[pending revision] | [pending revision] |
Theanphibian (talk | contribs) m →Popular culture appearances: correcting myself |
King of Hearts (talk | contribs) →Environmental impact: embassy |
||
Line 304: | Line 304: | ||
===Environmental impact=== |
===Environmental impact=== |
||
Currently, the quality of water in the higher banks of Yangtze is falling slowly, due to the dam's preventing dispersal of [[pollutants]]; [[algal bloom]]s have risen progressively since the dam’s construction; and [[soil erosion]] has increased, causing riverbank collapses and landslides.<ref name="Time_101307">{{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1671000,00.html | title=China's Three Gorges Dam Under Fire | date = [[2007-10-12]] | work = [[Time (magazine)|Time]] | accessdate=2008-01-13}}</ref> The report detailing this was officially released in September 2007.<ref name="MWC_News_101307">{{cite web|url=http://mwcnews.net/content/view/17341&Itemid=1|title=mwcnews.net/content/view/17341&Itemid=1<!--INSERT TITLE-->}}</ref> Senior Chinese government officials and scholars said the dam could cause a “huge disaster ... if steps are not taken promptly.”<ref name="Time_101307">Time Magazine/CNN, [http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1671000,00.html "China's Three Gorges Dam Under Fire"], [[October 13]], [[2007]], retrieved [[October 13]], [[2007]].</ref> The same scholars and officials previously had defended the Three Gorges Dam project.<ref name="TheAge_101307">Mary Ann Toy, The Age AU, [http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/three-gorges-dam-could-be-huge-disaster/2007/09/26/1190486394786.html "Three Gorges Dam 'could be huge disaster'"], [[October 13]], [[2007]], retrieved [[October 13]], [[2007]].</ref> |
Currently, the quality of water in the higher banks of Yangtze is falling slowly, due to the dam's preventing dispersal of [[pollutants]]; [[algal bloom]]s have risen progressively since the dam’s construction; and [[soil erosion]] has increased, causing riverbank collapses and landslides.<ref name="Time_101307">{{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1671000,00.html | title=China's Three Gorges Dam Under Fire | date = [[2007-10-12]] | work = [[Time (magazine)|Time]] | accessdate=2008-01-13}}</ref> The report detailing this was officially released in September 2007.<ref name="MWC_News_101307">{{cite web|url=http://mwcnews.net/content/view/17341&Itemid=1|title=mwcnews.net/content/view/17341&Itemid=1<!--INSERT TITLE-->}}</ref> Senior Chinese government officials and scholars said the dam could cause a “huge disaster ... if steps are not taken promptly.”<ref name="Time_101307">Time Magazine/CNN, [http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1671000,00.html "China's Three Gorges Dam Under Fire"], [[October 13]], [[2007]], retrieved [[October 13]], [[2007]].</ref> The same scholars and officials previously had defended the Three Gorges Dam project.<ref name="TheAge_101307">Mary Ann Toy, The Age AU, [http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/three-gorges-dam-could-be-huge-disaster/2007/09/26/1190486394786.html "Three Gorges Dam 'could be huge disaster'"], [[October 13]], [[2007]], retrieved [[October 13]], [[2007]].</ref> |
||
[[Xinhua News Agency]] also reported that tens of billions of yuan had been spent to prevent pollution and geological disasters by [[reforestation|tree planting]], measures to maintain [[biodiversity]], shutting 1500 polluting industrial and mining enterprises and building 70 [[sewage]] and waste treatment plants, all of which are "progressing well."<ref name="TheAge_101307">Mary Ann Toy, The Age AU, [http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/three-gorges-dam-could-be-huge-disaster/2007/09/26/1190486394786.html "Three Gorges Dam 'could be huge disaster'"], [[October 13]], [[2007]], retrieved [[October 13]], [[2007]].</ref> |
The [[Diplomatic missions of the People's Republic of China|Chinese embassy]] in the [[United States]] has strongly promoted it as well.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20031013085320/http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/6885.html People Are Better Off in Three Gorges Resettlement]. ''Archive.org WayBackMachine''. Retrieved 15 January 2007.</ref> [[Xinhua News Agency]] also reported that tens of billions of yuan had been spent to prevent pollution and geological disasters by [[reforestation|tree planting]], measures to maintain [[biodiversity]], shutting 1500 polluting industrial and mining enterprises and building 70 [[sewage]] and waste treatment plants, all of which are "progressing well."<ref name="TheAge_101307">Mary Ann Toy, The Age AU, [http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/three-gorges-dam-could-be-huge-disaster/2007/09/26/1190486394786.html "Three Gorges Dam 'could be huge disaster'"], [[October 13]], [[2007]], retrieved [[October 13]], [[2007]].</ref> |
||
