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{{History of Romania}} |
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== Historical background == |
== Historical background == |
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=== Before the Romans === |
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{{Main|Thrace|Thracians}} |
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{{See also|Getae}} |
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[[Thrace]] is a historical and geographic area in southeast [[Europe]]. As a geographical concept, Thrace designates a region bounded by the [[Balkan Mountains]] on the north, [[Rhodope Mountains]] and the [[Aegean Sea]] on the south, and by the [[Black Sea]] and the [[Sea of Marmara]] on the east. The areas it comprises are southeastern [[Bulgaria]] ([[Northern Thrace]]), northeastern [[Greece]] ([[Western Thrace]]), and the European part of [[Turkey]] ([[Eastern Thrace]]). The biggest part of Thrace is part of present-day Bulgaria. In Turkey, it is also called [[Rumelia]]. The name comes from the [[Thracians]], an ancient [[Indo-European]] people inhabiting Southeastern Europe. |
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The origins of the Thracians remain obscure, in absence of written historical records. Evidence of proto-Thracians in the prehistoric period depends on remains of [[material culture]]. It is generally proposed that a proto-Thracian people developed from a mixture of [[Neolithic Europe|indigenous peoples]] and [[Proto-Indo-Europeans|Indo-Europeans]] from the time of Proto-Indo-European expansion in the [[Early Bronze Age]]<ref>Hoddinott, p. 27.</ref> when the latter, around [[15th century BC|1500 BC]], conquered the indigenous peoples.<ref>Casson, p. 3.</ref> We speak of proto-Thracians from which during the [[Iron Age]]<ref>John Boardman, I.E.S. Edwards, E. Sollberger, and N.G.L. Hammond. ''The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 3, Part 1: The Prehistory of the Balkans, the Middle East and the Aegean World, Tenth to Eighth Centuries BC''. Cambridge University Press, 1982, p. 53. "Yet we cannot identify the Thracians at that remote period, because we do not know for certain whether the Thracian and Illyrian tribes had separated by then. It is safer to speak of Proto-Thracians from whom there developed in the Iron Age..."</ref> (about [[10th century BC|1000 BC]]) [[Dacians]] and Thracians begin developing. |
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=== Arrival of the Romans === |
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{{Main|Thracia}} |
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The [[Odrysian kingdom]] of Thrace became a Roman [[client kingdom]] ca. 20 BC, while the Greek [[city-state]]s on the [[Black Sea]] coast came under Roman control, first as ''[[civitates foederatae]]'' ("allied" cities with internal autonomy). After the death of the Thracian king [[Rhoemetalces III]] in 46 AD and an unsuccessful anti-Roman revolt, the kingdom was annexed as the [[Roman province]] of Thracia.<ref>Soustal (1991), pp. 59–60</ref> |
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=== Post-Roman period === |
=== Post-Roman period === |
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== Language == |
== Language == |
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{{Main|Eastern Romance substratum |
{{Main|Eastern Romance substratum}} |
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The Roman occupation led to a Roman-Thracian [[syncretism]], and similar to the case of other conquered civilisation (see [[Gallo-Roman culture]] developed in [[Roman Gaul]]), had as final result the Latinization of many Thracian tribes which were on the edge of the sphere of Latin influence, eventually resulting in the possible extinction of the [[Daco-Thracian]] language (unless, of course, [[Albanian language|Albanian]] is its descendant), although traces of it are still preserved in the [[Eastern Romance substratum]]. Starting from the 2nd century AD, the Latin spoken in the Danubian provinces starts to display its own distinctive features, separate from the rest of the [[Romance languages]], including those of western Balkans ([[Dalmatian language|Dalmatian]]).<ref>Al. Rosetti: "Istoria limbii române" ("History of the Romanian Language"), Bucharest, 1986</ref> The Thraco-Roman period of the [[Romanian language]] is usually delimited between the 2nd (or earlier, via cultural influence and economic ties) and the 6th or 7th century.