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According to [[Shia Islam]], members of society should have a right understanding of the world and mankind, as taught by Islam, in order to identify and fulfill their obligations. On the social level, fulfilment of these obligations is enabled by the implementation of Islamic rulings by a religious government, resulting in a society of believers who worship God only and enjoy justice and freedom on both the personal and social level. These ends can only be accomplished under the rule and guidance of a person who does not err and is protected by God from commission of fault.<ref>{{harvnb|Tabatabaei|1977|p=42-43}}</ref> This view is drawn from the Shia [[Succession to Muhammad#The Twelver Shia view of the succession|belief in divine succession from the Prophet]]. Shias argue that the rightful successors to the [[Muhammad|Prophet]], in addition to ruling justly over the community, must correctly interpret [[Sharia|divine law]] |
According to [[Shia Islam]], members of society should have a right understanding of the world and mankind, as taught by Islam, in order to identify and fulfill their obligations. On the social level, fulfilment of these obligations is enabled by the implementation of Islamic rulings by a religious government, resulting in a society of believers who worship God only and enjoy justice and freedom on both the personal and social level. These ends can only be accomplished under the rule and guidance of a person who does not err and is protected by God from commission of fault.<ref>{{harvnb|Tabatabaei|1977|p=42-43}}</ref> This view is drawn from the Shia [[Succession to Muhammad#The Twelver Shia view of the succession|belief in divine succession from the Prophet]]. Shias argue that the rightful successors to the [[Muhammad|Prophet]], in addition to ruling justly over the community, must correctly interpret [[Sharia|divine law]]—which requires their freedom from error and sin<ref name="shia in islam">{{harvnb|Tabatabaei|1975|p=10-11}}</ref><ref name=4nafar2>{{harvnb|Nasr|Dabashi|Nasr|1989|p=102}}</ref>—lest they mislead their followers.<ref>{{harvnb|Tabatabaei|1975|p=156}}</ref> This human need for a [[Hujja|divinely guided]] and infallible leadership forms the basis of the doctrine of [[Imamah (Shia doctrine)|Imamah]].<ref>{{harvnb|Nasr|Dabashi|Nasr|1989|p=98}}</ref> Infallibility and divine protection from commission of error among [[Imam]]s is also deemed necessary for God's religion to remain intact.<ref>{{harvnb|Tabatabaei|1977|p=160}}</ref> On the socio-political level, only an infallible Imam whose actions are free from error may successfully arbitrate in conflicts between people and permanently resolve them.<ref name=4nafar2>{{harvnb|Nasr|Dabashi|Nasr|1989|p=102}}</ref> |
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According to [[Hamid Algar]], this description is encountered as early as the first half of the second century in the [[Islamic calendar]]. The Shia scholars of the fourth and the fifth centuries in the [[Islamic calendar]] defined the infallibility of the Prophet [[Muḥammad]] and the [[Twelve Imams]] in increasingly stringent form, until the doctrine came to exclude their commission of any sin or inadvertent error, either before or after their assumption of office. As for [[Fatimah]], she is regarded as infallible because she is a link between the [[Nubuwwah|Prophethood]]— |
