→October: add Perfect Storm extratropical history |
→Timeline: add images |
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;July 2 |
;July 2 |
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[[File:Ana 1991-07-03 1630Z.png|thumb|right|Tropical Storm Ana shortly before being named late on July 3|alt=A weak tropical cyclone off the United States East Coast]] |
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*18:00 UTC (2:00 pm EDT) at {{Coord|31.3|-79.7|name=Tropical Depression One develops.}}{{snd}} Tropical Depression One develops from a low pressure area centered about 105 miles (165 km) south of [[Charleston, South Carolina]].<ref name="atcr3">{{cite web|author=Hal Gerrish|year=1991|title=Tropical Storm Ana Preliminary Report (Page 3)|publisher=National Hurricane Center|access-date=2011-11-07|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/ana/prelim03.gif|format=GIF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220143351/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/ana/prelim03.gif|archive-date=2014-02-20|url-status=live}}</ref> |
*18:00 UTC (2:00 pm EDT) at {{Coord|31.3|-79.7|name=Tropical Depression One develops.}}{{snd}} Tropical Depression One develops from a low pressure area centered about 105 miles (165 km) south of [[Charleston, South Carolina]].<ref name="atcr3">{{cite web|author=Hal Gerrish|year=1991|title=Tropical Storm Ana Preliminary Report (Page 3)|publisher=National Hurricane Center|access-date=2011-11-07|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/ana/prelim03.gif|format=GIF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220143351/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/ana/prelim03.gif|archive-date=2014-02-20|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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=== August === |
=== August === |
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;August 16 |
;August 16 |
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[[File:Bob_1991-08-19_1115Z.png|thumb|right|Hurricane Bob approaching New England shortly after peak intensity early on August 19|alt=A hurricane with its eye close to the northeastern United States; most of its clouds are on the northern side of the circulation]] |
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*00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. EDT, August 15) at {{Coord|25.6|-74.3|name=Tropical Depression Three develops.}}{{snd}} Tropical Depression Three forms offshore the [[Bahamas]], about 195 miles (315 km) east of [[Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]].<ref name="TCR8">{{cite web|last=Mayfield|first=Max|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|date=1992-08-10|access-date=2011-11-07|title=Hurricane Bob Preliminary Report (Page Eight)|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/bob/prelim08.gif|format=GIF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107014347/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/bob/prelim08.gif|archive-date=2012-11-07|url-status=live}}</ref> |
*00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. EDT, August 15) at {{Coord|25.6|-74.3|name=Tropical Depression Three develops.}}{{snd}} Tropical Depression Three forms offshore the [[Bahamas]], about 195 miles (315 km) east of [[Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]].<ref name="TCR8">{{cite web|last=Mayfield|first=Max|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|date=1992-08-10|access-date=2011-11-07|title=Hurricane Bob Preliminary Report (Page Eight)|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/bob/prelim08.gif|format=GIF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107014347/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/bob/prelim08.gif|archive-date=2012-11-07|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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*18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT) at {{Coord|26.4|-75.8|name=Tropical Depression Three strengthens into Tropical Storm Bob.}}{{snd}} Tropical Depression Three strengthens into Tropical Storm Bob about 80 miles (130 km) east of [[Marsh Harbour]].<ref name="TCR8"/> |
*18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT) at {{Coord|26.4|-75.8|name=Tropical Depression Three strengthens into Tropical Storm Bob.}}{{snd}} Tropical Depression Three strengthens into Tropical Storm Bob about 80 miles (130 km) east of [[Marsh Harbour]].<ref name="TCR8"/> |
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;August 24 |
;August 24 |
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[[File:4-L 1991 track.png|thumb|right|Track map of Tropical Depression Four|alt=The track of a tropical depression near Cape Verde]] |
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*06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST) at {{Coord|14.5|-23.1|name=Tropical Depression Four develops.}}{{snd}} [[1991 Atlantic hurricane season#Tropical Depression Four|Tropical Depression Four]] forms just to the southeast of [[Cape Verde]].<ref name="TD4Prelim">{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/td4/prelim01.gif|title=Tropical Depression Four Preliminary Report|year=1991|publisher=National Hurricane Center|access-date=2011-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220145959/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/td4/prelim01.gif|archive-date=2014-02-20|url-status=live}}</ref> |
