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{{Short description|Timeline of hurricanes in 1991}} |
{{Short description|Timeline of hurricanes in 1991}} |
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{{Featured list}} |
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{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2024}} |
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2024}} |
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{{Tropical cyclone timeline|Name=Timeline of the<br />1991 Atlantic hurricane season|Track=1991 Atlantic hurricane season summary map.png|First date=July 2, 1991|Last date=November 2, 1991|Average wind speed=1|Strongest system=Claudette|Strongest system winds=115|Strongest system pressure=944|Longest system=Claudette|Total days=8.25|Five years=[[Timeline of the 1989 Atlantic hurricane season|1989]], [[Timeline of the 1990 Atlantic hurricane season|1990]], '''1991''', [[Timeline of the 1992 Atlantic hurricane season|1992]], |
{{Tropical cyclone timeline|Name=Timeline of the<br />1991 Atlantic hurricane season|Track=1991 Atlantic hurricane season summary map.png|First date=July 2, 1991|Last date=November 2, 1991|Average wind speed=1|Strongest system=Claudette|Strongest system winds=115|Strongest system pressure=944|Longest system=Claudette|Total days=8.25|Five years=[[Timeline of the 1989 Atlantic hurricane season|1989]], [[Timeline of the 1990 Atlantic hurricane season|1990]], '''1991''', [[Timeline of the 1992 Atlantic hurricane season|1992]], [[Timeline of the 1993 Atlantic hurricane season|1993]]|Year=1991|Basin=Atl|Season=Atlantic hurricane season|Storm1=[[Hurricane Bob]]|Storm2=[[Hurricane Grace (1991)]]|Storm3=[[1991 Perfect Storm]]}} |
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The [[1991 Atlantic hurricane season]] was a below-average [[Atlantic hurricane season]] that produced twelve [[tropical cyclone]]s, of which eight strengthened to become [[Tropical cyclone naming|named tropical storms]]; four of these became hurricanes, of which two further intensified into major hurricanes (Category 3 or higher on the [[Saffir–Simpson scale]]).{{#tag:ref|An average Atlantic hurricane season has fourteen named storms, seven hurricanes, and three major hurricanes.<ref name="TCClimo">{{cite web|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/climo/|title=Tropical Cyclone Climatology|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|location=Miami, Florida|access-date=February 17, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229184953/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/climo/|archive-date=February 29, 2024|url-status=live}}</ref>|group="nb"}}<ref name="1991 AHS summary">{{cite journal|last1=Avila|first1=Lixion|last2=Pasch|first2=Richard|author-link1=Lixion Avila|volume=120|journal=[[Monthly Weather Review]]|title=Atlantic Tropical Systems of 1991|pages=2688–2696|publisher=American Meteorological Society |issn=1520-0493|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1992)120<2688:ATSO>2.0.CO;2|issue=11|bibcode = 1992MWRv..120.2688A |date=November 1992|doi-access=free}}</ref> The season officially began on June 1, 1991, and ended on November 30. These dates, adopted by convention, historically describe the period in each year when most [[Subtropical cyclone|subtropical]] or [[tropical cyclogenesis]] occurs in the Atlantic Ocean.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=June 1, 2023 |title=Hurricanes Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd-faq/#hurricane-season |access-date=June 1, 2023 |publisher=[[Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory]] |language=en-US |location=Miami, Florida|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301104107/https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd-faq/#hurricane-season|archive-date=March 1, 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> The first system, Tropical Storm Ana, developed on July 2 while the last system, the unnamed [[1991 Perfect Storm|Perfect Storm]], dissipated on November 2. |
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The most destructive storm of the season was [[Hurricane Bob]], which brushed the [[Outer Banks]] of [[North Carolina]] near peak intensity on August 19, then made [[landfall]] twice in [[Rhode Island]] later that day.<ref name="Bob TCR 2" /> Bob killed at least seventeen people along its path and caused extensive damage in [[New England]], totaling $1.5 billion (1991 [[United States Dollar|USD]]); this made it one of the ten costliest hurricanes on record for the United States at the time.<ref name="Bob TCR 4">{{cite web|last=Mayfield|first=Max|author-link=Max Mayfield|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|date=August 10, 1992|access-date=January 30, 2024|title=Hurricane Bob Preliminary Report (Page Four)|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/bob/prelim04.gif|format=GIF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006104104/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/bob/prelim04.gif|archive-date=2013-10-06|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Bob TCR 5">{{cite web|last=Mayfield|first=Max|author-link=Max Mayfield|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|date=August 10, 1992|access-date=January 30, 2024|title=Hurricane Bob Preliminary Report (Page Five)|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/bob/prelim05.gif|format=GIF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102194131/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/bob/prelim05.gif|archive-date=2014-01-02|url-status=live}}</ref> The season's other significant storm was a powerful [[nor'easter]] known as the Perfect Storm. It began as an [[extratropical cyclone]] off the coast of eastern [[Nova Scotia]] late on October 28, being steered southward and then westward by a ridge to its north. Late the following day, the system absorbed [[Hurricane Grace (1991)|Hurricane Grace]] to its south, contributing to substantial intensification. Its strength and large size created an enormous area of high seas over the western Atlantic Ocean during late October and early November.<ref name="1991 AHS summary"/> It caused severe coastal damage in the northeastern United States, with impacts noted as far south as [[Puerto Rico]]. Damages exceeded $200 million (1991 USD)<ref name="ncdc">{{cite web|last=McCown|first=Sam|work=[[National Climatic Data Center]]|location=Silver Spring, Maryland|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|date=August 20, 2008|title="Perfect Storm" Damage Summary|access-date=January 30, 2024|url=ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/extremeevents/specialreports/perfect-storm-damage.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906073118/ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/extremeevents/specialreports/perfect-storm-damage.pdf|archive-date=September 6, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> and thirteen people were killed.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wcvb.com/article/perfect-storm-30th-anniversary-massachusetts-new-england/38117078|title=30th anniversary of 'Perfect Storm' that devastated New England coast|last=Wankum|first=Mike|work=[[WCVB-TV]]|location=Boston, Massachusetts|publisher=[[Hearst Television]]|date=November 8, 2021|access-date=January 30, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130220102/https://www.wcvb.com/article/perfect-storm-30th-anniversary-massachusetts-new-england/38117078|archive-date=January 30, 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> Six of the fatalities occurred when the ''[[Andrea Gail]]'' and her crew were lost amidst the treacherous conditions; the events surrounding her sinking inspired [[Sebastian Junger]]'s 1997 book ''[[The Perfect Storm (book)|The Perfect Storm]]'', which was adapted into a 2000 [[The Perfect Storm (film)|film of the same name]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boston.com/news/history/2016/10/29/25-years-ago-the-crew-of-the-andrea-gail-were-lost-in-the-perfect-storm/|title=25 years ago, the crew of the Andrea Gail was lost in the 'perfect storm'|last=McGinnes|first=Meagan|website=[[Boston.com]]|publisher=Boston Globe Media Partners|location=Boston, Massachusetts|date=October 29, 2016|access-date=February 19, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219214548/https://www.boston.com/news/history/2016/10/29/25-years-ago-the-crew-of-the-andrea-gail-were-lost-in-the-perfect-storm/|archive-date=February 19, 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> As the cyclone executed a counter-clockwise loop south of New England, it gradually acquired tropical characteristics, becoming a minimal hurricane on November 1, and after weakening into a tropical storm, made landfall in Nova Scotia the next day. |
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The [[1991 Atlantic hurricane season]] saw an extremely below average number of [[Tropical cyclone naming|named storms]], hurricanes, and major hurricanes (category 3 or higher on the 5-level [[Saffir–Simpson scale|Saffir–Simpson wind speed scale]]). There were eight [[Tropical cyclone naming|named storms]] during the season; four of them strengthened into hurricanes, and two of those reached major hurricane intensity. The season officially began on June 1, 1991, and ended on November 30. These dates, adopted by convention, historically describe the period in each year when most [[Subtropical cyclone|subtropical]] or [[tropical cyclone]]s form in the Atlantic.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=June 1, 2023 |title=Hurricanes Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd-faq/#hurricane-season |access-date=June 1, 2023 |publisher=[[Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory]] |language=en-US |location=Miami, Florida}}</ref> However, tropical cyclone formation is possible at any time of the year. |
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This timeline documents tropical cyclone formations, strengthening, weakening, [[landfall]]s, [[Extratropical cyclone#Extratropical transition|extratropical transitions]], and dissipations during the season. It includes information that was not released throughout the season, meaning that data from post-storm reviews by the [[National Hurricane Center]], such as a storm that was not initially warned upon, has been included. |
This timeline documents tropical cyclone formations, strengthening, weakening, [[landfall]]s, [[Extratropical cyclone#Extratropical transition|extratropical transitions]], and dissipations during the season. It includes information that was not released throughout the season, meaning that data from post-storm reviews by the [[National Hurricane Center]], such as a storm that was not initially warned upon, has been included. |
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By convention, meteorologists use one [[time zone]] when issuing forecasts and making observations: [[Coordinated Universal Time]] (UTC), and also use the [[24-hour clock]] (where 00:00 = midnight UTC).<ref>{{cite web |title=Understanding the Date/Time Stamps |url=https://www.nws.noaa.gov/mdl/forecast/graphics/common/time.html |accessdate=July 10, 2020 |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |
By convention, meteorologists use one [[time zone]] when issuing forecasts and making observations: [[Coordinated Universal Time]] (UTC), and also use the [[24-hour clock]] (where 00:00 = midnight UTC).<ref>{{cite web |title=Understanding the Date/Time Stamps |url=https://www.nws.noaa.gov/mdl/forecast/graphics/common/time.html |accessdate=July 10, 2020 |location=Silver Spring, Maryland|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226150852/https://www.nws.noaa.gov/mdl/forecast/graphics/common/time.html|archive-date=February 26, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> The National Hurricane Center uses both UTC and the time zone where the center of the tropical cyclone is currently located. The time zones utilized (east to west) prior to 2020 were: [[Atlantic Time Zone|Atlantic]], [[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern]], and [[Central Time Zone|Central]].<ref>{{cite web |date=April 20, 2020 |title=Update on National Hurricane Center Products and Services for 2020 |url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/NHC_new_products_services_2020.pdf |accessdate=May 12, 2023 |publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]] |location=Miami, Florida|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128044425/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/NHC_new_products_services_2020.pdf|archive-date=November 28, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> In this timeline, all information is listed by UTC first, with the respective regional time zone included in parentheses. Additionally, figures for [[maximum sustained wind]]s and position estimates are rounded to the nearest five units ([[Knot (unit)|knots]], [[Statute mile|miles]], or [[kilometer]]s) and averaged over one minute, following National Hurricane Center practice. Direct wind observations are rounded to the nearest whole number. Atmospheric pressures are listed to the nearest [[Bar (unit)|millibar]] and nearest hundredth of an [[inch of mercury]]. |
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{{TOC limit|3}} |
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== |
==Timeline== |
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{{center| |
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<timeline> |
<timeline> |
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from:24/10/1991 till:25/10/1991 color:TD text:"Ten (TD)" |
from:24/10/1991 till:25/10/1991 color:TD text:"Ten (TD)" |
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from:26/10/1991 till:29/10/1991 color:C2 text:"[[Hurricane Grace (1991)|Grace (C2)]]" |
from:26/10/1991 till:29/10/1991 color:C2 text:"[[Hurricane Grace (1991)|Grace (C2)]]" |
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from:31/10/1991 till:02/11/1991 color:C1 text:"[[1991 Perfect Storm| |
from:31/10/1991 till:02/11/1991 color:C1 text:"[[1991 Perfect Storm|Unnamed (C1)]]" |
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bar:Month width:5 align:center fontsize:S shift:(0,-20) anchor:middle color:canvas |