According to [[Hamid Algar]], this description is encountered as early as the first half of the second century in the [[Islamic calendar]]. The Shia scholars of the fourth and the fifth centuries in the [[Islamic calendar]] defined the infallibility of the Prophet [[Muḥammad]] and the [[Twelve Imams]] in increasingly stringent form, until the doctrine came to exclude their commission of any sin or inadvertent error, either before or after their assumption of office. As for [[Fatimah]], she is regarded as infallible because she is a link between the [[Nubuwwah|Prophethood]]—[Nubuwwah]]—and Imamah, both of which are infallible, and because of her association with the Twelve Imams and their attributes in numerous [[hadith]]s.<ref name="Algar 1990"/> |
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==Family tree== |
==Family tree== |
Revision as of 19:57, 13 December 2014
Part of a series on Shia Islam |
---|
Shia Islam portal |
The Fourteen Infallibles (Arabic: معصومون Ma‘sūmūn) in Twelver Shia Islam include Muhammad, the Prophet of Islam, his daughter Fatima Zahra, and the Twelve Imams, all of whom are considered to be infallible—that is, "divinely bestowed [with] freedom from error and sin".[1] In Shia theology, this quality of infallibility is called Ismah.[2][3] The literal meaning of Ismah is protection, and in theological application it refers to a special grace—lutf—bestowed by God upon a person which enables them to abstain from sin by his or her own free will. Such a person is called Ma'sum.[4] Shias also believe that the Fourteen Infallibles are superior to the rest of creation, even the major prophets.[5]
The concept of Ismah
According to Shia Islam, members of society should have a right understanding of the world and mankind, as taught by Islam, in order to identify and fulfill their obligations. On the social level, fulfilment of these obligations is enabled by the implementation of Islamic rulings by a religious government, resulting in a society of believers who worship God only and enjoy justice and freedom on both the personal and social level. These ends can only be accomplished under the rule and guidance of a person who does not err and is protected by God from commission of fault.[6] This view is drawn from the Shia belief in divine succession from the Prophet. Shias argue that the rightful successors to the Prophet, in addition to ruling justly over the community, must correctly interpret divine law—which requires their freedom from error and sin[7][8]—lest they mislead their followers.[9] This human need for a divinely guided and infallible leadership forms the basis of the doctrine of Imamah.[10] Infallibility and divine protection from commission of error among Imams is also deemed necessary for God's religion to remain intact.[11] On the socio-political level, only an infallible Imam whose actions are free from error may successfully arbitrate in conflicts between people and permanently resolve them.[8]
According to Hamid Algar, this description is encountered as early as the first half of the second century in the Islamic calendar. The Shia scholars of the fourth and the fifth centuries in the Islamic calendar defined the infallibility of the Prophet Muḥammad and the Twelve Imams in increasingly stringent form, until the doctrine came to exclude their commission of any sin or inadvertent error, either before or after their assumption of office. As for Fatimah, she is regarded as infallible because she is a link between the Prophethood—[Nubuwwah]]—and Imamah, both of which are infallible, and because of her association with the Twelve Imams and their attributes in numerous hadiths.[2]
Family tree
The Fourteen Infallibles |
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Muhammad | |||||||||||||||||||||
Fātimah | ‘Alī | ||||||||||||||||||||
Hasan | Husayn | ||||||||||||||||||||
‘Alī Zaynul ‘Ābidīn | |||||||||||||||||||||
Muhammad al-Bāqir | |||||||||||||||||||||
Ja‘far as-Sādiq | |||||||||||||||||||||
Mūsā al-Kādhim | |||||||||||||||||||||
‘Alī ar-Ridhā | |||||||||||||||||||||
Muhammad al-Jawad | |||||||||||||||||||||
