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{{Short description|Atypical antipsychotic}} |
{{Short description|Atypical antipsychotic}} |
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{{distinguish|Metamizole{{!}}sulpyrine}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}} |
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}} |
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{{Drugbox |
{{Drugbox |
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| Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|international|sulpiride}} |
| Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|international|sulpiride}} |
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| pregnancy_category = |
| pregnancy_category = |
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| legal_AU = <!-- Unscheduled / S2 / S3 / S4 / S5 / S6 / S7 / S8 / S9 --> |
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| legal_BR = C1 |
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| legal_BR_comment = <ref>{{Cite web |author=Anvisa |author-link=Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency |date=2023-03-31 |title=RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial |trans-title=Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control|url=https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803143925/https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992 |archive-date=2023-08-03 |access-date=2023-08-16 |publisher=[[Diário Oficial da União]] |language=pt-BR |publication-date=2023-04-04}}</ref> |
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| legal_CA = <!-- / Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII --> |
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| legal_DE = <!-- Anlage I, II, III or Unscheduled --> |
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| legal_NZ = <!-- Class A, B, C --> |
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| legal_UK = POM |
| legal_UK = POM |
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| legal_US = <!-- OTC / Rx-only / Schedule I, II, III, IV, V --> |
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| legal_EU = |
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| legal_UN = <!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV --> |
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| legal_status = Rx-only |
| legal_status = Rx-only |
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| routes_of_administration = [[Oral administration|By mouth]] ([[tablet (pharmacy)|tablets]], [[capsule (pharmacy)|capsules]], [[Solution (chemistry)|solution]]), [[intramuscular injection]] |
| routes_of_administration = [[Oral administration|By mouth]] ([[tablet (pharmacy)|tablets]], [[capsule (pharmacy)|capsules]], [[Solution (chemistry)|solution]]), [[intramuscular injection]] |
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| bioavailability = 25–40%<ref name=EMC>{{cite web | title = Sulpiride Tablets 200mg, 400mg (SPC) | work = electronic Medicines Compendium (eMC) | publisher = Sanofi | date = 21 January 2010 | access-date = 19 October 2013 | url = http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/18936/SPC/Sulpiride+Tablets+200mg%2c+400mg/#PHARMACODYNAMIC_PROPS | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131019145134/http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/18936/SPC/Sulpiride+Tablets+200mg%2c+400mg/#PHARMACODYNAMIC_PROPS | archive-date = 19 October 2013 }}</ref><ref name = Pharm>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bressolle F, Brès J, Fauré-Jeantis A | title = Absolute bioavailability, rate of absorption, and dose proportionality of sulpiride in humans | journal = Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences | volume = 81 | issue = 1 | pages = 26–32 | date = January 1992 | pmid = 1619566 | doi = 10.1002/jps.2600810106 }}</ref> |
| bioavailability = 25–40%<ref name=EMC>{{cite web | title = Sulpiride Tablets 200mg, 400mg (SPC) | work = electronic Medicines Compendium (eMC) | publisher = Sanofi | date = 21 January 2010 | access-date = 19 October 2013 | url = http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/18936/SPC/Sulpiride+Tablets+200mg%2c+400mg/#PHARMACODYNAMIC_PROPS | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131019145134/http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/18936/SPC/Sulpiride+Tablets+200mg%2c+400mg/#PHARMACODYNAMIC_PROPS | archive-date = 19 October 2013 }}</ref><ref name = Pharm>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bressolle F, Brès J, Fauré-Jeantis A | title = Absolute bioavailability, rate of absorption, and dose proportionality of sulpiride in humans | journal = Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences | volume = 81 | issue = 1 | pages = 26–32 | date = January 1992 | pmid = 1619566 | doi = 10.1002/jps.2600810106 }}</ref> |