[[Image:Three Gorges Dam.jpg|thumb|300px|right| Three Gorges Dam]]Of the 3,000 to 4,000 remaining critically endangered [[Siberian Crane]], a large number currently spend the winter in wetlands that will be destroyed by the Three Gorges Dam.<ref>[http://american.edu/TED/threedam.htm American University, ''Three Gorges Dam Case Study'', Washington DC]</ref> In addition, populations of the [[Yangtze sturgeon]] and the [[Yangtze freshwater dolphin]] are guaranteed to be negatively affected by the dam.<ref>The Flat Hat. [http://www.flathatnews.com/news/1304/three-gorges-dam-a-blessing-or-an-environmental-disaster Three Gorges Dam: A Blessing or an Environmental Disaster?]. 2 October 2007.</ref> |
[[Image:Three Gorges Dam.jpg|thumb|300px|right| Three Gorges Dam]]Of the 3,000 to 4,000 remaining critically endangered [[Siberian Crane]], a large number currently spend the winter in wetlands that will be destroyed by the Three Gorges Dam.<ref>[http://american.edu/TED/threedam.htm American University, ''Three Gorges Dam Case Study'', Washington DC]</ref> In addition, populations of the [[Yangtze sturgeon]] and the [[Yangtze freshwater dolphin]] are guaranteed to be negatively affected by the dam.<ref>The Flat Hat. [http://www.flathatnews.com/news/1304/three-gorges-dam-a-blessing-or-an-environmental-disaster Three Gorges Dam: A Blessing or an Environmental Disaster?]. 2 October 2007.</ref> |
Revision as of 06:14, 15 January 2008
Template:Infobox Dam The Three Gorges Dam (simplified Chinese: 长江三峡大坝; traditional Chinese: 長江三峽大壩; pinyin: Chángjiāng Sānxiá Dà Bà) is a Chinese hydroelectric river dam that spans the Yangtze River in Sandouping, Yichang, Hubei, China. The total electric generating capacity of the dam will reach 22,500 megawatts, at which point it will be the largest hydro-electric power station in the world by capacity. This is the largest project that has been undertaken in China since the Great Wall and the Grand Canal. Several generators still have to be installed; the dam is not expected to become fully operational until about 2011.
As with many dams, there is a debate over costs and benefits. Although there are economic benefits such as flood control and hydroelectric power, there are also concerns about the relocation of over 1,500,000 people who have or will be displaced by the rising waters,[1] siltation that could limit the dam's useful life, loss of numerous valuable archaeological and cultural sites, and significant adverse effects upon animal, fish and vegetation species.
Project history
The dam was originally envisioned by Sun Yat-sen in The International Development of China in 1919.[2] In 1944, involvement from the United States began when the Bureau of Reclamation engineer J.L. Savage surveyed the area and drew up a dam proposal. Around 54 Chinese engineers were sent to the U.S. for training. Some exploration, survey, economic study, and design work was done, but the government, in the mist of the Chinese Civil War, halted work in 1947.[3]
After the 1949 communist victory, the leader Mao Zedong supported the project, but the Gezhouba Dam project was begun first and economic problems including The Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution slowed progress. In 1958, after the Hundred Flowers Campaign, some engineers who spoke out against the project were imprisoned.[4]
During the 1980s plans were revived. Pushed through by Li Peng, the dam was approved by the National People's Congress in 1992, there were a record number of abstentions and dissenting votes. The construction started on December 14, 1994.[5] The dam was expected to be fully operational in 2009, but due to additional projects such as the underground powerplant with 6 additional generators, and due to the complexity of the ship lift, the dam is not expected to become fully operational until about 2011.[4]
Scale of the project
The dam wall is made of concrete and is about 2,309 metres (7,575 ft) long, and 185 metres (607 ft) high. The wall is 115 metres (377.3 ft) wide on the bottom and 40 metres (131.2 ft) wide on top. The project used 27,200,000 m³ (36,600,000 cu yd) of concrete, 463,000 metric tonnes of steel, enough to build 63 Eiffel Towers, and moved about 134,000,000 m³ (175,000,000 cu yd) of earth.[6]
The reservoir that Three Gorges Dam creates is over 660 kilometres (410 mi) long and 1.12 kilometres (0.70 mi) wide on average, and contains 39.3 billion cubic meters (9.43 cubic miles) of water, when the water level is at 175 m.[7] The dam will reach its maximum capacity by the end of 2008.[7]
Economics
When finished, the project will have cost no more than 180 billion yuan, more than 20 billion yuan less than the initial estimated budget of 203.9 billion yuan. This calculation accounts for the effect of inflation, and the lower costs are attributed to a low inflation rate in recent years.[8] It is estimated that the cost of construction will be recovered when the dam generates 1000 TWh of the electricity, which will be sold at the price of 250 billion yuan. This will take 10 more years after the dam starts full operation.[citation needed]