‘Alī al-Hadi | |||||||||||||||||||||
Hasan al-‘Askarī | |||||||||||||||||||||
Muhammad al-Mahdī | |||||||||||||||||||||
List of The Infallible
No. | Modern (Calligraphic) Depiction | Name (Full) Kunya |
Title Arabic Turkish[a] |
Date of Birth–Death (CE/AH).[b] Place of birth |
Importance | Reason & place of death and place of burial[c] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Muhammad ibn Abdullah[d][12] Abu al-Qasim[e][12] |
Rasul Allah[f][12] (the Messenger of God) |
570–632[12]
/ 53 BCE[15]–10[16] Mecca, Saudi Arabia[12] |
The Quran, the Word of God, thought to be the highest miracle, was revealed to him.[12] | Fell ill and died in Medina, Saudi Arabia.[12] Buried in Medina, Saudi Arabia.[12] | |
2 | Fatimah[17] |
Sayyidatu n-Nisā'il-‘alamīn[j][19] (The master of all women in this world and in Paradise) al-Zahra[k][17][20] (The Shining One) Al-Siddiqah[l][21] (The Honest) Al-Mubarakah[m][22] (The Blessed One) |
605 or 615 – 632 or 633[17][25][26][27][28] / 17 or 7 BCE[17] – 10 or 11[29]Mecca, Saudi Arabia[25][26] |
The Prophet called her "a part of me". She is also the mother of Shia Imams[29] | Fatal injury while defending Ali against the first Khalifa, according to most Shias.[30] | |
3 | Ali ibn Abu Talib[p][29] Abu al-Hasan[q][32] |
Amir al-Mu'minin[r][33] Birinci Ali[34] |
600–661[33] / 23 BCE –40[35] Mecca, Saudi Arabia[33] |
The First[36] Imam[29][37] and the rightful Successor of Muhammad[38] for all Shia, acknowledged by the Sunnis as the fourth Caliph.[29] He holds an important position in almost all Sufi Muslim orders (Turuq); the members of these orders trace their lineage to Muhammad through him.[33] | Assassinated by Abd-al-Rahman ibn Muljam, a Kharijite in Kufa, who slashed his head with a poisoned sword while he was praying.[33][39] Buried in Najaf,[29] Iraq. | |
4 | Hasan ibn Ali[s][29] Abu Muhammad[t][32] |
al-Mūjtabā[u][40]
İkinci Ali[34] |
625–670[41]
/ 3–50[29][42] Medina, Saudi Arabia[41] |
He was the eldest surviving grandson of Muhammad through Muhammad's daughter, Fatimah az-Zahra. Hasan succeeded his father as the caliph in Kufa, but after a seven-month reign, he relinquished control of Iraq following a peace treaty with Muawiya I.[41] | Poisoned fatally by his wife in Medina, Saudi Arabia on the order of Caliph Muawiya, according to Twelver Shia belief.[43] Buried in Jannat al-Baqi, Medina,[29] Saudi Arabia.[41] | |
5 | Husayn ibn Ali[v][29] Abu Abdillah[w][44] |
Sayyid ash-Shuhada[x][45]
Üçüncü Ali[34] |
626–680[46]
/ 4–61[29][47] Medina, Saudi Arabia[48] |
He was a grandson of Muhammad and brother of Hasan ibn Ali. Husayn rejected the legitimacy of Caliph Yazid I. As a result, he and his family were ultimately killed in the tragic Battle of Karbala by Yazid's forces.[29] Ever since the tragedy, the commemoration of Husayn ibn Ali's martyrdom has been at the core of Shia rituals and identity.[48] | Killed and beheaded at the Battle of Karbala.[48] Buried at Imam Husayn Shrine in Karbala,[29][46] Iraq.[48] | |
6 | Ali ibn Husayn[y][49] Abu Muhammad[z][44][50] |
Zayn al-'Abidin[ab][49][51]
Dördüncü Ali[34] |
658 or 659[51] –712[52]
/ 38[49][51]–95 [49][52] Medina, Saudi Arabia[51] |
Author of prayers in Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya,[49] which is known as "The Psalm of the Household of the Prophet."[52] | According to most Shia scholars, he was fatally poisoned on the order of Caliph al-Walid I in Medina, Saudi Arabia.[52] Buried in Jannat al-Baqi, Medina, Saudi Arabia[49] | |
7 | Muhammad ibn Ali[ac][49] Abu Ja'far[ad][44][53] |
Baqir al-Ulum[ae][54]
Beşinci Ali[34] |
677–732[54]
/ 57–114[49][54] Medina, Saudi Arabia[54] |