bar:Month width:5 align:center fontsize:S shift:(0,-20) anchor:middle color:canvas |
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</timeline> |
</timeline> |
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}} |
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=== |
===June=== |
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==== June 1 ==== |
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* The [[1991 Atlantic hurricane season]] officially begins.<ref name=":0" /> |
* The [[1991 Atlantic hurricane season]] officially begins.<ref name=":0" /> |
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* No storms formed in June. |
* No storms formed in June. |
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===July=== |
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==== July 2 ==== |
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[[File:Ana 1991 track.png|thumb|right|Tropical Storm Ana's path off the United States East Coast from July 2–5|alt=The track of a tropical storm off the United States East Coast; it begins east-northeastward before gradually curving to the east]] |
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*18:00 UTC (2:00 pm EDT) at {{Coord|31.3|-79.7|name=Tropical Depression One develops.}}{{snd}}Tropical Depression One develops from a low pressure area centered about 100 mi (155 km) south of [[Charleston, South Carolina]].<ref name="Ana TCR 1">{{cite report|last=Gerrish|first=Hal|year=1991|title=Tropical Storm Ana Preliminary Report (Page One)|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|access-date=November 7, 2011|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/ana/prelim01.gif|format=GIF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228005015/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/ana/prelim01.gif|archive-date=February 28, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="atcr3">{{cite report|last=Gerrish|first=Hal|year=1991|title=Tropical Storm Ana Preliminary Report (Page Three)|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|access-date=November 7, 2011|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/ana/prelim03.gif|format=GIF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220143351/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/ana/prelim03.gif|archive-date=February 20, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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==== July 4 ==== |
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*00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. EDT, July 3) at {{Coord|36.2|-70.7|name=Tropical Depression One strengthens into Tropical Storm Ana.}}{{snd}}Tropical Depression One strengthens into [[1991 Atlantic hurricane season#Tropical Storm Ana|Tropical Storm Ana]].<ref name="Ana TCR 1"/><ref name="atcr3"/> |
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*18:00 UTC (2:00 pm EDT) at {{Coord|31.3|-79.7|name=Tropical Depression One develops.}}{{snd}} Tropical Depression One develops from a low pressure area centered about 105 miles (165 km) south of [[Charleston, South Carolina]].<ref name="atcr3">{{cite web|author=Hal Gerrish|year=1991|title=Tropical Storm Ana Preliminary Report (Page 3)|publisher=National Hurricane Center|access-date=2011-11-07|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/ana/prelim03.gif|format=GIF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220143351/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/ana/prelim03.gif|archive-date=2014-02-20|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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*06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. EDT) at {{Coord|37.1|-67.8|name=Tropical Storm Ana reaches its peak winds.}}{{snd}} Tropical Storm Ana reaches peak winds of 50 mph (85 km/h).<ref name="Ana TCR 1"/><ref name="atcr3"/> |
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*18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT) at {{Coord|37.9|-61.1|name=Tropical Storm Ana reaches its minimum pressure.}}{{snd}}Tropical Storm Ana reaches a minimum [[barometric pressure]] of {{convert|1000|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}.<ref name="atcr3"/> |
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==== July 5 ==== |
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* |
*18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST){{snd}}Tropical Storm Ana becomes [[extratropical cyclone|extratropical]] over the north-central Atlantic Ocean.<ref name="Ana TCR 1"/><ref name="atcr3"/> |
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*18:00 UTC (1:00 p.m. CDT) at {{Coord|23.4|-96.2|name=Tropical Depression Two develops.}}{{snd}} [[1991 Atlantic hurricane season#Tropical Depression Two|Tropical Depression Two]] forms over the western Gulf of Mexico.<ref name="HURDAT2">{{cite web|type=Database|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|title=Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/hurdat/hurdat2-1851-2022-050423.txt|date=April 5, 2023|accessdate=March 1, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207233216/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/hurdat/hurdat2-1851-2022-050423.txt|archive-date=December 7, 2023|url-status=live}} {{Pd-notice}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/td2/public/pal0291.001|title=Tropical Depression Two Advisory Number 1|last=Rappaport|first=Edward|author-link=Edward Rappaport|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|date=July 5, 1991|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025081903/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/td2/public/pal0291.001|archive-date=October 25, 2012|access-date=February 5, 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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*06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. EDT) at {{Coord|37.1|-67.8|name=Tropical Storm Ana reaches its peak winds.}}{{snd}} Tropical Storm Ana reaches peak winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) about 315 miles (510 km) south-southeast of [[Nantucket]].<ref name="atcr3"/> |
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*18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT) at {{Coord|37.9|-61.1|name=Tropical Storm Ana reaches its minimum pressure.}}{{snd}} Tropical Storm Ana reaches a minimum [[barometric pressure]] of {{convert|1000|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}} about 435 miles (705 km) north-northeast of [[Bermuda]].<ref name="atcr3"/> |
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==== July 6 ==== |
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*12:00 UTC (7:00 a.m. CDT) at {{Coord|23.3|-97.0|name=Tropical Depression Two reaches its peak winds.}}{{snd}}Tropical Depression Two reaches peak winds of 35 mph (55 km/h).<ref name="HURDAT2"/> |
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* |
*22:00 UTC (5:00 p.m. CDT) at {{Coord|23.5|-97.9|name=Tropical Depression Two makes landfall near La Pesca, Mexico.}}{{snd}}Tropical Depression Two makes landfall near [[La Pesca, Mexico]] with winds of 35 mph (55 km/h) and a barometric pressure of {{convert|1007|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/td2/public/pal0291.005|title=Tropical Depression Two Advisory Number 5|last=Pasch|first=Richard|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|date=July 6, 1991|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025081851/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/td2/public/pal0291.005|archive-date=October 25, 2012|access-date=January 28, 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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==== July 7 ==== |
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*02:30 UTC (9:30 p.m. CDT, July 6) at {{Coord|23.5|-98.3|name=Tropical Depression Two dissipates over Mexico.}}{{snd}}Tropical Depression Two dissipates about 35 mi (55 km) west of La Pesca.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/td2/public/pal0291.006|title=Tropical Depression Two Public Advisory Number 6|last=Pasch|first=Richard|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|date=July 6, 1991|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025081857/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/td2/public/pal0291.006|archive-date=October 25, 2012|access-date=January 28, 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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*12:00 UTC (7:00 a.m. CDT) at {{Coord|23.3|-97.0|name=Tropical Depression Two reaches its peak winds.}}{{snd}} Tropical Depression Two reaches peak winds of 35 mph (55 km) about 90 miles (150 km) north-northeast of Tampico.<ref name="HURDAT2"/> |
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*22:00 UTC (5:00 p.m. CDT) at {{Coord|23.5|-97.9|name=Tropical Depression Two makes landfall near La Pesca, Mexico.}}{{snd}} Tropical Depression Two makes landfall near [[La Pesca, Mexico]] with winds of 35 mph (55 km). Its only known barometric pressure measurement of {{convert|1007|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}} is taken around this time.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/td2/public/pal0291.005|title=Tropical Depression Two Public Advisory Number 5|last=Pasch|first=Richard|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|date=July 6, 1991|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025081851/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/td2/public/pal0291.005|archive-date=October 25, 2012|access-date=January 28, 2024}}</ref> |
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===August=== |
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;July 7 |
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==== August 16 ==== |
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*02:30 UTC (9:30 p.m. CDT, July 6) at {{Coord|23.5|-98.3|name=Tropical Depression Two dissipates over Mexico.}}{{snd}} Tropical Depression Two dissipates about 35 miles (55 km) west of La Pesca.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/td2/public/pal0291.006|title=Tropical Depression Two Public Advisory Number 6|last=Pasch|first=Richard|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|date=July 6, 1991|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025081851/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/td2/public/pal0291.005|archive-date=October 25, 2012|access-date=January 28, 2024}}</ref> |
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[[File:Bob_1991-08-19_1115Z.png|thumb|right|Hurricane Bob approaching New England shortly after peak intensity early on August 19|alt=A hurricane with its eye close to the northeastern United States; most of its clouds are on the northern side of the circulation]] |
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*00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. EDT, August 15) at {{Coord|25.6|-74.3|name=The season's third tropical depression develops.}}{{snd}}The third tropical depression of the season forms from an area of low pressure about 200 mi (325 km) east of the Bahamian capital of [[Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]].<ref name="Bob TCR 1">{{cite report|last=Mayfield|first=Max|author-link=Max Mayfield|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|date=August 10, 1992|access-date=November 7, 2011|title=Hurricane Bob Preliminary Report (Page One)|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/bob/prelim01.gif|format=GIF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023133230/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/bob/prelim01.gif|archive-date=October 23, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TCR8">{{cite report|last=Mayfield|first=Max|author-link=Max Mayfield|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|date=August 10, 1992|access-date=November 7, 2011|title=Hurricane Bob Preliminary Report (Page Eight)|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/bob/prelim08.gif|format=GIF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107014347/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/bob/prelim08.gif|archive-date=November 7, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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*18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT) at {{Coord|26.4|-75.8|name=The season's third tropical depression strengthens into Tropical Storm Bob.}}{{snd}}The tropical depression strengthens into Tropical Storm Bob about 140 mi (220 km) northeast of Nassau.<ref name="Bob TCR 1"/><ref name="TCR8"/> |
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=== August === |
==== August 17 ==== |
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*18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT) at {{Coord|29.0|-77.1|name=Tropical Storm Bob reaches Category 1 intensity.}}{{snd}}Tropical Storm Bob strengthens into a Category 1 hurricane about 235 mi (380 km) east of [[Daytona Beach, Florida]].<ref name="Bob TCR 1"/><ref name="TCR8"/> |
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;August 16 |
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*00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. EDT, August 15) at {{Coord|25.6|-74.3|name=Tropical Depression Three develops.}}{{snd}} Tropical Depression Three forms offshore the [[Bahamas]], about 195 miles (315 km) east of [[Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]].<ref name="TCR8">{{cite web|last=Mayfield|first=Max|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|date=1992-08-10|access-date=2011-11-07|title=Hurricane Bob Preliminary Report (Page Eight)|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/bob/prelim08.gif|format=GIF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107014347/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/bob/prelim08.gif|archive-date=2012-11-07|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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*18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT) at {{Coord|26.4|-75.8|name=Tropical Depression Three strengthens into Tropical Storm Bob.}}{{snd}} Tropical Depression Three strengthens into Tropical Storm Bob about 80 miles (130 km) east of [[Marsh Harbour]].<ref name="TCR8"/> |
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==== August 18 ==== |
