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{{Short description|Creative human and cultural expression}} |
{{Short description|Creative human and cultural expression}} |
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{{About|the group of creative disciplines|the concept of art|Art}} |
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* A [[Bian Lian]] performer |
* A [[Bian Lian]] performer |
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'''The arts''' are a very wide range of human practices of [[creativity|creative expression]], [[storytelling]] and [[culture|cultural]] participation. They encompass multiple diverse and plural modes of thinking, doing and being, in an extremely broad range of [[List of art media|media]]. Both highly dynamic and a characteristically constant feature of human life, they have developed into innovative, stylized and sometimes intricate forms. This is often achieved through sustained and deliberate study, training and/or theorizing within a particular tradition, across generations and even between [[civilization]]s. The arts are a vehicle through which human beings cultivate distinct social, cultural and individual identities |
'''The arts''' are a very wide range of human practices of [[creativity|creative expression]], [[storytelling]], and [[culture|cultural]] participation. They encompass multiple diverse and plural modes of thinking, doing, and being, in an extremely broad range of [[List of art media|media]]. Both highly dynamic and a characteristically constant feature of human life, they have developed into innovative, stylized, and sometimes intricate forms. This is often achieved through sustained and deliberate study, training, and/or theorizing within a particular tradition, across generations, and even between [[civilization]]s. The arts are a vehicle through which human beings cultivate distinct social, cultural, and individual identities while transmitting values, impressions, judgements, ideas, visions, spiritual meanings, patterns of life, and experiences across time and space. |
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Prominent examples of the arts include: |
Prominent examples of the arts include: |
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* [[literary arts]] (including [[fiction]], [[drama]], [[poetry]], and [[prose]]) |
* [[literary arts]] (including [[fiction]], [[drama]], [[poetry]], and [[prose]]) |
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* [[performing arts]] (including [[dance]], [[music]], and [[theatre]]) |
* [[performing arts]] (including [[dance]], [[music]], and [[theatre]]) |
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They can employ [[skill]] and [[imagination]] to produce [[Physical object|objects]] |
They can employ [[skill]] and [[imagination]] to produce [[Physical object|objects]] and [[performance]]s, convey insights and [[experience]]s, and construct new [[Natural environment|environments]] and spaces. |
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The arts can refer to common, popular or everyday practices as well as more sophisticated |
The arts can refer to common, popular, or everyday practices as well as more sophisticated, systematic, or institutionalized ones. They can be discrete and self-contained or combine and interweave with other art forms, such as the combination of artwork with the written word in [[comics]]. They can also develop or contribute to some particular aspect of a more complex art form, as in [[cinematography]]. By definition, the arts themselves are open to being continually redefined. The practice of [[modern art]], for example, is a testament to the shifting boundaries, improvisation and experimentation, reflexive nature, and [[self-criticism]] or questioning that art and its conditions of production, reception, and possibility can undergo. |
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As both a means of developing capacities of attention and sensitivity |
As both a means of developing capacities of attention and sensitivity and as [[Art for art's sake|ends in themselves]], the arts can simultaneously be a form of response to the world and a way that our responses and what we deem worthwhile goals or pursuits are transformed. From prehistoric [[Art of the Upper Paleolithic|cave paintings]] to ancient and contemporary forms of [[ritual]] to modern-day [[film]]s, art has served to register, embody, and preserve our ever-shifting relationships to each other and to the world. |
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== Definition == |
== Definition == |
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{{further|Art|Classificatory disputes about art}}[[Merriam-Webster]] defines "the arts" as "painting, sculpture, music, theater, literature, etc., considered as a group of activities done by people with skill and imagination".<ref name="merriam-webster">{{cite web |title=Definition of the arts |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/the%20arts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170601021001/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/the%20arts |archive-date=1 June 2017 |access-date=14 May 2017 |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]]}}</ref> |
{{further|Art|Classificatory disputes about art}}[[Merriam-Webster]] defines "the arts" as "painting, sculpture, music, theater, literature, etc., considered as a group of activities done by people with skill and imagination".<ref name="merriam-webster">{{cite web |title=Definition of the arts |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/the%20arts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170601021001/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/the%20arts |archive-date=1 June 2017 |access-date=14 May 2017 |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]]}}</ref> |
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While |
While art refers to the way of doing or the application of human creative skills, typically in visual form,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-01 |title=art – definition of art in English from the Oxford dictionary |url=https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/art |access-date=2023-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901233826/https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/art |archive-date=1 September 2016 }}</ref> the arts are the various practices formed by human creativity and imagination. |
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== History and classifications == |
== History and classifications == |
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[[File:Venus of Brassempouy.jpg|thumb|The [[Venus of Brassempouy]]]] |
[[File:Venus of Brassempouy.jpg|thumb|The [[Venus of Brassempouy]]]] |
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In [[ |
In [[ancient Greece]], all art and [[craft]] were referred to by the same word, ''[[techne]]''. Thus, there was no distinction among the arts. [[Ancient Greek]] art brought the veneration of the animal form and the development of equivalent skills to show musculature, poise, beauty, and anatomically correct proportions. [[Roman Empire|Ancient Roman]] art depicted gods as idealized humans, shown with characteristic distinguishing features (e.g., [[Zeus]]' thunderbolt). In [[Byzantine art|Byzantine]] and [[Gothic art]] of the [[Middle Ages]], the dominance of the church insisted on the expression of biblical truths. |
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[[Eastern art]] has generally worked in a style akin to [[Medieval art|Western |
[[Eastern art]] has generally worked in a style akin to [[Medieval art|Western mediaeval art]], namely a concentration on surface patterning and local colour (meaning the plain colour of an object, such as basic red for a red robe, rather than the modulations of that colour brought about by light, shade, and reflection). A characteristic of this style is that the local colour is often defined by an outline (a contemporary equivalent is the cartoon). This is evident, for example, in the art of [[Indian art|India]], [[Tibetan art|Tibet]], and [[Japanese art|Japan]]. Religious [[Islamic art]] forbids iconography and instead expresses religious ideas through [[calligraphy]] and geometrical designs. |
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=== Classifications === |
=== Classifications === |
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In the [[Middle Ages]], the ''[[Artes Liberales]]'' (liberal arts) were taught in European [[Medieval university|universities]] as part of the [[Trivium (education)|Trivium]], an introductory curriculum involving [[grammar]], [[rhetoric]], and [[Logic#Informal|logic]],{{sfn|Onions|Friedrichsen|Burchfield|1991|p=994}} and of the [[Quadrivium]], a curriculum involving the "mathematical arts" of [[arithmetic]], [[geometry]], [[music]], and [[astronomy]].<ref>{{cite wikisource |chapter=Quadrivium |wslink=The New International Encyclopædia |plaintitle=The New International Encyclopædia |year=1905 |quote=The quadrivium consisted of arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy.}}</ref> The ''[[Artes Mechanicae]]'' (consisting of ''vestiaria'' – [[tailoring]] and [[weaving]]; ''agricultura'' – [[agriculture]]; ''architectura'' – [[architecture]] and [[masonry]]; ''militia'' and ''venatoria'' – [[war]]fare, [[hunting]], [[Military education and training|military education]], and the [[martial arts]]; ''mercatura'' – [[trade]]; ''coquinaria'' – [[cooking]]; and ''metallaria'' – [[blacksmith]]ing and [[metallurgy]])<ref>In his commentary on Martianus Capella's early fifth century work, ''The Marriage of Philology and Mercury'', one of the main sources for medieval reflection on the liberal arts</ref>{{nonspecific|date=May 2020}} were practised and developed in guild environments. The modern distinction between "artistic" and "non-artistic" skills did not develop until the [[Renaissance]]. In modern [[academia]], the arts are usually grouped with or as a subset of the [[humanities]]. Some subjects in the humanities are [[history]], [[linguistics]], [[literature]], [[theology]], [[philosophy]], and [[logic]]. |