Sunni and Shia sources both describe him as one of the early and most eminent legal scholars, revered for having educating many seminary students during his tenure.[49][54][55] | According to some Shia scholars, he was fatally poisoned by Ibrahim ibn Walid ibn 'Abdallah in Medina, Saudi Arabia, on the order of Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik.[52] Buried in Jannat al-Baqi, Medina,[49] Saudi Arabia. | |
8 | Ja'far ibn Muhammad[af][49] Abu Abdillah[ag][44][49] |
Altıncı Ali[34] |
702–765[49][56]
/ 83–148[49][56] Medina, Saudi Arabia[56] |
Established the Ja'fari jurisprudence and developed the theology of Twelvers.[49] He instructed many scholars in different fields, including Abu Hanifah[49] and Malik ibn Anas in fiqh, Wasil ibn Ata and Hisham ibn Hakam in Islamic theology, and Geber in science and alchemy.[56] | According to Shia sources, he was fatally poisoned in Medina, Saudi Arabia, on the order of Caliph Al-Mansur.[56] Buried in Jannat al-Baqi, Medina, Saudi Arabia.[49] | |
9 | Musa ibn Ja'far[ai][49] Abu al-Hasan I[aj][44][57] |
al-Kazim[ak][58]
(The Calm One)
Yedinci Ali[34] |
744–799[49][58]
/ 128–183[49][58] Medina, Saudi Arabia[58] |
Leader of the Shia community during the schism of Ismaili and other branches after the death of the former Imam, Jafar al-Sadiq.[59] He established the network of agents who collected khums in the Shia community of the Middle East and the Greater Khorasan. He holds a high position in Mahdavia; the members of these orders trace their lineage to Muhammad through him.[60] | Imprisoned and fatally poisoned in Baghdad, Iraq, on the order of Caliph Harun al-Rashid, according to Shia belief.[61] Buried in the now Kazimayn shrine in Baghdad, Iraq.[49][58] | |
10 | Ali ibn Musa[al][49] Abu al-Hasan II[am][44] [57] |
ar-Rida[an][62]
Sekizinci Ali[34] |
765–817[49][62]
/ 148–203 [49][62] Medina, Saudi Arabia[62] |
Made crown-prince by Caliph Al-Ma'mun,[63] and famous for his discussions and debates with both Muslim and non-Muslim religious scholars.[62] | According to Shia sources, he was fatally poisoned in Mashad, Iran, on the order of Caliph Al-Ma'mun.[63] Buried in the now Imam Reza shrine in Mashad, Iran.[62][63] | |
11 | Muhammad ibn Ali[ao][63] Abu Ja'far[ap][44] |
(The God-Fearing) al-Jawad[ar][64]
Dokuzuncu Ali[34] |
809[63] or 810 –835[63][64]
/ 195–220[64] Medina, Saudi Arabia[64] |
Famous for his generosity and piety in the face of persecution by the Abbasid caliphate.[65] | Poisoned fatally by his wife, Al-Ma'mun's daughter, in Baghdad, Iraq, on the order of Caliph Al-Mu'tasim, according to Shia sources.[66] Buried in the now Kazmain shrine in Baghdad, Iraq.[63][64] | |
12 | Ali ibn Muhammad[as][63] Abu al-Hasan III[at] [44] [67] |
(The Guide) (The Pure) Onuncu Ali[34] |
827–868 [63][67]
/ 212–254[67] Surayya, a village near Medina, Saudi Arabia[67] |
He taught religious sciences until 243/857.[63] Strengthened the network of deputies in the Shia community. He sent them instructions, and received in turn financial contributions of the faithful from the khums and religious vows.[67] | According to Shia sources, he was fatally poisoned in Samarra, Iraq, on the order of Caliph Al-Mu'tazz.[69] Buried in the Al Askari Mosque in Samarra, Iraq.[63] | |
13 | Hasan ibn Ali[aw][63] Abu Muhammad[ax] [70][71] |
al-Askari[ay][63][72]
Onbirinci Ali[34] |
846–874[72]
/ 232–260 [63][72] Medina, Saudi Arabia[72] |
For most of his life, the Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mu'tamid placed restrictions on him after the death of his father.[73] Repression of the Shia communities was particularly high at the time due to their large size and growing power.[74] | According to Shia belief, he was fatally poisoned on the order of Caliph Al-Mu'tamid in Samarra,[73] Iraq. Buried in Al Askari Mosque in Samarra, Iraq.[63][73][74] | |
14 | Muhammad ibn al-Hasan[az][63] Abu al-Qasim[ba][45] |