<ref>''Dicţionarul limbii române (DLR), serie nouă'' ("Dictionary of the Romanian Language, new series"), [[Romanian Academy|Academia Română]], responsible editors: Iorgu Iordan, Alexandru Graur, Ion Coteanu, Bucharest, 1983;</ref> It is divided, in turn, into two periods, with the division falling roughly in the 3rd-4th century. The [[Romanian Academy]] considers the 5th century as the latest date when the differences between Balkan Latin and western Latin could have appeared,<ref>“Istoria limbii române” ("History of the Romanian Language"), II, Academia Română, Bucharest, 1969;</ref> and that between the 5th and 8th centuries, this new language – Romanian - switched from Latin speech, to a [[Neolatine language|neolatine]] vernacular idiom, called '''[[Proto-Romanian language|Proto-Romanian]]'''.<ref>I. Fischer, "Latina dunăreană" ("Danubian Latin"), Bucharest, 1985.</ref><ref>A. B. Černjak "Vizantijskie svidetel'stva o romanskom (romanizirovannom) naselenii Balkan V–VII vv; “Vizantinskij vremmenik", LIII, Moscova, 1992</ref> |
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== Religion == |
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[[File:Heros-from-Phillippi1.jpg|thumb|"Thracian horseman" relief with Latin inscription at [[Philippi]].]] |
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The [[Thracian horseman]] is the conventional term for a recurring motif from the iconography of [[Paleo-Balkanic mythology]] during the [[Roman Empire|Roman era]]. |
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The tradition is attested from [[Thrace]] to [[Moesia]] and [[Scythia Minor]], also known as the "''Thracian [[Heros (mythology)|Heros]]''", at [[Varna|Odessos]] (Varna) attested by a [[Thracian language|Thracian]] name as ''Heros Karabazmos'', a god of the [[underworld]] usually depicted on funeral statues as a horseman slaying a beast with a spear.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lurker |first=Manfred |title=Dictionary of Gods and Goddesses, Devils and Demons |page=151 |year=1987}}</ref><ref name="Nicoloff">{{cite book |last=Nicoloff |first=Assen |title=Bulgarian Folklore |year=1983 |page=50}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Isaac |first=Benjamin H. |title=The Greek Settlements in Thrace Until the Macedonian Conquest |year=1986 |page=257}}</ref> |
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[[Sabazios]], the Thracian reflex of Indo-European ''[[Dyeus]]'' is identified with Heros Karabazmos, the "Thracian horseman". He gained a widespread importance especially after the Roman conquest, part of the syncretism of the Romanized people. After Christianity was adopted, the symbolism of Heros continued as representations of [[Saint George]] slaying the [[dragon]] (compare [[Uastyrdzhi]]/[[Tetri Giorgi]] in the [[Caucasus]]).<ref name="Nicoloff"/> |
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== Archaeological sites == |
== Archaeological sites == |
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* [[Justin I]], Byzantine Emperor from 518 to 527, was of Thraco-Roman stock<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite book |first=Ion I. |last=Russu |title=Elementele traco-getice în Imperiul Roman și în Byzantium |volume=veacurile III-VII |publisher=Editura Academiei R. S. România |year=1976 |page=95 |language=Romanian}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Velizar |last=Iv Velkov |title=Cities in Thrace and Dacia in Late Antiquity: (studies and Materials) |publisher=University of Michigan |year=1977 |page=47}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Robert |last=Browning |title=Justinian and Theodora |publisher=Gorgias Press LLC |year=2003 |isbn=1-59333-053-7 |page=23}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Scott Fitzgerald |last=Johnson |title=Greek Literature in Late Antiquity |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=0-7546-5683-7 |page=166}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=John Julius |last=Norwich |title=A Short History of Byzantium |publisher=Vintage Books |year=1997 |isbn=0-679-77269-3 |page=59}}</ref> |