Sources for funding include the Three Gorges Dam Construction Fund, revenue from Gezhouba Dam, policy loans from the China Development Bank, loans from domestic and foreign commercial banks, corporate bonds, and revenue from Three Gorges Dam before and after it is fully operational, with additional charges for electricity contributing to the Three Gorges Construction Fund. The additional charges are as follows: Every province receiving power from the Three Gorges Dam has to pay an additional charge of ¥7.00 per MWh. Provinces that will not receive power from the Three Gorges Dam have to pay an additional charge of ¥4.00 per MWh. Tibet does not have to pay any additional money.[9]
Power production
Total generating capacity
The Three Gorges Dam is the world’s largest hydro-electric power station by total capacity, which will be 22,500 MW.[2] It will have 34 generators in total. 32 of them are main generators, each with a capacity of 700 MW; and the other two are plant power generators to power other 14 generators, each with capacity of 50 MW. Fourteen are installed in the north side of the dam, twelve in the south side and the remaining six in the underground power plant in the mountain south of the dam. After completion, the expected annual electricity generation would be over 100 TWh, 18% more than originally predicted 84.7 TWh, since 6 more generators are added to the project in 2002. It could support four cities the size of Los Angeles.[citation needed]
Pollutant emission reduction
According to The National Development and Reform Commission of China, the average consumption of coal to produce one kWh of electricity in China is 366 grams (2006).[10] Therefore, the Three Gorges Dam will potentially reduce the coal consumption by 31 million tons per year, cutting the emission of 100 million tons of greenhouse gas,[11] millions of tons of dust, 1 million tons of sulfur dioxide, 370 thousand tons of nitric oxide, 10 thousand tons of carbon monoxide and a significant amount of mercury into the atmosphere.[12]
Generators installing in progress
The 14 generators in north side of the dam have already been installed and they first ran to full power (9800 MW) on October 18, 2006 after the water level had been raised to 156 m.[13]
The first generator (No. 22) in the south side of the dam started working on June 11, 2007. Five generators on the south side of the dam are currently being installed, with another 7 already completed. The seventh generator in the south side (No. 17) started working on December 27 2007. It brought the total capacity of the dam to 14.8 GW, surpassing the generating capacity of Itaipu(14.0 GW), to became the largest hydroelectric power plant in the world. The underground power plant and its six generators are still under construction.The Three Gorges Dam project also set the record of having most generators being installed in one year, that is 7 units with a capacity of more than 5000 MW.[14] [15]
Total power generated
Until December 7, 2007, the Three Gorge Dam Project had generated over 207 TWh of electricity, more than one fifth of the 1000 TWh it needs to generate to cover the cost (see Economics section).[16][15]
Year | Number of installed units |
GWh |
---|---|---|
2003 | 6 | 8,607 |
2004 | 11 | 39,155 |
2005 | 14 | 49,090 |
2006 | 14 | 49,250 |
2007 | 21 | 61,600 |
2008 | 21 | 0 |
Total | 21(32) | 207,600 |
Power distribution
The electricity generated by the Three Gorges Dam project is sold to the State Grid Corporation and China South Power Grid Corporation at a rate of ¥250 per MWh ($32.5 US). Nine provinces and two cities consume the power from it, including Shanghai.[citation needed]
The power distribution and transmission of the Three Gorges Dam project cost about 34.387 billion Yuan. It was completed in December 2007, one year ahead of time.[17]
Power is sent in three directions. The 500 kV DC transmission line to the East China Grid has a capacity of 7,200 MW. There are three 500 kV DC transmission lines: HVDC Three Gorges-Shanghai(3,000 MW), HVDC Three Gorges-Changzhou(3,000 MW) and HVDC Gezhouba - Shanghai(1,200 MW). The 500 kV AC transmission line to Central China Grid has a capacity of 12 GW. The other 500 kV DC transmission line HVDC Three Gorges-Guangdong to South China Grid has a capacity of 3,000 MW and supplies Guangdong.[citation needed]
In the original plan, it was expected to provide 10% of electricity consumption in China. However, China’s demand for electricity has increased at a higher rate than was planned, and if fully operational now, it would support about 3% of the total electricity consumption in China.[18]
Flood control and drought relief
The most significant function of the dam is to control flooding, which is a major problem of a seasonal river like the Yangtze. Millions of people live downstream of the dam, and many large and important cities like Wuhan, Nanjing and Shanghai lie next to the river. Plenty of farm land and the most important industrial area of China are built beside the river.