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*18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT) at {{Coord| |
*18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT) at {{Coord|33.0|-76.1|name=Hurricane Bob reaches Category 2 intensity.}}{{snd}}[[Hurricane Bob]] strengthens to Category 2 intensity about 265 mi (425 km) south of [[Norfolk, Virginia]].<ref name="TCR8"/> |
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==== August 19 ==== |
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*06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. EDT) at {{Coord|36.5|-74.5|name=Hurricane Bob becomes a Category 3 major hurricane and simultaneously reaches its peak intensity.}}{{snd}}Hurricane Bob strengthens to Category 3 intensity about 105 mi (165 km) east-southeast of Norfolk, Virginia, making it the first major hurricane of the season. It simultaneously reaches peak winds of 115 mph (185 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of {{convert|950|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}.<ref name="TCR8"/><ref name="Bob TCR 2">{{cite report|last=Mayfield|first=Max|author-link=Max Mayfield|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|date=August 10, 1992|access-date=February 5, 2024|title=Hurricane Bob Preliminary Report (Page Two)|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/bob/prelim02.gif|format=GIF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023133450/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/bob/prelim02.gif|archive-date=October 23, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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*18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT) at {{Coord|33.0|-76.1|name=Hurricane Bob reaches Category 2 intensity.}}{{snd}} [[Hurricane Bob]] strengthens into a Category 2 hurricane about 130 miles (215 km) southeast of [[Wilmington, North Carolina]].<ref name="TCR8"/> |
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*12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. EDT) at {{Coord|38.9|-73.0|name=Hurricane Bob weakens to Category 2 intensity.}}{{snd}}Hurricane Bob weakens to Category 2 intensity about 175 mi (280 km) south-southwest of [[Block Island, Rhode Island]].<ref name="TCR8"/> |
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*17:20 UTC (1:20 p.m. EDT) at {{Coord|41.2|-71.6|name=Hurricane Bob makes its first landfall on Block Island, Rhode Island.}}{{snd}}Hurricane Bob makes its first landfall on Block Island, Rhode Island with winds of 105 mph (165 km/h) and a barometric pressure of {{convert|962|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}.<ref name="TCR8"/><ref name="Bob TCR 2"/> |
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*18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT) at {{Coord|41.4|-71.4|name=Hurricane Bob makes its second landfall in Newport, Rhode Island.}}{{snd}}Hurricane Bob makes its second landfall in [[Newport, Rhode Island]] with winds of 100 mph (155 km/h) and a barometric pressure of {{convert|964|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}.<ref name="TCR8"/><ref name="Bob TCR 2"/> |
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==== August 20 ==== |
|||
* |
*00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. EDT, August 19) at {{Coord|43.8|-69.6|name=Hurricane Bob rapidly weakens into a tropical storm.}}{{snd}}Hurricane Bob rapidly weakens over the [[Gulf of Maine]], degrading into a tropical storm while centered about 35 mi (55 km) southwest of [[Rockland, Maine]].<ref name="TCR8"/><ref name="Bob TCR 2"/> |
||
* |
*01:30 UTC (9:30 p.m. EDT, August 19) at {{Coord|44.1|-69.1|name=Tropical Storm Bob makes its third landfall near Rockland, Maine.}}{{snd}}Tropical Storm Bob makes its third landfall near Rockland, Maine with winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) and a barometric pressure of {{convert|981|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}.<ref name="TCR8"/><ref name="Bob TCR 2"/> |
||
[[File:4-L 1991 track.png|thumb|right|Tropical Depression Four's path near and to the west of Cape Verde from August 24–26|alt=The track of a tropical depression near Cape Verde]] |
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*17:20 UTC (1:20 p.m. EDT) at {{Coord|41.2|-71.6|name=Hurricane Bob makes its first landfall on Block Island, Rhode Island.}}{{snd}} Hurricane Bob makes its first landfall on [[Block Island, Rhode Island]] with winds of 105 mph (165 km/h) and a barometric pressure of {{convert|962|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}.<ref name="TCR8"/> |
|||
* |
*12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. EDT) at {{Coord|47.0|-65.5|name=Tropical Storm Bob emerges over the Gulf of St. Lawrence.}}{{snd}}Tropical Storm Bob emerges over the [[Gulf of St. Lawrence]] near [[Chatham, New Brunswick]].<ref name="TCR8"/><ref name="Bob TCR 2"/> |
||
*18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT) at {{Coord|48.4|-61.9|name=Tropical Storm Bob transitions into an extratropical cyclone.}}{{snd}}Tropical Storm Bob becomes extratropical over the Gulf of St. Lawrence while centered about 190 mi (305 km) east-northeast of Chatham, New Brunswick.<ref name="TCR8"/> |
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==== August 24 ==== |
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*06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST) at {{Coord|14.5|-23.1|name=Tropical Depression Four develops.}}{{snd}}[[1991 Atlantic hurricane season#Tropical Depression Four|Tropical Depression Four]] forms just to the southeast of [[Cape Verde]].<ref name="TD4Prelim">{{cite report|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/td4/prelim01.gif|format=GIF|title=Tropical Depression Four Preliminary Report|year=1991|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|access-date=2011-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220145959/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/td4/prelim01.gif|archive-date=2014-02-20|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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*00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. EDT, August 19) at {{Coord|43.8|-69.6|name=Hurricane Bob rapidly weakens into a tropical storm.}}{{snd}} Hurricane Bob rapidly weakens over the [[Gulf of Maine]], degrading into a tropical storm while centered about 35 miles (55 km) east-northeast of [[Portland, Maine]].<ref name="TCR8"/> |
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* |
*18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at {{Coord|14.9|-23.9|name=Tropical Depression Four reaches its peak intensity.}}{{snd}}Tropical Depression Four reaches peak winds of 35 mph (55 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of {{convert|1009|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}} over southern Cape Verde.<ref name="TD4Prelim"/><ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/td4/public/pal0491.001|title=Tropical Depression Four Advisory Number 1|last=Avila|first=Lixion|author-link=Lixion Avila|date=August 24, 1991|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|access-date=February 5, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205162542/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/td4/public/pal0491.001|archive-date=February 5, 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> |
||
*18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT) at {{Coord|48.4|-61.9|name=Tropical Storm Bob transitions into an extratropical cyclone.}}{{snd}} Tropical Storm Bob becomes extratropical over the [[Gulf of St. Lawrence]] while centered about 140 miles (220 km) north-northeast of [[Prince Edward Island]].<ref name="TCR8"/> |
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==== August 26 ==== |
|||
*06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST){{snd}}Tropical Depression Four dissipates.<ref name="TD4Prelim"/> |
|||
*06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST) at {{Coord|14.5|-23.1|name=Tropical Depression Four develops.}}{{snd}} [[1991 Atlantic hurricane season#Tropical Depression Four|Tropical Depression Four]] forms just to the southeast of [[Cape Verde]].<ref name="TD4Prelim">{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/td4/prelim01.gif|title=Tropical Depression Four Preliminary Report|year=1991|publisher=National Hurricane Center|access-date=2011-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220145959/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/td4/prelim01.gif|archive-date=2014-02-20|url-status=live}}</ref> |
|||
*18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at {{Coord|14.9|-23.9|name=Tropical Depression Four reaches its peak intensity.}}{{snd}} Tropical Depression Four reaches peak winds of 35 mph (55 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of {{convert|1009|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}} over southern Cape Verde.<ref name="TD4Prelim"/> |
|||
==== August 28 ==== |
|||
*12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at {{Coord|10.5|-30.8|name=Tropical Depression Five develops.}}{{snd}}[[1991 Atlantic hurricane season#Tropical Depression Five|Tropical Depression Five]] forms from an area of disturbed weather over the eastern Atlantic Ocean.<ref name="HURDAT2"/><ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/td5/tropdisc/nal0591.001|title=Tropical Depression Five Discussion Number 1|last=Rappaport|first=Edward|author-link=Edward Rappaport|date=August 28, 1991|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|access-date=2011-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227223334/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/td5/tropdisc/nal0591.001|archive-date=2014-02-27|url-status=live}}</ref> |
|||
*06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST){{snd}} Tropical Depression Four dissipates several hundred miles west of Cape Verde.<ref name="TD4Prelim"/> |
|||
*18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at {{Coord|10.7|-32.4|name=Tropical Depression Five reaches its peak winds.}}{{snd}}Tropical Depression Five reaches peak winds of 35 mph (55 km/h).<ref name="HURDAT2"/> |
|||
==== August 31 ==== |
|||
*12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at {{Coord| |
*12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at {{Coord|12.7|-52.8|name=Tropical Depression Five dissipates.}}{{snd}}Tropical Depression Five dissipates several hundred miles east of the [[Lesser Antilles]].<ref name="HURDAT2"/><ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/td5/public/pal0591.013|title=Tropical Depression Five Advisory Number 13|last=Avila|first=Lixion|author-link=Lixion Avila|date=August 31, 1991|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|access-date=February 5, 2024}}</ref> |
||
*18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at {{Coord|10.7|-32.4|name=Tropical Depression Five reaches its peak winds.}}{{snd}} Tropical Depression Five reaches peak winds of 35 mph (55 km/h) about 665 miles (1,075 km) west-southwest of Cape Verde.<ref name="HURDAT2"/> |
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===September=== |
|||
;August 31 |
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==== September 4 ==== |
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*12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at {{Coord|12.7|-52.8|name=Tropical Depression Five dissipates.}}{{snd}} Tropical Depression Five dissipates about 455 miles (730 km) east of [[Barbados]].<ref name="HURDAT2"/> |
|||
*12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at {{Coord|26.7|-55.9|name=A tropical depression develops.}}{{snd}}A tropical depression forms from a non-tropical disturbance about 655 mi (1,055 km) southeast of Bermuda.<ref name="Claudette TCR 1">{{cite report|last=Pasch|first=Richard|year=1991|title=Hurricane Claudette Preliminary Report (Page One)|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/claudett/prenhc/prelim01.gif|format=GIF|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|access-date=November 7, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025084944/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/claudett/prenhc/prelim01.gif|archive-date=October 25, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Prem5">{{cite report|last=Pasch|first=Richard|year=1991|title=Hurricane Claudette Preliminary Report (Page Five)|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/claudett/prenhc/prelim05.gif|format=GIF|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|access-date=November 7, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025085026/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/claudett/prenhc/prelim05.gif|archive-date=October 25, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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=== September === |
==== September 5 ==== |
||
[[File:Claudette 1991-09-07 1231Z.png|thumb|right|Hurricane Claudette near peak intensity on September 7|alt=A powerful hurricane over the central Atlantic Ocean to the south-southeast of Bermuda, with a tightly-wound cloud pattern around a clear eye]] |
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;September 4 |
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*12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at {{Coord|26. |
*12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at {{Coord|26.2|-56.0|name=The tropical depression strengthens into Tropical Storm Claudette.}}{{snd}}The tropical depression strengthens into Tropical Storm Claudette about 675 mi (1,085 km) southeast of Bermuda.<ref name="Claudette TCR 1"/><ref name="Prem5"/> |
||
==== September 6 ==== |
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*12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at {{Coord|26.2|- |
*12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at {{Coord|26.2|-58.8|name=Tropical Storm Claudette reaches Category 1 intensity.}}{{snd}}Tropical Storm Claudette strengthens into a Category 1 hurricane about 550 mi (890 km) southeast of Bermuda.<ref name="Claudette TCR 1"/><ref name="Prem5"/> |
||
*18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at {{Coord|26.4|-59.7|name=Hurricane Claudette reaches Category 2 intensity.}}{{snd}}[[1991 Atlantic hurricane season#Hurricane Claudette|Hurricane Claudette]] strengthens to Category 2 intensity about 505 mi (815 km) southeast of Bermuda.<ref name="Claudette TCR 1"/><ref name="Prem5"/> |
