The Perfect Storm developed as an extratropical cyclone off the coast of eastern Nova Scotia late on October 28, being steered southward and then westward by a ridge to its north. Late on October 29, the cyclone absorbed Hurricane Grace to its south, contributing to substantial intensification. The Perfect Storm reached a minimum barometric pressure of 972 mbar (28.70 inHg) on October 30; the cyclone’s strength and large size created an enormous area of high seas over the western Atlantic Ocean during late October and early November.[6] It caused severe coastal damage in the northeastern United States, with effects being noted as far south as Puerto Rico; damages exceeded $200 million (1991 USD)[7] and 13 people were killed.[8] As the cyclone executed a counter-clockwise loop south of New England, it gradually acquired tropical characteristics, becoming a minimal hurricane on November 1. The hurricane weakened into a tropical storm and moved north-northeastward, making landfall in Nova Scotia on November 2.
This timeline documents tropical cyclone formations, strengthening, weakening, landfalls, extratropical transitions, and dissipations during the season. It includes information that was not released throughout the season, meaning that data from post-storm reviews by the National Hurricane Center, such as a storm that was not initially warned upon, has been included.
By convention, meteorologists use one time zone when issuing forecasts and making observations: Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), and also use the 24-hour clock (where 00:00 = midnight UTC).[9] The National Hurricane Center uses both UTC and the time zone where the center of the tropical cyclone is currently located. The time zones utilized (east to west) prior to 2020 were: Atlantic, Eastern, and Central.[10] In this timeline, all information is listed by UTC first, with the respective regional time zone included in parentheses. Additionally, figures for maximum sustained winds and position estimates are rounded to the nearest 5 units (knots, miles, or kilometers), following National Hurricane Center practice. Direct wind observations are rounded to the nearest whole number. Atmospheric pressures are listed to the nearest millibar and nearest hundredth of an inch of mercury.
Timeline
June
- June 1
- The 1991 Atlantic hurricane season officially begins.[1]
- No storms formed in June.
July
- July 2
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 pm EDT) at 31°18′N 79°42′W / 31.3°N 79.7°W – Tropical Depression One develops from a low pressure area centered about 105 miles (165 km) south of Charleston, South Carolina.[11]
- July 4
- 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. EDT, July 3) at 36°12′N 70°42′W / 36.2°N 70.7°W – Tropical Depression One strengthens into Tropical Storm Ana about 295 miles (475 km) east of Virginia Beach, Virginia.[11]
- 06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. EDT) at 37°06′N 67°48′W / 37.1°N 67.8°W – Tropical Storm Ana reaches peak winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) about 315 miles (510 km) south-southeast of Nantucket.[11]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT) at 37°54′N 61°06′W / 37.9°N 61.1°W – Tropical Storm Ana reaches a minimum barometric pressure of 1,000 mbar (29.53 inHg) about 435 miles (705 km) north-northeast of Bermuda.[11]
- July 5
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) – Tropical Storm Ana becomes extratropical over the north-central Atlantic Ocean.[11]
- 18:00 UTC (1:00 p.m. CDT) at 23°24′N 96°12′W / 23.4°N 96.2°W – Tropical Depression Two forms about 130 miles (215 km) northeast of Tampico, Mexico.[12]
- July 6
- 12:00 UTC (7:00 a.m. CDT) at 23°18′N 97°00′W / 23.3°N 97.0°W – Tropical Depression Two reaches peak winds of 35 mph (55 km) about 90 miles (150 km) north-northeast of Tampico.[12]
- 22:00 UTC (5:00 p.m. CDT) at 23°30′N 97°54′W / 23.5°N 97.9°W – Tropical Depression Two makes landfall near La Pesca, Mexico with winds of 35 mph (55 km). Its only known barometric pressure measurement of 1,007 mbar (29.74 inHg) is taken around this time.[13]
- July 7
- 02:30 UTC (9:30 p.m. CDT, July 6) at 23°30′N 98°18′W / 23.5°N 98.3°W – Tropical Depression Two dissipates about 35 miles (55 km) west of La Pesca.[14]
August
- August 16
- 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. EDT, August 15) at 25°36′N 74°18′W / 25.6°N 74.3°W – Tropical Depression Three forms offshore the Bahamas, about 195 miles (315 km) east of Nassau.[15]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT) at 26°24′N 75°48′W / 26.4°N 75.8°W – Tropical Depression Three strengthens into Tropical Storm Bob about 80 miles (130 km) east of Marsh Harbour.[15]
- August 17