In 1954, the river flooded 47.75 million acres (193,000 km²) of land, killing 33,169 people and forcing 18,884,000 people to move. The flood covered Wuhan, a city with 8 million people, for over three months, and the Jingguang Railway was out of order for more than 100 days.[citation needed]
In 1998, a flood in the same area caused damage to the value of billions of dollars. The Chinese government asked for support from its military to fight the flooding. Two thousand and thirty-nine square kilometers of farm land was flooded. The flood affected more than 2.3 million people, and 1,526 were killed.[19]
The reservoir's flood storage capacity is 22 cubic kilometers (18 million acre feet).[citation needed] This capacity will reduce the frequency of major downstream flooding from once every 10 years to once every 100 years.[citation needed] With the dam, it is expected that major floods can be controlled. If a "super" flood comes, the dam is expected to minimize its effect.
The installation of ship locks is intended to increase river shipping from 10 million to 50 million tonnes annually, with transportation costs cut by 30 to 37%. Shipping will become safer, since the gorges are notoriously dangerous to navigate. Each of the two ship locks are made up of 5 stages taking around 4 hours in total to complete and have a capacity of 10,000 tonnes.[citation needed] Critics argue, however, that heavy siltation will clog ports such as Chongqing within a few years based on the evidence from other dam projects.
The locks are designed to be 280 m long, 35 m wide, and 5 m deep (918 x 114 x 16.4 ft).[20][21] That is 30 m longer than those on the St Lawrence Seaway, but half as deep.
In addition to the canal locks, the Three Gorges Dam is equipped with a ship lift, a kind of elevator for vessels. The ship lift will be capable of lifting ships of up to 3,000 tons.[22][23][24] In the original plan its capacity was to be 10,000 tons. The ship lift was not yet complete when the rest of the project was officially opened on May 20 2006.[25][26] On October 3 2006, China Daily predicted that the shiplift would be completed in 2008.[27]
Relocation of local residents
The relocation of local residents is the central part of the Three Gorges Dam Project. It is considered as important as the construction of the dam. During the planning stages in the 1990s, it was estimated that 1.13 million residents would be forced to relocate. That estimate has been increased by nearly 25% to 1.40 million people,which is about 1.5% of the total population of Hubei Province (60.3 million) and Chongqing City (31.44 million) where the reservoir is located. About 140,000 residents will be relocated out of Hubei province to eastern provinces and some central provinces, and the majority of the remaining people will be relocated within Hubei Province.[citation needed]
On one hand, the massive relocation demonstrates the Chinese government's determination and will to complete the huge project. On the other hand, there have been rumors that it was being shoddily constructed (with the appearance of cracks) and that the project has had "endemic corruption".[28] There have been accusations that corruption in the government has kept residents from getting proper assistance. For instance, millions of tax money sent to the town of Gaoyang for the purpose of relocation 13,000 farmers disappeared after it was sent to the local government, and residents were denied compensation.[29]
Through September 2007, 1.22 million people have been relocated according to the Xinhua Net.[citation needed] This amounts to about 1.3% of the population of the two provinces the reservoir covers. The fourth phase of the relocation is still ongoing. Phase four involves moving people living just below the 175 metre water level.