*06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST) at {{Coord|14.5|-23.1|name=Tropical Depression Four develops.}}{{snd}} [[1991 Atlantic hurricane season#Tropical Depression Four|Tropical Depression Four]] forms just to the southeast of [[Cape Verde]].<ref name="TD4Prelim">{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/td4/prelim01.gif|title=Tropical Depression Four Preliminary Report|year=1991|publisher=National Hurricane Center|access-date=2011-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220145959/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/td4/prelim01.gif|archive-date=2014-02-20|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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*18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at {{Coord|14.9|-23.9|name=Tropical Depression Four reaches its peak intensity.}}{{snd}} Tropical Depression Four reaches peak winds of 35 mph (55 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of {{convert|1009|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}} over southern Cape Verde.<ref name="TD4Prelim"/> |
*18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at {{Coord|14.9|-23.9|name=Tropical Depression Four reaches its peak intensity.}}{{snd}} Tropical Depression Four reaches peak winds of 35 mph (55 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of {{convert|1009|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}} over southern Cape Verde.<ref name="TD4Prelim"/> |
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;September 7 |
;September 7 |
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[[File:Claudette 1991-09-07 1231Z.png|thumb|right|Hurricane Claudette near peak intensity on September 7|alt=A powerful hurricane over the central Atlantic Ocean to the south-southeast of Bermuda, with a tightly-wound cloud pattern around a clear eye]] |
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*00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST, September 6) at {{Coord|26.6|-60.3|name=Hurricane Claudette becomes a Category 3 major hurricane.}}{{snd}} Hurricane Claudette strengthens into a Category 3 hurricane about 480 miles (770 km) southeast of Bermuda, making it the second major hurricane of the season.<ref name="Prem5"/> |
*00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST, September 6) at {{Coord|26.6|-60.3|name=Hurricane Claudette becomes a Category 3 major hurricane.}}{{snd}} Hurricane Claudette strengthens into a Category 3 hurricane about 480 miles (770 km) southeast of Bermuda, making it the second major hurricane of the season.<ref name="Prem5"/> |
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*00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST, September 6) at {{Coord|10.4|-25.8|name=Tropical Depression Seven develops.}}{{snd}} Tropical Depression Seven forms about 370 miles (595 km) south-southwest of Cape Verde.<ref name="dtcr3">{{cite web|last=Mayfield|first=Max|year=1991|title=Tropical Storm Danny Preliminary Report (Page Three)|publisher=National Hurricane Center|access-date=2011-11-07|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/danny/prenhc/prelim03.gif|format=GIF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220151510/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/danny/prenhc/prelim03.gif|archive-date=2014-02-20|url-status=live}}</ref> |
*00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST, September 6) at {{Coord|10.4|-25.8|name=Tropical Depression Seven develops.}}{{snd}} Tropical Depression Seven forms about 370 miles (595 km) south-southwest of Cape Verde.<ref name="dtcr3">{{cite web|last=Mayfield|first=Max|year=1991|title=Tropical Storm Danny Preliminary Report (Page Three)|publisher=National Hurricane Center|access-date=2011-11-07|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/danny/prenhc/prelim03.gif|format=GIF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220151510/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/danny/prenhc/prelim03.gif|archive-date=2014-02-20|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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;September 11 |
;September 11 |
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[[File:Erika 1991 track.png|thumb|right|Track map of Tropical Storm Erika|alt=The track of a tropical storm over the eastern Atlantic Ocean. It is in the approximate shape of an uppercase "L" rotated 45 degrees to the right, with the longer side also curving slightly to the right]] |
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*12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at {{Coord|16.0|-58.1|name=Tropical Storm Danny weakens into a tropical depression, and dissipates six hours later while continuing westward.}}{{snd}} Tropical Storm Danny weakens into a tropical depression about 225 miles (360 km) east of [[Guadeloupe]]. It dissipates six hours later while maintaining a westward trajectory.<ref name="dtcr3"/> |
*12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at {{Coord|16.0|-58.1|name=Tropical Storm Danny weakens into a tropical depression, and dissipates six hours later while continuing westward.}}{{snd}} Tropical Storm Danny weakens into a tropical depression about 225 miles (360 km) east of [[Guadeloupe]]. It dissipates six hours later while maintaining a westward trajectory.<ref name="dtcr3"/> |