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==== September 7 ==== |
|||
* |
*00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST, September 6) at {{Coord|26.6|-60.3|name=Hurricane Claudette becomes a Category 3 major hurricane.}}{{snd}}Hurricane Claudette strengthens to Category 3 intensity about 480 mi (770 km) southeast of Bermuda, making it the second major hurricane of the season.<ref name="Prem5"/> |
||
*00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST, September 6) at {{Coord|10.4|-25.8|name=The season's seventh tropical depression develops.}}{{snd}}The seventh tropical depression of the season forms from a tropical wave about 310 mi (500 km) south-southwest of [[Brava, Cape Verde]].<ref name="Danny TCR 1">{{cite report|last=Mayfield|first=Max|author-link=Max Mayfield|year=1991|title=Tropical Storm Danny Preliminary Report (Page One)|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|access-date=November 7, 2011|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/danny/prenhc/prelim01.gif|format=GIF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301110534/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/danny/prenhc/prelim01.gif|archive-date=March 1, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="dtcr3">{{cite report|last=Mayfield|first=Max|author-link=Max Mayfield|year=1991|title=Tropical Storm Danny Preliminary Report (Page Three)|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|access-date=November 7, 2011|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/danny/prenhc/prelim03.gif|format=GIF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220151510/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/danny/prenhc/prelim03.gif|archive-date=February 20, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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*18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at {{Coord|26.4|-59.7|name=Hurricane Claudette reaches Category 2 intensity.}}{{snd}} [[Hurricane Claudette (1991)|Hurricane Claudette]] strengthens into a Category 2 hurricane about 505 miles (815 km) southeast of Bermuda.<ref name="Prem5"/> |
|||
*10:00 UTC (6:00 a.m. AST) at {{Coord|27.0|-61.5|name=Hurricane Claudette, the strongest storm of the season, reaches its peak intensity at Category 4 status.}}{{snd}}Hurricane Claudette strengthens to Category 4 intensity about 415 mi (665 km) south-southeast of Bermuda. It simultaneously reaches peak winds of 130 mph (215 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of {{convert|944|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}, making it the strongest storm of the season.<ref name="Prem5"/><ref name="Claudette TCR 2">{{cite report|last=Pasch|first=Richard|year=1991|title=Hurricane Claudette Preliminary Report (Page Two)|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/claudett/prenhc/prelim02.gif|format=GIF|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|access-date=February 5, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025085021/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/claudett/prenhc/prelim02.gif|archive-date=October 25, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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*18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at {{Coord|27.7|-62.4|name=Hurricane Claudette weakens to Category 3 intensity.}}{{snd}}Hurricane Claudette weakens to Category 3 intensity about 350 mi (565 km) south-southeast of Bermuda.<ref name="Prem5"/> |
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==== September 8 ==== |
|||
*00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST, September |
*00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST, September 7) at {{Coord|28.4|-62.8|name=Hurricane Claudette weakens to Category 2 intensity.}}{{snd}}Hurricane Claudette weakens to Category 2 intensity about 295 mi (475 km) south-southeast of Bermuda.<ref name="Prem5"/> |
||
*12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at {{Coord|10.3|-35.0|name=The season's seventh tropical depression strengthens into Tropical Storm Danny.}}{{snd}}The seventh tropical depression of the season strengthens into [[1991 Atlantic hurricane season#Tropical Storm Danny|Tropical Storm Danny]] about 760 mi (1,225 km) west-southwest of Brava, Cape Verde.<ref name="dtcr3"/> |
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*00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST, September 6) at {{Coord|10.4|-25.8|name=Tropical Depression Seven develops.}}{{snd}} Tropical Depression Seven forms about 370 miles (595 km) south-southwest of Cape Verde.<ref name="dtcr3">{{cite web|last=Mayfield|first=Max|year=1991|title=Tropical Storm Danny Preliminary Report (Page Three)|publisher=National Hurricane Center|access-date=2011-11-07|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/danny/prenhc/prelim03.gif|format=GIF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220151510/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/danny/prenhc/prelim03.gif|archive-date=2014-02-20|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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[[File:Danny 1991-09-10 1430Z.png|thumb|right|Tropical Storm Danny after peak intensity on September 10|alt=A weak and disorganized tropical storm with amorphous convection and a visible center of circulation]] |
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*10:00 UTC (6:00 a.m. AST) at {{Coord|27.0|-61.5|name=Hurricane Claudette, the strongest storm of the season, reaches its peak intensity at Category 4 status.}}{{snd}} Hurricane Claudette strengthens into a Category 4 hurricane about 415 miles (665 km) south-southeast of Bermuda. It simultaneously reaches peak winds of 130 mph (215 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of {{convert|944|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}, making it the strongest storm of the season.<ref name="Prem5"/> |
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*18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at {{Coord| |
*18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at {{Coord|31.0|-63.2|name=Hurricane Claudette weakens to Category 1 intensity.}}{{snd}}Hurricane Claudette weakens to Category 1 intensity about 125 mi (205 km) southeast of Bermuda.<ref name="Prem5"/> |
||
*18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at {{Coord|24.2|-49.1|name=Tropical Depression Eight develops.}}{{snd}}Tropical Depression Eight forms from a tropical wave about midway between Hurricane Claudette and Tropical Storm Danny.<ref>{{cite report|last=Gerrish|first=Hal|year=1991|title=Tropical Storm Erika Preliminary Report (Page One)|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|access-date=June 13, 2011|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/erika/prenhc/prelim01.gif|format=GIF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301114514/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/erika/prenhc/prelim01.gif|archive-date=March 1, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="etcr3">{{cite report|last=Gerrish|first=Hal|year=1991|title=Tropical Storm Erika Preliminary Report (Page Three)|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|access-date=June 13, 2011|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/erika/prenhc/prelim03.gif|format=GIF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220161625/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/erika/prenhc/prelim03.gif|archive-date=February 20, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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==== September 9 ==== |
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* |
*06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST) at {{Coord|11.8|-39.6|name=Tropical Storm Danny reaches its peak winds.}}{{snd}}Tropical Storm Danny reaches peak winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) about 1,020 mi (1,640 km) west-southwest of Brava, Cape Verde.<ref name="dtcr3"/> |
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* |
*18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at {{Coord|29.3|-53.1|name=Tropical Depression Eight strengthens into Tropical Storm Erika.}}{{snd}}Tropical Depression Eight strengthens into [[1991 Atlantic hurricane season#Tropical Storm Erika|Tropical Storm Erika]] about 720 mi (1,160 km) east-southeast of Bermuda.<ref name="etcr3"/> |
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*18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at {{Coord|31.0|-63.2|name=Hurricane Claudette weakens to Category 1 intensity.}}{{snd}} Hurricane Claudette weakens into a Category 1 hurricane about 125 miles (205 km) southeast of Bermuda.<ref name="Prem5"/> |
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*18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at {{Coord|24.2|-49.1|name=Tropical Depression Eight develops.}}{{snd}} Tropical Depression Eight forms about 955 miles (1,540 km) east-northeast of [[Antigua and Barbuda]].<ref name="etcr3">{{cite web|author=Hal Gerrish|year=1991|title=Tropical Storm Erika Preliminary Report (Page Three)|publisher=National Hurricane Center|access-date=2011-06-13|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/erika/prenhc/prelim03.gif|format=GIF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220161625/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/erika/prenhc/prelim03.gif|archive-date=2014-02-20|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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==== September 10 ==== |
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* |
*00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST, September 9) at {{Coord|14.2|-45.2|name=Tropical Storm Danny reaches its minimum pressure.}}{{snd}}Tropical Storm Danny reaches a minimum barometric pressure of {{convert|998|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}} about 1,075 mi (1,735 km) east of [[Guadeloupe]].<ref name="Danny TCR 1"/><ref name="dtcr3"/> |
||
* |
*06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST) at {{Coord|33.9|-56.0|name=Hurricane Claudette weakens into a tropical storm.}}{{snd}}Hurricane Claudette weakens into a tropical storm about 520 mi (835 km) east of Bermuda.<ref name="Prem5"/><ref name="Claudette TCR 2"/> |
||
*12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at {{Coord|34.7|-46.1|name=Tropical Storm Erika reaches its peak winds.}}{{snd}}Tropical Storm Erika reaches peak winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) about 1,035 mi (1,670 km) west-southwest of the [[Azores]].<ref name="etcr3"/> |
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*18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at {{Coord|35.8|-42.5|name=Tropical Storm Erika reaches its minimum pressure.}}{{snd}}Tropical Storm Erika reaches a minimum barometric pressure of {{convert|997|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}} about 815 mi (1,315 km) west-southwest of the Azores.<ref name="etcr3"/> |
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==== September 11 ==== |
|||
* |
*12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at {{Coord|16.0|-58.1|name=Tropical Storm Danny weakens into a tropical depression, and dissipates six hours later.}}{{snd}}Tropical Storm Danny weakens into a tropical depression about 225 mi (360 km) east of Guadeloupe; it dissipates six hours later.<ref name="Danny TCR 1"/><ref name="dtcr3"/> |
||
[[File:Erika 1991 track.png|thumb|right|Tropical Storm Erika's path over the northeastern Atlantic Ocean from September 8–12|alt=The track of a tropical storm over the eastern Atlantic Ocean. It is in the approximate shape of an uppercase "L" rotated 45 degrees to the right, with the longer side also curving slightly to the right]] |
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*06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST) at {{Coord|33.9|-56.0|name=Hurricane Claudette weakens into a tropical storm.}}{{snd}} Hurricane Claudette weakens into a tropical storm about 520 miles (835 km) east of Bermuda.<ref name="Prem5"/> |
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* |
*18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at {{Coord|34.5|-40.5|name=Tropical Storm Claudette weakens into a tropical depression.}}{{snd}}Tropical Storm Claudette weakens into a tropical depression about 750 mi (1,205 km) west-southwest of the Azores.<ref name="Prem5"/><ref name="Claudette TCR 2"/> |
||
*18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at {{Coord|35.8|-42.5|name=Tropical Storm Erika reaches its minimum pressure.}}{{snd}} Tropical Storm Erika reaches a minimum barometric pressure of {{convert|997|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}} about 815 miles (1,315 km) west-southwest of the [[Azores]].<ref name="etcr3"/> |
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==== September 12 ==== |
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* |
*03:00 UTC (11:00 p.m. AST, September 11) at {{Coord|37.7|-25.9|name=Tropical Storm Erika makes landfall on São Miguel in the Azores.}}{{snd}}Tropical Storm Erika makes landfall on the island of [[São Miguel Island|São Miguel]] in the [[Azores]] with winds of 40 mph (65 km/h) and a barometric pressure of {{convert|1009|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}.<ref name="etcr3"/> |
||
* |
*06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST) at {{Coord|37.9|-25.2|name=Tropical Storm Erika weakens below gale force around the time of extratropical transition.}}{{snd}}Tropical Storm Erika weakens below gale force; it transitions into an extratropical cyclone within the next six hours.{{#tag:ref|In their Preliminary Report for Tropical Storm Erika, the National Hurricane Center stated that Erika became extratropical at 06:00 UTC on September 12, the same time it weakened below tropical storm-force;<ref name="etcr3"/> the Atlantic [[HURDAT]] lists Erika as a tropical depression at this time and delays extratropical transition until 12:00 UTC.<ref name="HURDAT2"/>|group="nb"}} |