As of 13 October, 2007, an estimated 1,400,000 citizens have been displaced and, with government assistance, have settled in neighbouring areas.[30] On October 11, 2007, Chinese state media announced that under a development plan of Chongqing city, an additional 4 million people will be encouraged to move from their homes near the dam to the Chongqing metropolitan area by the year 2020.[31][32][33]
Criticism
Environmental impact
Currently, the quality of water in the higher banks of Yangtze is falling slowly, due to the dam's preventing dispersal of pollutants; algal blooms have risen progressively since the dam’s construction; and soil erosion has increased, causing riverbank collapses and landslides.[34] The report detailing this was officially released in September 2007.[30] Senior Chinese government officials and scholars said the dam could cause a “huge disaster ... if steps are not taken promptly.”[34] The same scholars and officials previously had defended the Three Gorges Dam project.[35] The Chinese embassy in the United States has strongly promoted it as well.[36] Xinhua News Agency also reported that tens of billions of yuan had been spent to prevent pollution and geological disasters by tree planting, measures to maintain biodiversity, shutting 1500 polluting industrial and mining enterprises and building 70 sewage and waste treatment plants, all of which are "progressing well."[35]
Of the 3,000 to 4,000 remaining critically endangered Siberian Crane, a large number currently spend the winter in wetlands that will be destroyed by the Three Gorges Dam.[37] In addition, populations of the Yangtze sturgeon and the Yangtze freshwater dolphin are guaranteed to be negatively affected by the dam.[38]
While logging in the area was required for construction which adds to erosion, stopping the periodic and uncontrolled flooding of the river will lessen bank erosion in the long run. The build up of silt in the reservoir will, however, reduce the amount of silt transported by the Yangtze River to the Yangtze Delta and could reduce the effectiveness of the dam for electricity generation and, perhaps more importantly, the lack of silt deposited in the peninsula could result in erosion and sinking of coastal areas.[6]
Effect on local culture and aesthetic values
The 600 kilometre (375 mi) long reservoir has or will flood some 1,300 archaeological sites and alter the appearance of the Three Gorges as the water level rises over one hundred meters at various locations.[39] Cultural and historical relics are being moved to higher ground as they are discovered but the flooding of the Gorge will undoubtedly cover some undiscovered relics. Some other sites cannot be moved because of their location, size or design. For example the hanging coffins site high in the Shen Nong Gorge is inherently part of the sheer cliffs themselves.[40]
These historical sites contain remnants of the homeland of the Ba, an ancient people who settled in the region more than 3000 years ago.[41] One of the traditions of the Ba was to bury the dead in coffins in caves high on the cliff, some of which are submerged and others will soon be submerged.[40]
Sedimentation
There are two hazards uniquely identified with the dam. One is that sedimentation projections are not agreed upon, and the other is that the dam sits on a seismic fault.[42]
Excessive sedimentation can block the sluice gates which can cause dam failure under some conditions. This was a contributing cause of the Banqiao Dam failure in 1975 that precipitated the failure of 61 other dams and resulted in over 20,000 deaths. Critics believe that the Yangtze will add 530 million tons of silt into the reservoir on average per year; in time, this silt could accumulate behind the walls of the dam, clogging the turbines' entranceway. Further, the absence of silt down stream would have two dramatic effects:
- Some hydrologists think that this could make downstream riverbanks more vulnerable to flooding.[34]
- The city of Shanghai, more than one thousand miles (1600 km) away from the dam, rests on a massive plain of sediment. The "arriving silt -- so long as it does arrive -- strengthens the bed on which Shanghai is built... the less the tonnage of arriving sediment the more vulnerable is this biggest of Chinese cities to inundation..."[43]
Also, the weight of the dam and reservoir can cause induced seismicity, which occurred with the Katse Dam in Lesotho. The Benthic sediment build up is a cause of biological damage and reduction in aquatic biodiversity.[citation needed]
National Security Concerns
In an annual report to the United States Congress, the Department of Defense cited that in Taiwan, “proponents of strikes against the mainland apparently hope that merely presenting credible threats to China’s urban population or high-value targets, such as the Three Gorges Dam, will deter Chinese military coercion.”[44] The notion that the Military of the Republic of China would seek to destroy the Dam provoked an angry response from the mainland China media. People’s Liberation Army General Liu Yuan was quoted in the China Youth Daily saying that the People’s Republic of China would be "seriously on guard against threats from Taiwan independence terrorists".[45]