In the [[Middle Ages]], the ''[[Artes Liberales]]'' (liberal arts) were taught in European [[Medieval university|universities]] as part of the [[Trivium (education)|Trivium]], an introductory curriculum involving [[grammar]], [[rhetoric]], and [[Logic#Informal|logic]],{{sfn|Onions|Friedrichsen|Burchfield|1991|p=994}} and of the [[Quadrivium]], a curriculum involving the "mathematical arts" of [[arithmetic]], [[geometry]], [[music]], and [[astronomy]].<ref>{{cite wikisource |chapter=Quadrivium |wslink=The New International Encyclopædia |plaintitle=The New International Encyclopædia |year=1905 |quote=The quadrivium consisted of arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy.}}</ref> The ''[[Artes Mechanicae]]'' (consisting of ''vestiaria'' – [[tailoring]] and [[weaving]]; ''agricultura'' – [[agriculture]]; ''architectura'' – [[architecture]] and [[masonry]]; ''militia'' and ''venatoria'' – [[war]]fare, [[hunting]], [[Military education and training|military education]], and the [[martial arts]]; ''mercatura'' – [[trade]]; ''coquinaria'' – [[cooking]]; and ''metallaria'' – [[blacksmith]]ing and [[metallurgy]])<ref>In his commentary on Martianus Capella's early fifth century work, ''The Marriage of Philology and Mercury'', one of the main sources for medieval reflection on the liberal arts</ref>{{nonspecific|date=May 2020}} were practised and developed in guild environments. The modern distinction between "artistic" and "non-artistic" skills did not develop until the [[Renaissance]]. In modern [[academia]], the arts are usually grouped with or as a subset of the [[humanities]]. Some subjects in the humanities are [[history]], [[linguistics]], [[literature]], [[theology]], [[philosophy]], and [[logic]]. |
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The arts have also been classified as seven: [[painting]], [[architecture]], [[sculpture]], [[literature]], [[music]], [[theatre|performing]] and [[film|cinema]]. |
The arts have also been classified as seven: [[painting]], [[architecture]], [[sculpture]], [[literature]], [[music]], [[theatre|performing]], and [[film|cinema]]. Some view literature, painting, sculpture, and music as the main four arts, of which the others are derivative; [[drama]] is literature with [[acting]], [[dance]] is music expressed through [[Motion (physics)|motion]], and [[song]] is music with literature and [[Human voice|voice]].{{sfn|Rowlands|Landauer|2001}} [[Film]] is sometimes called the "eighth" and [[comics]] the "ninth art".{{sfn|Ryynänen|2020|p=37}} |
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Some view literature, painting, sculpture, and music as the main four arts, of which the others are derivative; [[drama]] is literature with [[acting]], [[dance]] is music expressed through [[Motion (physics)|motion]], and [[song]] is music with literature and [[Human voice|voice]].{{sfn|Rowlands|Landauer|2001}} [[Film]] is sometimes called the "eighth" and [[comics]] the "ninth art".{{sfn|Ryynänen|2020|p=37}} |
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== Visual arts == |
== Visual arts == |
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[[File:Table of architecture, Cyclopaedia, 1728, volume 1.jpg|thumb|Table of architecture, ''[[Cyclopaedia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences|Cyclopaedia]]'', 1728]] |
[[File:Table of architecture, Cyclopaedia, 1728, volume 1.jpg|thumb|Table of architecture, ''[[Cyclopaedia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences|Cyclopaedia]]'', 1728]] |
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In modern usage, architecture is the [[art]] and [[discipline]] of creating, or inferring an implied or apparent plan |
In modern usage, architecture is the [[art]] and [[discipline]] of creating, or inferring an implied or apparent plan for, a complex object or [[system]]. The term can be used to connote the ''implied architecture'' of abstract things such as [[music]] or [[mathematics]], the ''apparent architecture'' of natural things, such as [[geology|geological]] formations or the [[structural biology|structure of biological cells]], or explicitly ''planned architectures'' of human-made things such as [[software]], [[computers]], [[Enterprise architecture|enterprises]], and [[database]]s, in addition to buildings. In every usage, an architecture may be seen as a ''subjective [[Map (mathematics)|mapping]]'' from a human perspective (that of the ''user'' in the case of abstract or physical artefacts) to the [[Element (mathematics)|elements]] or components of some kind of [[structure]] or system, which preserves the relationships among the elements or components. Planned architecture manipulates space, volume, texture, light, shadow, or abstract elements in order to achieve pleasing [[aesthetics]]. This distinguishes it from [[applied science]] or [[engineering]], which usually concentrate more on the functional and feasibility aspects of the design of constructions or structures. |
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In the field of building architecture, the skills demanded of an architect range from the more complex, such as for a [[hospital]] or a [[stadium]], to the apparently simpler, such as planning [[residential]] houses. Many architectural works may be seen |
In the field of building architecture, the skills demanded of an architect range from the more complex, such as for a [[hospital]] or a [[stadium]], to the apparently simpler, such as planning [[residential]] houses. Many architectural works may also be seen as cultural and political [[symbol]]s or works of art. The role of the architect, though changing, has been central to the successful (and sometimes less than successful) design and implementation of pleasingly built environments in which people live. |
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=== Ceramics === |
=== Ceramics === |
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{{Main|Ceramic art}} |
{{Main|Ceramic art}} |
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[[File:MET DP342705 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Chinese [[Blue and white pottery|blue and white porcelain]] jar, [[Ming dynasty]], 15th century]] |
[[File:MET DP342705 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Chinese [[Blue and white pottery|blue and white porcelain]] jar, [[Ming dynasty]], 15th century]] |
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Ceramic art is art made from [[ceramic]] materials (including [[clay]]), which may take forms such as [[pottery]], [[tile]], [[figurine]]s, [[sculpture]], and [[tableware]]. While some ceramic products are considered [[fine art]], |
Ceramic art is art made from [[ceramic]] materials (including [[clay]]), which may take forms such as [[pottery]], [[tile]], [[figurine]]s, [[sculpture]], and [[tableware]]. While some ceramic products are considered [[fine art]], others are considered [[Decorative arts|decorative]], [[Industrial design|industrial]], or [[Applied arts|applied]] art objects. Ceramics may also be considered [[Artifact (archaeology)|artefacts]] in [[archaeology]]. Ceramic art can be made by one person or by a group of people. In a pottery or ceramic factory, a group of people design, manufacture, and decorate the pottery. Products from pottery are sometimes referred to as "art pottery."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-06-02 |title=Art Pottery Manufacturers and Collectors |url=http://artpotterymanufacturers.com/Welcome.html |access-date=2022-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602012550/http://artpotterymanufacturers.com/Welcome.html |archive-date=2 June 2008 }}</ref> In a one-person pottery studio, ceramists or potters produce [[studio pottery]]. In modern ceramic engineering usage, "ceramics" is the art and science of making objects from inorganic, non-metallic materials by the action of heat. It excludes [[glass]] and [[mosaic]]s made from glass ''[[tessera]]e.'' |
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=== Conceptual art === |
=== Conceptual art === |
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Conceptual art is art wherein the concept(s) or idea(s) involved in the work take precedence over traditional aesthetic and material concerns. |
Conceptual art is art wherein the concept(s) or idea(s) involved in the work take precedence over traditional aesthetic and material concerns. |