Mahdi[bb][63][75] (The Guided One or The Guide), al-Hujjah[bd][45][77] (The Proof) sahib al-Zaman[be][70] (The Lord of Our Times) Sahibu'l-Amr[bf][70] (The one vested with Divine authority) al-Qa'im[bg][45] (The one who will rise and fill the universe with the Justice) Baqiyyat Allah[bh][45] (God's Remainder) Onikinci Ali[34] |
868–unknown[78]
/ 255 or 256[63] –unknown[78] Samarra, Iraq[79] |
According to Twelver Shia doctrine, he is an actual historical personality and is the current Imam and the promised Mahdi, a messianic figure who will return with Christ. He will reestablish the rightful governance of Islam, filling the earth with justice and peace.[80] | According to Shia doctrine, he has been living in the Occultation since 872, and will continue as long as God wills.[78] |
See also
Part of a series on Shia Islam |
Twelver Shi'ism |
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Shia Islam portal |
- Shia Islam
- Twelvers
- Ahl al-Bayt
- Twelve Imams
- Imamah (Shi'a twelver doctrine)
- Ahl al-Bayt
- Ahl al-Kisa
Notes
- ^ The Imam's Arabic titles are used by the majority of Twelver Shia who use Arabic as a liturgical language, including the Usooli, Akhbari, Shaykhi, and to a lesser extent Alawi. Turkish titles are generally used by Alevi, a fringe Twelver group, who make up around 10% of the world's Shia population. The titles for each Imam literally translate as "First Ali", "Second Ali", and
so forth. Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa. Gale Group. 2004. ISBN 978-0-02-865769-1.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ The abbreviation CE refers to the Common Era solar calendar, while AH refers to the Islamic Hijri lunar calendar
- ^ Except the Twelfth Imam
- ^ محمد بن عبدالله
- ^ أبو القاسم
- ^ رسول الله
- ^ خاتم الاوصیاء
- ^ حبیب
- ^ ام ابیها
- ^ سيدة نساء العالمين
- ^ الزهرا
- ^ الصّدیقة
- ^ المبارکة
- ^ الطاهرة
- ^ البتول
- ^ علي بن أبي طالب
- ^ أبو الحسن
- ^ امیرالمؤمنین
- ^ حسن بن علي
- ^ أبو محمد
- ^ المجتبی
- ^ حسین بن علي
- ^ أبو عبدالله
- ^ سیّد الشهداء
- ^ علي بن الحسین
- ^ أبو محمد
- ^ السجّاد
- ^ زین العابدین
- ^ محمد بن علي
- ^ أبو جعفر
- ^ باقرالعلوم
- ^ جعفر بن محمد
- ^ أبو عبدالله
- ^ الصادق
- ^ موسی بن جعفر
- ^ أبو الحسن الاول
- ^ الکاظم
- ^ علي بن موسی
- ^ أبو الحسن الثانی
- ^ الرضا
- ^ محمد بن علي
- ^ أبو جعفر
- ^ التقی
- ^ الجواد
- ^ علي بن محمد
- ^ أبو الحسن الثالث
- ^ الهادی
- ^ النقی
- ^ الحسن بن علي
- ^ أبو محمد
- ^ العسگری
- ^ محمد بن الحسن
- ^ أبو القاسم
- ^ المهدی
- ^ الامام الغائب
- ^ الحجة
- ^ صاحب الزمان
- ^ صاحب الامر
- ^ القائم
- ^ بقیةالله
References
Notes
- ^ Khomeini & Algar 2002, p. 48
- ^ a b Algar 1990
- ^ Dabashi 2006, p. 463
- ^ Akhtar Rizvi 1987, p. 14
- ^ Algar 1990
- ^ Tabatabaei 1977, p. 42-43
- ^ Tabatabaei 1975, p. 10-11
- ^ a b Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1989, p. 102
- ^ Tabatabaei 1975, p. 156
- ^ Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1989, p. 98
- ^ Tabatabaei 1977, p. 160
- ^ a b c d e f g h Nasr 2006
- ^ Ibn al-ʻArabī 1980, p. 38
- ^ Nasr 2013, p. 61
- ^ Tabatabaei 1975, pp. 131
- ^ Tabatabaei 1975, pp. 134
- ^ a b c d Chittick 1980, p. 136
- ^ Walbridge 2001, p. 103
- ^ Ordoni & Qazwini 1992, p. 117
- ^ Calmard 1999
- ^ Ordoni 2013, p. 56
- ^ Ordoni 2013, p. 59
- ^ Ordoni 2013, p. 70
- ^ Ordoni 2013, p. 94
- ^ a b Dungersi 1994, p. 4
- ^ a b Qurashī 2006, pp. 37–41
- ^ Ordoni & Qazwini 1992, pp. 42–45
- ^ Amin 1968–73, p. 103
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Chittick 1980, p. 137 Cite error: The named reference "Chitticka" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Lammens 2012
- ^ Qurashī 2006, p. 248
- ^ a b Rizvi 1988, p. 48
- ^ a b c d e Nasr 2007
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa. Gale Group. 2004. ISBN 978-0-02-865769-1.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ Tabatabaei 1979, pp. 190–192