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| protein_bound = <40%<ref name = EMC/> |
| protein_bound = <40%<ref name = EMC/> |
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| metabolism = Not [[metabolism|metabolized]];<ref name="pmid96745"/><ref name=NoInhibition>{{cite journal | |
| metabolism = Not [[metabolism|metabolized]];<ref name="pmid96745"/><ref name=NoInhibition>{{cite journal | vauthors = Niwa T, Inoue S, Shiraga T, Takagi A | title = No inhibition of cytochrome P450 activities in human liver microsomes by sulpiride, an antipsychotic drug | journal = Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin | volume = 28 | issue = 1 | pages = 188–191 | date = January 2005 | pmid = 15635191 | doi = 10.1248/bpb.28.188 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Telles-Correia D, Barbosa A, Cortez-Pinto H, Campos C, Rocha NB, Machado S | title = Psychotropic drugs and liver disease: A critical review of pharmacokinetics and liver toxicity | journal = World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | pages = 26–38 | date = February 2017 | pmid = 28217372 | pmc = 5292604 | doi = 10.4292/wjgpt.v8.i1.26 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lv Q, Yi Z | title = Antipsychotic Drugs and Liver Injury | journal = Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry | volume = 30 | issue = 1 | pages = 47–51 | date = February 2018 | pmid = 29719358 | pmc = 5925599 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kobari T, Namekawa H, Kato Y, Yamada S | title = Biotransformation of sultopride in man and several animal species | journal = Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems | volume = 15 | issue = 6 | pages = 469–476 | date = June 1985 | pmid = 4036171 | doi = 10.3109/00498258509045020 }}</ref> 95% is exerted as the unchanged drug<ref name = EMC /><ref name="pmid96745">{{cite journal | vauthors = Imondi AR, Alam AS, Brennan JJ, Hagerman LM | title = Metabolism of sulpiride in man and rhesus monkeys | journal = Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Therapie | volume = 232 | issue = 1 | pages = 79–91 | date = March 1978 | pmid = 96745 | doi = }}</ref> |
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| elimination_half-life = 6–8 hours<ref name = EMC/><ref name="pmid1815069">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brès J, Bressolle F |title=Pharmacokinetics of sulpiride in humans after intravenous and intramuscular administrations |journal=J Pharm Sci |volume=80 |issue=12 |pages=1119–24 |date=December 1991 |pmid=1815069 |doi=10.1002/jps.2600801206 |url=}}</ref> |
| elimination_half-life = 6–8 hours<ref name = EMC/><ref name="pmid1815069">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brès J, Bressolle F |title=Pharmacokinetics of sulpiride in humans after intravenous and intramuscular administrations |journal=J Pharm Sci |volume=80 |issue=12 |pages=1119–24 |date=December 1991 |pmid=1815069 |doi=10.1002/jps.2600801206 |url=}}</ref> |
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| excretion = [[Urine]] (70–90%),<ref name="pmid1815069"/><ref name = Pharm/><br/>[[Feces]].<ref name="pmid96745"/> |
| excretion = [[Urine]] (70–90%),<ref name="pmid1815069"/><ref name = Pharm/><br/>[[Feces]].<ref name="pmid96745"/> |
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==Medical uses== |
==Medical uses== |
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Sulpiride's primary use in medicine is in the management of the symptoms of [[schizophrenia]].<ref name = EMC/> It has been used as both a monotherapy and adjunctive therapy (in case of treatment-resistance) in schizophrenia.<ref name = EMC/><ref name="Maudsley">{{cite book | isbn = 978-0-470-97948-8 | title = The Maudsley prescribing guidelines in psychiatry | vauthors = Taylor D, Paton C, Shitij K | year = 2012 | publisher = Wiley-Blackwell | location = West Sussex }}</ref><ref name = Coch>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang J, Omori IM, Fenton M, Soares B | title = Sulpiride augmentation for schizophrenia | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 1 | pages = CD008125 | date = January 2010 | pmid = 20091661 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD008125.pub2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lai EC, Chang CH, Kao Yang YH, Lin SJ, Lin CY | title = Effectiveness of sulpiride in adult patients with schizophrenia | journal = Schizophrenia Bulletin | volume = 39 | issue = 3 | pages = 673–83 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 22315480 | pmc = 3627763 | doi = 10.1093/schbul/sbs002 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Soares BG, Fenton M, Chue P | title = Sulpiride for schizophrenia | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 2 | pages = CD001162 | year = 2000 | pmid = 10796605 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001162 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Sulpiride versus other antipsychotics for schizophrenia (Protocol)| vauthors = Omori IM, Wang J, Soares B, Fenton M |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|issue=4|pages=CD008126|date=October 2009|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008126}}</ref> It has also been used in the treatment of [[dysthymia]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pani L, Gessa GL | title = The substituted benzamides and their clinical potential on dysthymia and on the negative symptoms of schizophrenia | journal = Molecular Psychiatry | volume = 7 | issue = 3 | pages = 247–53 | year = 2002 | pmid = 11920152 | doi = 10.1038/sj.mp.4001040 | doi-access = |
Sulpiride's primary use in medicine is in the management of the symptoms of [[schizophrenia]].<ref name = EMC/> It has been used as both a monotherapy and adjunctive therapy (in case of treatment-resistance) in schizophrenia.<ref name = EMC/><ref name="Maudsley">{{cite book | isbn = 978-0-470-97948-8 | title = The Maudsley prescribing guidelines in psychiatry | vauthors = Taylor D, Paton C, Shitij K | year = 2012 | publisher = Wiley-Blackwell | location = West Sussex }}</ref><ref name = Coch>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang J, Omori IM, Fenton M, Soares B | title = Sulpiride augmentation for schizophrenia | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 1 | pages = CD008125 | date = January 2010 | pmid = 20091661 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD008125.pub2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lai EC, Chang CH, Kao Yang YH, Lin SJ, Lin CY | title = Effectiveness of sulpiride in adult patients with schizophrenia | journal = Schizophrenia Bulletin | volume = 39 | issue = 3 | pages = 673–83 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 22315480 | pmc = 3627763 | doi = 10.1093/schbul/sbs002 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Soares BG, Fenton M, Chue P | title = Sulpiride for schizophrenia | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 2 | pages = CD001162 | year = 2000 | pmid = 10796605 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001162 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Sulpiride versus other antipsychotics for schizophrenia (Protocol)| vauthors = Omori IM, Wang J, Soares B, Fenton M |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|issue=4|pages=CD008126|date=October 2009|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008126}}</ref> It has also been used in the treatment of [[dysthymia]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pani L, Gessa GL | title = The substituted benzamides and their clinical potential on dysthymia and on the negative symptoms of schizophrenia | journal = Molecular Psychiatry | volume = 7 | issue = 3 | pages = 247–53 | year = 2002 | pmid = 11920152 | doi = 10.1038/sj.mp.4001040 | s2cid = 3153728 | doi-access = }}</ref> There is evidence, although low quality, that Sulpiride could accelerate antidepressant response in patients with [[major depressive disorder]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Uchida H, Takeuchi H, Suzuki T, Nomura K, Watanabe K, Kashima H | s2cid = 10727911 | title = Combined treatment with sulpiride and paroxetine for accelerated response in patients with major depressive disorder | journal = Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology | volume = 25 | issue = 6 | pages = 545–51 | date = December 2005 | pmid = 16282835 | doi = 10.1097/01.jcp.0000185425.00644.41 }}</ref> There is also evidence of its efficacy in treating [[panic disorder]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bell C, Bhikha S, Colhoun H, Carter F, Frampton C, Porter R | s2cid = 32951554 | title = The response to sulpiride in social anxiety disorder: D2 receptor function | journal = Journal of Psychopharmacology | volume = 27 | issue = 2 | pages = 146–51 | date = February 2013 | pmid = 22745189 | doi = 10.1177/0269881112450778 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Nunes EA, Freire RC, Dos Reis M, de Oliveira E, Silva AC, Machado S, Crippa JA, Dursun SM, Baker GB, Hallak JE, Nardi AE | s2cid = 14870287 | display-authors = 6 | title = Sulpiride and refractory panic disorder | journal = Psychopharmacology | volume = 223 | issue = 2 | pages = 247–9 | date = September 2012 | pmid = 22864966 | doi = 10.1007/s00213-012-2818-6 }}</ref> Sulpiride is indicated for the treatment of vertigo in some countries.