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The inception of the term in the 1960s referred to a strict and focused practice of idea-based art that often defied traditional visual criteria associated with the visual arts in its presentation as text.{{sfn|LeWitt|1967|pp=79–83}} Through its association with the [[Young British Artists]] and the [[Turner Prize]] during the 1990s,{{sfn|Huntsman|2015|p=221}} its popular usage, particularly in the [[United Kingdom]], developed as a synonym for all [[contemporary art]] that does not |
The inception of the term in the 1960s referred to a strict and focused practice of idea-based art that often defied traditional visual criteria associated with the visual arts in its presentation as text.{{sfn|LeWitt|1967|pp=79–83}} Through its association with the [[Young British Artists]] and the [[Turner Prize]] during the 1990s,{{sfn|Huntsman|2015|p=221}} its popular usage, particularly in the [[United Kingdom]], developed as a synonym for all [[contemporary art]] that does not practice the traditional skills of [[painting]] and [[sculpture]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-12-11 |title=Tate Britain {{!}} Turner Prize History {{!}} Issue: Conceptual Art |url=http://www.tate.org.uk/britain/turnerprize/history/issue_conceptual.htm |access-date=2022-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041211013930/http://www.tate.org.uk/britain/turnerprize/history/issue_conceptual.htm |archive-date=11 December 2004 }}</ref> |
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=== Drawing === |
=== Drawing === |
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{{Main|Drawing}} |
{{Main|Drawing}} |
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Drawing is a means of making an [[image]] |
Drawing is a means of making an [[image]] using any of a wide variety of tools and techniques. It generally involves making marks on a surface by applying pressure from a tool or moving a tool across a surface. Common tools are [[graphite]] [[pencil]]s, [[pen]] and ink, [[ink]]ed [[brush]]es, wax [[colour pencils]], [[crayon]]s, [[charcoal]]s, [[pastel]]s, and [[marker pen|markers]]. Digital tools that can simulate the effects of these are also used. The main techniques used in drawing are line drawing, [[hatching]], crosshatching, random hatching, scribbling, [[stippling]], and blending. An [[artist]] who excels in drawing is referred to as a ''drafter'', ''draftswoman'', or ''draughtsman''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/draftsman|title=The definition of draftsman|website=Dictionary.com|access-date=29 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029235558/http://www.dictionary.com/browse/draftsman|archive-date=29 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Drawing can be used to create art used in cultural industries such as [[illustration]]s, [[comics]], and [[animation]]. Comics are often called the "ninth art" (le neuvième art) in Francophone scholarship, adding to the traditional "Seven Arts".{{sfn|Miller|2007|p=23}} |
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=== Painting === |
=== Painting === |
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[[File:Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci, from C2RMF retouched.jpg|thumb|upright|The ''[[Mona Lisa]]'' by [[Leonardo da Vinci]]]] |
[[File:Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci, from C2RMF retouched.jpg|thumb|upright|The ''[[Mona Lisa]]'' by [[Leonardo da Vinci]]]] |
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Painting is a mode of creative expression |
Painting is a mode of creative expression and can be done in numerous forms. [[Drawing]], [[gesture]] (as in [[gestural painting]]), [[Composition (visual arts)|composition]], [[narrative|narration]] (as in [[narrative art]]), or [[abstraction]] (as in [[abstract art]]), among other aesthetic modes, may serve to manifest the expressive and conceptual intention of the practitioner.{{sfn|Perry|2014|p=85}} Paintings can be naturalistic and representational (as in a [[still life]] or [[landscape art|landscape painting]]), [[Photorealism|photographic]], abstract, narrative, [[symbol]]istic (as in [[Symbolism (arts)|Symbolist art]]), [[emotion|emotive]] (as in [[Expressionism]]), or [[Politics|political]] in nature (as in [[Artivism]]). |
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Modern painters have extended the practice considerably to include, for example, [[collage]]. Collage is not painting in the strict sense since it includes other materials. Some modern painters incorporate different materials such as [[sand]], [[cement]], [[straw]], [[wood]] or strands of hair for their [[Texture (painting)|artwork texture]]. Examples of this are the works of [[Jean Dubuffet]] or [[Anselm Kiefer]]. |
Modern painters have extended the practice considerably to include, for example, [[collage]]. Collage is not painting in the strict sense since it includes other materials. Some modern painters incorporate different materials, such as [[sand]], [[cement]], [[straw]], [[wood]], or strands of hair, for their [[Texture (painting)|artwork texture]]. Examples of this are the works of [[Jean Dubuffet]] or [[Anselm Kiefer]]. |
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=== Photography === |
=== Photography === |
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{{Main|Sculpture}} |
{{Main|Sculpture}} |
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Sculpture is the branch of the [[visual arts]] that operates in three dimensions. It is one of the [[plastic arts]]. Durable sculptural processes originally used [[carving]] (the removal of material) and modelling (the addition of material, as clay), in [[stone]], [[metal]], [[ceramic art|ceramics]], [[wood]] and other materials |
Sculpture is the branch of the [[visual arts]] that operates in three dimensions. It is one of the [[plastic arts]]. Durable sculptural processes originally used [[carving]] (the removal of material) and modelling (the addition of material, such as clay), in [[stone]], [[metal]], [[ceramic art|ceramics]], [[wood]], and other materials, but since [[modernism]], shifts in sculptural processes have led to an almost complete freedom of materials and processes. A wide variety of materials may be worked by removal, such as carving, assembled by [[welding]] or modelling, or [[Molding (process)|moulded]] or [[Casting|cast]]. |
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== Literary arts == |
== Literary arts == |
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{{Listen|filename=Sonnet18.ogg|title=Sonnet 18|description= '''''[[Sonnet 18]]''''' by [[William Shakespeare]] part of the Fair Youth [[Sonnet sequence|sequence]] of [[sonnet]]s.|format=[[Ogg]]}} |
{{Listen|filename=Sonnet18.ogg|title=Sonnet 18|description= '''''[[Sonnet 18]]''''' by [[William Shakespeare]] part of the Fair Youth [[Sonnet sequence|sequence]] of [[sonnet]]s.|format=[[Ogg]]}} |
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Literature is literally "acquaintance with letters" as in the first sense given in the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]''. The noun "literature" comes from the [[Latin]] word ''littera'' meaning "an individual written character ([[Letter (alphabet)|letter]])." The term has generally come to identify a collection of [[writing]]s, which in [[Western culture]] are mainly [[prose]] (both [[fiction]] and [[non-fiction]]), [[drama]] and [[poetry]]. In much, if not all of the world, |
Literature is literally "acquaintance with letters", as in the first sense given in the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]''. The noun "literature" comes from the [[Latin]] word ''littera'', meaning "an individual written character ([[Letter (alphabet)|letter]])." The term has generally come to identify a collection of [[writing]]s, which in [[Western culture]] are mainly [[prose]] (both [[fiction]] and [[non-fiction]]), [[drama]], and [[poetry]]. In much, if not all, of the world, artistic linguistic expression can be [[oral literature|oral]] as well and include such [[genre]]s as [[Epic poetry|epic]], [[legend]], [[Mythology|myth]], [[ballad]], other forms of oral [[poetry]], and [[folktale]]s. [[Comics]], the combination of drawings or other visual arts with narrating literature, are often called the "ninth art" (le neuvième art) in Francophone scholarship.{{sfn|Miller|2007|p=23}} |
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== Performing arts == |
== Performing arts == |
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{{Main|Performing arts}} |
{{Main|Performing arts}} |
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[[File:Maasai-Adumu.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|[[Adumu]], a traditional [[Maasai people|Maasai]] jumping dance]] |
[[File:Maasai-Adumu.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|[[Adumu]], a traditional [[Maasai people|Maasai]] jumping dance]] |
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Performing arts comprise [[dance]], [[music]], [[theatre]], [[opera]], [[mime]], and other art forms in which |