* [[Justin I]], Byzantine Emperor from 518 to 527, was of Thraco-Roman stock<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite book |first=Ion I. |last=Russu |title=Elementele traco-getice în Imperiul Roman și în Byzantium |volume=veacurile III-VII |publisher=Editura Academiei R. S. România |year=1976 |page=95 |language=Romanian}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Velizar |last=Iv Velkov |title=Cities in Thrace and Dacia in Late Antiquity: (studies and Materials) |publisher=University of Michigan |year=1977 |page=47}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Robert |last=Browning |title=Justinian and Theodora |publisher=Gorgias Press LLC |year=2003 |isbn=1-59333-053-7 |page=23}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Scott Fitzgerald |last=Johnson |title=Greek Literature in Late Antiquity |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=0-7546-5683-7 |page=166}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=John Julius |last=Norwich |title=A Short History of Byzantium |publisher=Vintage Books |year=1997 |isbn=0-679-77269-3 |page=59}}</ref> |
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* [[Justinian I]], Byzantine Emperor from 527 to 565 and born in [[Tauresium]]<ref>The precise location of this site is disputed; the possible locations include [[Justiniana Prima]] near the modern town of [[Lebane]] in southern [[Serbia]] and Taor near [[Skopje]], [[Republic of Macedonia]].</ref> around 482.<ref name="fmg">{{cite web | url=http://www.fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_Toc204564466 | title=Medieval Lands: Byzantium 395–1057 | publisher=fmg.ac | work=Foundation for Medieval Genealogy | date=14 February 2011 | accessdate=20 February 2012 | author=Cawley, Charles}}</ref> His [[Latin]]-speaking [[peasant]] family is believed to have been of Thraco-Roman or [[Illyro-Roman]] origins.<ref>Justinian referred to [[Latin language|Latin]] as being his native tongue in several of his laws. See Moorhead (1994), p. 18.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=9AvjaThtrKYC&pg=PA74&dq=Justinian++latin-speaking+Illyrians&sig=zYSvdt6GBz5kP_raKw6g6XLaFDc The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian by Michael Maas ]</ref><ref>[http://books.google.bg/books?id=gOIMSWMtow0C&pg=PA21&lpg=PA21&dq=Justinian+I+thracian&source=bl&ots=wRCZjFIgQo&sig=Es-SKoXcI-26zfecE7eFUA5tfE4&hl=bg&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA23,M1 Justinian and Theodora Robert Browning, Gorgias Press LLC, 2003, ISBN 1-59333-053-7,p. 23.]</ref> |
* [[Justinian I]], Byzantine Emperor from 527 to 565 and born in [[Tauresium]]<ref>The precise location of this site is disputed; the possible locations include [[Justiniana Prima]] near the modern town of [[Lebane]] in southern [[Serbia]] and Taor near [[Skopje]], [[Republic of Macedonia]].</ref> around 482.<ref name="fmg">{{cite web | url=http://www.fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_Toc204564466 | title=Medieval Lands: Byzantium 395–1057 | publisher=fmg.ac | work=Foundation for Medieval Genealogy | date=14 February 2011 | accessdate=20 February 2012 | author=Cawley, Charles}}</ref> His [[Latin]]-speaking [[peasant]] family is believed to have been of Thraco-Roman or [[Illyro-Roman]] origins.<ref>Justinian referred to [[Latin language|Latin]] as being his native tongue in several of his laws. See Moorhead (1994), p. 18.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=9AvjaThtrKYC&pg=PA74&dq=Justinian++latin-speaking+Illyrians&sig=zYSvdt6GBz5kP_raKw6g6XLaFDc The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian by Michael Maas ]</ref><ref>[http://books.google.bg/books?id=gOIMSWMtow0C&pg=PA21&lpg=PA21&dq=Justinian+I+thracian&source=bl&ots=wRCZjFIgQo&sig=Es-SKoXcI-26zfecE7eFUA5tfE4&hl=bg&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA23,M1 Justinian and Theodora Robert Browning, Gorgias Press LLC, 2003, ISBN 1-59333-053-7,p. 23.]</ref> |
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* [[Maximinus Thrax]], Roman Emperor from 235 to 238 |
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* [[Vitalian (general)|Vitalian]], an East Roman general who rebelled in 513 against Emperor Anastasius I (r. 491–518). Vitalian may have been of local Thracian stock, born in Scythia Minor or in [[Moesia]]; his father bore a Latin name, Patriciolus, while two of his sons had Thracian names and one a Gothic name.<ref name=Amory/>{{rp|129}} |
* [[Vitalian (general)|Vitalian]], an East Roman general who rebelled in 513 against Emperor Anastasius I (r. 491–518). Vitalian may have been of local Thracian stock, born in Scythia Minor or in [[Moesia]]; his father bore a Latin name, Patriciolus, while two of his sons had Thracian names and one a Gothic name.<ref name=Amory/>{{rp|129}} |
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Revision as of 20:37, 25 December 2012
The term Thraco-Roman describes the Romanized culture of Thrace[citation needed] under the rule of the Roman Empire.
