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[[image:WesselHorst.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Horst Wessel]] |
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The '''''Horst-Wessel-Lied''''' ("Horst Wessel Song"), also known as '''''Die Fahne Hoch''''' ("The flag on high", from its opening line), was the anthem of the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] of [[Germany]], chosen to glorify [[Horst Wessel]] as a [[Nazism|Nazi]] [[martyr]]. Today it is still banned in [[Germany]] under ''[[Strafgesetzbuch]]'' §86 and §86a. |
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The '''''Horst-Wessel-Lied''''' ("Horst Wessel Song"), also known as ''Die Fahne hoch'' ("The flag on high", from its opening line), was the anthem of the [[Nazi Party]] of [[Germany]] from 1930 to 1945. From 1933 to 1945 it was also part of Germany's national anthem. |
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The lyrics of the song were composed in 1929 by [[Horst Wessel]], a Nazi activist and local commander of the Nazi militia, the [[Sturmabteilung|SA]], in the Berlin district of [[Friedrichshain]]. Wessel was assassinated by a Communist activist in January 1930, and the propaganda aparatus of the Berlin [[Gauleiter]], Dr [[Joseph Goebbels]], made him the leading "martyr" of the Nazi Movement. The song became the the offical Song of Consecration (''Weihelied'') for the Nazi Party, and was extensively used at party functions as well as being sung by the SA during street parades. When the Nazis came to power in 1933 it was adopted as the unofficial second part of the German National Anthem, to be played and sung immediately after the ''[[Deutschlandlied]]''. |
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With the fall of the Nazi regime in 1945, and song was banned, and both the lyrics and the tune remain illegal in Germany to this day, under the German Criminal Code, §86 and §86a. |
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==Lyrics== |
==Lyrics== |
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The lyrics of ''Die Fahne hoch'' were published in the Berlin Nazi newspaper, ''[[Der Angriff]]'', in September 1929, under the title "Der Unbekannte SA-Mann" (the Unknown SA-Man), as follows: |
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:''Die Fahne hoch, die Reihen fest geschlossen'' |
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:''S.A. marschiert mit ruhig festem Schritt'' |
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:''Die Fahne hoch! Die Reihen fest geschlossen! |
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:''Kam'raden, die Rotfront und Reaktion erschossen'' |
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:''SA marschiert mit mutig-festem Schritt |
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:''Marschier'n im Geist in unsern Reihen mit'' |
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:''Kameraden, die Rotfront und Reaktion erschossen |
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:''Marschieren im Geist in unseren Reihen mit |
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:''Die Strasse frei den braunen Batallionen |
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:''Die Strasse frei dem Sturmabteilungsmann! |
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:''Es schaun aufs Hakenkreuz voll Hoffnung schon Millionen |
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:''Der Tag für Freiheit und für Brot bricht an! |
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:''Zum letzen Mal wird nun Appell geblasen! |
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:''Zum Kampfe stehen wir alle schon bereit! |
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:''Bald flattern Hitlerfahnen über Barrikaden |
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:''Die Knechtschaft dauert nur noch kurze Zeit! |
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:''Die Fahne hoch! Die Reihen fest geschlossen! |
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:''SA marschiert mit mutig-festem Schritt |
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:''Kameraden, die Rotfront und Reaktion erschossen |
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:''Marschieren im Geist in unseren Reihen mit |
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Translation: |
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''The flag high! The ranks tightly closed! / SA marches with a firm, courageous pace. / Comrades, shot dead by Red Front and Reaction / march in spirit within our ranks. |
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''The street is cleared for the brown battalions / The street is cleared for the SA man. / Already millions are looking to the swastika full of hope / The day of freedom and bread is dawning. |
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''For the last time the rollcall has sounded / we are all ready for the fight / Soon Hitler-flags will fly over barricades / the servitude will not last long now. |
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''The flag high! The ranks tightly closed! / SA marches at a firm, courageous pace. / Comrades, shot dead by Red Front and Reaction / march in spirit within our ranks. |
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The "Red Front" was a reference to the [[Communist Party of Germany]] (KPD), which frequently used the slogan "''Rot Front!''" as a call for working-class unity. "Reaction" was a reference to the conservative parties and the "bourgeois" German state of the [[Weimar Republic]] period, which made several unsuccessful attempts to suppress the SA. "Servitude" is a reference to what the Nazis saw as Germany's "servitude" to the [[Treaty of Versailles]] of 1919, which imposed huge [[reparations]] on Germany and deprived her of her colonies and territory along her eastern border. |
