Supreme Deliciousness (talk | contribs) This quote deserves no inclusion in an encyclopedia |
Supreme Deliciousness (talk | contribs) No edit summary |
||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{about|the Kurdish-inhabited areas of Syria|the AANES, often called Rojava|Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria|}} |
{{about|the Kurdish-inhabited areas of Syria|the AANES, often called Rojava|Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria|}} |
||
[[File:Kurdish-inhabited_area_by_CIA_(1992).jpg|thumb|Kurdish inhabited areas according to the CIA (1992)]] |
[[File:Kurdish-inhabited_area_by_CIA_(1992).jpg|thumb|Kurdish inhabited areas according to the CIA (1992)]] |
||
'''Syrian Kurdistan''', also known as '''Western Kurdistan''' ({{lang-ku|Rojavayê Kurdistanê}}) or simply '''Rojava''', is regarded by many [[Kurds]] (especially Kurdish nationalists)<ref name="Reuters 2014">{{cite news| url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-kurdistan-specialreport/special-report-amid-syrias-violence-kurds-carve-out-autonomy-idUSBREA0L17320140122| title = Special Report: Amid Syria's violence, Kurds carve out autonomy | trans-title= |language = English| date = 22 January 2014| work = Reuters| access-date = 1 August 2020}}</ref><ref name="kaya">Kaya, Z. N., & Lowe, R. (2016). [http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/64770/1/Kaya%20and%20Lowe.pdf The curious question of the PYD-PKK relationship]. In G. Stansfield, & M. Shareef (Eds.), The Kurdish question revisited (pp. 275–287). London: Hurst.</ref><ref>Pinar Dinc (2020) The Kurdish Movement and the Democratic Federation of Northern Syria: An Alternative to the (Nation-)State Model?, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 22:1, 47-67, DOI: 10.1080/19448953.2020.1715669</ref> and some regional experts as the western portion of [[Kurdistan]], located in the north of the country of [[Syria]].{{sfnp|Tejel|2009|p=95}}<ref name="cambridge">[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/japanese-journal-of-political-science/article/kurdish-regional-selfrule-administration-in-syria-a-new-model-of-statehood-and-its-status-in-international-law-compared-to-the-kurdistan-regional-government-krg-in-iraq/E27336DA905763412D42038E476BBE61/core-reader Kurdish Regional Self-rule Administration in Syria: A new Model of Statehood and its Status in International Law Compared to the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) in Iraq]</ref> The term ''Syrian Kurdistan'' is often used in the context of [[Kurdish nationalism]], which makes it a controversial concept among proponents of [[Syrian nationalism|Syrian]] and [[Arab nationalism]]. There is ambiguity about its geographical extent, and the term has different meanings depending on context.<ref name="kaya" /> A [[Reuters]] report from [[January]] [[2014]] claimed the following: |
'''Syrian Kurdistan''', also known as '''Western Kurdistan''' ({{lang-ku|Rojavayê Kurdistanê}}) or simply '''Rojava''', is regarded by many [[Kurds]] (especially Kurdish nationalists)<ref name="Reuters 2014">{{cite news| url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-kurdistan-specialreport/special-report-amid-syrias-violence-kurds-carve-out-autonomy-idUSBREA0L17320140122| title = Special Report: Amid Syria's violence, Kurds carve out autonomy | trans-title= |language = English| date = 22 January 2014| work = Reuters| access-date = 1 August 2020}}</ref><ref name="kaya">Kaya, Z. N., & Lowe, R. (2016). [http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/64770/1/Kaya%20and%20Lowe.pdf The curious question of the PYD-PKK relationship]. In G. Stansfield, & M. Shareef (Eds.), The Kurdish question revisited (pp. 275–287). London: Hurst.</ref><ref>Pinar Dinc (2020) The Kurdish Movement and the Democratic Federation of Northern Syria: An Alternative to the (Nation-)State Model?, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 22:1, 47-67, DOI: 10.1080/19448953.2020.1715669</ref> and some regional experts{{who?}} as the western portion of [[Kurdistan]], located in the north of the country of [[Syria]].{{sfnp|Tejel|2009|p=95}}<ref name="cambridge">[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/japanese-journal-of-political-science/article/kurdish-regional-selfrule-administration-in-syria-a-new-model-of-statehood-and-its-status-in-international-law-compared-to-the-kurdistan-regional-government-krg-in-iraq/E27336DA905763412D42038E476BBE61/core-reader Kurdish Regional Self-rule Administration in Syria: A new Model of Statehood and its Status in International Law Compared to the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) in Iraq]</ref> The term ''Syrian Kurdistan'' is often used in the context of [[Kurdish nationalism]], which makes it a controversial concept among proponents of [[Syrian nationalism|Syrian]] and [[Arab nationalism]]. There is ambiguity about its geographical extent, and the term has different meanings depending on context.<ref name="kaya" /> A [[Reuters]] report from [[January]] [[2014]] claimed the following: |