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.medicinanet.com.br/bula/2239/equilid_50.htm |title=Medicinanet - Equilid 50 |access-date=2018-09-05}}</ref> In Japan, Sulpiride is both approved as a treatment for [[schizophrenia]] and for major depressive disorder (low dose).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rad-ar.or.jp/siori/english/kekka.cgi?n=35833|title=Search results detail{{!}} Kusurino-Shiori(Drug information Sheet)|website=www.rad-ar.or.jp|access-date=2020-03-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Towlson EK, Vértes PE, Müller-Sedgwick U, Ahnert SE | title = Brain Networks Reveal the Effects of Antipsychotic Drugs on Schizophrenia Patients and Controls | journal = Frontiers in Psychiatry | volume = 10 | pages = 611 | date = 2019-09-12 | pmid = 31572229 | pmc = 6752631 | doi = 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00611 | doi-access = free }}</ref> |
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==Contraindications== |
==Contraindications== |
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==Side effects== |
==Side effects== |
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Sulpiride is usually well tolerated, producing few adverse effects. Their incidences are as follows:<ref name = EMC/><ref name = Maudsley/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lepola U, Koskinen T, Rimón R, Salo H, Gordin A | title = Sulpiride and perphenazine in schizophrenia. A double-blind clinical trial | journal = Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica | volume = 80 | issue = 1 | pages = 92–6 | date = July 1989 | pmid = 2669445 | doi = 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1989.tb01305.x | s2cid = 28719315 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Munk-Andersen E, Behnke K, Heltberg J, Nielsen H, Gerlach J | title = Sulpiride versus haloperidol, a clinical trial in schizophrenia. A preliminary report | journal = Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum | volume = 311 | pages = 31–41 | year = 1984 | pmid = 6367362 | doi = 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1984.tb06857.x | s2cid = 31689174 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gerlach J, Behnke K, Heltberg J, Munk-Anderson E, Nielsen H | title = Sulpiride and haloperidol in schizophrenia: a double-blind cross-over study of therapeutic effect, side effects and plasma concentrations | journal = The British Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 147 | issue = 3 | pages = 283–8 | date = September 1985 | pmid = 3904885 | doi = 10.1192/bjp.147.3.283 | s2cid = 24056594 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Standish-Barry HM, Bouras N, Bridges PK, Watson JP | title = A randomized double blind group comparative study of sulpiride and amitriptyline in affective disorder | journal = Psychopharmacology | volume = 81 | issue = 3 | pages = 258–60 | year = 1983 | pmid = 6417717 | doi = 10.1007/bf00427274 | s2cid = 28134446 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Quinn N, Marsden CD | title = A double blind trial of sulpiride in Huntington's disease and tardive dyskinesia | journal = Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry | volume = 47 | issue = 8 | pages = 844–7 | date = August 1984 | pmid = 6236286 | pmc = 1027949 | doi = 10.1136/jnnp.47.8.844 | url = }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Peselow ED, Stanley M | title = Clinical trials of benzamides in psychiatry | journal = Advances in Biochemical Psychopharmacology | volume = 35 | pages = 163–94 | year = 1982 | pmid = 6756060 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Edwards JG, Alexander JR, Alexander MS, Gordon A, Zutchi T | title = Controlled trial of sulpiride in chronic schizophrenic patients | journal = The British Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 137 | issue = 6 | pages = 522–9 | date = December 1980 | pmid = 7011469 | doi = 10.1192/bjp.137.6.522 | s2cid = 789670 }}</ref> |