Performing arts comprise [[dance]], [[music]], [[theatre]], [[opera]], [[mime]], and other art forms in which human performance is the principal product. Performing arts are distinguished by this performance element in contrast with disciplines such as visual and literary arts, where the product is an object that does not require a performance to be observed and experienced. Each discipline in the performing arts is temporal in nature, meaning the product is performed over a period of time. Products are broadly categorized as being either repeatable (for example, by script or score) or improvised for each performance.{{sfn|Honderich|2006}} Artists who participate in these arts in front of an audience are called ''performers'', including [[actor]]s, [[Magic (illusion)|magicians]], [[comedian]]s, [[dancer]]s, [[musician]]s, and [[singer]]s. Performing arts are also supported by the services of other artists or essential workers, such as [[songwriting]] and [[stagecraft]]. Performers often adapt their [[physical appearance|appearance]] with tools such as [[costume]]s and [[Theatrical makeup|stage makeup]]. |
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=== Dance === |
=== Dance === |
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{{Main|Dance}} |
{{Main|Dance}} |
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[[Dance]] generally refers to human [[Motion (physics)|movement]] either used as a form of expression or presented in a [[social]], [[spirituality|spiritual]] or [[performance]] setting.{{sfn|Fraleigh|1987|p=3}}{{sfn|''OED''|loc=§ 1}}{{efn|The term 'Dance' is also used to describe the steps or pattern for [[Choreography|one particular dance]],{{sfn|''OED''|loc=§ 2}} a certain [[dance (music)|musical form]] or [[music|genre]],{{sfn|''OED''|loc=§ 2b}} a [[Dance party|social gathering for dancing]],{{sfn|''OED''|loc=§ 3}} or [[Motion (physics)|motion]] in inanimate objects (e.g. "the dance of the waters [...] was visible for over a mile around").{{sfn|''OED''|loc=§ 4}}}} [[Choreography (dance)|Choreography]] is the art of making dances,{{sfn|Goodwin|Halfyard|2011|loc=§ para. 1}} and the person who does this is called a choreographer.{{sfn|Goodwin|Halfyard|2011|loc=§ para. 3}} Definitions of what constitutes dance are dependent on [[Society|social]], [[Culture|cultural]], [[aesthetic]], [[artistic]] and [[moral]] constraints and range from functional movement (such as [[ |
[[Dance]] generally refers to human [[Motion (physics)|movement]], either used as a form of expression or presented in a [[social]], [[spirituality|spiritual]], or [[performance]] setting.{{sfn|Fraleigh|1987|p=3}}{{sfn|''OED''|loc=§ 1}}{{efn|The term 'Dance' is also used to describe the steps or pattern for [[Choreography|one particular dance]],{{sfn|''OED''|loc=§ 2}} a certain [[dance (music)|musical form]] or [[music|genre]],{{sfn|''OED''|loc=§ 2b}} a [[Dance party|social gathering for dancing]],{{sfn|''OED''|loc=§ 3}} or [[Motion (physics)|motion]] in inanimate objects (e.g. "the dance of the waters [...] was visible for over a mile around").{{sfn|''OED''|loc=§ 4}}}} [[Choreography (dance)|Choreography]] is the art of making dances,{{sfn|Goodwin|Halfyard|2011|loc=§ para. 1}} and the person who does this is called a choreographer.{{sfn|Goodwin|Halfyard|2011|loc=§ para. 3}} Definitions of what constitutes dance are dependent on [[Society|social]], [[Culture|cultural]], [[aesthetic]], [[artistic]], and [[moral]] constraints and range from functional movement (such as [[folk dance]]) to codified [[virtuoso]] techniques such as [[ballet]]. In [[sport]]s, [[gymnastics]], [[figure skating]], and [[synchronized swimming]] are dance disciplines, while in [[martial arts]], "[[Kata (martial arts)|kata]]" is often compared to dances. |
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=== Music === |
=== Music === |
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[[File:MozartExcerptK331.svg|thumb|left|A [[Sheet music|musical score]] of the opening [[Bar (music)|measures]] from [[Piano Sonata No. 11 (Mozart)|Piano Sonata No. 11]] by [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] ({{audio|MozartExcerptK331.mid|Play}})]] |
[[File:MozartExcerptK331.svg|thumb|left|A [[Sheet music|musical score]] of the opening [[Bar (music)|measures]] from [[Piano Sonata No. 11 (Mozart)|Piano Sonata No. 11]] by [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] ({{audio|MozartExcerptK331.mid|Play}})]] |
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Music is often defined as an art form whose [[Media (arts)|medium]] is |
Music is often defined as an art form whose [[Media (arts)|medium]] is a combination of [[sound]]s.{{sfn|Nettl|2001|loc=§I "3. General encyclopedias": "There may be disagreement on the need for explicit definition, but all these works maintain that music involves sounds and their combination, that it is both art and science"}} Though scholars agree that music generally consists of [[elements of music|a few core elements]], their exact definitions are debated.{{sfn|Gardner|1983|p=104}} Commonly identified aspects include [[Pitch (music)|pitch]] (which governs melody and harmony), [[Duration (music)|duration]] (including [[rhythm]] and [[tempo]]), intensity (including dynamics), and [[timbre]].{{sfn|Owen|2000|p=6}} Though considered a [[cultural universal]], [[definition of music|definitions of music]] vary wildly throughout the world as they are based on diverse views of [[nature]], the supernatural, and humanity.{{sfn|Nettl|2001|loc=§I "5. Looking to the vernacular and to behaviour"}} Music is often differentiated into [[Musical composition|composition]] and [[performance]], while [[musical improvisation]] may be regarded as an intermediary tradition.{{sfn|Nettl|2001|loc=§III "5. Music among the arts"}} Music can be divided into genres and subgenres, although the dividing lines and relationships between genres are often subtle, sometimes open to individual interpretation, and occasionally controversial.{{sfn|Nettl|2001|loc=§III "6. Classification or Typology"}} |
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=== Theatre === |
=== Theatre === |
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{{Main|Theatre}} |
{{Main|Theatre}} |
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Theatre or theater (from Greek ''theatron'' (''θέατρον)''; from ''theasthai'', "behold"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=theater&allowed_in_frame=0|title=theater (n.)|last=Harper|first=Douglas|date=2001–2016|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|access-date=29 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030001050/http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=theater&allowed_in_frame=0|archive-date=30 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>) is the branch of the [[performing arts]] concerned with [[acting]] out stories in front of an audience using combinations of speech, gesture, music, dance, sound and spectacle—indeed, any one or more elements of the other performing arts. In addition to the standard narrative dialogue style, theatre takes such forms as [[opera]], [[ballet]], [[mime artist|mime]], [[kabuki]], [[classical Indian dance]], [[Chinese opera]] and [[Mummers Play|mummers' plays]]. |
Theatre or theater (from Greek ''theatron'' (''θέατρον)''; from ''theasthai'', "behold"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=theater&allowed_in_frame=0|title=theater (n.)|last=Harper|first=Douglas|date=2001–2016|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|access-date=29 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030001050/http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=theater&allowed_in_frame=0|archive-date=30 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>) is the branch of the [[performing arts]] concerned with [[acting]] out stories in front of an audience using combinations of speech, gesture, music, dance, sound, and spectacle—indeed, any one or more elements of the other performing arts. In addition to the standard narrative dialogue style, theatre takes such forms as [[opera]], [[ballet]], [[mime artist|mime]], [[kabuki]], [[classical Indian dance]], [[Chinese opera]], and [[Mummers Play|mummers' plays]]. |
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== Multidisciplinary artistic works == |
== Multidisciplinary artistic works == |
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Areas exist in which artistic works incorporate multiple artistic fields, such as [[film]], [[opera]] and [[performance art]]. While opera is often categorized |
Areas exist in which artistic works incorporate multiple artistic fields, such as [[film]], [[opera]], and [[performance art]]. While opera is often categorized as the performing arts of music, the word itself is Italian for "works", because opera combines several artistic disciplines into a singular artistic experience. In a typical traditional [[opera]], the entire work uses the following: the sets (visual arts), costumes (fashion), acting (dramatic performing arts), the libretto, or the words/story (literature), and singers and an orchestra (music). |
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[[File:Ernestine Schumann-Heink as Waltraute.png|thumb|[[Ernestine Schumann-Heink]] as Waltraute]] |
[[File:Ernestine Schumann-Heink as Waltraute.png|thumb|[[Ernestine Schumann-Heink]] as Waltraute]] |