- ^ Poonawala 1985
- ^ Amir-Moezzi 2005
- ^ Mashita 2002, p. 69
- ^ Tabatabaei 1979, p. 192
- ^ Corbin 1993, p. 50
- ^ a b c d Madelung 2003 Cite error: The named reference "Hasan ibn Ali Iranica" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Tabatabaei 1979, pp. 194–195
- ^ Tabatabaei 1979, p. 195
- ^ a b c d e f g h Rizvi 1988, p. 49
- ^ a b c d e Amir-Moezzi 1994, p. 174
- ^ a b Tabatabaei 1975, pp. 198–199
- ^ Tabatabaei 1979, pp. 196–199
- ^ a b c d Madelung 2004
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Chittick 1980, p. 138
- ^ Qurashi 2007, p. 17
- ^ a b c d Madelung 1985
- ^ a b c d e Tabatabaei 1979, p. 202
- ^ Qurashi 1999
- ^ a b c d e Madelung 1988
- ^ Tabatabaei 1979, p. 203
- ^ a b c d e f Tabatabaei 1979, pp. 203–204
- ^ a b Madelung 1985c Cite error: The named reference "Ali al-Reza in Iranica" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ a b c d e Tabatabaei 1979, p. 205
- ^ Tabatabaei 1979, p. 78
- ^ Sachedina 1988, pp. 53–54
- ^ Amir-Moezzi 2011, p. 207
- ^ a b c d e f Tabatabaei 1979, pp. 205–207
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Chittick 1980, p. 139
- ^ a b c d e Tabatabaei 1979, p. 207
- ^ Qurashi 2005
- ^ Tabatabaei 1977, p. 207
- ^ a b c d e Madelung 1985a
- ^ Dungersi, p. 2 harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFDungersi (help)
- ^ Tabatabaei 1979, pp. 208–209
- ^ a b c Rizvi 1988, p. 50
- ^ Qurashi 2005, p. 18
- ^ a b c d Halm 1987
- ^ a b c Dungersi, p. 28 harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFDungersi (help)
- ^ a b Tabatabaei 1979, pp. 209–210
- ^ Amir-Moezzi 2007
- ^ Amir-Moezzi 1994, p. 115
- ^ Nasr 2013, p. 161
- ^ a b c Tabatabaei 1979, pp. 210–211
- ^ Tabatabaei 1975, p. 185
- ^ Tabatabaei 1979, pp. 211–214
Bibliography
- Encyclopedias
- Algar, Hamid (1990). "Chahardah M'asum". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2008-07-18.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Amin, Hassan (1968–73). Islamic Shi'ite Encyclopedia, Vol. 4. Beirut: SLIM Press.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help); Missing or empty|title=
(help) - Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (2005). "SHIʿITE DOCTRINE". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2014-07-07.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
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(help) - Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (2007). "ISLAM IN IRAN vii. THE CONCEPT OF MAHDI IN TWELVER SHIʿISM". Encyclopædia Iranica.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Arjomand, Said Amir (2000). "ḠAYBA". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Calmard, Jean (2004). "Husayn ibn Ali". Encyclopædia Iranica.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Calmard, Jean (1999). "FĀṬEMA". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa. Gale Group. 2004. ISBN 978-0-02-865769-1.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
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(help); Missing or empty|title=
(help) - Halm, H (1987). "ʿASKARĪ". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Lammens (2012). "Fatima". Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill Online. ISBN 9789004082656.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Lambton, Ann K. (1989). "Chapter 7, Political Theory and Practice". In Nasr, Seyyed Hussein (ed.). Expectation of the Millennium : Shiìsm in History. State University of New York Press. ISBN 9780585078496.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Martin, Richard C. Encyclopaedia of Islam and the Muslim world; vol.1. MacMillan. ISBN 0-02-865604-0.