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*18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at {{Coord|34.5|-40.5|name=Tropical Storm Claudette weakens into a tropical depression.}}{{snd}} Tropical Storm Claudette weakens into a tropical depression about 750 miles (1,205 km) west-southwest of the Azores.<ref name="Prem5"/> |
*18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at {{Coord|34.5|-40.5|name=Tropical Storm Claudette weakens into a tropical depression.}}{{snd}} Tropical Storm Claudette weakens into a tropical depression about 750 miles (1,205 km) west-southwest of the Azores.<ref name="Prem5"/> |
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;October 16 |
;October 16 |
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[[File:Fabian 1991 track.png|thumb|right|Track map of Tropical Storm Fabian|alt=The track of a tropical storm. It is diagonal and relatively straight, extending from the northwestern Caribbean Sea to the east of the southeastern United States]] |
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*00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. EDT, October 15) at {{Coord|22.3|-81.9|name=Tropical Storm Fabian makes landfall on the Zapata Peninsula in Cuba.}}{{snd}} Tropical Storm Fabian makes landfall on the [[Zapata Peninsula]] in Cuba with winds of 45 mph (75 km/h) and a barometric pressure of {{convert|1003|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}.<ref name="tcr3 Avila"/> |
*00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. EDT, October 15) at {{Coord|22.3|-81.9|name=Tropical Storm Fabian makes landfall on the Zapata Peninsula in Cuba.}}{{snd}} Tropical Storm Fabian makes landfall on the [[Zapata Peninsula]] in Cuba with winds of 45 mph (75 km/h) and a barometric pressure of {{convert|1003|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}.<ref name="tcr3 Avila"/> |
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*08:34 UTC (4:34 a.m. EDT) at {{Coord|24.5|-80.5|name=Tropical Storm Fabian reaches its minimum pressure.}}{{snd}} Tropical Storm Fabian reaches a minimum barometric pressure of {{convert|1002|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}} about 40 miles (65 km) south of [[Key Largo, Florida]].<ref name="tcr3 Avila"/> |
*08:34 UTC (4:34 a.m. EDT) at {{Coord|24.5|-80.5|name=Tropical Storm Fabian reaches its minimum pressure.}}{{snd}} Tropical Storm Fabian reaches a minimum barometric pressure of {{convert|1002|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}} about 40 miles (65 km) south of [[Key Largo, Florida]].<ref name="tcr3 Avila"/> |
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;October 29 |
;October 29 |
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[[File:Extratropical low absorbing Grace 29 oct 1991 1800Z.jpg|thumb|right|The extratropical remnants of Hurricane Grace being absorbed into the Perfect Storm late on October 29|alt=Two cyclones over the northern Atlantic Ocean, connected by a line of clouds]] |
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*00:00 UTC (7:00 p.m. EST, October 28) at {{Coord|31.8|-66.8|name=Hurricane Grace reaches its minimum pressure.}}{{snd}} [[Hurricane Grace (1991)|Hurricane Grace]] reaches a minimum barometric pressure of {{convert|980|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}} about 125 miles (205 km) west-southwest of Bermuda.<ref name="TCR4 Rappaport"/> |
*00:00 UTC (7:00 p.m. EST, October 28) at {{Coord|31.8|-66.8|name=Hurricane Grace reaches its minimum pressure.}}{{snd}} [[Hurricane Grace (1991)|Hurricane Grace]] reaches a minimum barometric pressure of {{convert|980|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}} about 125 miles (205 km) west-southwest of Bermuda.<ref name="TCR4 Rappaport"/> |
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*12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at {{Coord|31.5|-63.2|name=Hurricane Grace reaches Category 2 intensity.}}{{snd}} Hurricane Grace strengthens into a Category 2 hurricane about 110 miles (175 km) east-southeast of Bermuda.<ref name="TCR4 Rappaport"/> |
*12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at {{Coord|31.5|-63.2|name=Hurricane Grace reaches Category 2 intensity.}}{{snd}} Hurricane Grace strengthens into a Category 2 hurricane about 110 miles (175 km) east-southeast of Bermuda.<ref name="TCR4 Rappaport"/> |
Revision as of 03:01, 30 January 2024
Timeline of the 1991 Atlantic hurricane season | |||||
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Season boundaries | |||||
First system formed | July 2, 1991 | ||||
Last system dissipated | November 2, 1991 | ||||
Strongest system | |||||
Name | Claudette | ||||
Maximum winds | 130 mph (215 km/h) (1-minute sustained) | ||||
Lowest pressure | 944 mbar (hPa; 27.88 inHg) | ||||
Longest lasting system | |||||
Name | Claudette | ||||
Duration | 8.25 days | ||||
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The 1991 Atlantic hurricane season saw an extremely below average number of named storms, hurricanes, and major hurricanes (category 3 or higher on the 5-level Saffir–Simpson wind speed scale). There were eight named storms during the season; four of them strengthened into hurricanes, and two of those reached major hurricane intensity. The season officially began on June 1, 1991, and ended on November 30. These dates, adopted by convention, historically describe the period in each year when most subtropical or tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic.[1] However, tropical cyclone formation is possible at any time of the year.