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*18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at {{Coord|34.3|-33.1|name=Tropical Depression Claudette transitions into an extratropical cyclone.}}{{snd}}Tropical Depression Claudette becomes extratropical about 410 mi (660 km) southwest of the Azores.<ref name="Prem5"/><ref name="Claudette TCR 2"/> |
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===October=== |
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;September 12 |
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==== October 15 ==== |
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*03:00 UTC (11:00 p.m. AST, September 11) at {{Coord|37.7|-25.9|name=Tropical Storm Erika makes landfall on São Miguel in the Azores.}}{{snd}} Tropical Storm Erika makes landfall on the island of [[São Miguel Island|São Miguel]] in the [[Azores]] with winds of 40 mph (65 km/h) and a barometric pressure of {{convert|1009|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}.<ref name="etcr3"/> |
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*00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. EDT, October 14) at {{Coord|18.9|-85.7|name=A tropical depression develops.}}{{snd}}A tropical depression forms from an interaction between a [[cold front]] and a tropical wave over the northwestern [[Caribbean Sea]].<ref name="Fabian TCR 1">{{cite report|last=Avila|first=Lixion|author-link=Lixion Avila|year=1991|title=Tropical Storm Fabian Preliminary Report (Page One)|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|access-date=November 7, 2011|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/fabian/prenhc/prelim01.gif|format=GIF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301142257/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/fabian/prenhc/prelim01.gif|archive-date=March 1, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="tcr3 Avila">{{cite report|last=Avila|first=Lixion|author-link=Lixion Avila|year=1991|title=Tropical Storm Fabian Preliminary Report (Page Three)|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|access-date=November 7, 2011|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/fabian/prenhc/prelim03.gif|format=GIF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221010826/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/fabian/prenhc/prelim03.gif|archive-date=February 21, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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*06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST) at {{Coord|37.9|-25.2|name=Tropical Storm Erika transitions into an extratropical cyclone.}}{{snd}} Tropical Storm Erika becomes extratropical just northeast of São Miguel.<ref name="etcr3"/> |
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* |
*12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. EDT) at {{Coord|20.3|-84.1|name=The tropical depression strengthens into Tropical Storm Fabian.}}{{snd}}The tropical depression strengthens into [[1991 Atlantic hurricane season#Tropical Storm Fabian|Tropical Storm Fabian]] about 110 mi (175 km) southwest of the [[Isle of Youth]] in Cuba.<ref name="Fabian TCR 1"/><ref name="tcr3 Avila"/> |
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*18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT) at {{Coord|21.2|-83.1|name=Tropical Storm Fabian reaches its peak winds.}}{{snd}}Tropical Storm Fabian reaches peak winds of 45 mph (75 km/h) just to the southwest of the Isle of Youth.<ref name="tcr3 Avila"/> |
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*21:00 UTC (5:00 p.m. EDT) at {{Coord|21.5|-82.8|name=Tropical Storm Fabian makes landfall on the Isle of Youth in Cuba.}}{{snd}}Tropical Storm Fabian makes landfall on the Isle of Youth with winds of 45 mph (75 km/h) and a barometric pressure of {{convert|1004|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}.<ref name="Fabian TCR 1"/><ref name="tcr3 Avila"/> |
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=== October === |
==== October 16 ==== |
||
[[File:Fabian 1991-10-15 1801Z.png|thumb|right|Tropical Storm Fabian late on October 15|alt=A tropical storm with an apparent overall circulation pattern, but the convection is not particularly well-organized, with several blobs and a couple relatively straight bands]] |
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;October 15 |
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*00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. EDT, October 15) at {{Coord|22.3|-81.9|name=Tropical Storm Fabian makes landfall on the Zapata Peninsula in Cuba.}}{{snd}}Tropical Storm Fabian makes landfall on the [[Zapata Peninsula]] in Cuba with winds of 45 mph (75 km/h) and a barometric pressure of {{convert|1003|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}.<ref name="Fabian TCR 1"/><ref name="tcr3 Avila"/> |
|||
*00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. EDT, October 14) at {{Coord|18.9|-85.7|name=Tropical Depression Nine develops.}}{{snd}} Tropical Depression Nine forms about 130 miles (215 km) southeast of the Mexican island of [[Cozumel]].<ref name="tcr3 Avila">{{cite report|last=Avila|first=Lixion|authorlink=Lixion Avila|year=1991|title=Tropical Storm Fabian Preliminary Report (Page Three)|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|access-date=2011-11-07|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/fabian/prenhc/prelim03.gif|format=GIF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221010826/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/fabian/prenhc/prelim03.gif|archive-date=2014-02-21|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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* |
*08:34 UTC (4:34 a.m. EDT) at {{Coord|24.5|-80.5|name=Tropical Storm Fabian reaches its minimum pressure.}}{{snd}}Tropical Storm Fabian reaches a minimum barometric pressure of {{convert|1002|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}} while over the [[Florida Straits]], centered about 105 mi (165 km) north-northeast of [[Varadero, Cuba]].<ref name="Fabian TCR 1"/><ref name="tcr3 Avila"/> |
||
*18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT) at {{Coord| |
*18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT) at {{Coord|26.5|-78.5|name=Tropical Storm Fabian transitions into an extratropical cyclone.}}{{snd}}Tropical Storm Fabian transitions into an extratropical cyclone.<ref name="Fabian TCR 1"/><ref name="tcr3 Avila"/> |
||
*21:00 UTC (5:00 p.m. EDT) at {{Coord|21.5|-82.8|name=Tropical Storm Fabian makes landfall on the Isle of Youth in Cuba.}}{{snd}} Tropical Storm Fabian makes landfall on the Isle of Youth with winds of 45 mph (75 km/h) and a barometric pressure of {{convert|1004|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}.<ref name="tcr3 Avila"/> |
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==== October 24 ==== |
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* |
*12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at {{Coord|13.4|-42.3|name=Tropical Depression Ten develops at its peak intensity.}}{{snd}}[[1991 Atlantic hurricane season#Tropical Depression Ten|Tropical Depression Ten]] forms from a tropical wave about midway between the Lesser Antilles and the west coast of [[Africa]]. It simultaneously reaches peak winds of 30 mph (45 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of {{convert|1009|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}.<ref name=":1">{{cite report|last=Lawrence|first=Miles|date=November 5, 2011|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/td10/prenhc/prelim01.gif|format=GIF|title=Tropical Depression Ten Preliminary Report|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023003014/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/td10/prenhc/prelim01.gif|archive-date=October 23, 2012|access-date=June 13, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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*08:34 UTC (4:34 a.m. EDT) at {{Coord|24.5|-80.5|name=Tropical Storm Fabian reaches its minimum pressure.}}{{snd}} Tropical Storm Fabian reaches a minimum barometric pressure of {{convert|1002|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}} about 40 miles (65 km) south of [[Key Largo, Florida]].<ref name="tcr3 Avila"/> |
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*18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT) at {{Coord|26.5|-78.5|name=Tropical Storm Fabian transitions into an extratropical cyclone.}}{{snd}} Tropical Storm Fabian becomes extratropical near [[Grand Bahama Island]].<ref name="tcr3 Avila"/> |
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==== October 25 ==== |
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*18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST){{snd}}Tropical Depression Ten dissipates.<ref name=":1" /> |
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*12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. EDT) at {{Coord|13.4|-42.3|name=Tropical Depression Ten develops at its peak intensity.}}{{snd}} Tropical Depression Ten forms about midway between [[Lesser Antilles]] to [[Africa]]. It simultaneously reaches peak winds of 30 mph (45 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of {{convert|1009|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}.<ref name=":1">{{cite report|last=Lawrence|first=Miles|authorlink=Miles Lawrence|date=1991-11-05|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/td10/prenhc/prelim01.gif|title=Tropical Depression Ten Preliminary Report|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|format=GIF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023003014/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991/td10/prenhc/prelim01.gif|archive-date=2012-10-23|access-date=2011-06-13}}</ref> |
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*18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT) at {{Coord|27.1|-64.9|name=A subtropical depression develops.}}{{snd}}A subtropical depression forms from a mid-level low-pressure area about 365 mi (585 km) south of [[Bermuda]].<ref name="Grace TCR 1">{{cite report|last=Rappaport|first=Edward|author-link=Edward Rappaport|title=Hurricane Grace Preliminary Report (Page One)|date=November 13, 1991|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|access-date=November 7, 2011|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/grace/prelim01.gif|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928024551/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/grace/prelim01.gif|archive-date=September 28, 2013|url-status=live|format=GIF}}</ref><ref name="TCR4 Rappaport">{{cite report|last=Rappaport|first=Edward|author-link=Edward Rappaport|title=Hurricane Grace Preliminary Report (Page Four)|date=November 13, 1991|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|access-date=November 7, 2011|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/grace/prelim04.gif|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022094448/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/grace/prelim04.gif|archive-date=October 22, 2013|url-status=live|format=GIF}}</ref> |
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==== October 26 ==== |
|||
* |
*06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. EDT) at {{Coord|27.2|-65.5|name=The subtropical depression strengthens into a subtropical storm.}}{{snd}}The subtropical depression strengthens into a subtropical storm about 355 mi (575 km) south of Bermuda.<ref name="Grace TCR 1"/><ref name="TCR4 Rappaport"/> |
||
*18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT) at {{Coord|27.1|-64.9|name=A subtropical depression develops.}}{{snd}} A subtropical depression forms about 365 miles (585 km) south of [[Bermuda]].<ref name="TCR4 Rappaport">{{cite report|last=Rappaport|first=Edward|authorlink=Edward Rappaport|title=Hurricane Grace Preliminary Report (Page 4)|date=1991-11-13|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|access-date=2011-11-07|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/grace/prelim04.gif|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022094448/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/grace/prelim04.gif|archive-date=2013-10-22|url-status=live|format=GIF}}</ref> |
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==== October 27 ==== |
|||
* |
*18:00 UTC (1:00 p.m. EST) at {{Coord|30.8|-67.2|name=The subtropical storm transitions into Tropical Storm Grace.}}{{snd}}The subtropical storm acquires tropical characteristics and is reclassified as Tropical Storm Grace about 180 mi (295 km) southwest of Bermuda.<ref name="Grace TCR 1"/><ref name="TCR4 Rappaport"/> |
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==== October 28 ==== |
|||
*00:00 UTC (7:00 p.m. EST, October 27) at {{Coord|31.6|-68.1|name=Tropical Storm Grace reaches Category 1 intensity.}}{{snd}}Tropical Storm Grace strengthens into a Category 1 hurricane about 200 mi (325 km) west-southwest of Bermuda.<ref name="TCR4 Rappaport"/><ref name="Grace TCR 2">{{cite report|last=Rappaport|first=Edward|author-link=Edward Rappaport|title=Hurricane Grace Preliminary Report (Page Two)|date=November 13, 1991|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|access-date=November 7, 2011|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/grace/prelim02.gif|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928024721/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/grace/prelim02.gif|archive-date=September 28, 2013|url-status=live|format=GIF}}</ref> |
|||
*18:00 UTC (1:00 p.m. EST) at {{Coord|30.8|-67.2|name=The subtropical storm transitions into Tropical Storm Grace.}}{{snd}} The subtropical storm acquires tropical characteristics and is reclassified as Tropical Storm Grace about 180 miles (295 km) southwest of Bermuda.<ref name="TCR4 Rappaport"/> |
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==== October 29 ==== |
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[[File:Extratropical low absorbing Grace 29 oct 1991 1800Z.jpg|thumb|right|The extratropical remnants of Hurricane Grace being absorbed into the Perfect Storm late on October 29|alt=Two cyclones over the northern Atlantic Ocean, connected by a line of clouds]] |
|||
*00:00 UTC (7:00 p.m. EST, October 27) at {{Coord|31.6|-68.1|name=Tropical Storm Grace reaches Category 1 intensity.}}{{snd}} Tropical Storm Grace strengthens into a Category 1 hurricane about 200 miles (325 km) west-southwest of Bermuda.<ref name="TCR4 Rappaport"/> |