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The composer [[Richard Wagner]] recognized the fusion of so many disciplines into a single work of opera, exemplified by his cycle ''[[Der Ring des Nibelungen]]'' ("The Ring of the Nibelung"). He did not use the term opera for his works, but instead [[Gesamtkunstwerk]] ("synthesis of the arts"), sometimes referred to as "Music Drama" in English, emphasizing the literary and theatrical components which were as important as the music. Classical [[ballet]] is another form |
The composer [[Richard Wagner]] recognized the fusion of so many disciplines into a single work of opera, exemplified by his cycle ''[[Der Ring des Nibelungen]]'' ("The Ring of the Nibelung"). He did not use the term opera for his works, but instead [[Gesamtkunstwerk]] ("synthesis of the arts"), sometimes referred to as "Music Drama" in English, emphasizing the literary and theatrical components, which were as important as the music. Classical [[ballet]] is another form that emerged in the 17th century in which orchestral music is combined with dance. |
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Other works in the late 19th, 20th and 21st centuries have fused other disciplines in unique and creative ways, such as [[performance art]]. Performance art is a performance over time |
Other works in the late 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries have fused other disciplines in unique and creative ways, such as [[performance art]]. Performance art is a performance over time that combines any number of instruments, objects, and art within a predefined or less well-defined structure, some of which can be improvised. Performance art may be scripted, unscripted, random, or carefully organized; even audience participation may occur. [[John Cage]] is regarded by many as a performance artist rather than a composer, although he preferred the latter term. He did not compose for traditional ensembles. Cage's composition ''[[Living Room Music]],'' composed in 1940, is a "quartet" for unspecified instruments, really non-melodic objects, that can be found in the living room of a typical house, hence the title. |
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== Other arts == |
== Other arts == |
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=== Applied arts === |
=== Applied arts === |
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{{Main|Applied arts}} |
{{Main|Applied arts}} |
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The applied arts are the application of design and decoration to everyday, functional |
The applied arts are the application of design and decoration to everyday, functional objects to make them aesthetically pleasing.{{sfn|Chilvers|2004|p=29}} The applied arts include fields such as industrial design, illustration, and commercial art.<ref name="dictionary.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/applied-art |title=Define Applied art at Dictionary.com |publisher=[[Dictionary.com]] |access-date=8 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731085429/http://www.dictionary.com/browse/applied-art |archive-date=31 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The term "applied art" is used in distinction to the fine arts, where the latter is defined as arts that aim to produce objects that are beautiful or provide intellectual stimulation but have no primary everyday function. In practice, the two often overlap. |
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=== Video games === |
=== Video games === |
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[[Video game]]s, [[electronic game]]s involving interaction using an [[input device]] such as a [[Game controller|controller]] or [[Computer keyboard|keyboard]],{{sfn|Wolf|2012|pp=3–7}} have [[History of video games|a history]] that dates back to when the [[Early history of video games|first video games]] were created as early as 1950.{{sfn|Donovan|2010}}{{Sfn|Griffiths|2013|pp=14–15}} By the 1960s, [[arcade video game]]s had emerged{{sfn|Smith|2019|pp=119–120, 188–191}}—in the following decades, [[Console game|games for]] both [[Home video game console|stationary]] and [[Handheld game console|portable]] dedicated [[Video game console|video game systems]],{{sfn|Marino-Nachison|2014}}{{sfn|Steinbock|Wilson|2007|p=150}} [[PC game|personal computer games]], and [[mobile game]]s were introduced,{{sfn|Dal|2016|pp=6–7}} each with varying market share in the [[video game industry]].{{sfn|Nakamura|2019}} Video games are played in either [[Single-player video game|single-player]] or [[Multiplayer video game|multiplayer]]{{sfn|Oosterhu|Feireiss|2006|p=130}} and have many unique [[Video game genre|genres]],{{sfb|Apperley|2006|pp=6–23}} the most popular of which are [[action game]]s and [[shooter game]]s.<ref name=":2">"Essential facts about the computer and video game industry" [[Entertainment Software Association]] report, 2016, {{cite web |title=MWEB |url=http://www.mweb.co.za/games/view/tabid/4210/Article/28870/ESA-Report-Best-selling-video-games-and-super-genres-of-2016.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227061829/http://www.mweb.co.za/games/view/tabid/4210/Article/28870/ESA-Report-Best-selling-video-games-and-super-genres-of-2016.aspx |archive-date=2017-12-27 |access-date=2017-12-26}}</ref> |
[[Video game]]s, [[electronic game]]s involving interaction using an [[input device]] such as a [[Game controller|controller]] or [[Computer keyboard|keyboard]],{{sfn|Wolf|2012|pp=3–7}} have [[History of video games|a history]] that dates back to when the [[Early history of video games|first video games]] were created as early as 1950.{{sfn|Donovan|2010}}{{Sfn|Griffiths|2013|pp=14–15}} By the 1960s, [[arcade video game]]s had emerged{{sfn|Smith|2019|pp=119–120, 188–191}}—in the following decades, [[Console game|games for]] both [[Home video game console|stationary]] and [[Handheld game console|portable]] dedicated [[Video game console|video game systems]],{{sfn|Marino-Nachison|2014}}{{sfn|Steinbock|Wilson|2007|p=150}} [[PC game|personal computer games]], and [[mobile game]]s were introduced,{{sfn|Dal|2016|pp=6–7}} each with varying market share in the [[video game industry]].{{sfn|Nakamura|2019}} Video games are played in either [[Single-player video game|single-player]] or [[Multiplayer video game|multiplayer]]{{sfn|Oosterhu|Feireiss|2006|p=130}} and have many unique [[Video game genre|genres]],{{sfb|Apperley|2006|pp=6–23}} the most popular of which are [[action game]]s and [[shooter game]]s.<ref name=":2">"Essential facts about the computer and video game industry" [[Entertainment Software Association]] report, 2016, {{cite web |title=MWEB |url=http://www.mweb.co.za/games/view/tabid/4210/Article/28870/ESA-Report-Best-selling-video-games-and-super-genres-of-2016.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227061829/http://www.mweb.co.za/games/view/tabid/4210/Article/28870/ESA-Report-Best-selling-video-games-and-super-genres-of-2016.aspx |archive-date=2017-12-27 |access-date=2017-12-26}}</ref> |
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Within the [[Video game culture|video game community]], there is debate surrounding whether video games should be [[Video games as an art form|classified as an art form]] |
Within the [[Video game culture|video game community]], there is debate surrounding whether video games should be [[Video games as an art form|classified as an art form]] and whether [[Video game developer|game developers]]—[[AAA (video game industry)|AAA]] or [[Indie game|indie]]—should be classified as artists.<ref name="pratt">Pratt, Charles J. ''[http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/27133/The_Art_History_Of_Games_Games_As_Art_May_Be_A_Lost_Cause.php The Art History... Of Games? Games As Art May Be A Lost Cause] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509150517/https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/27133/The_Art_History_Of_Games_Games_As_Art_May_Be_A_Lost_Cause.php |date=9 May 2022 }}''. [[Gamasutra]]. 8 February 2010.</ref> [[Hideo Kojima]], a video game designer considered a "gaming arteur", argued in 2006 that video games are a type of service rather than an art form.{{sfn|Gibson|2006}}{{sfn|Parker|2012|p=42}} In the social sciences, cultural economists show how playing video games is conducive to involvement in more traditional art forms.{{sfn|Borowiecki|Prieto-Rodriguez|2013|pp=239–258}} In 2011, the [[National Endowment for the Arts|National Endowment of the Arts]] included video games in its definition of a "work of art",{{sfn|Barber|2012}} and the [[Smithsonian American Art Museum]] presented an exhibit titled ''The Art of the Video Game'' in 2012.{{sfn|Parker|2012|p=46}} |
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== Arts critique == |
== Arts critique == |
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* [[The arts and politics]] |
* [[The arts and politics]] |
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== |
== References == |
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=== Notes === |
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{{reflist|group=note}} |
{{reflist|group=note}} |
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{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} |
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} |
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== |
=== Citations === |
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{{reflist|2}} |
{{reflist|2}} |