This timeline documents tropical cyclone formations, strengthening, weakening, landfalls, extratropical transitions, and dissipations during the season. It includes information that was not released throughout the season, meaning that data from post-storm reviews by the National Hurricane Center, such as a storm that was not initially warned upon, has been included.
By convention, meteorologists use one time zone when issuing forecasts and making observations: Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), and also use the 24-hour clock (where 00:00 = midnight UTC).[2] The National Hurricane Center uses both UTC and the time zone where the center of the tropical cyclone is currently located. The time zones utilized (east to west) are: Greenwich, Cape Verde, Atlantic, Eastern, and Central.[3] In this timeline, all information is listed by UTC first, with the respective regional time zone included in parentheses. Additionally, figures for maximum sustained winds and position estimates are rounded to the nearest 5 units (knots, miles, or kilometers), following National Hurricane Center practice. Direct wind observations are rounded to the nearest whole number. Atmospheric pressures are listed to the nearest millibar and nearest hundredth of an inch of mercury.
Timeline
June
- June 1
- The 1991 Atlantic hurricane season officially begins.[1]
- No storms formed in June.
July
- July 2
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 pm EDT) at 31°18′N 79°42′W / 31.3°N 79.7°W – Tropical Depression One develops from a low pressure area centered about 105 miles (165 km) south of Charleston, South Carolina.[4]
- July 4
- 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. EDT, July 3) at 36°12′N 70°42′W / 36.2°N 70.7°W – Tropical Depression One strengthens into Tropical Storm Ana about 295 miles (475 km) east of Virginia Beach, Virginia.[4]
- 06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. EDT) at 37°06′N 67°48′W / 37.1°N 67.8°W – Tropical Storm Ana reaches peak winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) about 315 miles (510 km) south-southeast of Nantucket.[4]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT) at 37°54′N 61°06′W / 37.9°N 61.1°W – Tropical Storm Ana reaches a minimum barometric pressure of 1,000 mbar (29.53 inHg) about 435 miles (705 km) north-northeast of Bermuda.[4]
- July 5
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) – Tropical Storm Ana becomes extratropical over the north-central Atlantic Ocean.[4]
- 18:00 UTC (1:00 p.m. CDT) at 23°24′N 96°12′W / 23.4°N 96.2°W – Tropical Depression Two forms about 130 miles (215 km) northeast of Tampico, Mexico.[5]
- July 6
- 12:00 UTC (7:00 a.m. CDT) at 23°18′N 97°00′W / 23.3°N 97.0°W – Tropical Depression Two reaches peak winds of 35 mph (55 km) about 90 miles (150 km) north-northeast of Tampico.[5]
- 22:00 UTC (5:00 p.m. CDT) at 23°30′N 97°54′W / 23.5°N 97.9°W – Tropical Depression Two makes landfall near La Pesca, Mexico with winds of 35 mph (55 km). Its only known barometric pressure measurement of 1,007 mbar (29.74 inHg) is taken around this time.[6]
- July 7
- 02:30 UTC (9:30 p.m. CDT, July 6) at 23°30′N 98°18′W / 23.5°N 98.3°W – Tropical Depression Two dissipates about 35 miles (55 km) west of La Pesca.[7]
August
- August 16
- 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. EDT, August 15) at 25°36′N 74°18′W / 25.6°N 74.3°W – Tropical Depression Three forms offshore the Bahamas, about 195 miles (315 km) east of Nassau.[8]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT) at 26°24′N 75°48′W / 26.4°N 75.8°W – Tropical Depression Three strengthens into Tropical Storm Bob about 80 miles (130 km) east of Marsh Harbour.[8]
- August 17
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT) at 29°00′N 77°06′W / 29.0°N 77.1°W – Tropical Storm Bob strengthens into a Category 1 hurricane about 165 miles (270 km) north of Marsh Harbour.[8]
- August 18
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT) at 33°00′N 76°06′W / 33.0°N 76.1°W – Hurricane Bob strengthens into a Category 2 hurricane about 130 miles (215 km) southeast of Wilmington, North Carolina.[8]
- August 19