||
== History == |
== History == |
||
Line 7: | Line 7: | ||
[[File:Cedid Atlas (Middle East) 1803.jpg|thumb|right|1803 [[Cedid Atlas]] showing "Kurdistan" in blue on parts of modern day Iraq, Iran and Turkey. The atlas shows no part of Syria being part of a "Kurdistan"]] |
[[File:Cedid Atlas (Middle East) 1803.jpg|thumb|right|1803 [[Cedid Atlas]] showing "Kurdistan" in blue on parts of modern day Iraq, Iran and Turkey. The atlas shows no part of Syria being part of a "Kurdistan"]] |
||
Although the concept of an indepedent "Kurdistan" as homeland of the Kurdish people has a long history,{{sfnp|Tejel|2009|p=69}} the extent of said territory has been dispued over time.{{sfnp|Tejel|2009|p=95}} Kurds have lived in territories which later became part of modern Syria for centuries.{{sfnp|Vanly|1992|p=116}}{{sfnp|Meri|2006|p=445}} Before the 1980s, however, Kurdish-inhabited areas of Syria were usually only regarded as "Kurdish regions of Syria".{{sfnp|Tejel|2009|p=95}} Local Kurdish parties generally maintained ideologies which stayed in a firmly Syrian framework, and did not aspire to create a separate "Syrian Kurdistan".{{sfnp|Tejel|2009|p=86}} The idea of Syrian territory being part of a distinct "Kurdistan" or "Syrian Kurdistan" only gained more widespread support among Syrian Kurds in the 1980s and 1990s.{{sfnp|Tejel|2009|pp=93–95}} This development was fuelled by the [[Kurdistan Workers' Party]] (PKK) that strengthened Kurdish nationalist ideas in Syria, whereas local Kurdish parties had previously lacked "a clear political project" related to a Kurdish identity, partially due to political repression by the Syrian government.{{sfnp|Tejel|2009|p=93}} Despite the role of the PKK in initially spreading the concept of "Syrian Kurdistan", the [[Democratic Union Party (Syria)|Democratic Union Party]] (PYD) (the Syrian "successor" of the PKK){{sfnp|Allsopp|van Wilgenburg|2019|p=28}} generally refrained from calling for the establishment of "Syrian Kurdistan".{{sfnp|Tejel|2009|p=123}} As the PKK and PYD call for the removal of national borders in general, the two parties believed that there was no need for the creation of a separate Syrian Kurdistan, as their [[Internationalism (politics)|internationalist]] project would allow for the unification of Kurdistan through indirect means.<ref name="kaya"/> |
Although the concept of an indepedent "Kurdistan" as homeland of the Kurdish people has a long history,{{sfnp|Tejel|2009|p=69}} the extent of said territory has been dispued over time.{{sfnp|Tejel|2009|p=95}} Kurds have lived in territories which later became part of modern Syria for centuries.{{sfnp|Vanly|1992|p=116}}{{sfnp|Meri|2006|p=445}} Before the 1980s, however, Kurdish-inhabited areas of Syria were usually only regarded as "Kurdish regions of Syria".{{according to whom}}{{sfnp|Tejel|2009|p=95}} Local Kurdish parties generally maintained ideologies which stayed in a firmly Syrian framework, and did not aspire to create a separate "Syrian Kurdistan".{{sfnp|Tejel|2009|p=86}} The idea of Syrian territory being part of a distinct "Kurdistan" or "Syrian Kurdistan" only gained more widespread support among Syrian Kurds in the 1980s and 1990s.{{sfnp|Tejel|2009|pp=93–95}} This development was fuelled by the [[Kurdistan Workers' Party]] (PKK) that strengthened Kurdish nationalist ideas in Syria, whereas local Kurdish parties had previously lacked "a clear political project" related to a Kurdish identity, partially due to political repression by the Syrian government.{{sfnp|Tejel|2009|p=93}} Despite the role of the PKK in initially spreading the concept of "Syrian Kurdistan", the [[Democratic Union Party (Syria)|Democratic Union Party]] (PYD) (the Syrian "successor" of the PKK){{sfnp|Allsopp|van Wilgenburg|2019|p=28}} generally refrained from calling for the establishment of "Syrian Kurdistan".{{sfnp|Tejel|2009|p=123}} As the PKK and PYD call for the removal of national borders in general, the two parties believed that there was no need for the creation of a separate Syrian Kurdistan, as their [[Internationalism (politics)|internationalist]] project would allow for the unification of Kurdistan through indirect means.<ref name="kaya"/> |
||