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT) at 29°00′N 77°06′W / 29.0°N 77.1°W – Tropical Storm Bob strengthens into a Category 1 hurricane about 165 miles (270 km) north of Marsh Harbour.[15]
- August 18
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT) at 33°00′N 76°06′W / 33.0°N 76.1°W – Hurricane Bob strengthens into a Category 2 hurricane about 130 miles (215 km) southeast of Wilmington, North Carolina.[15]
- August 19
- 06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. EDT) at 36°30′N 74°30′W / 36.5°N 74.5°W – Hurricane Bob strengthens into a Category 3 hurricane about 85 miles (140 km) east-southeast of Virginia Beach, Virginia, making it the first major hurricane of the season. It simultaneously reaches peak winds of 115 mph (185 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 950 mbar (28.05 inHg).[15]
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. EDT) at 38°54′N 73°00′W / 38.9°N 73.0°W – Hurricane Bob weakens into a Category 2 hurricane about 105 miles (165 km) east of Cape May, New Jersey.[15]
- 17:20 UTC (1:20 p.m. EDT) at 41°12′N 71°36′W / 41.2°N 71.6°W – Hurricane Bob makes its first landfall on Block Island, Rhode Island with winds of 105 mph (165 km/h) and a barometric pressure of 962 mbar (28.41 inHg).[15]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT) at 41°24′N 71°24′W / 41.4°N 71.4°W – Hurricane Bob makes its second landfall in Newport, Rhode Island with winds of 100 mph (155 km/h) and a barometric pressure of 964 mbar (28.47 inHg).[15]
- August 20
- 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. EDT, August 19) at 43°48′N 69°36′W / 43.8°N 69.6°W – Hurricane Bob rapidly weakens over the Gulf of Maine, degrading into a tropical storm while centered about 35 miles (55 km) east-northeast of Portland, Maine.[15]
- 01:30 UTC (9:30 p.m. EDT, August 19) at 44°06′N 69°06′W / 44.1°N 69.1°W – Tropical Storm Bob makes its third landfall near Rockport, Maine with winds of 70 mph (110 km) and a barometric pressure of 981 mbar (28.97 inHg).[15]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT) at 48°24′N 61°54′W / 48.4°N 61.9°W – Tropical Storm Bob becomes extratropical over the Gulf of St. Lawrence while centered about 140 miles (220 km) north-northeast of Prince Edward Island.[15]
- August 24
- 06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST) at 14°30′N 23°06′W / 14.5°N 23.1°W – Tropical Depression Four forms just to the southeast of Cape Verde.[16]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 14°54′N 23°54′W / 14.9°N 23.9°W – Tropical Depression Four reaches peak winds of 35 mph (55 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 1,009 mbar (29.80 inHg) over southern Cape Verde.[16]
- August 26
- 06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST) – Tropical Depression Four dissipates several hundred miles west of Cape Verde.[16]
- August 28
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at 10°30′N 30°48′W / 10.5°N 30.8°W – Tropical Depression Five forms about 580 miles (935 km) southwest of Cape Verde.[12]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 10°42′N 32°24′W / 10.7°N 32.4°W – Tropical Depression Five reaches peak winds of 35 mph (55 km/h) about 665 miles (1,075 km) west-southwest of Cape Verde.[12]
- August 31
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at 12°42′N 52°48′W / 12.7°N 52.8°W – Tropical Depression Five dissipates about 455 miles (730 km) east of Barbados.[12]
September
- September 4
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at 26°42′N 55°54′W / 26.7°N 55.9°W – Tropical Depression Six forms about 655 miles (1,055 km) southeast of Bermuda.[17]
- September 5
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at 26°12′N 56°00′W / 26.2°N 56.0°W – Tropical Depression Six strengthens into Tropical Storm Claudette about 675 miles (1,085 km) southeast of Bermuda.[17]
- September 6
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at 26°12′N 58°48′W / 26.2°N 58.8°W – Tropical Storm Claudette strengthens into a Category 1 hurricane about 550 miles (890 km) southeast of Bermuda.[17]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 26°24′N 59°42′W / 26.4°N 59.7°W – Hurricane Claudette strengthens into a Category 2 hurricane about 505 miles (815 km) southeast of Bermuda.[17]
- September 7
- 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST, September 6) at 26°36′N 60°18′W / 26.6°N 60.3°W – Hurricane Claudette strengthens into a Category 3 hurricane about 480 miles (770 km) southeast of Bermuda, making it the second major hurricane of the season.[17]
- 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST, September 6) at 10°24′N 25°48′W / 10.4°N 25.8°W – Tropical Depression Seven forms about 370 miles (595 km) south-southwest of Cape Verde.[18]