- 06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. EDT) at 36°30′N 74°30′W / 36.5°N 74.5°W – Hurricane Bob strengthens into a Category 3 hurricane about 85 miles (140 km) east-southeast of Virginia Beach, Virginia, making it the first major hurricane of the season. It simultaneously reaches peak winds of 115 mph (185 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 950 mbar (28.05 inHg).[8]
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. EDT) at 38°54′N 73°00′W / 38.9°N 73.0°W – Hurricane Bob weakens into a Category 2 hurricane about 105 miles (165 km) east of Cape May, New Jersey.[8]
- 17:20 UTC (1:20 p.m. EDT) at 41°12′N 71°36′W / 41.2°N 71.6°W – Hurricane Bob makes its first landfall on Block Island, Rhode Island with winds of 105 mph (165 km/h) and a barometric pressure of 962 mbar (28.41 inHg).[8]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT) at 41°24′N 71°24′W / 41.4°N 71.4°W – Hurricane Bob makes its second landfall in Newport, Rhode Island with winds of 100 mph (155 km/h) and a barometric pressure of 964 mbar (28.47 inHg).[8]
- August 20
- 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. EDT, August 19) at 43°48′N 69°36′W / 43.8°N 69.6°W – Hurricane Bob rapidly weakens over the Gulf of Maine, degrading into a tropical storm while centered about 35 miles (55 km) east-northeast of Portland, Maine.[8]
- 01:30 UTC (9:30 p.m. EDT, August 19) at 44°06′N 69°06′W / 44.1°N 69.1°W – Tropical Storm Bob makes its third landfall near Rockport, Maine with winds of 70 mph (110 km) and a barometric pressure of 981 mbar (28.97 inHg).[8]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT) at 48°24′N 61°54′W / 48.4°N 61.9°W – Tropical Storm Bob becomes extratropical over the Gulf of St. Lawrence while centered about 140 miles (220 km) north-northeast of Prince Edward Island.[8]
- August 24
- 06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST) at 14°30′N 23°06′W / 14.5°N 23.1°W – Tropical Depression Four forms just to the southeast of Cape Verde.[9]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 14°54′N 23°54′W / 14.9°N 23.9°W – Tropical Depression Four reaches peak winds of 35 mph (55 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 1,009 mbar (29.80 inHg) over southern Cape Verde.[9]
- August 26
- 06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST) – Tropical Depression Four dissipates several hundred miles west of Cape Verde.[9]
- August 28
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at 10°30′N 30°48′W / 10.5°N 30.8°W – Tropical Depression Five forms about 580 miles (935 km) southwest of Cape Verde.[5]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 10°42′N 32°24′W / 10.7°N 32.4°W – Tropical Depression Five reaches peak winds of 35 mph (55 km/h) about 665 miles (1,075 km) west-southwest of Cape Verde.[5]
- August 31
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at 12°42′N 52°48′W / 12.7°N 52.8°W – Tropical Depression Five dissipates about 455 miles (730 km) east of Barbados.[5]
September
- September 4
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at 26°42′N 55°54′W / 26.7°N 55.9°W – Tropical Depression Six forms about 655 miles (1,055 km) southeast of Bermuda.[10]
- September 5
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at 26°12′N 56°00′W / 26.2°N 56.0°W – Tropical Depression Six strengthens into Tropical Storm Claudette about 675 miles (1,085 km) southeast of Bermuda.[10]
- September 6
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at 26°12′N 58°48′W / 26.2°N 58.8°W – Tropical Storm Claudette strengthens into a Category 1 hurricane about 550 miles (890 km) southeast of Bermuda.[10]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 26°24′N 59°42′W / 26.4°N 59.7°W – Hurricane Claudette strengthens into a Category 2 hurricane about 505 miles (815 km) southeast of Bermuda.[10]
- September 7
- 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST, September 6) at 26°36′N 60°18′W / 26.6°N 60.3°W – Hurricane Claudette strengthens into a Category 3 hurricane about 480 miles (770 km) southeast of Bermuda, making it the second major hurricane of the season.[10]
- 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST, September 6) at 10°24′N 25°48′W / 10.4°N 25.8°W – Tropical Depression Seven forms about 370 miles (595 km) south-southwest of Cape Verde.[11]