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Some changes were made to the lyrics after Wessel's death. |
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*The second line of the opening stanza, ''SA marschiert mit mutig-festem Schritt'', became ''SA marschiert mit ruhig festem Schritt'' (SA marches with silent, firm pace). |
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*The first line of the third stanza, ''Zum letzen Mal wird nun Appell geblasen!'', became ''Zum letzen Mal wird Sturmappell geblasen!'' (For the last time the storm-call has sounded). |
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*The third line of the third stanza, ''Bald flattern Hitlerfahnen über Barrikaden'', became ''Bald flattern Hitler-Fahnen über allen Straßen'' (Soon Hitler-flags will fly over all streets) |
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The dropping of the reference to "barricades" reflected the Nazi Party's desire in the period 1930-33 to be seen as a constitutional political party aiming at taking power by legal means rather than as a revolutionary party. |
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After Wessel's death, new stanzas were composed in his honour. These were frequently sung by the SA but did not become part of the official lyrics used on party or state occasions. |
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:''Sei mir gegrüsst, Du starbst den Tod der Ehre! |
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:''Horst Wessel fiel, doch tausend neu erstehen |
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:''Es braust das Fahnenlied voran dem braunen Heere |
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:''SA bereit, den Weg ihm nachzugehen |
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:''Die Fahnen senkt vor Toten, die noch leben |
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:''Es schwört SA, die Hand zur Faust geballt |
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:''Einst kommt der Tag, da gibts Vergeltung, kein Vergeben |
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:''wenn Heil und Sieg durchs Vaterland erschallt |
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''Greetings, you died the death of a hero! / Horst Wessel fell, but a thousand new [men] arise. / The banner-song blasts forth before the Brown Army / SA ready to follow after him. |
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''Lower the flags before the dead who still live. / The SA vows, with clenched hand / The day will come for reprisal, no forgiveness / when Heil and Sieg ring out throughout the Fatherland |
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==Melody== |
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After Wessel's death, he was officially credited with having composed the melody as well as having written the lyics for ''Die Fahne hoch''. Between 1930 and 1933, however, German critics disputed this claim, pointing out that the melody had a long prior history. Such criticism became impossible after 1933. |
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The most likely immediate source for the melody was a song popular in the [[German Navy]] during [[World War I]], known either by its opening line as ''Vorbei, vorbei, sind all die schönen Stunden'' ("Gone, gone, are all the happy hours"), or as the ''Königsberg-Lied'', after the German light cruiser ''Königsberg'', which is mentioned in one version of the song's lyrics. Wessel would no doubt have heard this song sung by Navy veterans in the Berlin of the 1920s. |
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The melody is, however, older than World War I. It has been claimed that it originally came from [[Étienne Méhul]]'s opera ''Joseph'' ([[1807]]). In his book ''Hitler: The Missing Years'', [[Ernst Hanfstaengl]] claims that the tune comes from a Viennese cabaret song at the turn of the 20th century. The current view is that no specific origin for the melody can be identified, and that it is probably a German folk tune which has been adapted for many different puposes over the years. (In this it might be compared to ''[[O Tannenbaum]]'', a German folk tune which has been variously adapted as ''Oh Christmas Tree'', the socialist anthem ''[[Red flag|The Red Flag]]'', the [[Cornell University]] ''Evening Song'' and [[Maryland]]'s [[state song]], ''[[Maryland, My Maryland]]''.) |
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==Other uses== |
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The anthem of the [[British Union of Fascists]] was set to the same tune. The lyrics were to some extent modelled on the ''Horst-Wessel-Lied'', but appealing to British nationalism rather than to German nationalism. Its opening stanza was: |
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:''Die Strasse frei den braunen Bataillonen'' |
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:''Die Strasse frei dem Sturmabteilungsmann'' |
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:''Es schau'n aufs Hakenkreuz voll Hoffnung schon Millionen'' |
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:''Der Tag für Freiheit und für Brot bricht an'' |
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:''Comrades, the voices of the dead battalions, |