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== |
=== Bibliography === |
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{{refbegin|colwidth=30em}} |
{{refbegin|colwidth=30em}} |
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'''Books''' |
'''Books''' |
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* {{cite book |last=Chilvers |first=Ian |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Art |date=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-860476-1 |edition=3rd |location=Oxford}} |
* {{cite book |last=Chilvers |first=Ian |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Art |date=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-860476-1 |edition=3rd |location=Oxford}} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Dal |first1=Yong Jin |url= |
* {{cite book |last1=Dal |first1=Yong Jin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o6rCDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA6&q=definition+of+mobile+game |title=Mobile Gaming in Asia: Politics, Culture and Emerging Technologies |year=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-9402408263 |access-date=13 February 2021 |archive-date=20 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820225259/https://books.google.com/books?id=o6rCDAAAQBAJ&q=definition+of+mobile+game&pg=PA6 |url-status=live }} |
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* {{cite book |last=Donovan |first=Tristan |title=[[Replay: The History of Video Games]] |publisher=Yellow Ant |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-9565072-0-4 |oclc=639031262 |location=East Sussex}} |
* {{cite book |last=Donovan |first=Tristan |title=[[Replay: The History of Video Games]] |publisher=Yellow Ant |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-9565072-0-4 |oclc=639031262 |location=East Sussex}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Fraleigh |first=Sondra Horton |title=Dance and the Lived Body: A Descriptive Aesthetics |publisher=[[University of Pittsburgh Press]] |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-8229-7170-2 |location=Pittsburgh}} |
* {{cite book |last=Fraleigh |first=Sondra Horton |title=Dance and the Lived Body: A Descriptive Aesthetics |publisher=[[University of Pittsburgh Press]] |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-8229-7170-2 |location=Pittsburgh}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Gardner |first=Howard |author-link=Howard Gardner |year=1983 |title=Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences |publisher=[[Basic Books]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-465-02508-4 }} |
* {{cite book |last=Gardner |first=Howard |author-link=Howard Gardner |year=1983 |title=Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences |publisher=[[Basic Books]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-465-02508-4 }} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Griffiths |first1=Devin C. |title=Virtual Ascendance: Video Games and the Remaking of Reality |date=2013 |publisher=Rowman and Littlefield Publishers |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/843079344 |isbn=978-1-4422-1694-5 |oclc=843079344 |location=[[Lanham, Maryland]]}} |
* {{cite book |last1=Griffiths |first1=Devin C. |title=Virtual Ascendance: Video Games and the Remaking of Reality |date=2013 |publisher=Rowman and Littlefield Publishers |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/843079344 |isbn=978-1-4422-1694-5 |oclc=843079344 |location=[[Lanham, Maryland]] }} |
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* {{cite book|last=Hemingway |first=Ernest |author-link=Ernest Hemingway |title=Death in the Afternoon |edition=1st Scribner trade pbk. |orig-year=1932 |year=2003 |publisher=[[Charles Scribner's Sons]]|location=New York |isbn=978-0-684-85922-4 |chapter=1}} |
* {{cite book|last=Hemingway |first=Ernest |author-link=Ernest Hemingway |title=Death in the Afternoon |edition=1st Scribner trade pbk. |orig-year=1932 |year=2003 |publisher=[[Charles Scribner's Sons]]|location=New York |isbn=978-0-684-85922-4 |chapter=1}} |
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* {{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=The Oxford Companion to Philosophy |title=Performing Arts |editor-last=Honderich |editor-first=Ted |year=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-926479-7 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780199264797.001.0001 }} |
* {{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=The Oxford Companion to Philosophy |title=Performing Arts |editor-last=Honderich |editor-first=Ted |year=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-926479-7 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780199264797.001.0001 }} |
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* {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Goodwin |first1=Noël |author-link1=Noël Goodwin |last2=Halfyard |first2=Janet |editor-last=Latham |editor-first=Alison |year=2011 |title=Choreography |encyclopedia=[[The Oxford Companion to Music]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-957903-7 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199579037.001.0001/acref-9780199579037-e-1379 |url-access=subscription |access-date=21 July 2022 |archive-date=21 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721195826/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199579037.001.0001/acref-9780199579037-e-1379 |url-status=live }}{{subscription required}} |
* {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Goodwin |first1=Noël |author-link1=Noël Goodwin |last2=Halfyard |first2=Janet |editor-last=Latham |editor-first=Alison |year=2011 |title=Choreography |encyclopedia=[[The Oxford Companion to Music]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-957903-7 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199579037.001.0001/acref-9780199579037-e-1379 |url-access=subscription |access-date=21 July 2022 |archive-date=21 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721195826/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199579037.001.0001/acref-9780199579037-e-1379 |url-status=live }}{{subscription required}} |
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* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Nettl |first=Bruno |author-link=Bruno Nettl |year=2001 |encyclopedia=[[Grove Music Online]] |title=Music |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40476 |isbn=978-1-56159-263-0 |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000040476 |access-date=29 May 2022 |archive-date=18 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418003751/https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000040476 |url-status=live }} {{Grove Music subscription}} |
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Nettl |first=Bruno |author-link=Bruno Nettl |year=2001 |encyclopedia=[[Grove Music Online]] |title=Music |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40476 |isbn=978-1-56159-263-0 |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000040476 |access-date=29 May 2022 |archive-date=18 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418003751/https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000040476 |url-status=live }} {{Grove Music subscription}} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Oosterhu |url= |
* {{cite book |last1=Oosterhu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tXBdOoZ-faYC&pg=RA2-PA108&q=single+player+simulations |title=The Architecture Co-laboratory: Game Set and Match II : on Computer Games, Advanced Geometries, and Digital Technologies |last2=Feireiss |first2=Lukas |date=2006 |publisher=Delft University of Technology |isbn=9789059730366 |location=Delft |page=180 |access-date=2 October 2023 |archive-date=15 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815152741/https://books.google.com/books?id=tXBdOoZ-faYC&pg=RA2-PA108&q=single+player+simulations |url-status=live }} |
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* {{cite book |title=The Oxford dictionary of English etymology |last1=Onions |first1=Charles Talbut |last2=Friedrichsen |first2=George Washington Salisbury |last3=Burchfield |first3=Robert William |year=1991 |publisher=at The Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-861112-7 |location=Oxford}} |
* {{cite book |title=The Oxford dictionary of English etymology |last1=Onions |first1=Charles Talbut |last2=Friedrichsen |first2=George Washington Salisbury |last3=Burchfield |first3=Robert William |year=1991 |publisher=at The Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-861112-7 |location=Oxford}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Owen |first=Harold |year=2000 |title=Music Theory Resource Book |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford and New York |isbn=978-0-19-511539-0 }} |
* {{cite book |last=Owen |first=Harold |year=2000 |title=Music Theory Resource Book |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford and New York |isbn=978-0-19-511539-0 }} |
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* {{Cite book|last=Ryynänen |first=Max |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1229134245 |title=On the Philosophy of Central European Art: The History of an Institution and Its Global Competitors|date=2020 |oclc=1229134245 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-79363-418-4 |location=Lanham |language=en|access-date=31 August 2021}} |