- 10:00 UTC (6:00 a.m. AST) at 27°00′N 61°30′W / 27.0°N 61.5°W – Hurricane Claudette strengthens into a Category 4 hurricane about 415 miles (665 km) south-southeast of Bermuda. It simultaneously reaches peak winds of 130 mph (215 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 944 mbar (27.88 inHg), making it the strongest storm of the season.[10]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 27°42′N 62°24′W / 27.7°N 62.4°W – Hurricane Claudette weakens into a Category 3 hurricane about 350 miles (565 km) south-southeast of Bermuda.[10]
- September 8
- 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST, September 7) at 28°24′N 62°48′W / 28.4°N 62.8°W – Hurricane Claudette weakens into a Category 2 hurricane about 295 miles (475 km) south-southeast of Bermuda.[10]
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at 10°18′N 35°00′W / 10.3°N 35.0°W – Tropical Depression Seven strengthens into Tropical Storm Danny about 835 miles (1,345 km) west-southwest of Cape Verde.[11]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 31°00′N 63°12′W / 31.0°N 63.2°W – Hurricane Claudette weakens into a Category 1 hurricane about 125 miles (205 km) southeast of Bermuda.[10]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 24°12′N 49°06′W / 24.2°N 49.1°W – Tropical Depression Eight forms about 955 miles (1,540 km) east-northeast of Antigua and Barbuda.[12]
- September 9
- 06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST) at 11°48′N 39°36′W / 11.8°N 39.6°W – Tropical Storm Danny reaches peak winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) about 1,095 miles (1,760 km) west-southwest of Cape Verde.[11]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 29°18′N 53°06′W / 29.3°N 53.1°W – Tropical Depression Eight strengthens into Tropical Storm Erika about 720 miles (1,160 km) east-southeast of Bermuda.[12]
- September 10
- 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST, September 9) at 14°12′N 45°12′W / 14.2°N 45.2°W – Tropical Storm Danny reaches a minimum barometric pressure of 998 mbar (29.47 inHg) about 965 miles (1,555 km) east of Barbados.[11]
- 06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST) at 33°54′N 56°00′W / 33.9°N 56.0°W – Hurricane Claudette weakens into a tropical storm about 520 miles (835 km) east of Bermuda.[10]
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at 34°42′N 46°06′W / 34.7°N 46.1°W – Tropical Storm Erika reaches peak winds of 60 mph (95 km) about 950 miles (1,530 km) south-southeast of St. John's, Newfoundland.[12]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 35°48′N 42°30′W / 35.8°N 42.5°W – Tropical Storm Erika reaches a minimum barometric pressure of 997 mbar (29.44 inHg) about 815 miles (1,315 km) west-southwest of the Azores.[12]
- September 11
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at 16°00′N 58°06′W / 16.0°N 58.1°W – Tropical Storm Danny weakens into a tropical depression about 225 miles (360 km) east of Guadeloupe. It dissipates six hours later while maintaining a westward trajectory.[11]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 34°30′N 40°30′W / 34.5°N 40.5°W – Tropical Storm Claudette weakens into a tropical depression about 750 miles (1,205 km) west-southwest of the Azores.[10]
- September 12
- 03:00 UTC (11:00 p.m. AST, September 11) at 37°42′N 25°54′W / 37.7°N 25.9°W – Tropical Storm Erika makes landfall on the island of São Miguel in the Azores with winds of 40 mph (65 km/h) and a barometric pressure of 1,009 mbar (29.80 inHg).[12]
- 06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST) at 37°54′N 25°12′W / 37.9°N 25.2°W – Tropical Storm Erika becomes extratropical just northeast of São Miguel.[12]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 34°18′N 33°06′W / 34.3°N 33.1°W – Tropical Depression Claudette becomes extratropical about 410 miles (660 km) southwest of the Azores.[10]
October
- October 15
- 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. EDT, October 14) at 18°54′N 85°42′W / 18.9°N 85.7°W – Tropical Depression Nine forms about 130 miles (215 km) southeast of the Mexican island of Cozumel.[13]