Historical background
Post-Roman period
Language
Archaeological sites
- The Thraco-Roman Villa Rustica near Chatalka, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria[1]
- Thraco-Roman Cult Complex built in the rocks near Strelkovo, Bulgaria[2]
Famous individuals
This is a list of several important Thraco-Roman individuals:
- Dionysius Exiguus, a 6th-century monk born in Scythia Minor, most likely of local Thraco-Roman origin[3]: 130–131
- Justin I, Byzantine Emperor from 518 to 527, was of Thraco-Roman stock[4][5][6][7][8]
- Justinian I, Byzantine Emperor from 527 to 565 and born in Tauresium[9] around 482.[10] His Latin-speaking peasant family is believed to have been of Thraco-Roman or Illyro-Roman origins.[11][12][13]
- Vitalian, an East Roman general who rebelled in 513 against Emperor Anastasius I (r. 491–518). Vitalian may have been of local Thracian stock, born in Scythia Minor or in Moesia; his father bore a Latin name, Patriciolus, while two of his sons had Thracian names and one a Gothic name.[3]: 129
See also
Further reading
- Template:Ro icon Sorin Olteanu, The administrative organisation of the Balkan provinces in the 6th century AD
- Template:En icon Stelian Brezeanu: Toponymy and ethnic Realities at the Lower Danube in the 10th Century. “The deserted Cities" in Constantine Porphyrogenitus' De administrando imperio
- Template:En icon Kelley L. Ross The Vlach Connection and Further Reflections on Roman History
Notes
- ^ Dimitŭr Nikolov, "The Thraco-Roman Villa Rustica near Chatalka, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria", British Archaeological Reports, 1976
- ^ Second Meeting of the Expert Working Group: The 50 Most Attractive Tourist Sites in the Cross Border Region of Dobrudzha, http://www.dobrudzhatour.net/resources/72/doc_1333365852.pdf
- ^ a b Patrick Amory, People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy, 489–554, Cambridge University Press, 2003.
- ^ Russu, Ion I. (1976). Elementele traco-getice în Imperiul Roman și în Byzantium (in Romanian). Vol. veacurile III-VII. Editura Academiei R. S. România. p. 95.
- ^ Iv Velkov, Velizar (1977). Cities in Thrace and Dacia in Late Antiquity: (studies and Materials). University of Michigan. p. 47.
- ^ Browning, Robert (2003). Justinian and Theodora. Gorgias Press LLC. p. 23. ISBN 1-59333-053-7.
- ^ Johnson, Scott Fitzgerald (2006). Greek Literature in Late Antiquity. Ashgate Publishing. p. 166. ISBN 0-7546-5683-7.
- ^ Norwich, John Julius (1997). A Short History of Byzantium. Vintage Books. p. 59. ISBN 0-679-77269-3.
- ^ The precise location of this site is disputed; the possible locations include Justiniana Prima near the modern town of Lebane in southern Serbia and Taor near Skopje, Republic of Macedonia.
- ^ Cawley, Charles (14 February 2011). "Medieval Lands: Byzantium 395–1057". Foundation for Medieval Genealogy. fmg.ac. Retrieved 20 February 2012.
- ^ Justinian referred to Latin as being his native tongue in several of his laws. See Moorhead (1994), p. 18.
- ^ The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian by Michael Maas
- ^ Justinian and Theodora Robert Browning, Gorgias Press LLC, 2003, ISBN 1-59333-053-7,p. 23.
References
- Nicolae Saramandru: “Torna, Torna Fratre”; Bucharest, 2001–2002; Online: .pdf.
- Nicolae-Şerban Tanaşoca: “«Torna, torna, fratre» et la romanité balkanique au VI e siècle” ("Torna, torna, fratre, and Balkan Romanity in the 6th century") Revue roumaine de linguistique, XXXVIII, Bucharest, 1993.
- Nicolae Iorga: “Geschichte des rumänischen Volkes im Rahmen seiner Staatsbildungen” ("History of the Romanian people in the context of its statal formation"), I, Gotha, 1905; “Istoria românilor” ("History of the Romanians"), II, Bucharest, 1936. Istoria României ("History of Romania"), I, Bucharest, 1960.
- Elton, Hugh (1996). Warfare in Roman Europe, AD 350-425. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-815241-5.