- 10:00 UTC (6:00 a.m. AST) at 27°00′N 61°30′W / 27.0°N 61.5°W – Hurricane Claudette strengthens into a Category 4 hurricane about 415 miles (665 km) south-southeast of Bermuda. It simultaneously reaches peak winds of 130 mph (215 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 944 mbar (27.88 inHg), making it the strongest storm of the season.[17]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 27°42′N 62°24′W / 27.7°N 62.4°W – Hurricane Claudette weakens into a Category 3 hurricane about 350 miles (565 km) south-southeast of Bermuda.[17]
- September 8
- 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST, September 7) at 28°24′N 62°48′W / 28.4°N 62.8°W – Hurricane Claudette weakens into a Category 2 hurricane about 295 miles (475 km) south-southeast of Bermuda.[17]
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at 10°18′N 35°00′W / 10.3°N 35.0°W – Tropical Depression Seven strengthens into Tropical Storm Danny about 835 miles (1,345 km) west-southwest of Cape Verde.[18]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 31°00′N 63°12′W / 31.0°N 63.2°W – Hurricane Claudette weakens into a Category 1 hurricane about 125 miles (205 km) southeast of Bermuda.[17]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 24°12′N 49°06′W / 24.2°N 49.1°W – Tropical Depression Eight forms about 955 miles (1,540 km) east-northeast of Antigua and Barbuda.[19]
- September 9
- 06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST) at 11°48′N 39°36′W / 11.8°N 39.6°W – Tropical Storm Danny reaches peak winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) about 1,095 miles (1,760 km) west-southwest of Cape Verde.[18]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 29°18′N 53°06′W / 29.3°N 53.1°W – Tropical Depression Eight strengthens into Tropical Storm Erika about 720 miles (1,160 km) east-southeast of Bermuda.[19]
- September 10
- 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST, September 9) at 14°12′N 45°12′W / 14.2°N 45.2°W – Tropical Storm Danny reaches a minimum barometric pressure of 998 mbar (29.47 inHg) about 965 miles (1,555 km) east of Barbados.[18]
- 06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST) at 33°54′N 56°00′W / 33.9°N 56.0°W – Hurricane Claudette weakens into a tropical storm about 520 miles (835 km) east of Bermuda.[17]
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at 34°42′N 46°06′W / 34.7°N 46.1°W – Tropical Storm Erika reaches peak winds of 60 mph (95 km) about 950 miles (1,530 km) south-southeast of St. John's, Newfoundland.[19]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 35°48′N 42°30′W / 35.8°N 42.5°W – Tropical Storm Erika reaches a minimum barometric pressure of 997 mbar (29.44 inHg) about 815 miles (1,315 km) west-southwest of the Azores.[19]
- September 11
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at 16°00′N 58°06′W / 16.0°N 58.1°W – Tropical Storm Danny weakens into a tropical depression about 225 miles (360 km) east of Guadeloupe. It dissipates six hours later while maintaining a westward trajectory.[18]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 34°30′N 40°30′W / 34.5°N 40.5°W – Tropical Storm Claudette weakens into a tropical depression about 750 miles (1,205 km) west-southwest of the Azores.[17]
- September 12
- 03:00 UTC (11:00 p.m. AST, September 11) at 37°42′N 25°54′W / 37.7°N 25.9°W – Tropical Storm Erika makes landfall on the island of São Miguel in the Azores with winds of 40 mph (65 km/h) and a barometric pressure of 1,009 mbar (29.80 inHg).[19]
- 06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST) at 37°54′N 25°12′W / 37.9°N 25.2°W – Tropical Storm Erika becomes extratropical just northeast of São Miguel.[19]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 34°18′N 33°06′W / 34.3°N 33.1°W – Tropical Depression Claudette becomes extratropical about 410 miles (660 km) southwest of the Azores.[17]
October
- October 15
- 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. EDT, October 14) at 18°54′N 85°42′W / 18.9°N 85.7°W – Tropical Depression Nine forms about 130 miles (215 km) southeast of the Mexican island of Cozumel.[20]
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. EDT) at 20°18′N 84°06′W / 20.3°N 84.1°W – Tropical Depression Nine strengthens into Tropical Storm Fabian about 120 miles (195 km) south-southeast of Cape San Antonio, Cuba.[20]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT) at 21°12′N 83°06′W / 21.2°N 83.1°W – Tropical Storm Fabian reaches peak winds of 45 mph (75 km/h) just to the southwest of the Isle of Youth in Cuba.[20]
- 21:00 UTC (5:00 p.m. EDT) at 21°30′N 82°48′W / 21.5°N 82.8°W – Tropical Storm Fabian makes landfall on the Isle of Youth with winds of 45 mph (75 km/h) and a barometric pressure of 1,004 mbar (29.65 inHg).[20]