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. EDT) at 20°18′N 84°06′W / 20.3°N 84.1°W – Tropical Depression Nine strengthens into Tropical Storm Fabian about 120 miles (195 km) south-southeast of Cape San Antonio, Cuba.[13]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT) at 21°12′N 83°06′W / 21.2°N 83.1°W – Tropical Storm Fabian reaches peak winds of 45 mph (75 km/h) just to the southwest of the Isle of Youth in Cuba.[13]
- 21:00 UTC (5:00 p.m. EDT) at 21°30′N 82°48′W / 21.5°N 82.8°W – Tropical Storm Fabian makes landfall on the Isle of Youth with winds of 45 mph (75 km/h) and a barometric pressure of 1,004 mbar (29.65 inHg).[13]
- October 16
- 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. EDT, October 15) at 22°18′N 81°54′W / 22.3°N 81.9°W – Tropical Storm Fabian makes landfall on the Zapata Peninsula in Cuba with winds of 45 mph (75 km/h) and a barometric pressure of 1,003 mbar (29.62 inHg).[13]
- 08:34 UTC (4:34 a.m. EDT) at 24°30′N 80°30′W / 24.5°N 80.5°W – Tropical Storm Fabian reaches a minimum barometric pressure of 1,002 mbar (29.59 inHg) about 40 miles (65 km) south of Key Largo, Florida.[13]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT) at 26°30′N 78°30′W / 26.5°N 78.5°W – Tropical Storm Fabian becomes extratropical near Grand Bahama Island.[13]
- October 24
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. EDT) at 13°24′N 42°18′W / 13.4°N 42.3°W – Tropical Depression Ten forms about midway between Lesser Antilles to Africa. It simultaneously reaches peak winds of 30 mph (45 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 1,009 mbar (29.80 inHg).[14]
- October 25
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT) west of 14°06′N 47°42′W / 14.1°N 47.7°W – Tropical Depression Ten dissipates far to the east of the Lesser Antilles.[14]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT) at 27°06′N 64°54′W / 27.1°N 64.9°W – A subtropical depression forms about 365 miles (585 km) south of Bermuda.[15]
- October 26
- 06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. EDT) at 27°12′N 65°30′W / 27.2°N 65.5°W – The subtropical depression strengthens into a subtropical storm about 355 miles (575 km) south of Bermuda.[15]
- October 27
- 18:00 UTC (1:00 p.m. EST) at 30°48′N 67°12′W / 30.8°N 67.2°W – The subtropical storm acquires tropical characteristics and is reclassified as Tropical Storm Grace about 180 miles (295 km) southwest of Bermuda.[15]
- October 28
- 00:00 UTC (7:00 p.m. EST, October 27) at 31°36′N 68°06′W / 31.6°N 68.1°W – Tropical Storm Grace strengthens into a Category 1 hurricane about 200 miles (325 km) west-southwest of Bermuda.[15]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 44°00′N 59°00′W / 44.0°N 59.0°W – An extratropical cyclone forms about 130 miles (215 km) southeast of Canso, Nova Scotia. This system becomes the 1991 Perfect Storm over the next two days.[16]
- October 29
- 00:00 UTC (7:00 p.m. EST, October 28) at 31°48′N 66°48′W / 31.8°N 66.8°W – Hurricane Grace reaches a minimum barometric pressure of 980 mbar (28.94 inHg) about 125 miles (205 km) west-southwest of Bermuda.[15]
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at 31°30′N 63°12′W / 31.5°N 63.2°W – Hurricane Grace strengthens into a Category 2 hurricane about 110 miles (175 km) east-southeast of Bermuda.[15]
- 14:00 UTC (10:00 a.m. AST) at 31°30′N 61°48′W / 31.5°N 61.8°W – Hurricane Grace reaches peak winds of 105 mph (165 km/h) about 185 miles (295 km) east-southeast of Bermuda.[15]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 32°30′N 59°00′W / 32.5°N 59.0°W – Hurricane Grace becomes extratropical about 335 miles (535 km) east of Bermuda; it is absorbed into the Perfect Storm shortly thereafter.[15]
- October 30
- 12:00 UTC (7:00 a.m. EST) at 39°00′N 63°30′W / 39.0°N 63.5°W – The Perfect Storm reaches its peak intensity as an extratropical cyclone about 380 miles (610 km) east-southeast of Nantucket, with winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) and a barometric pressure of 972 mbar (28.70 inHg).[16]
- October 31
- 18:00 UTC (1:00 p.m. EST) at 36°42′N 71°30′W / 36.7°N 71.5°W – A subtropical storm forms within the center of the Perfect Storm about 240 miles (390 km) southeast of Cape May, New Jersey.[16]
November
- November 1
- 06:00 UTC (1:00 a.m. EST) at 36°12′N 68°12′W / 36.2°N 68.2°W – The subtropical storm transitions into an unnamed tropical storm about 335 miles (535 km) northwest of Bermuda.[16]