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:''Zum letzen Mal wird nun Appell geblasen'' |
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:''Of those who fell that Britain might be great, |
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:''Zum Kampfe steh'n wir alle schon bereit'' |
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:''Join in our song, for they still march in spirit with us, |
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:''Bald flattern Hitler-Fahnen über allen Straßen'' |
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:''And urge us on, to gain the fascist state! |
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:''Die Knechtschaft dauert nur mehr kurze Zeit'' |
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Between 1930 and 1933 the German Communists and [[Social Democratic Party (Germany)|Social Democrats]] sang various parodies of the ''Horst-Wessel-Lied'' during their street battles with the SA. Some simply changed the political character of the song, such as: |
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:''Die Fahne hoch, die Reihen fest geschlossen'' |
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:''S.A. marschiert mit ruhig festem Schritt'' |
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:''Kam'raden, die Rotfront und Reaktion erschossen'' |
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:''Marschier'n im Geist in unsern Reihen mit'' |
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:''Die Fahne hoch, die Reihen fest geschlossen |
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English translation: |
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:''Rot Front marschiert mit eisenfestem Schritt |
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:''Genossen, die vom Stahlhelm Hakenkreuz erschossen |
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:''Marschieren im Geist in unsern Reihen mit |
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(''The flag high! The ranks tightly closed! / Red Front marches with iron-firm pace. / Comrades, shot dead by the Stahlhelm and Swastika / march in spirit within our ranks.'') |
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: ''Flag high, ranks closed,'' |
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: ''The S.A. marches with silent solid steps.'' |
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: ''Comrades shot by the red front and reaction'' |
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: ''March in spirit with us in our ranks.'' |
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The [[Stahlhelm]] (Steel Helmet) was a veterans' organisation closely aligned with the Nazis. |
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: ''The street free for the brown battalions,'' |
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: ''The street free for the Storm Troopers.'' |
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: ''Millions, full of hope, look up at the swastika;'' |
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: ''The day breaks for freedom and for bread.'' |
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Others substituted completely new lyrics: |
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: ''For the last time the call will now be blown;'' |
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: ''For the struggle now we all stand ready.'' |
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: ''Soon will fly Hitler-flags over every street;'' |
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: ''Slavery will last only a short time longer.'' |
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:''Ernst Thälmann ruft uns auf die Barrikaden! |
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: ''Flag high, ranks closed,'' |
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:''Bauer, steh auf! Steh auf! Erheb dich Arbeitsmann |
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: ''The S.A. marches with silent solid steps.'' |
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:''Gewehre nehmt! Gewehre gut und scharf geladen! |
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: ''Comrades shot by the [[Communists|red front]] and [[reactionary|reaction]]'' |
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:''Tragt rote Fahnen hoch im Kampf voran! |
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: ''March in spirit with us in our ranks.'' |
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(''Ernst Thälmann calls us to the barricades / farmer arise, workman lift yourself up / To arms! Load the guns well with live ammunition / Carry high red flags onward into the fight'') |
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==Origin of the melody== |
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Because the melody was used in many other songs, its origin is widely disputed. One claim states that it originally came from [[Étienne Méhul]]'s [[opera]] ''Joseph'' from [[1807]], while others said that it was also connected with the melody of the song "[[How Great Thou Art]]", which has existed since the [[1890s]]. Yet another theory states that the melody was from an old [[Sea|maritime]] song called ''"Zum letzten Mal wird der Appell geblasen"''. In his book ''Hitler -- The Missing Years'', [[Ernst Hanfstaengl]] claims that the tune comes from a Viennese cabaret song at the turn of the 20th century. The original lyrics are: |
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[[Ernst Thälmann]] was the KPD leader. |
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: ''"Und als dein Aug' das meine einst erblicket'' |