- October 16
- 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. EDT, October 15) at 22°18′N 81°54′W / 22.3°N 81.9°W – Tropical Storm Fabian makes landfall on the Zapata Peninsula in Cuba with winds of 45 mph (75 km/h) and a barometric pressure of 1,003 mbar (29.62 inHg).[20]
- 08:34 UTC (4:34 a.m. EDT) at 24°30′N 80°30′W / 24.5°N 80.5°W – Tropical Storm Fabian reaches a minimum barometric pressure of 1,002 mbar (29.59 inHg) about 40 miles (65 km) south of Key Largo, Florida.[20]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT) at 26°30′N 78°30′W / 26.5°N 78.5°W – Tropical Storm Fabian becomes extratropical near Grand Bahama Island.[20]
- October 24
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. EDT) at 13°24′N 42°18′W / 13.4°N 42.3°W – Tropical Depression Ten forms about midway between Lesser Antilles to Africa. It simultaneously reaches peak winds of 30 mph (45 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 1,009 mbar (29.80 inHg).[21]
- October 25
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT) west of 14°06′N 47°42′W / 14.1°N 47.7°W – Tropical Depression Ten dissipates far to the east of the Lesser Antilles.[21]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT) at 27°06′N 64°54′W / 27.1°N 64.9°W – A subtropical depression forms about 365 miles (585 km) south of Bermuda.[22]
- October 26
- 06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. EDT) at 27°12′N 65°30′W / 27.2°N 65.5°W – The subtropical depression strengthens into a subtropical storm about 355 miles (575 km) south of Bermuda.[22]
- October 27
- 18:00 UTC (1:00 p.m. EST) at 30°48′N 67°12′W / 30.8°N 67.2°W – The subtropical storm acquires tropical characteristics and is reclassified as Tropical Storm Grace about 180 miles (295 km) southwest of Bermuda.[22]
- October 28
- 00:00 UTC (7:00 p.m. EST, October 27) at 31°36′N 68°06′W / 31.6°N 68.1°W – Tropical Storm Grace strengthens into a Category 1 hurricane about 200 miles (325 km) west-southwest of Bermuda.[22]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 44°00′N 59°00′W / 44.0°N 59.0°W – An extratropical cyclone forms about 130 miles (215 km) southeast of Canso, Nova Scotia. This system becomes the 1991 Perfect Storm over the next two days.[23]
- October 29
- 00:00 UTC (7:00 p.m. EST, October 28) at 31°48′N 66°48′W / 31.8°N 66.8°W – Hurricane Grace reaches a minimum barometric pressure of 980 mbar (28.94 inHg) about 125 miles (205 km) west-southwest of Bermuda.[22]
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at 31°30′N 63°12′W / 31.5°N 63.2°W – Hurricane Grace strengthens into a Category 2 hurricane about 110 miles (175 km) east-southeast of Bermuda.[22]
- 14:00 UTC (10:00 a.m. AST) at 31°30′N 61°48′W / 31.5°N 61.8°W – Hurricane Grace reaches peak winds of 105 mph (165 km/h) about 185 miles (295 km) east-southeast of Bermuda.[22]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 32°30′N 59°00′W / 32.5°N 59.0°W – Hurricane Grace becomes extratropical about 335 miles (535 km) east of Bermuda; it is absorbed into the Perfect Storm shortly thereafter.[22]
- October 30
- 12:00 UTC (7:00 a.m. EST) at 39°00′N 63°30′W / 39.0°N 63.5°W – The Perfect Storm reaches its peak intensity as an extratropical cyclone about 380 miles (610 km) east-southeast of Nantucket, with winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) and a barometric pressure of 972 mbar (28.70 inHg).[23]
- October 31
- 18:00 UTC (1:00 p.m. EST) at 36°42′N 71°30′W / 36.7°N 71.5°W – A subtropical storm forms within the center of the Perfect Storm about 240 miles (390 km) southeast of Cape May, New Jersey.[23]
November
- November 1
- 06:00 UTC (1:00 a.m. EST) at 36°12′N 68°12′W / 36.2°N 68.2°W – The subtropical storm transitions into an unnamed tropical storm about 335 miles (535 km) northwest of Bermuda.[23]
- 18:00 UTC (1:00 p.m. EST) at 38°12′N 66°30′W / 38.2°N 66.5°W – The unnamed tropical storm strengthens into a Category 1 hurricane about 290 miles (465 km) southeast of Nantucket. It simultaneously reaches its peak intensity as a tropical cyclone, with winds of 75 mph (120 km/h) and a barometric pressure of 980 mbar (28.94 inHg).[23]
- November 2
- 06:00 UTC (1:00 a.m. EST) at 41°36′N 64°42′W / 41.6°N 64.7°W – The unnamed hurricane weakens into a tropical storm about 140 miles (220 km) south-southeast of Clark's Harbour, Nova Scotia.[23]
- 14:00 UTC (9:00 a.m. EST) at 44°36′N 63°30′W / 44.6°N 63.5°W – The unnamed tropical storm makes landfall near Halifax, Nova Scotia with winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) and a barometric pressure of 998 mbar (29.47 inHg).[23]
- 18:00 UTC (1:00 p.m. EST) at 46°18′N 62°36′W / 46.3°N 62.6°W – The unnamed tropical storm weakens into a tropical depression over eastern Prince Edward Island. It dissipates six hours later after emerging into the Gulf of St. Lawrence.[23]