* {{Cite book |last=Ryynänen |first=Max |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1229134245 |title=On the Philosophy of Central European Art: The History of an Institution and Its Global Competitors |date=2020 |oclc=1229134245 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-79363-418-4 |location=Lanham |language=en |access-date=31 August 2021 |archive-date=31 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831105204/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3wGEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA37 |url-status=live }} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Alexander |url= |
* {{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Alexander |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cxy_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT119 |title=They Create Worlds: The Story of the People and Companies That Shaped the Video Game Industry, Vol. I: 1971–1982 |year=2019 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=978-0-429-75261-2 |access-date=9 August 2023 |archive-date=17 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117222408/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cxy_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT119 |url-status=live }} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Steinbock |first1=Dan |url= |
* {{cite book |last1=Steinbock |first1=Dan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cUQ1y4iNrGcC&pg=PA150&q=popularizing+the+handheld+console+concept+nintendo |title=The Mobile Revolution |first2=Johnny L. |last2=Wilson |year=2007 |publisher=Kogan Page |isbn=978-0-7494-4850-9 |access-date=2 October 2023 |archive-date=15 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815152623/https://books.google.com/books?id=cUQ1y4iNrGcC&pg=PA150&q=popularizing+the+handheld+console+concept+nintendo |url-status=live }} |
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* {{cite book |last=Wolf |first=Mark J. P. |title=Encyclopedia of Video Games: The Culture, Technology, and Art of Gaming |date=2012|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/768800401 |location=Santa Barbara |oclc=768800401 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |isbn=978-0-313-37936-9}} |
* {{cite book |last=Wolf |first=Mark J. P. |title=Encyclopedia of Video Games: The Culture, Technology, and Art of Gaming |date=2012 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/768800401 |location=Santa Barbara |oclc=768800401 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |isbn=978-0-313-37936-9 }} |
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'''Articles''' |
'''Articles''' |
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* {{cite journal |last=Apperley |first=Thomas H. |year=2006 |title=Genre and game studies |url=http://trac.assembla.com/CommanderAssembler/export/32/docs/Genre%20and%20game%20studies%20-%20tom-apperley.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Simulation & Gaming |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=6–23 |doi=10.1177/1046878105282278 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005003753/http://trac.assembla.com/CommanderAssembler/export/32/docs/Genre%20and%20game%20studies%20-%20tom-apperley.pdf |archive-date=2013-10-05 |access-date=2013-04-19 |s2cid=17373114}} |
* {{cite journal |last=Apperley |first=Thomas H. |year=2006 |title=Genre and game studies |url=http://trac.assembla.com/CommanderAssembler/export/32/docs/Genre%20and%20game%20studies%20-%20tom-apperley.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Simulation & Gaming |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=6–23 |doi=10.1177/1046878105282278 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005003753/http://trac.assembla.com/CommanderAssembler/export/32/docs/Genre%20and%20game%20studies%20-%20tom-apperley.pdf |archive-date=2013-10-05 |access-date=2013-04-19 |s2cid=17373114 }} |
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* {{cite magazine |last=LeWitt |first=Solomon |author-link=Sol LeWitt |date=June 1967 |title=Paragraphs on Conceptual Art |url=https://www.artforum.com/print/196706/paragraphs-on-conceptual-art-36719 |magazine=[[Artforum]] |language=en-US |volume=5 |issue=10 |access-date=12 May 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726100127/https://www.artforum.com/print/196706/paragraphs-on-conceptual-art-36719 |url-status=live }} |
* {{cite magazine |last=LeWitt |first=Solomon |author-link=Sol LeWitt |date=June 1967 |title=Paragraphs on Conceptual Art |url=https://www.artforum.com/print/196706/paragraphs-on-conceptual-art-36719 |magazine=[[Artforum]] |language=en-US |volume=5 |issue=10 |access-date=12 May 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726100127/https://www.artforum.com/print/196706/paragraphs-on-conceptual-art-36719 |url-status=live }} |
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* {{cite journal |date=2013 |title=Video Games Playing: A substitute for cultural consumptions? |last1=Borowiecki |first1=Karol J. |last2=Prieto-Rodriguez |first2=Juan |journal=Journal of Cultural Economics |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=239–258 |doi=10.1007/s10824-014-9229-y |citeseerx=10.1.1.676.2381|s2cid=49572910 }} |
* {{cite journal |date=2013 |title=Video Games Playing: A substitute for cultural consumptions? |last1=Borowiecki |first1=Karol J. |last2=Prieto-Rodriguez |first2=Juan |journal=Journal of Cultural Economics |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=239–258 |doi=10.1007/s10824-014-9229-y |citeseerx=10.1.1.676.2381|s2cid=49572910 }} |
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* {{cite news |last=Barber |first=Bonnie |date=16 August 2012 |title=Professor Mary Flanagan Participates in White House Consortium |publisher=Darthmouth News |url=https://news.dartmouth.edu/news/2012/08/professor-mary-flanagan-participates-white-house-consortium |access-date=13 May 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726103117/https://news.dartmouth.edu/news/2012/08/professor-mary-flanagan-participates-white-house-consortium |url-status=live }} |
* {{cite news |last=Barber |first=Bonnie |date=16 August 2012 |title=Professor Mary Flanagan Participates in White House Consortium |publisher=Darthmouth News |url=https://news.dartmouth.edu/news/2012/08/professor-mary-flanagan-participates-white-house-consortium |access-date=13 May 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726103117/https://news.dartmouth.edu/news/2012/08/professor-mary-flanagan-participates-white-house-consortium |url-status=live }} |
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* {{cite web |last=Gibson |first=Ellie |date=24 January 2006 |title=Games aren't art, says Kojima |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/news240106kojimaart |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150309104553/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/news240106kojimaart |archive-date=9 March 2015 |access-date=7 March 2015 |website=Eurogamer |publisher=Gamer Network }} |
* {{cite web |last=Gibson |first=Ellie |date=24 January 2006 |title=Games aren't art, says Kojima |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/news240106kojimaart |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150309104553/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/news240106kojimaart |archive-date=9 March 2015 |access-date=7 March 2015 |website=Eurogamer |publisher=Gamer Network }} |
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* {{cite news |last=Marino-Nachison |first=David |date=December 7, 2014 |title=Ralph H. Baer, a father of video gaming, dies at 92 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/ralph-h-baer-a-father-of-video-gaming-dies-at-92/2014/12/07/a24c8964-7e6e-11e4-8882-03cf08410beb_story.html |url-status=live |access-date=December 7, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921000326/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/ralph-h-baer-a-father-of-video-gaming-dies-at-92/2014/12/07/a24c8964-7e6e-11e4-8882-03cf08410beb_story.html |archive-date=September 21, 2017}} |
* {{cite news |last=Marino-Nachison |first=David |date=December 7, 2014 |title=Ralph H. Baer, a father of video gaming, dies at 92 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/ralph-h-baer-a-father-of-video-gaming-dies-at-92/2014/12/07/a24c8964-7e6e-11e4-8882-03cf08410beb_story.html |url-status=live |access-date=December 7, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921000326/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/ralph-h-baer-a-father-of-video-gaming-dies-at-92/2014/12/07/a24c8964-7e6e-11e4-8882-03cf08410beb_story.html |archive-date=September 21, 2017 }} |
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* {{cite web |last=Nakamura |first=Yuki |date=January 23, 2019 |title=Peak Video Game? Top Analyst Sees Industry Slumping in 2019 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-01-23/peak-video-game-top-analyst-sees-industry-slumping-in-2019 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130053850/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-01-23/peak-video-game-top-analyst-sees-industry-slumping-in-2019 |archive-date=January 30, 2019 |access-date=January 29, 2019 |work=[[Bloomberg L.P.]]}} |