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: ''Und als mein Mund den deinen einst geküsst'' |
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: ''Da hat die Liebe umstricket..."'' |
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These versions were of course banned once the Nazis came to power and the Communist and Social Democratic parties repressed. But during the years of the Third Reich the song was parodied in various underground versions, most of them poking fun at the corruption of the Nazi elite. One version ran: |
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translated as: |
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:''Die Preise hoch, die Läden dicht geschlossen |
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: ''"And when your eye had once caught sight of mine'' |
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:''Die Not marschiert und wir marschieren mit |
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: ''And once my mouth had given yours a kiss'' |
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:''Frick, Joseph Goebbels, Schirach, Himmler und Genossen |
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: ''Just then did love entwine..."'' |
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:''Die hungern auch doch nur im Geiste mit |
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(''('The prices high, the shops tightly closed / poverty marches and we march with it / Frick, Joseph Goebbels, Schirach, Himmler and Comrades / they go hungry as well, but only in spirit'') |
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==Uses outside the NSDAP== |
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The anthem of the [[British Union of Fascists]] was set to the same tune. |
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[[Wilhelm Frick]] was the Interior Minister. [[Baldur von Schirach]] was the [[Hitler Youth]] leader. [[Heinrich Himmler]] was head of the [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] and police. |
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The tune was [[parody|parodied]] in the [[Walt Disney Pictures|Disney]] animated short ''[[Der Fuehrer's Face]]'' in [[1943]]. The melody has also been used as the theme music to the popular [[computer game]] ''[[Wolfenstein 3D]]'' in the early [[1990s]] and in a Finnish nationalist party's ([[IKL]]) song "''Luo lippujen''" (To flags). |
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==Reference== |
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The song is played in the [[The Blues Brothers (film)]], in the sequence with Illinois Nazi Party leader (Henry Gibson) in his HQ. It is played in Ralph Bakshi's movie [[Wizards (film)]] and a translation of the song is sung in [[The Hindenburg (film)]]. |
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This article is largely based on George Boderick, "The Horst-Wessel-Lied: A Reappraisal," ''International Folklore Review'' Vol. 10 (1995): 100-127, available online [http://www.george-broderick.de/ns_docs/ns-horst_wessel_lied.doc here] |
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In [[2005]], the [[Alberta]] branch of the [[Royal Canadian Legion]] unknowingly used the ''Horst-Wessel-Lied'' as the theme music in an advertising campaign for their [[fundraising]] [[lottery]]. [http://www.mail-archive.com/balkannews@yahoogroups.com/msg01223.html] |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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{{wikisource}} |
{{wikisource}} |
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*[http://www.anesi.com/east/horstw.htm Text and melody] (MID format), [http://www.worldmilitaria.com/newsite/Media/HorstWesselLied.mp3 song] (MP3 format) |
*[http://www.anesi.com/east/horstw.htm Text and melody] (MID format), [http://www.worldmilitaria.com/newsite/Media/HorstWesselLied.mp3 song] (MP3 format) |
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*[http://www.george-broderick.de/ns_docs/ns-horst_wessel_lied.doc Das Horst-Wessel-Lied - A Reappraisal] by George Broderick (in [[Microsoft Word]] [[DOC (computing)|DOC]] format), first published in ''International Folklore Review'' Vol. 10 (1995): 100-127 |
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* [http://www.iuscomp.org/gla/statutes/StGB.htm#86 Text of the German Criminal Code §86 and §86a] (in English) |
* [http://www.iuscomp.org/gla/statutes/StGB.htm#86 Text of the German Criminal Code §86 and §86a] (in English) |
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Revision as of 04:43, 17 September 2006
The Horst-Wessel-Lied ("Horst Wessel Song"), also known as Die Fahne hoch ("The flag on high", from its opening line), was the anthem of the Nazi Party of Germany from 1930 to 1945. From 1933 to 1945 it was also part of Germany's national anthem.
The lyrics of the song were composed in 1929 by Horst Wessel, a Nazi activist and local commander of the Nazi militia, the SA, in the Berlin district of Friedrichshain. Wessel was assassinated by a Communist activist in January 1930, and the propaganda aparatus of the Berlin Gauleiter, Dr Joseph Goebbels, made him the leading "martyr" of the Nazi Movement. The song became the the offical Song of Consecration (Weihelied) for the Nazi Party, and was extensively used at party functions as well as being sung by the SA during street parades. When the Nazis came to power in 1933 it was adopted as the unofficial second part of the German National Anthem, to be played and sung immediately after the Deutschlandlied.