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*00:00 UTC (7:00 p.m. EST, October 28) at {{Coord|31.8|-66.8|name=Hurricane Grace reaches its minimum pressure.}}{{snd}}[[Hurricane Grace (1991)|Hurricane Grace]] reaches a minimum barometric pressure of {{convert|980|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}} about 125 mi (205 km) west-southwest of Bermuda.<ref name="TCR4 Rappaport"/> |
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*12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at {{Coord|31.5|-63.2|name=Hurricane Grace reaches Category 2 intensity.}}{{snd}}Hurricane Grace strengthens to Category 2 intensity about 110 mi (175 km) east-southeast of Bermuda.<ref name="TCR4 Rappaport"/> |
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*14:00 UTC (10:00 a.m. AST) at {{Coord|31.5|-61.8|name=Hurricane Grace reaches its peak winds.}}{{snd}}Hurricane Grace reaches peak winds of 105 mph (165 km/h) about 185 mi (295 km) east-southeast of Bermuda.<ref name="TCR4 Rappaport"/><ref name="Grace TCR 2"/> |
|||
*18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at {{Coord|32.5|-59.0|name=Hurricane Grace transitions into an extratropical cyclone shortly before being absorbed into the Perfect Storm.}}{{snd}}Hurricane Grace becomes extratropical about 335 mi (535 km) east of Bermuda; it is absorbed into a [[nor'easter]], the [[1991 Perfect Storm|Perfect Storm]], shortly thereafter.<ref name="TCR4 Rappaport"/><ref name="Grace TCR 2"/> |
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==== October 31 ==== |
|||
*18:00 UTC (1:00 p.m. EST) at {{Coord|36.7|-71.5|name=The Perfect Storm transitions into a subtropical storm.}}{{snd}}A subtropical storm forms within the center of the Perfect Storm while centered over the [[Gulf Stream]] off the [[United States East Coast]].<ref name="Unnamed TCR 1">{{cite report |last=Pasch |first=Richard |title=Unnamed Hurricane Preliminary Report (Page One) |url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/unnamed/prelim01.gif |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023203807/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/unnamed/prelim01.gif |archive-date=October 23, 2012 |access-date=February 6, 2024 |publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]] |format=GIF}}</ref><ref name="8 TCR1 page 5">{{cite report |last=Pasch |first=Richard |title=Unnamed Hurricane Preliminary Report (Page Five) |url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/unnamed/prelim05.gif |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107124903/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/unnamed/prelim05.gif |archive-date=November 7, 2012 |access-date=October 23, 2012 |publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]] |format=GIF}}</ref> |
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*00:00 UTC (7:00 p.m. EST, October 28) at {{Coord|31.8|-66.8|name=Hurricane Grace reaches its minimum pressure.}}{{snd}} [[Hurricane Grace (1991)|Hurricane Grace]] reaches a minimum barometric pressure of {{convert|980|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}} about 125 miles (205 km) west-southwest of Bermuda.<ref name="TCR4 Rappaport"/> |
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*12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at {{Coord|31.5|-63.2|name=Hurricane Grace reaches Category 2 intensity.}}{{snd}} Hurricane Grace strengthens into a Category 2 hurricane about 110 miles (175 km) east-southeast of Bermuda.<ref name="TCR4 Rappaport"/> |
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*14:00 UTC (10:00 a.m. AST) at {{Coord|31.5|-61.8|name=Hurricane Grace reaches its peak winds.}}{{snd}} Hurricane Grace reaches peak winds of 105 mph (165 km/h) about 185 miles (295 km) east-southeast of Bermuda.<ref name="TCR4 Rappaport"/> |
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*18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at {{Coord|32.5|-59.0|name=Hurricane Grace transitions into an extratropical cyclone shortly before being absorbed into the Perfect Storm.}}{{snd}} Hurricane Grace becomes extratropical about 335 miles (535 km) east of Bermuda; it is absorbed into the [[1991 Perfect Storm|Perfect Storm]] shortly thereafter.<ref name="TCR4 Rappaport"/> |
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===November=== |
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;October 31 |
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==== November 1 ==== |
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*18:00 UTC (1:00 p.m. EST) at {{Coord|36.7|-71.5|name=The Perfect Storm transitions into a subtropical storm.}}{{snd}} A subtropical storm forms within the center of the Perfect Storm about 240 miles (390 km) southeast of Cape May, New Jersey.<ref name="8 TCR1 page 5">{{cite report |last=Pasch |first=Richard |title=Unnamed Hurricane Preliminary Report (Page 5) |url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/unnamed/prelim05.gif |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107124903/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/unnamed/prelim05.gif |archive-date=2012-11-07 |access-date=2012-10-23 |publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]] |format=GIF}}</ref> |
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*06:00 UTC (1:00 a.m. EST) at {{Coord|36.2|-68.2|name=The subtropical storm transitions into an unnamed tropical storm.}}{{snd}}The subtropical storm transitions into an unnamed tropical storm over the northwestern Atlantic Ocean.<ref name="8 TCR1 page 5"/><ref name="Unnamed TCR 2">{{cite report |last=Pasch |first=Richard |title=Unnamed Hurricane Preliminary Report (Page Two) |url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/unnamed/prelim02.gif |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024231620/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/unnamed/prelim02.gif |archive-date=October 24, 2012 |access-date=February 6, 2024 |publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]] |format=GIF}}</ref> |
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*18:00 UTC (1:00 p.m. EST) at {{Coord|38.2|-66.5|name=The unnamed tropical storm becomes a Category 1 hurricane and simultaneously reaches its peak intensity as a tropical cyclone.}}{{snd}}The unnamed tropical storm strengthens into a Category 1 hurricane about 470 mi (760 km) south-southwest of [[Halifax, Nova Scotia]]. It simultaneously reaches its peak intensity as a tropical cyclone, with winds of 75 mph (120 km/h) and a barometric pressure of {{convert|980|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}.<ref name="8 TCR1 page 5"/><ref name="Unnamed TCR 2"/> |
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=== November === |
==== November 2 ==== |
||
*06:00 UTC (1:00 a.m. EST) at {{Coord|41.6|-64.7|name=The unnamed hurricane weakens into a tropical storm.}}{{snd}}The unnamed hurricane weakens into a tropical storm about 220 mi (350 km) south-southwest of Halifax, Nova Scotia.<ref name="8 TCR1 page 5"/> |
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;November 1 |
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*14:00 UTC (9:00 a.m. EST) at {{Coord|44.6|-63.5|name=The unnamed tropical storm makes landfall near Halifax, Nova Scotia.}}{{snd}}The unnamed tropical storm makes landfall near Halifax, Nova Scotia with winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) and a barometric pressure of {{convert|998|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}.<ref name="8 TCR1 page 5"/><ref name="Unnamed TCR 2"/> |
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*06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. EDT){{snd}} The subtropical storm acquires tropical characteristics and is unofficially reclassified as "Tropical Storm Eight".<ref name="8 TCR1 page 5">{{cite web|author=Richard Pasch|title=Unnamed Hurricane Preliminary Report (Page 5)|publisher=National Hurricane Center|access-date=2011-11-07|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/unnamed/prelim05.gif|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107124903/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1991-prelim/unnamed/prelim05.gif|archive-date=2012-11-07|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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*18:00 UTC (1:00 p.m. EST) at {{Coord|46.3|-62.6|name=The unnamed tropical storm weakens into a tropical depression; it dissipates six hours later.}}{{snd}}The unnamed tropical storm weakens into a tropical depression over eastern [[Prince Edward Island]]. It dissipates six hours later after emerging into the Gulf of St. Lawrence.<ref name="8 TCR1 page 5"/><ref name="Unnamed TCR 2"/> |
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*18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT){{snd}} "Tropical Storm Eight" strengthens into "[[1991 unnamed hurricane|Hurricane Eight]]", simultaneously, peaking with sustained winds of {{convert|75|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} and a minimum pressure of {{convert|980|mbar|hPa inHg|abbr=on}}.<ref name="8 TCR1 page 5"/> |
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==== November 30 ==== |
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*The 1991 Atlantic hurricane season officially ends.<ref name=":0" /> |
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*06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. EDT){{snd}} "Hurricane Eight" weakens into a tropical storm.<ref name="8 TCR1 page 5"/> |
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*14:00 UTC (10:00 a.m. EDT){{snd}} "Tropical Storm Eight" makes landfall near [[City of Halifax|Halifax]], [[Nova Scotia]] with sustained winds of {{convert|45|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name="8 TCR1 page 5"/> |
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*18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT){{snd}} "Tropical Storm Eight" weakens into a tropical depression.<ref name="8 TCR1 page 5"/> |
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==Notes== |
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;November 3 |
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*00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. EDT, November 2){{snd}} The tropical depression dissipates shortly after emerging into the Gulf of St. Lawrence.<ref name="8 TCR1 page 5"/> |
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{{reflist|group=nb}} |
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;November 30 |
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*The [[1991 Atlantic hurricane season]] officially ends.<ref name=":0" /> |
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== |
==See also== |
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{{Portal|Tropical cyclones |
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones |
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== |
==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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== |
==External links== |
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{{Commons category|1991 Atlantic hurricane season}} |
{{Commons category|1991 Atlantic hurricane season}} |
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* [https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/ National Hurricane Center] |
* [https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/ National Hurricane Center] |
Revision as of 23:23, 1 April 2024
Timeline of the 1991 Atlantic hurricane season | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Season boundaries | |||||
First system formed | July 2, 1991 | ||||
Last system dissipated | November 2, 1991 | ||||
Strongest system | |||||
Name | Claudette | ||||
Maximum winds | 130 mph (215 km/h) (1-minute sustained) | ||||
Lowest pressure | 944 mbar (hPa; 27.88 inHg) | ||||
Longest lasting system | |||||
Name | Claudette | ||||
Duration | 8.25 days | ||||
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The 1991 Atlantic hurricane season was a below-average Atlantic hurricane season that produced twelve tropical cyclones, of which eight strengthened to become named tropical storms; four of these became hurricanes, of which two further intensified into major hurricanes (Category 3 or higher on the Saffir–Simpson scale).[nb 1][2] The season officially began on June 1, 1991, and ended on November 30. These dates, adopted by convention, historically describe the period in each year when most subtropical or tropical cyclogenesis occurs in the Atlantic Ocean.[3] The first system, Tropical Storm Ana, developed on July 2 while the last system, the unnamed Perfect Storm, dissipated on November 2.
The most destructive storm of the season was Hurricane Bob, which brushed the Outer Banks of North Carolina near peak intensity on August 19, then made landfall twice in Rhode Island later that day.[4] Bob killed at least seventeen people along its path and caused extensive damage in New England, totaling $1.5 billion (1991 USD); this made it one of the ten costliest hurricanes on record for the United States at the time.[5][6] The season's other significant storm was a powerful nor'easter known as the Perfect Storm. It began as an extratropical cyclone off the coast of eastern Nova Scotia late on October 28, being steered southward and then westward by a ridge to its north. Late the following day, the system absorbed Hurricane Grace to its south, contributing to substantial intensification. Its strength and large size created an enormous area of high seas over the western Atlantic Ocean during late October and early November.[2] It caused severe coastal damage in the northeastern United States, with impacts noted as far south as Puerto Rico. Damages exceeded $200 million (1991 USD)[7] and thirteen people were killed.[8] Six of the fatalities occurred when the Andrea Gail and her crew were lost amidst the treacherous conditions; the events surrounding her sinking inspired Sebastian Junger's 1997 book The Perfect Storm, which was adapted into a 2000 film of the same name.[9] As the cyclone executed a counter-clockwise loop south of New England, it gradually acquired tropical characteristics, becoming a minimal hurricane on November 1, and after weakening into a tropical storm, made landfall in Nova Scotia the next day.