Future projects upstream
In order to maximize utility of the Three Gorges Dam and cut down on sedimentation from the Jinsha a tributary of the Yangtze river, China plans to build a series of dams upstream of the Yangtze river, including Wudongde, Baihetan, Xiluodu Dam, Xiangjiaba, and downstream of Jinsha. The total capacity of those four dams is 38,500 MW, almost double the capacity of the Three Gorges. There are also another eight dams in the midstream of the Jinsha and eight more upstream of it.[46]
Popular culture appearances
- In Max Brooks’ novel World War Z, the large artificial lake upstream of the dam is the site of the initial zombie outbreak before the war; a superstitious character suggests that the outbreak is a retribution for the destruction of ancient holy sites. Later in the novel, the Dam is overrun by zombie hordes, which make the emergency pressure release valves impossible to reach. This eventually results in the Three Gorges Dam rupturing, resulting in a massive tsunami which races to the ocean, destroying what remains of Wuhan, Nanjing, and Shanghai.[47][2]
- In the novel Dragon Bones by Lisa See, a murder investigation takes place at the Three Gorges Dam.[citation needed]
- In the video game Civilization IV the dam is a World Wonder, providing power to the entire continent.[2]
- In the game Command & Conquer: Generals, the dam is blown up by both the Chinese government and a terrorist organization under plot lines. The series is banned in China.[2]
Books and movies about the dam
- Jia Zhangke’s film, Still Life, describes the destiny of two couples with connections to the dam.[2]
- In Matthew Crawfords book, 'The Yangtze River', the dam is used to describe how the Chinese are industrialising this part of the country.[citation needed]
References
- ^ Tony Cheng, Bitter memories above the Yangtze, Aljazeera, updated Dec 9, 2007)
- ^ a b c d e f "Three Gorges Dam". China culture mall trading group inc. Retrieved 2008-01-13.
- ^ Schiller Institute. Three Gorges Dam: The TVA on The Yangtze River.
- ^ a b Steven Mufson. Washington Post. The Yangtze Dam: Feat or Folly?. November 9, 1997.
- ^
Allin, Samuel Robert Fishleigh (2004-11-30). "An Examination of China's Three Gorges Dam Project Based on the Framework Presented in the Report of The World Commission on Dams" (PDF). Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Retrieved 2008-01-13.
{{cite journal}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help); Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ a b ibiblio.org. Special Reports - Three Gorges Dam Project.
- ^ a b Chris Buckley (2007-11-21). "Landslide near China's Three Gorges Dam kills one". Reuters. Retrieved 2008-01-13.
{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ "Brief explanation of TGP" (in Chinese). CTGPC. 20 May 2006. Retrieved 2007-05-27.
{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ "Three Gorges Dam" (in Chinese). China Three Gorges Project Corporation. April 20 2003. Retrieved 2007-04-29.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ "Three Gorges Dam" (in Chinese). NDRC. March 7 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-15.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ "Greenhouse Gas Emissions By Country". Carbonplanet. 2006. Retrieved 2007-05-16.
- ^ "Three Gorges Dam" (in Chinese). TGP. June 12 2006. Retrieved 2007-05-15.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ "Three Gorges Dam" (in Chinese). Government of China. 2006-10-18. Retrieved 2007-05-15.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ "Three Gorges Dam" (in Chinese). Xinhua. 2007-10-22. Retrieved 2007-10-22.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ a b "Three Gorges Dam (三峡电站累计发电2050亿千瓦时 装机容量居世界首位)" (in Chinese). Xinhua. 2007-12-08. Retrieved 2007-12-08.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ "Three Gorges Dam" (in Chinese). TCGPC. 2007-11-02. Retrieved 2007-11-02.
- ^ "Three Gorges Dam" (in Chinese). National Development and Reform Commission. Dec 20 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-20.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ "Three Gorges Dam" (in Chinese). Chinese Society for electrical engineering. May 25 2006. Retrieved 2007-05-16.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ "Three Gorges Dam" (in Chinese). CTGPC. April 20 2002. Retrieved 2007-06-03.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ "Three Gorges Dam". Missouri Chapter American Fisheries Society. April 20] 2002. Retrieved 2007-01-28.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ "Its Buildings with Biggest Indices". China Three Gorges Project. 2002. Retrieved 2007-01-28.
{{cite web}}
: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=
(help) - ^ "Three Gorges Shiplift resurfaces". Three Gorges Probe. November 7 2003. Retrieved 2007-01-28.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=
(help) - ^ "China's west seeks to impress investors". BBC. May 4 2005. Retrieved 2007-01-28.