With the fall of the Nazi regime in 1945, and song was banned, and both the lyrics and the tune remain illegal in Germany to this day, under the German Criminal Code, §86 and §86a.
Lyrics
The lyrics of Die Fahne hoch were published in the Berlin Nazi newspaper, Der Angriff, in September 1929, under the title "Der Unbekannte SA-Mann" (the Unknown SA-Man), as follows:
- Die Fahne hoch! Die Reihen fest geschlossen!
- SA marschiert mit mutig-festem Schritt
- Kameraden, die Rotfront und Reaktion erschossen
- Marschieren im Geist in unseren Reihen mit
- Die Strasse frei den braunen Batallionen
- Die Strasse frei dem Sturmabteilungsmann!
- Es schaun aufs Hakenkreuz voll Hoffnung schon Millionen
- Der Tag für Freiheit und für Brot bricht an!
- Zum letzen Mal wird nun Appell geblasen!
- Zum Kampfe stehen wir alle schon bereit!
- Bald flattern Hitlerfahnen über Barrikaden
- Die Knechtschaft dauert nur noch kurze Zeit!
- Die Fahne hoch! Die Reihen fest geschlossen!
- SA marschiert mit mutig-festem Schritt
- Kameraden, die Rotfront und Reaktion erschossen
- Marschieren im Geist in unseren Reihen mit
Translation:
The flag high! The ranks tightly closed! / SA marches with a firm, courageous pace. / Comrades, shot dead by Red Front and Reaction / march in spirit within our ranks.
The street is cleared for the brown battalions / The street is cleared for the SA man. / Already millions are looking to the swastika full of hope / The day of freedom and bread is dawning.
For the last time the rollcall has sounded / we are all ready for the fight / Soon Hitler-flags will fly over barricades / the servitude will not last long now.
The flag high! The ranks tightly closed! / SA marches at a firm, courageous pace. / Comrades, shot dead by Red Front and Reaction / march in spirit within our ranks.
The "Red Front" was a reference to the Communist Party of Germany (KPD), which frequently used the slogan "Rot Front!" as a call for working-class unity. "Reaction" was a reference to the conservative parties and the "bourgeois" German state of the Weimar Republic period, which made several unsuccessful attempts to suppress the SA. "Servitude" is a reference to what the Nazis saw as Germany's "servitude" to the Treaty of Versailles of 1919, which imposed huge reparations on Germany and deprived her of her colonies and territory along her eastern border.
Some changes were made to the lyrics after Wessel's death.
- The second line of the opening stanza, SA marschiert mit mutig-festem Schritt, became SA marschiert mit ruhig festem Schritt (SA marches with silent, firm pace).
- The first line of the third stanza, Zum letzen Mal wird nun Appell geblasen!, became Zum letzen Mal wird Sturmappell geblasen! (For the last time the storm-call has sounded).
- The third line of the third stanza, Bald flattern Hitlerfahnen über Barrikaden, became Bald flattern Hitler-Fahnen über allen Straßen (Soon Hitler-flags will fly over all streets)
The dropping of the reference to "barricades" reflected the Nazi Party's desire in the period 1930-33 to be seen as a constitutional political party aiming at taking power by legal means rather than as a revolutionary party.
After Wessel's death, new stanzas were composed in his honour. These were frequently sung by the SA but did not become part of the official lyrics used on party or state occasions.
- Sei mir gegrüsst, Du starbst den Tod der Ehre!
- Horst Wessel fiel, doch tausend neu erstehen
- Es braust das Fahnenlied voran dem braunen Heere
- SA bereit, den Weg ihm nachzugehen
- Die Fahnen senkt vor Toten, die noch leben
- Es schwört SA, die Hand zur Faust geballt
- Einst kommt der Tag, da gibts Vergeltung, kein Vergeben
- wenn Heil und Sieg durchs Vaterland erschallt
Greetings, you died the death of a hero! / Horst Wessel fell, but a thousand new [men] arise. / The banner-song blasts forth before the Brown Army / SA ready to follow after him.