This timeline documents tropical cyclone formations, strengthening, weakening, landfalls, extratropical transitions, and dissipations during the season. It includes information that was not released throughout the season, meaning that data from post-storm reviews by the National Hurricane Center, such as a storm that was not initially warned upon, has been included.
By convention, meteorologists use one time zone when issuing forecasts and making observations: Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), and also use the 24-hour clock (where 00:00 = midnight UTC).[10] The National Hurricane Center uses both UTC and the time zone where the center of the tropical cyclone is currently located. The time zones utilized (east to west) prior to 2020 were: Atlantic, Eastern, and Central.[11] In this timeline, all information is listed by UTC first, with the respective regional time zone included in parentheses. Additionally, figures for maximum sustained winds and position estimates are rounded to the nearest five units (knots, miles, or kilometers) and averaged over one minute, following National Hurricane Center practice. Direct wind observations are rounded to the nearest whole number. Atmospheric pressures are listed to the nearest millibar and nearest hundredth of an inch of mercury.
Timeline
June
June 1
- The 1991 Atlantic hurricane season officially begins.[3]
- No storms formed in June.
July
July 2
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 pm EDT) at 31°18′N 79°42′W / 31.3°N 79.7°W – Tropical Depression One develops from a low pressure area centered about 100 mi (155 km) south of Charleston, South Carolina.[12][13]
July 4
- 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. EDT, July 3) at 36°12′N 70°42′W / 36.2°N 70.7°W – Tropical Depression One strengthens into Tropical Storm Ana.[12][13]
- 06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. EDT) at 37°06′N 67°48′W / 37.1°N 67.8°W – Tropical Storm Ana reaches peak winds of 50 mph (85 km/h).[12][13]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT) at 37°54′N 61°06′W / 37.9°N 61.1°W – Tropical Storm Ana reaches a minimum barometric pressure of 1,000 mbar (29.53 inHg).[13]
July 5
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) – Tropical Storm Ana becomes extratropical over the north-central Atlantic Ocean.[12][13]
- 18:00 UTC (1:00 p.m. CDT) at 23°24′N 96°12′W / 23.4°N 96.2°W – Tropical Depression Two forms over the western Gulf of Mexico.[14][15]
July 6
- 12:00 UTC (7:00 a.m. CDT) at 23°18′N 97°00′W / 23.3°N 97.0°W – Tropical Depression Two reaches peak winds of 35 mph (55 km/h).[14]
- 22:00 UTC (5:00 p.m. CDT) at 23°30′N 97°54′W / 23.5°N 97.9°W – Tropical Depression Two makes landfall near La Pesca, Mexico with winds of 35 mph (55 km/h) and a barometric pressure of 1,007 mbar (29.74 inHg).[16]
July 7
- 02:30 UTC (9:30 p.m. CDT, July 6) at 23°30′N 98°18′W / 23.5°N 98.3°W – Tropical Depression Two dissipates about 35 mi (55 km) west of La Pesca.[17]
August
August 16
- 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. EDT, August 15) at 25°36′N 74°18′W / 25.6°N 74.3°W – The third tropical depression of the season forms from an area of low pressure about 200 mi (325 km) east of the Bahamian capital of Nassau.[18][19]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT) at 26°24′N 75°48′W / 26.4°N 75.8°W – The tropical depression strengthens into Tropical Storm Bob about 140 mi (220 km) northeast of Nassau.[18][19]
August 17
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT) at 29°00′N 77°06′W / 29.0°N 77.1°W – Tropical Storm Bob strengthens into a Category 1 hurricane about 235 mi (380 km) east of Daytona Beach, Florida.[18][19]
August 18
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT) at 33°00′N 76°06′W / 33.0°N 76.1°W – Hurricane Bob strengthens to Category 2 intensity about 265 mi (425 km) south of Norfolk, Virginia.[19]
August 19
- 06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. EDT) at 36°30′N 74°30′W / 36.5°N 74.5°W – Hurricane Bob strengthens to Category 3 intensity about 105 mi (165 km) east-southeast of Norfolk, Virginia, making it the first major hurricane of the season. It simultaneously reaches peak winds of 115 mph (185 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 950 mbar (28.05 inHg).[19][4]
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. EDT) at 38°54′N 73°00′W / 38.9°N 73.0°W – Hurricane Bob weakens to Category 2 intensity about 175 mi (280 km) south-southwest of Block Island, Rhode Island.[19]
- 17:20 UTC (1:20 p.m. EDT) at 41°12′N 71°36′W / 41.2°N 71.6°W – Hurricane Bob makes its first landfall on Block Island, Rhode Island with winds of 105 mph (165 km/h) and a barometric pressure of 962 mbar (28.41 inHg).[19][4]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT) at 41°24′N 71°24′W / 41.4°N 71.4°W – Hurricane Bob makes its second landfall in Newport, Rhode Island with winds of 100 mph (155 km/h) and a barometric pressure of 964 mbar (28.47 inHg).[19][4]
August 20
- 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. EDT, August 19) at 43°48′N 69°36′W / 43.8°N 69.6°W – Hurricane Bob rapidly weakens over the Gulf of Maine, degrading into a tropical storm while centered about 35 mi (55 km) southwest of Rockland, Maine.[19][4]
- 01:30 UTC (9:30 p.m. EDT, August 19) at 44°06′N 69°06′W / 44.1°N 69.1°W – Tropical Storm Bob makes its third landfall near Rockland, Maine with winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) and a barometric pressure of 981 mbar (28.97 inHg).[19][4]
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. EDT) at 47°00′N 65°30′W / 47.0°N 65.5°W – Tropical Storm Bob emerges over the Gulf of St. Lawrence near Chatham, New Brunswick.[19][4]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT) at 48°24′N 61°54′W / 48.4°N 61.9°W – Tropical Storm Bob becomes extratropical over the Gulf of St. Lawrence while centered about 190 mi (305 km) east-northeast of Chatham, New Brunswick.[19]
August 24
- 06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST) at 14°30′N 23°06′W / 14.5°N 23.1°W – Tropical Depression Four forms just to the southeast of Cape Verde.[20]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 14°54′N 23°54′W / 14.9°N 23.9°W – Tropical Depression Four reaches peak winds of 35 mph (55 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 1,009 mbar (29.80 inHg) over southern Cape Verde.[20][21]
August 26
- 06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST) – Tropical Depression Four dissipates.[20]
August 28
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at 10°30′N 30°48′W / 10.5°N 30.8°W – Tropical Depression Five forms from an area of disturbed weather over the eastern Atlantic Ocean.[14][22]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 10°42′N 32°24′W / 10.7°N 32.4°W – Tropical Depression Five reaches peak winds of 35 mph (55 km/h).[14]
August 31
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at 12°42′N 52°48′W / 12.7°N 52.8°W – Tropical Depression Five dissipates several hundred miles east of the Lesser Antilles.[14][23]
September
September 4
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at 26°42′N 55°54′W / 26.7°N 55.9°W – A tropical depression forms from a non-tropical disturbance about 655 mi (1,055 km) southeast of Bermuda.[24][25]
September 5
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at 26°12′N 56°00′W / 26.2°N 56.0°W – The tropical depression strengthens into Tropical Storm Claudette about 675 mi (1,085 km) southeast of Bermuda.[24][25]
September 6
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at 26°12′N 58°48′W / 26.2°N 58.8°W – Tropical Storm Claudette strengthens into a Category 1 hurricane about 550 mi (890 km) southeast of Bermuda.[24][25]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 26°24′N 59°42′W / 26.4°N 59.7°W – Hurricane Claudette strengthens to Category 2 intensity about 505 mi (815 km) southeast of Bermuda.[24][25]
September 7
- 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST, September 6) at 26°36′N 60°18′W / 26.6°N 60.3°W – Hurricane Claudette strengthens to Category 3 intensity about 480 mi (770 km) southeast of Bermuda, making it the second major hurricane of the season.[25]
- 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST, September 6) at 10°24′N 25°48′W / 10.4°N 25.8°W – The seventh tropical depression of the season forms from a tropical wave about 310 mi (500 km) south-southwest of Brava, Cape Verde.[26][27]
- 10:00 UTC (6:00 a.m. AST) at 27°00′N 61°30′W / 27.0°N 61.5°W – Hurricane Claudette strengthens to Category 4 intensity about 415 mi (665 km) south-southeast of Bermuda. It simultaneously reaches peak winds of 130 mph (215 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 944 mbar (27.88 inHg), making it the strongest storm of the season.[25][28]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 27°42′N 62°24′W / 27.7°N 62.4°W – Hurricane Claudette weakens to Category 3 intensity about 350 mi (565 km) south-southeast of Bermuda.[25]
September 8
- 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST, September 7) at 28°24′N 62°48′W / 28.4°N 62.8°W – Hurricane Claudette weakens to Category 2 intensity about 295 mi (475 km) south-southeast of Bermuda.[25]
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at 10°18′N 35°00′W / 10.3°N 35.0°W – The seventh tropical depression of the season strengthens into Tropical Storm Danny about 760 mi (1,225 km) west-southwest of Brava, Cape Verde.[27]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 31°00′N 63°12′W / 31.0°N 63.2°W – Hurricane Claudette weakens to Category 1 intensity about 125 mi (205 km) southeast of Bermuda.[25]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 24°12′N 49°06′W / 24.2°N 49.1°W – Tropical Depression Eight forms from a tropical wave about midway between Hurricane Claudette and Tropical Storm Danny.[29][30]
September 9
- 06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST) at 11°48′N 39°36′W / 11.8°N 39.6°W – Tropical Storm Danny reaches peak winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) about 1,020 mi (1,640 km) west-southwest of Brava, Cape Verde.[27]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 29°18′N 53°06′W / 29.3°N 53.1°W – Tropical Depression Eight strengthens into Tropical Storm Erika about 720 mi (1,160 km) east-southeast of Bermuda.[30]
September 10
- 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST, September 9) at 14°12′N 45°12′W / 14.2°N 45.2°W – Tropical Storm Danny reaches a minimum barometric pressure of 998 mbar (29.47 inHg) about 1,075 mi (1,735 km) east of Guadeloupe.[26][27]
- 06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST) at 33°54′N 56°00′W / 33.9°N 56.0°W – Hurricane Claudette weakens into a tropical storm about 520 mi (835 km) east of Bermuda.[25][28]
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at 34°42′N 46°06′W / 34.7°N 46.1°W – Tropical Storm Erika reaches peak winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) about 1,035 mi (1,670 km) west-southwest of the Azores.[30]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 35°48′N 42°30′W / 35.8°N 42.5°W – Tropical Storm Erika reaches a minimum barometric pressure of 997 mbar (29.44 inHg) about 815 mi (1,315 km) west-southwest of the Azores.[30]
September 11
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at 16°00′N 58°06′W / 16.0°N 58.1°W – Tropical Storm Danny weakens into a tropical depression about 225 mi (360 km) east of Guadeloupe; it dissipates six hours later.[26][27]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 34°30′N 40°30′W / 34.5°N 40.5°W – Tropical Storm Claudette weakens into a tropical depression about 750 mi (1,205 km) west-southwest of the Azores.[25][28]
September 12
- 03:00 UTC (11:00 p.m. AST, September 11) at 37°42′N 25°54′W / 37.7°N 25.9°W – Tropical Storm Erika makes landfall on the island of São Miguel in the Azores with winds of 40 mph (65 km/h) and a barometric pressure of 1,009 mbar (29.80 inHg).[30]