{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ "Ship lift work to begin at Three Gorges site,". Three Gorges Probe. March 23 2005. Retrieved 2007-01-28.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=
(help) - ^ "Three Gorges dam ready to go". Taipei Times. May 21, 2006. Retrieved 2007-01-28.
{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ "China Completes Three Gorges Dam". CBS News. May 20, 2006. Retrieved 2007-01-28.
{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ "300,000 more to be relocated from Dam region". China Daily. October 3 2006. Retrieved 2007-01-28.
{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ BBC News. 'Cracks' in China's Three Gorges dam. 12 April, 2002.
- ^ National Geographic. Relocation for Giant Dam Inflames Chinese Peasants. May 15, 2001.
- ^ a b MWC News, Agency reports, "China dam to displace millions more, October 13, 2007, retrieved October 13, 2007. Cite error: The named reference "MWC_News_101307" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ BBC News, "Millions forced out by China dam", October 13, 2007, retrieved October 13, 2007.
- ^ Xinhua, "Millions more face relocation from Three Gorges Reservoir Area", October 11, 2007, retrieved October 14, 2007.
- ^ Xinhua, "China warns of environmental "catastrophe" from Three Gorges Dam", September 26, 2007, retrieved October 14, 2007.
- ^ a b c "China's Three Gorges Dam Under Fire". Time. 2007-10-12. Retrieved 2008-01-13.
{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) Cite error: The named reference "Time_101307" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page). - ^ a b Mary Ann Toy, The Age AU, "Three Gorges Dam 'could be huge disaster'", October 13, 2007, retrieved October 13, 2007.
- ^ People Are Better Off in Three Gorges Resettlement. Archive.org WayBackMachine. Retrieved 15 January 2007.
- ^ American University, Three Gorges Dam Case Study, Washington DC
- ^ The Flat Hat. Three Gorges Dam: A Blessing or an Environmental Disaster?. 2 October 2007.
- ^ World Changing. Flotsam, Jetsam and the Three Gorges Dam. December 9, 2007.
- ^ a b C.Michael Hogan, Shen Nong Gorge Hanging Coffins, The Megalithic Portal, Andy Burnham: editor
- ^ Terry F. Kleeman, Great Perfection: Religion and Ethnicity in a Chinese Millennial Kingdom, ISBN 0-8248-1800-8
- ^ Topping, Audrey Ronning. Environmental controversy over the Three Gorges Dam. Earth Times News Service.
- ^ Winchester, Simon, The River at the Center of the World, Henry Holt & Co. New York (1998) p.228
- ^ "Annual report on the military power of the People's Republic of China (.pdf)" (PDF). US Department of Defense. Retrieved 2007-01-28.
{{cite web}}
: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=
(help) - ^ "Troops sent to protect China dam". BBC. 2004-09-14. Retrieved 2007-01-28.
{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ Water Power Magazine, "Beyond Three Gorges in China", January 10, 2007, retrieved October 13, 2007.
- ^ Matthew S. Muller. Amazon.com review of World War Z: An Oral History of the Zombie War.
External links
- Chinese government press release
- China Digital Times' coverage on Three Gorges Dam
- International Rivers informative page on the Three Gorges Project.
- Probe International
- BBC News Online - Troops to protect dam against terrorists - 14 September 2004.
- BBC News Online - Dam wall completed - 20 May 2006.
- BBC News Online - In pictures: Three Gorges Dam - 20 May 2006.
- chinadialogue 中国与世界,环境危机大家谈 - article about the politics of water in China
- Photos from Three Gorges Dam Group on Flickr
- Megaprojects and risk
- Article by ABB on use of HVDC-technology for distribution of power generated at the Three Gorges Dam
- "Three Gorges dam's social impact" by Jill McGivering, BBC News, May 20 2006, retrieved May 20 2006
- " As China's mega dam rises, so do strains and fear", Reuters November 14, 2007.
- Jim Yardley (November 21, 2007). "Chinese Dam Projects Criticized for Their Human Costs". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-12-09.
{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - Jim Yardley (November 22, 2007). "China to Address Issues Around Dam". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-12-09.
{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - Publication: The Three Gorges Dam's Impact on Peasant Livelihood. China's Project on the Yangtze River (written by Jan Trouw / Amazon Germany)
- Anderlini, Jamil (2007-10-31). "Sold down the river". Financial Times.