Sulpiride is usually well tolerated, producing few adverse effects. Their incidences{{verify spelling|date=September 2022|reason=''incidence'' is normally used only in the singular form, perhaps ''incidence'', ''incidents'', or ''instances'' was intended}} are as follows:<ref name = EMC/><ref name = Maudsley/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lepola U, Koskinen T, Rimón R, Salo H, Gordin A | title = Sulpiride and perphenazine in schizophrenia. A double-blind clinical trial | journal = Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica | volume = 80 | issue = 1 | pages = 92–6 | date = July 1989 | pmid = 2669445 | doi = 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1989.tb01305.x | s2cid = 28719315 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Munk-Andersen E, Behnke K, Heltberg J, Nielsen H, Gerlach J | title = Sulpiride versus haloperidol, a clinical trial in schizophrenia. A preliminary report | journal = Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum | volume = 311 | pages = 31–41 | year = 1984 | pmid = 6367362 | doi = 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1984.tb06857.x | s2cid = 31689174 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gerlach J, Behnke K, Heltberg J, Munk-Anderson E, Nielsen H | title = Sulpiride and haloperidol in schizophrenia: a double-blind cross-over study of therapeutic effect, side effects and plasma concentrations | journal = The British Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 147 | issue = 3 | pages = 283–8 | date = September 1985 | pmid = 3904885 | doi = 10.1192/bjp.147.3.283 | s2cid = 24056594 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Standish-Barry HM, Bouras N, Bridges PK, Watson JP | title = A randomized double blind group comparative study of sulpiride and amitriptyline in affective disorder | journal = Psychopharmacology | volume = 81 | issue = 3 | pages = 258–60 | year = 1983 | pmid = 6417717 | doi = 10.1007/bf00427274 | s2cid = 28134446 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Quinn N, Marsden CD | title = A double blind trial of sulpiride in Huntington's disease and tardive dyskinesia | journal = Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry | volume = 47 | issue = 8 | pages = 844–7 | date = August 1984 | pmid = 6236286 | pmc = 1027949 | doi = 10.1136/jnnp.47.8.844 | url = }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Peselow ED, Stanley M | title = Clinical trials of benzamides in psychiatry | journal = Advances in Biochemical Psychopharmacology | volume = 35 | pages = 163–94 | year = 1982 | pmid = 6756060 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Edwards JG, Alexander JR, Alexander MS, Gordon A, Zutchi T | title = Controlled trial of sulpiride in chronic schizophrenic patients | journal = The British Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 137 | issue = 6 | pages = 522–9 | date = December 1980 | pmid = 7011469 | doi = 10.1192/bjp.137.6.522 | s2cid = 789670 }}</ref> |
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; Common (>1%) adverse effects: |
; Common (>1%) adverse effects: |
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Sulpiride, along with [[clozapine]], and [[valproate]] has been found to activate [[DNA demethylation]] in the brain.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dong E, Nelson M, Grayson DR, Costa E, Guidotti A | title = Clozapine and sulpiride but not haloperidol or olanzapine activate brain DNA demethylation | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 105 | issue = 36 | pages = 13614–9 | date = September 2008 | pmid = 18757738 | pmc = 2533238 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0805493105 | bibcode = 2008PNAS..10513614D | doi-access = free }}</ref> |
Sulpiride, along with [[clozapine]], and [[valproate]] has been found to activate [[DNA demethylation]] in the brain.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dong E, Nelson M, Grayson DR, Costa E, Guidotti A | title = Clozapine and sulpiride but not haloperidol or olanzapine activate brain DNA demethylation | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 105 | issue = 36 | pages = 13614–9 | date = September 2008 | pmid = 18757738 | pmc = 2533238 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0805493105 | bibcode = 2008PNAS..10513614D | doi-access = free }}</ref> |
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==Chemistry== |
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===Synthesis=== |
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[[File:Sulpiride-synthesis.svg|800px|center|thumb|Sulpiride synthesis: E.L. Engelhardt, Ch.S. Miller, {{Cite patent|country=DE|number=1595915}} (1965) E.L. Engelhardt, Ch.S. Miller, {{Cite patent|country=DE|number=1795723}} (1965) E.L. Engelhardt, M.L. Thominet, {{US Patent|3342826}} (1969) G. Bulteau, J. Acher, {{US Patent|4077976}} (1978) F. Mauri, {{Cite patent|country=DE|number=2903891}} (1979).]] |