- 18:00 UTC (1:00 p.m. EST) at 38°12′N 66°30′W / 38.2°N 66.5°W – The unnamed tropical storm strengthens into a Category 1 hurricane about 290 miles (465 km) southeast of Nantucket. It simultaneously reaches its peak intensity as a tropical cyclone, with winds of 75 mph (120 km/h) and a barometric pressure of 980 mbar (28.94 inHg).[16]
- November 2
- 06:00 UTC (1:00 a.m. EST) at 41°36′N 64°42′W / 41.6°N 64.7°W – The unnamed hurricane weakens into a tropical storm about 140 miles (220 km) south-southeast of Clark's Harbour, Nova Scotia.[16]
- 14:00 UTC (9:00 a.m. EST) at 44°36′N 63°30′W / 44.6°N 63.5°W – The unnamed tropical storm makes landfall near Halifax, Nova Scotia with winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) and a barometric pressure of 998 mbar (29.47 inHg).[16]
- 18:00 UTC (1:00 p.m. EST) at 46°18′N 62°36′W / 46.3°N 62.6°W – The unnamed tropical storm weakens into a tropical depression over eastern Prince Edward Island. It dissipates six hours later after emerging into the Gulf of St. Lawrence.[16]
- November 30
- The 1991 Atlantic hurricane season officially ends.[1]
See also
- Timeline of the 1991 Pacific hurricane season
- Tropical cyclones in 1991
- Lists of Atlantic hurricanes
References
- ^ a b c "Hurricanes Frequently Asked Questions". Miami, Florida: Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. June 1, 2023. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
- ^ "Understanding the Date/Time Stamps". Miami, Florida: NOAA National Hurricane Center. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
- ^ "Update on National Hurricane Center Products and Services for 2020" (PDF). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. April 20, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2023.
- ^ a b c d e Hal Gerrish (1991). "Tropical Storm Ana Preliminary Report (Page 3)" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on February 20, 2014. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e "Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT2) 1851–2022". nhc.noaa.gov. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved January 28, 2024.
- ^ Pasch, Richard (July 6, 1991). Tropical Depression Two Public Advisory Number 5 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved January 28, 2024.
- ^ Pasch, Richard (July 6, 1991). Tropical Depression Two Public Advisory Number 6 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved January 28, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Mayfield, Max (August 10, 1992). "Hurricane Bob Preliminary Report (Page Eight)" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on November 7, 2012. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
- ^ a b c "Tropical Depression Four Preliminary Report". National Hurricane Center. 1991. Archived from the original on February 20, 2014. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Pasch, Richard (1991). "Hurricane Claudette Preliminary Report (Page Five)". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e Mayfield, Max (1991). "Tropical Storm Danny Preliminary Report (Page Three)" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on February 20, 2014. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f Hal Gerrish (1991). "Tropical Storm Erika Preliminary Report (Page Three)" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on February 20, 2014. Retrieved June 13, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g Avila, Lixion (1991). Tropical Storm Fabian Preliminary Report (Page Three) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
- ^ a b Lawrence, Miles (November 5, 1991). Tropical Depression Ten Preliminary Report (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original (GIF) on October 23, 2012. Retrieved June 13, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Rappaport, Edward (November 13, 1991). Hurricane Grace Preliminary Report (Page 4) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 22, 2013. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Pasch, Richard. Unnamed Hurricane Preliminary Report (Page 5) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on November 7, 2012. Retrieved October 23, 2012.