The idea of a "Syrian Kurdistan" gained even more relevance after the [[Syrian Civil War]]'s start, as Kurdish-inhabited areas in northern Syria fell under the control of Kurdish-dominated factions. The PYD established an [[Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria|autonomous administration in northern Syria]] which it eventually began to call "Rojava" or West Kurdistan.<ref name="kaya" /><ref name="cambridge" /> As the PYD-led administration gained control over increasingly ethnically diverse areas, however, the use of "Rojava" for the merging [[proto-state]] was gradually reduced in official contexts.{{sfnp|Allsopp|van Wilgenburg|2019|pp=89, 151–152}} Regardless, the polity continued to be called "Rojava" by locals and international observers,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/turkey-military-operation-syria-latest-updates-191013083950643.html |title=Turkey's military operation in Syria: All the latest updates |work=al Jazeera |date=14 October 2019 |accessdate=29 October 2019}}</ref><ref name="gurcan">{{cite web|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/11/turkey-syria-pkk-worried-by-growing-popularity-of-ypg-kurds.html |title=Is the PKK worried by the YPG's growing popularity? |author=Metin Gurcan |work=[[al-Monitor]]|date=7 November 2019 |accessdate=7 November 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url = https://morningstaronline.co.uk/article/f/communist-volunteers-fighting-turkish-invasion-syria| title = The Communist volunteers fighting the Turkish invasion of Syria| date = 31 October 2019| work = [[Morning Star (British newspaper)|Morning Star]]| access-date = 1 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.ardmediathek.de/ard/player/Y3JpZDovL25kci5kZS81YmI0NzU0OC0zNGI3LTRlMTYtYWI2MC03YWM3ZDA5YmRhNDQ/| title = Nordsyrien: Warum ein Deutscher sein Leben für die Kurden riskiert | trans-title= Northern Syria: Why a German risks his life for the Kurds |language = German| date = 31 October 2019| work = ARD| access-date = 1 November 2019}}</ref> with journalist Metin Gurcan noting that "the concept of Rojava [had become] a brand gaining global recognition" by 2019.<ref name="gurcan"/> |
The idea of a "Syrian Kurdistan" gained even more relevance after the [[Syrian Civil War]]'s start, as Kurdish-inhabited areas in northern Syria fell under the control of Kurdish-dominated factions. The PYD established an [[Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria|autonomous administration in northern Syria]] which it eventually began to call "Rojava" or West Kurdistan.<ref name="kaya" /><ref name="cambridge" /> As the PYD-led administration gained control over increasingly ethnically diverse areas, however, the use of "Rojava" for the merging [[proto-state]] was gradually reduced in official contexts.{{sfnp|Allsopp|van Wilgenburg|2019|pp=89, 151–152}} Regardless, the polity continued to be called "Rojava" by locals and international observers,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/turkey-military-operation-syria-latest-updates-191013083950643.html |title=Turkey's military operation in Syria: All the latest updates |work=al Jazeera |date=14 October 2019 |accessdate=29 October 2019}}</ref><ref name="gurcan">{{cite web|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/11/turkey-syria-pkk-worried-by-growing-popularity-of-ypg-kurds.html |title=Is the PKK worried by the YPG's growing popularity? |author=Metin Gurcan |work=[[al-Monitor]]|date=7 November 2019 |accessdate=7 November 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url = https://morningstaronline.co.uk/article/f/communist-volunteers-fighting-turkish-invasion-syria| title = The Communist volunteers fighting the Turkish invasion of Syria| date = 31 October 2019| work = [[Morning Star (British newspaper)|Morning Star]]| access-date = 1 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.ardmediathek.de/ard/player/Y3JpZDovL25kci5kZS81YmI0NzU0OC0zNGI3LTRlMTYtYWI2MC03YWM3ZDA5YmRhNDQ/| title = Nordsyrien: Warum ein Deutscher sein Leben für die Kurden riskiert | trans-title= Northern Syria: Why a German risks his life for the Kurds |language = German| date = 31 October 2019| work = ARD| access-date = 1 November 2019}}</ref> with journalist Metin Gurcan noting that "the concept of Rojava [had become] a brand gaining global recognition" by 2019.<ref name="gurcan"/> |
Revision as of 07:27, 1 August 2020
Syrian Kurdistan, also known as Western Kurdistan (Kurdish: Rojavayê Kurdistanê) or simply Rojava, is regarded by many Kurds (especially Kurdish nationalists)[1][2][3] and some regional experts[who?] as the western portion of Kurdistan, located in the north of the country of Syria.[4][5] The term Syrian Kurdistan is often used in the context of Kurdish nationalism, which makes it a controversial concept among proponents of Syrian and Arab nationalism. There is ambiguity about its geographical extent, and the term has different meanings depending on context.[2] A Reuters report from January 2014 claimed the following:
History