Lower the flags before the dead who still live. / The SA vows, with clenched hand / The day will come for reprisal, no forgiveness / when Heil and Sieg ring out throughout the Fatherland
Melody
After Wessel's death, he was officially credited with having composed the melody as well as having written the lyics for Die Fahne hoch. Between 1930 and 1933, however, German critics disputed this claim, pointing out that the melody had a long prior history. Such criticism became impossible after 1933.
The most likely immediate source for the melody was a song popular in the German Navy during World War I, known either by its opening line as Vorbei, vorbei, sind all die schönen Stunden ("Gone, gone, are all the happy hours"), or as the Königsberg-Lied, after the German light cruiser Königsberg, which is mentioned in one version of the song's lyrics. Wessel would no doubt have heard this song sung by Navy veterans in the Berlin of the 1920s.
The melody is, however, older than World War I. It has been claimed that it originally came from Étienne Méhul's opera Joseph (1807). In his book Hitler: The Missing Years, Ernst Hanfstaengl claims that the tune comes from a Viennese cabaret song at the turn of the 20th century. The current view is that no specific origin for the melody can be identified, and that it is probably a German folk tune which has been adapted for many different puposes over the years. (In this it might be compared to O Tannenbaum, a German folk tune which has been variously adapted as Oh Christmas Tree, the socialist anthem The Red Flag, the Cornell University Evening Song and Maryland's state song, Maryland, My Maryland.)
Other uses
The anthem of the British Union of Fascists was set to the same tune. The lyrics were to some extent modelled on the Horst-Wessel-Lied, but appealing to British nationalism rather than to German nationalism. Its opening stanza was:
- Comrades, the voices of the dead battalions,
- Of those who fell that Britain might be great,
- Join in our song, for they still march in spirit with us,
- And urge us on, to gain the fascist state!
Between 1930 and 1933 the German Communists and Social Democrats sang various parodies of the Horst-Wessel-Lied during their street battles with the SA. Some simply changed the political character of the song, such as:
- Die Fahne hoch, die Reihen fest geschlossen
- Rot Front marschiert mit eisenfestem Schritt
- Genossen, die vom Stahlhelm Hakenkreuz erschossen
- Marschieren im Geist in unsern Reihen mit
(The flag high! The ranks tightly closed! / Red Front marches with iron-firm pace. / Comrades, shot dead by the Stahlhelm and Swastika / march in spirit within our ranks.)
The Stahlhelm (Steel Helmet) was a veterans' organisation closely aligned with the Nazis.
Others substituted completely new lyrics:
- Ernst Thälmann ruft uns auf die Barrikaden!
- Bauer, steh auf! Steh auf! Erheb dich Arbeitsmann
- Gewehre nehmt! Gewehre gut und scharf geladen!
- Tragt rote Fahnen hoch im Kampf voran!
(Ernst Thälmann calls us to the barricades / farmer arise, workman lift yourself up / To arms! Load the guns well with live ammunition / Carry high red flags onward into the fight)
Ernst Thälmann was the KPD leader.
These versions were of course banned once the Nazis came to power and the Communist and Social Democratic parties repressed. But during the years of the Third Reich the song was parodied in various underground versions, most of them poking fun at the corruption of the Nazi elite. One version ran:
- Die Preise hoch, die Läden dicht geschlossen
- Die Not marschiert und wir marschieren mit
- Frick, Joseph Goebbels, Schirach, Himmler und Genossen
- Die hungern auch doch nur im Geiste mit
(('The prices high, the shops tightly closed / poverty marches and we march with it / Frick, Joseph Goebbels, Schirach, Himmler and Comrades / they go hungry as well, but only in spirit)
Wilhelm Frick was the Interior Minister. Baldur von Schirach was the Hitler Youth leader. Heinrich Himmler was head of the SS and police.
Reference
This article is largely based on George Boderick, "The Horst-Wessel-Lied: A Reappraisal," International Folklore Review Vol. 10 (1995): 100-127, available online here
See also
External links
- Text and melody (MID format), song (MP3 format)
- Text of the German Criminal Code §86 and §86a (in English)