- November 30
- The 1991 Atlantic hurricane season officially ends.[1]
See also
- Timeline of the 1991 Pacific hurricane season
- Tropical cyclones in 1991
- Lists of Atlantic hurricanes
References
- ^ a b c "Hurricanes Frequently Asked Questions". Miami, Florida: Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. June 1, 2023. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
- ^ Mayfield, Max (August 10, 1992). "Hurricane Bob Preliminary Report (Page Two)" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved January 30, 2024.
- ^ Mayfield, Max (August 10, 1992). "Hurricane Bob Preliminary Report (Page Four)" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 6, 2013. Retrieved January 30, 2024.
- ^ Mayfield, Max (August 10, 1992). "Hurricane Bob Preliminary Report (Page Five)" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on January 2, 2014. Retrieved January 30, 2024.
- ^ WCVB.com Staff (August 19, 2023). "Looking back at Hurricane Bob: Last hurricane to hit New England happened 32 years ago". WCVB-TV. Boston, Massachusetts: Hearst Television. Retrieved January 30, 2024.
- ^ Pasch, Richard J.; Avila, Lixion A. (November 1992). "Annual Summaries: Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1991" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 120 (11). American Meteorological Society: 2671–2687. Bibcode:1992MWRv..120.2688A. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1992)120<2688:ATSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493. Retrieved January 30, 2024.
- ^ McCown, Sam (August 20, 2008). ""Perfect Storm" Damage Summary" (PDF). National Climatic Data Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 6, 2021. Retrieved January 30, 2024.
- ^ Wankum, Mike (November 8, 2021). "30th anniversary of 'Perfect Storm' that devastated New England coast". WCVB-TV. Boston, Massachusetts: Hearst Television. Retrieved January 30, 2024.
- ^ "Understanding the Date/Time Stamps". Miami, Florida: NOAA National Hurricane Center. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
- ^ "Update on National Hurricane Center Products and Services for 2020" (PDF). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. April 20, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2023.
- ^ a b c d e Hal Gerrish (1991). "Tropical Storm Ana Preliminary Report (Page 3)" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on February 20, 2014. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e "Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT2) 1851–2022". nhc.noaa.gov. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved January 28, 2024.
- ^ Pasch, Richard (July 6, 1991). Tropical Depression Two Public Advisory Number 5 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved January 28, 2024.
- ^ Pasch, Richard (July 6, 1991). Tropical Depression Two Public Advisory Number 6 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved January 28, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Mayfield, Max (August 10, 1992). "Hurricane Bob Preliminary Report (Page Eight)" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on November 7, 2012. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
- ^ a b c "Tropical Depression Four Preliminary Report". National Hurricane Center. 1991. Archived from the original on February 20, 2014. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Pasch, Richard (1991). "Hurricane Claudette Preliminary Report (Page Five)". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e Mayfield, Max (1991). "Tropical Storm Danny Preliminary Report (Page Three)" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on February 20, 2014. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f Hal Gerrish (1991). "Tropical Storm Erika Preliminary Report (Page Three)" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on February 20, 2014. Retrieved June 13, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g Avila, Lixion (1991). Tropical Storm Fabian Preliminary Report (Page Three) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
- ^ a b Lawrence, Miles (November 5, 1991). Tropical Depression Ten Preliminary Report (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original (GIF) on October 23, 2012. Retrieved June 13, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Rappaport, Edward (November 13, 1991). Hurricane Grace Preliminary Report (Page 4) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 22, 2013. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Pasch, Richard. Unnamed Hurricane Preliminary Report (Page 5) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on November 7, 2012. Retrieved October 23, 2012.