- 06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST) at 37°54′N 25°12′W / 37.9°N 25.2°W – Tropical Storm Erika weakens below gale force; it transitions into an extratropical cyclone within the next six hours.[nb 2]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 34°18′N 33°06′W / 34.3°N 33.1°W – Tropical Depression Claudette becomes extratropical about 410 mi (660 km) southwest of the Azores.[25][28]
October
October 15
- 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. EDT, October 14) at 18°54′N 85°42′W / 18.9°N 85.7°W – A tropical depression forms from an interaction between a cold front and a tropical wave over the northwestern Caribbean Sea.[31][32]
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. EDT) at 20°18′N 84°06′W / 20.3°N 84.1°W – The tropical depression strengthens into Tropical Storm Fabian about 110 mi (175 km) southwest of the Isle of Youth in Cuba.[31][32]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT) at 21°12′N 83°06′W / 21.2°N 83.1°W – Tropical Storm Fabian reaches peak winds of 45 mph (75 km/h) just to the southwest of the Isle of Youth.[32]
- 21:00 UTC (5:00 p.m. EDT) at 21°30′N 82°48′W / 21.5°N 82.8°W – Tropical Storm Fabian makes landfall on the Isle of Youth with winds of 45 mph (75 km/h) and a barometric pressure of 1,004 mbar (29.65 inHg).[31][32]
October 16
- 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. EDT, October 15) at 22°18′N 81°54′W / 22.3°N 81.9°W – Tropical Storm Fabian makes landfall on the Zapata Peninsula in Cuba with winds of 45 mph (75 km/h) and a barometric pressure of 1,003 mbar (29.62 inHg).[31][32]
- 08:34 UTC (4:34 a.m. EDT) at 24°30′N 80°30′W / 24.5°N 80.5°W – Tropical Storm Fabian reaches a minimum barometric pressure of 1,002 mbar (29.59 inHg) while over the Florida Straits, centered about 105 mi (165 km) north-northeast of Varadero, Cuba.[31][32]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT) at 26°30′N 78°30′W / 26.5°N 78.5°W – Tropical Storm Fabian transitions into an extratropical cyclone.[31][32]
October 24
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at 13°24′N 42°18′W / 13.4°N 42.3°W – Tropical Depression Ten forms from a tropical wave about midway between the Lesser Antilles and the west coast of Africa. It simultaneously reaches peak winds of 30 mph (45 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 1,009 mbar (29.80 inHg).[33]
October 25
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) – Tropical Depression Ten dissipates.[33]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT) at 27°06′N 64°54′W / 27.1°N 64.9°W – A subtropical depression forms from a mid-level low-pressure area about 365 mi (585 km) south of Bermuda.[34][35]
October 26
- 06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. EDT) at 27°12′N 65°30′W / 27.2°N 65.5°W – The subtropical depression strengthens into a subtropical storm about 355 mi (575 km) south of Bermuda.[34][35]
October 27
- 18:00 UTC (1:00 p.m. EST) at 30°48′N 67°12′W / 30.8°N 67.2°W – The subtropical storm acquires tropical characteristics and is reclassified as Tropical Storm Grace about 180 mi (295 km) southwest of Bermuda.[34][35]
October 28
- 00:00 UTC (7:00 p.m. EST, October 27) at 31°36′N 68°06′W / 31.6°N 68.1°W – Tropical Storm Grace strengthens into a Category 1 hurricane about 200 mi (325 km) west-southwest of Bermuda.[35][36]
October 29
- 00:00 UTC (7:00 p.m. EST, October 28) at 31°48′N 66°48′W / 31.8°N 66.8°W – Hurricane Grace reaches a minimum barometric pressure of 980 mbar (28.94 inHg) about 125 mi (205 km) west-southwest of Bermuda.[35]
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at 31°30′N 63°12′W / 31.5°N 63.2°W – Hurricane Grace strengthens to Category 2 intensity about 110 mi (175 km) east-southeast of Bermuda.[35]
- 14:00 UTC (10:00 a.m. AST) at 31°30′N 61°48′W / 31.5°N 61.8°W – Hurricane Grace reaches peak winds of 105 mph (165 km/h) about 185 mi (295 km) east-southeast of Bermuda.[35][36]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 32°30′N 59°00′W / 32.5°N 59.0°W – Hurricane Grace becomes extratropical about 335 mi (535 km) east of Bermuda; it is absorbed into a nor'easter, the Perfect Storm, shortly thereafter.[35][36]
October 31
- 18:00 UTC (1:00 p.m. EST) at 36°42′N 71°30′W / 36.7°N 71.5°W – A subtropical storm forms within the center of the Perfect Storm while centered over the Gulf Stream off the United States East Coast.[37][38]
November
November 1
- 06:00 UTC (1:00 a.m. EST) at 36°12′N 68°12′W / 36.2°N 68.2°W – The subtropical storm transitions into an unnamed tropical storm over the northwestern Atlantic Ocean.[38][39]
- 18:00 UTC (1:00 p.m. EST) at 38°12′N 66°30′W / 38.2°N 66.5°W – The unnamed tropical storm strengthens into a Category 1 hurricane about 470 mi (760 km) south-southwest of Halifax, Nova Scotia. It simultaneously reaches its peak intensity as a tropical cyclone, with winds of 75 mph (120 km/h) and a barometric pressure of 980 mbar (28.94 inHg).[38][39]
November 2
- 06:00 UTC (1:00 a.m. EST) at 41°36′N 64°42′W / 41.6°N 64.7°W – The unnamed hurricane weakens into a tropical storm about 220 mi (350 km) south-southwest of Halifax, Nova Scotia.[38]
- 14:00 UTC (9:00 a.m. EST) at 44°36′N 63°30′W / 44.6°N 63.5°W – The unnamed tropical storm makes landfall near Halifax, Nova Scotia with winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) and a barometric pressure of 998 mbar (29.47 inHg).[38][39]
- 18:00 UTC (1:00 p.m. EST) at 46°18′N 62°36′W / 46.3°N 62.6°W – The unnamed tropical storm weakens into a tropical depression over eastern Prince Edward Island. It dissipates six hours later after emerging into the Gulf of St. Lawrence.[38][39]
November 30
- The 1991 Atlantic hurricane season officially ends.[3]
Notes
- ^ An average Atlantic hurricane season has fourteen named storms, seven hurricanes, and three major hurricanes.[1]
- ^ In their Preliminary Report for Tropical Storm Erika, the National Hurricane Center stated that Erika became extratropical at 06:00 UTC on September 12, the same time it weakened below tropical storm-force;[30] the Atlantic HURDAT lists Erika as a tropical depression at this time and delays extratropical transition until 12:00 UTC.[14]
See also
- Timeline of the 1991 Pacific hurricane season
- Tropical cyclones in 1991
- Lists of Atlantic hurricanes
References
- ^ "Tropical Cyclone Climatology". Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on February 29, 2024. Retrieved February 17, 2024.
- ^ a b Avila, Lixion; Pasch, Richard (November 1992). "Atlantic Tropical Systems of 1991". Monthly Weather Review. 120 (11). American Meteorological Society: 2688–2696. Bibcode:1992MWRv..120.2688A. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1992)120<2688:ATSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493.
- ^ a b c "Hurricanes Frequently Asked Questions". Miami, Florida: Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. June 1, 2023. Archived from the original on March 1, 2024. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g Mayfield, Max (August 10, 1992). Hurricane Bob Preliminary Report (Page Two) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved February 5, 2024.
- ^ Mayfield, Max (August 10, 1992). "Hurricane Bob Preliminary Report (Page Four)" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 6, 2013. Retrieved January 30, 2024.
- ^ Mayfield, Max (August 10, 1992). "Hurricane Bob Preliminary Report (Page Five)" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on January 2, 2014. Retrieved January 30, 2024.
- ^ McCown, Sam (August 20, 2008). ""Perfect Storm" Damage Summary" (PDF). National Climatic Data Center. Silver Spring, Maryland: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 6, 2021. Retrieved January 30, 2024.
- ^ Wankum, Mike (November 8, 2021). "30th anniversary of 'Perfect Storm' that devastated New England coast". WCVB-TV. Boston, Massachusetts: Hearst Television. Archived from the original on January 30, 2024. Retrieved January 30, 2024.
- ^ McGinnes, Meagan (October 29, 2016). "25 years ago, the crew of the Andrea Gail was lost in the 'perfect storm'". Boston.com. Boston, Massachusetts: Boston Globe Media Partners. Archived from the original on February 19, 2024. Retrieved February 19, 2024.
- ^ "Understanding the Date/Time Stamps". Silver Spring, Maryland: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on February 26, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
- ^ "Update on National Hurricane Center Products and Services for 2020" (PDF). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. April 20, 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 28, 2023. Retrieved May 12, 2023.
- ^ a b c d Gerrish, Hal (1991). Tropical Storm Ana Preliminary Report (Page One) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on February 28, 2014. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e Gerrish, Hal (1991). Tropical Storm Ana Preliminary Report (Page Three) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on February 20, 2014. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). National Hurricane Center. April 5, 2023. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2024. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Rappaport, Edward (July 5, 1991). Tropical Depression Two Advisory Number 1 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved February 5, 2024.
- ^ Pasch, Richard (July 6, 1991). Tropical Depression Two Advisory Number 5 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved January 28, 2024.
- ^ Pasch, Richard (July 6, 1991). Tropical Depression Two Public Advisory Number 6 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved January 28, 2024.
- ^ a b c Mayfield, Max (August 10, 1992). Hurricane Bob Preliminary Report (Page One) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Mayfield, Max (August 10, 1992). Hurricane Bob Preliminary Report (Page Eight) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on November 7, 2012. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
- ^ a b c Tropical Depression Four Preliminary Report (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. 1991. Archived from the original on February 20, 2014. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
- ^ Avila, Lixion (August 24, 1991). Tropical Depression Four Advisory Number 1 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on February 5, 2024. Retrieved February 5, 2024.
- ^ Rappaport, Edward (August 28, 1991). Tropical Depression Five Discussion Number 1 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on February 27, 2014. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
- ^ Avila, Lixion (August 31, 1991). Tropical Depression Five Advisory Number 13 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved February 5, 2024.
- ^ a b c d Pasch, Richard (1991). Hurricane Claudette Preliminary Report (Page One) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Pasch, Richard (1991). Hurricane Claudette Preliminary Report (Page Five) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
- ^ a b c Mayfield, Max (1991). Tropical Storm Danny Preliminary Report (Page One) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on March 1, 2014. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e Mayfield, Max (1991). Tropical Storm Danny Preliminary Report (Page Three) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on February 20, 2014. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
- ^ a b c d Pasch, Richard (1991). Hurricane Claudette Preliminary Report (Page Two) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved February 5, 2024.
- ^ Gerrish, Hal (1991). Tropical Storm Erika Preliminary Report (Page One) (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on March 1, 2014. Retrieved June 13, 2011.
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