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(help) - Mattar, Philp (2004). Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa. Gale Group. ISBN 978-0-02-865769-1.
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(help) - Madelung, Wilferd (1985). "'ALĪ B. AL-ḤOSAYN". Encyclopædia Iranica.
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(help) - Madelung, Wilferd (1988). "AL-BAQER, ABU JAFAR MOHAMMAD". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
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: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Madelung, Wilferd (1985c). "ʿALĪ AL-REŻĀ". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2007-11-09.
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: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Madelung, Wilferd (1985a). "'ALĪ AL-HĀDĪ". Encyclopædia Iranica.
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(help) - Madelung, Wilferd (2004). "ḤOSAYN B. ʿALI i. LIFE AND SIGNIFICANCE IN SHIʿISM". Encyclopædia Iranica.
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(help) - Madelung, Wilferd (2003). "Hasan ibn Ali". Encyclopædia Iranica.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
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(help) - Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2007). "Ali". Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
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(help) - Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2006). "Muhammad". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Poonawala, I. K. (1985). "ʿALI B. ABI ṬĀLEB". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2014-07-07.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help)
- Books
- Abu Shahba, Hatem. Ayat ut Tatheer: To Whom Does the Purification Verse Refer To?. Jerrmein Abu Shahba.
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(help) - Akhtar Rizvi, Sayyed Saeed (1987). Prophethood. Bilal Muslim Mission of Tanzania. ISBN -997695-617-7.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (27 September 1994). The Divine Guide in Early Shi'ism: The Sources of Esotericism in Islam. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-2122-2.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (15 February 2011). The Spirituality of Shi'i Islam: Belief and Practices. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-738-2.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - Blank, Jonah (2001). Mullahs on the Mainframe: Islam and Modernity Among the Daudi Bohras. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-22605-676-7.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Chittick, William C. (1980). A Shi'ite Anthology. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-87395-510-2.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Corbin, Henry (1993). History of Islamic Philosophy, Translated by Liadain Sherrard, Philip Sherrard. London; Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies. ISBN 0-7103-0416-1.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help)
- Dabashi, Hamid (2006). Theology of Discontent: The Ideological Foundation of the Islamic Revolution in Iran. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 1-4128-0516-3.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Dungersi, Mohammed Raza. A Brief Biography of Imam Hasan bin Ali (a.s.): al-Askari. Bilal Muslim Mission of Tanzania. GGKEY:NT86H2HXN40.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Dungersi, Mohammed Raza. A Brief Biography of Imam Ali bin Muhammad (a.s.): an-Naqi. Bilal Muslim Mission of Tanzania. GGKEY:8634KUB72L4.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Dungersi, Mohammed Raza (1994). A Brief Biography of Hazrat Fatima (s.a.). Bilal Muslim Mission of Tanzania. ISBN 9976 956 86 7.