* {{cite web |last=Nakamura |first=Yuki |date=January 23, 2019 |title=Peak Video Game? Top Analyst Sees Industry Slumping in 2019 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-01-23/peak-video-game-top-analyst-sees-industry-slumping-in-2019 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130053850/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-01-23/peak-video-game-top-analyst-sees-industry-slumping-in-2019 |archive-date=January 30, 2019 |access-date=January 29, 2019 |work=[[Bloomberg L.P.]] }} |
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* {{cite news |last=St. Fleur |first=Nicholas |title=Oldest Known Drawing by Human Hands Discovered in South African Cave |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/12/science/oldest-drawing-ever-found.html |date=12 September 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=7 April 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414094752/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/12/science/oldest-drawing-ever-found.html |url-status=live }} |
* {{cite news |last=St. Fleur |first=Nicholas |title=Oldest Known Drawing by Human Hands Discovered in South African Cave |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/12/science/oldest-drawing-ever-found.html |date=12 September 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=7 April 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414094752/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/12/science/oldest-drawing-ever-found.html |url-status=live }} |
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* {{cite web |title=The New Face of French Gastronomy – Knowledge@Wharton |url=http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/new-face-french-gastronomy/ |last1=Desai |first1=Trex |last2=DeSimone |first2=Frank |last3=Henig |first3=Sarit |date=20 December 2013 |website=knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu |publisher=[[Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912192044/http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/new-face-french-gastronomy/ |archive-date=12 September 2017 |access-date=8 May 2018 }} |
* {{cite web |title=The New Face of French Gastronomy – Knowledge@Wharton |url=http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/new-face-french-gastronomy/ |last1=Desai |first1=Trex |last2=DeSimone |first2=Frank |last3=Henig |first3=Sarit |date=20 December 2013 |website=knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu |publisher=[[Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912192044/http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/new-face-french-gastronomy/ |archive-date=12 September 2017 |access-date=8 May 2018 }} |
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* {{cite web |url=http://web.csulb.edu/~jvancamp/361_r8.html |title=Congressional definition of 'the arts' |last=Van Camp |first=Julie |date=22 November 2006 |website=PHIL 361I: Philosophy of Art |publisher=[[California State University, Long Beach]] |access-date=28 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729085109/http://web.csulb.edu/~jvancamp/361_r8.html |archive-date=29 July 2016 |url-status=live }} |
* {{cite web |url=http://web.csulb.edu/~jvancamp/361_r8.html |title=Congressional definition of 'the arts' |last=Van Camp |first=Julie |date=22 November 2006 |website=PHIL 361I: Philosophy of Art |publisher=[[California State University, Long Beach]] |access-date=28 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729085109/http://web.csulb.edu/~jvancamp/361_r8.html |archive-date=29 July 2016 |url-status=live }} |
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* {{cite magazine |last=Valéry |first=Paul |date=1 November 1935 |title=Notion générale de l'art |trans-title=General concept of art |url=https://www.lanrf.fr/lanouvellerevuefranaise19091943/29218_la-nrf_266_novembre-1935.html |format=PDF |magazine=[[Nouvelle Revue Française]] |language=fr |location=Paris |publisher=[[Éditions Gallimard]] |volume=24 |issue=266 |pages=683–693 |isbn=978-2-07-239508-6 |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608033242/https://www.lanrf.fr/lanouvellerevuefranaise19091943/29218_la-nrf_266_novembre-1935.html |url-status=live }} |
* {{cite magazine |last=Valéry |first=Paul |date=1 November 1935 |title=Notion générale de l'art |trans-title=General concept of art |url=https://www.lanrf.fr/lanouvellerevuefranaise19091943/29218_la-nrf_266_novembre-1935.html |format=PDF |magazine=[[Nouvelle Revue Française]] |language=fr |location=Paris |publisher=[[Éditions Gallimard]] |volume=24 |issue=266 |pages=683–693 |isbn=978-2-07-239508-6 |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608033242/https://www.lanrf.fr/lanouvellerevuefranaise19091943/29218_la-nrf_266_novembre-1935.html |url-status=live }} |
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* {{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[OED Online]] |title=dance, n. |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/47116 |ref={{sfnRef|''OED''}} }}{{subscription required}} |
* {{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[OED Online]] |title=dance, n. |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/47116 |ref={{sfnRef|''OED''}} |access-date=21 July 2022 |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002015651/https://www.oed.com/dictionary/dance_n |url-status=live }}{{subscription required}} |
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{{refend}} |
{{refend}} |
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== Further reading == |
== Further reading == |
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{{refbegin}} |
{{refbegin}} |
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* {{cite news |last=Barron |first=Christina |date=29 April 2012 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/gog/exhibits/the-art-of-video-games,1215143/critic-review.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |title=Museum exhibit asks: Is it art if you push 'start'? |access-date=12 February 2013 |archive-date=4 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604201354/http://www.washingtonpost.com/gog/exhibits/the-art-of-video-games,1215143/critic-review.html |url-status=dead |ref=none}} |
* {{cite news |last=Barron |first=Christina |date=29 April 2012 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/gog/exhibits/the-art-of-video-games,1215143/critic-review.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |title=Museum exhibit asks: Is it art if you push 'start'? |access-date=12 February 2013 |archive-date=4 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604201354/http://www.washingtonpost.com/gog/exhibits/the-art-of-video-games,1215143/critic-review.html |url-status=dead |ref=none }} |
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* {{cite book |last=Feynman |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Feynman |title=QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter |year=1985 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-02417-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/qedstrangetheory00feyn |ref=none}} |
* {{cite book |last=Feynman |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Feynman |title=QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter |year=1985 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-02417-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/qedstrangetheory00feyn |ref=none }} |
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* {{cite news |last=Kennicott |first=Philip |date=18 March 2012 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/gog/exhibits/the-art-of-video-games,1215143/critic-review.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |title=The Art of Video Games |access-date=12 February 2013 |archive-date=4 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604201354/http://www.washingtonpost.com/gog/exhibits/the-art-of-video-games,1215143/critic-review.html |url-status=dead |ref=none}} |
* {{cite news |last=Kennicott |first=Philip |date=18 March 2012 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/gog/exhibits/the-art-of-video-games,1215143/critic-review.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |title=The Art of Video Games |access-date=12 February 2013 |archive-date=4 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604201354/http://www.washingtonpost.com/gog/exhibits/the-art-of-video-games,1215143/critic-review.html |url-status=dead |ref=none }} |
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* {{cite book |last=Morley |first=Iain |year=2013 |title=The Prehistory of Music: Human Evolution, Archaeology, and the Origins of Musicality |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-923408-0 |url= |
* {{cite book |last=Morley |first=Iain |year=2013 |title=The Prehistory of Music: Human Evolution, Archaeology, and the Origins of Musicality |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-923408-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eWhBAQAAQBAJ |ref=none |access-date=31 July 2021 |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002015645/https://books.google.com/books?id=eWhBAQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }} |
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{{refend}} |
{{refend}} |
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