Although the concept of an indepedent "Kurdistan" as homeland of the Kurdish people has a long history,[6] the extent of said territory has been dispued over time.[4] Kurds have lived in territories which later became part of modern Syria for centuries.[7][8] Before the 1980s, however, Kurdish-inhabited areas of Syria were usually only regarded as "Kurdish regions of Syria".[according to whom?][4] Local Kurdish parties generally maintained ideologies which stayed in a firmly Syrian framework, and did not aspire to create a separate "Syrian Kurdistan".[9] The idea of Syrian territory being part of a distinct "Kurdistan" or "Syrian Kurdistan" only gained more widespread support among Syrian Kurds in the 1980s and 1990s.[10] This development was fuelled by the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) that strengthened Kurdish nationalist ideas in Syria, whereas local Kurdish parties had previously lacked "a clear political project" related to a Kurdish identity, partially due to political repression by the Syrian government.[11] Despite the role of the PKK in initially spreading the concept of "Syrian Kurdistan", the Democratic Union Party (PYD) (the Syrian "successor" of the PKK)[12] generally refrained from calling for the establishment of "Syrian Kurdistan".[13] As the PKK and PYD call for the removal of national borders in general, the two parties believed that there was no need for the creation of a separate Syrian Kurdistan, as their internationalist project would allow for the unification of Kurdistan through indirect means.[2]
The idea of a "Syrian Kurdistan" gained even more relevance after the Syrian Civil War's start, as Kurdish-inhabited areas in northern Syria fell under the control of Kurdish-dominated factions. The PYD established an autonomous administration in northern Syria which it eventually began to call "Rojava" or West Kurdistan.[2][5] As the PYD-led administration gained control over increasingly ethnically diverse areas, however, the use of "Rojava" for the merging proto-state was gradually reduced in official contexts.[14] Regardless, the polity continued to be called "Rojava" by locals and international observers,[15][16][17][18] with journalist Metin Gurcan noting that "the concept of Rojava [had become] a brand gaining global recognition" by 2019.[16]
See also
References
- ^ "Special Report: Amid Syria's violence, Kurds carve out autonomy". Reuters. 22 January 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
- ^ a b c d Kaya, Z. N., & Lowe, R. (2016). The curious question of the PYD-PKK relationship. In G. Stansfield, & M. Shareef (Eds.), The Kurdish question revisited (pp. 275–287). London: Hurst.
- ^ Pinar Dinc (2020) The Kurdish Movement and the Democratic Federation of Northern Syria: An Alternative to the (Nation-)State Model?, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 22:1, 47-67, DOI: 10.1080/19448953.2020.1715669
- ^ a b c Tejel (2009), p. 95.
- ^ a b Kurdish Regional Self-rule Administration in Syria: A new Model of Statehood and its Status in International Law Compared to the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) in Iraq
- ^ Tejel (2009), p. 69.
- ^ Vanly (1992), p. 116.
- ^ Meri (2006), p. 445.
- ^ Tejel (2009), p. 86.
- ^ Tejel (2009), pp. 93–95.
- ^ Tejel (2009), p. 93.
- ^ Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019), p. 28.
- ^ Tejel (2009), p. 123.
- ^ Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019), pp. 89, 151–152.
- ^ "Turkey's military operation in Syria: All the latest updates". al Jazeera. 14 October 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
- ^ a b Metin Gurcan (7 November 2019). "Is the PKK worried by the YPG's growing popularity?". al-Monitor. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
- ^ "The Communist volunteers fighting the Turkish invasion of Syria". Morning Star. 31 October 2019. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
- ^ "Nordsyrien: Warum ein Deutscher sein Leben für die Kurden riskiert" [Northern Syria: Why a German risks his life for the Kurds]. ARD (in German). 31 October 2019. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
Works cited
- Allsopp, Harriet; van Wilgenburg, Wladimir (2019). The Kurds of Northern Syria. Volume 2: Governance, Diversity and Conflicts. London; New York City; etc.: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-8386-0445-5.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Tejel, Jordi (2009). Syria's Kurds: History, Politics and Society. Abingdon-on-Thames, New York City: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-42440-0.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Meri, Josef W. (2006). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Volume 1: A - K. New York City, London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-96691-7.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Vanly, Ismet Chériff (1992). "The Kurds in Syria and Lebanon". In Philip G. Kreyenbroek; Stefan Sperl (eds.). The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview. New York City, London: Routledge. pp. 112–134. ISBN 978-0-415-96691-7.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help)