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: Check|isbn=
value: checksum (help); Invalid|ref=harv
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suggested) (help) - Ibn al-ʻArabī (January 1980). Ibn Al' Arabi. Paulist Press. ISBN 978-0-8091-2331-5.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - Khomeini, Ruhollah; Algar, Hamid (2002). Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist. Alhoda UK. ISBN 9789643354992.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad; Meri, Josef W. (2003). Culture and Memory in Medieval Islam: Essays in Honor of Wilferd Madelung. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-86064-859-5.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Mashita (2002). Theology, ethics and metaphysics. Hiroyuki. London: RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 9780700716708.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - Momen, Moojan (1985). An Introduction to Shi`i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelve. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-03531-4.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - Nasr, Seyyed Hossein; Dabashi, Hamid; Nasr, Seyyed Vali Reza (1989). Expectation of the Millennium: Shi'ism in History. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-88706-843-0.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2008). Islamic spirituality : foundations. Routledge. p. 161. ISBN 978-1-134-53895-9.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2013). Islamic Spirituality: Foundations. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-53895-9.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Nasr, Seyyed Hossein; Dabashi, Hamid; Nasr, Seyyed Vali Reza (1988). Shi'ism: Doctrines, Thought, and Spirituality. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-88706-689-4.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - Ordoni, Abu Muhammad (1 December 2013). Fatima (Sa) the Gracious. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1-4943-3640-0.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - Ordoni, Abu Muhammad; Qazwini, Muhammad Kazim (1992). Fatima the Gracious. Ansariyan Publications. ASIN B000BWQ7N6.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - Qurashī, Bāqir Sharīf (2006). The Life of Fatima Az-Zahra': The Principal of All Women : Study and Analysis. Ansariyan. ISBN 978-964-438-817-0.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - Qurashi, Baqir Sharif (2007). The life of Imām Zayn al ‘Abidin (A.S.). Ansariyan Publications. ISBN 978-9644381652.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - Qurashi, Baqir Sharif (1999). The Life of Imam Muhammad ibn 'Ali al-Baqir. Ansariyan Publications. ISBN 9644380444.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - Qurashi, Baqir Shareef (2005). The Life of Imam Muhammad Al-Jawad. Qom: Ansariyan Publications.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - Rizvi, Sayyid Saeed Akhtar (1988). Imamate: The vicegerency of the Holy Prophet. Bilal Muslim Mission of Tanzania. ISBN 978-9976-956-13-9.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - Robinson, Francis (1982). Atlas of the Islamic World Since 1500. Facts On File. ISBN 978-0-87196-629-2.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - Sachedina, Abdulaziz Abdulhussein (1988). The Just Ruler (al-sultān Al-ʻādil) in Shīʻite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-511915-0.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - Tabatabaei, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn (1979). Shi'ite Islam. Translated by Seyyed Hossein Nasr. SUNY press. ISBN 0-87395-272-3.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - Tabatabaei, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn (1975). Shi'ite Islam. Translated by Sayyid Hossein Nasr. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-87395-390-8.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - Tabatabaei, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn (1977). Shi'ite Islam. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-87395-390-0.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - Walbridge, Linda S. (6 August 2001). The Most Learned of the Shi`a : The Institution of the Marja` Taqlid. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-534393-9.
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(help)
External links
- A Chronological List of the Fourteen Infallibles
- A Brief History of the Fourteen Infallibles by WOFIS World Organization for Islamic Services Tehran -Iran
- The Brief History of the Fourteen Infallibles by Mohammad Hussein il’adeeb