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Sulpiride can be synthesized from 5-aminosulfo[[salicylic acid]]. Methylating this with [[dimethylsulfate]] gives 2-methoxy-5-aminosulfonylbenzoic acid, which is transformed into an [[amide]] using 2-aminomethyl-1-ethylpyrrolidine as the amine component and [[carbonyldiimidazole]] (CDI) as a condensing agent. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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Sulpiride was discovered in 1966 as a result of a research program by Justin-Besançon and C. Laville at Laboratoires Delagrange who were working to improve the anti-dysrhythmic properties of [[procainamide]]; the program led first to [[metoclopramide]] and later to sulpiride.<ref name=Sneader2005>{{cite book| |
Sulpiride was discovered in 1966 as a result of a research program by Justin-Besançon and C. Laville at Laboratoires Delagrange who were working to improve the anti-dysrhythmic properties of [[procainamide]]; the program led first to [[metoclopramide]] and later to sulpiride.<ref name=Sneader2005>{{cite book| vauthors = Sneader W |title=Drug Discovery: A History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cb6BOkj9fK4C&pg=PA130|date=31 October 2005|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-01552-0|pages=205–}}</ref><ref name="pmid19906028">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sanger GJ | title = Translating 5-HT receptor pharmacology | journal = Neurogastroenterology and Motility | volume = 21 | issue = 12 | pages = 1235–8 | date = December 2009 | pmid = 19906028 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2009.01425.x | s2cid = 35544028 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Laboratoires Delagrange was acquired by Synthelabo in 1991<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Conard D | work = Les Echos | date = October 17, 1991 | url = http://www.lesechos.fr/17/10/1991/LesEchos/15996-035-ECH_synthelabo-rachete-les-laboratoires-delagrange.htm | title = Synthélabo rachète les laboratoires Delagrange }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | work = Bibliothèque nationale de France | url = http://data.bnf.fr/12198004/laboratoires_delagrange/ | title = Laboratoires Delagrange | access-date = August 24, 2016 }}</ref> which eventually became part of [[Sanofi]].<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Meek T | work = PMLiVE | date = May 24, 2013 | url = http://www.pmlive.com/pharma_news/a_look_back_at_sanofis_merger_with_synthelabo_477146 | title = A look back at Sanofi's merger with Synthélabo }}</ref> |
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==Society and culture== |
==Society and culture== |
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===Brand names=== |
===Brand names=== |
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Sulpiride is marketed under the brand names Dogmatil ([[Germany|DE]], [[Hong Kong|HK]], [[Singapore|SG]], [[Philippines|PH]]), Dolmatil ([[Ireland|IE]], [[United Kingdom|UK]]), Eglonyl ([[Russia|RU]], [[South Africa|ZA]], [[ |
Sulpiride is marketed under the brand names Dogmatil ([[Germany|DE]], [[Hong Kong|HK]], [[Singapore|SG]], [[Philippines|PH]]), Dolmatil ([[Ireland|IE]], [[United Kingdom|UK]]), Eglonyl ([[Russia|RU]], [[South Africa|ZA]], [[Croatia|HR]], [[Slovenia|SI]]), [[Espiride]] ([[South Africa|ZA]]), Modal ([[Israel|IL]]), Prometar ([[Uruguay|UY]]), Equilid ([[Brazil|BR]]) and Sulpor ([[United Kingdom|UK]]), among many others.<ref name="Drugs.com">{{Cite web | url= https://www.drugs.com/international/sulpiride.html | title=Sulpiride | work = Drugs.com }}</ref> |
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=== Medicinal forms === |
=== Medicinal forms === |
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These include tablet and oral solution<ref> |
These include tablet and oral solution<ref>{{cite web | title = Sulpiride 200mg/5ml Oral Solution | url = https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/13116/smpc#gref | work = EMC | publisher = Datapharm }}</ref> |
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=== Patient Aversions === |
=== Patient Aversions === |
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==Research== |
==Research== |
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Sulpiride has been studied for use as a [[hormonal contraceptive]] in women in whom conventional [[oral contraceptive]]s are [[contraindication|contraindicated]] and to potentiate [[progestogen-only contraceptive]]s.<ref name="pmid959705">{{cite journal | vauthors = Buvat J, Decroix-Blacker C, Legal F, Gasnault JP | title = [One thousand months of contraception with sulpiride] | language = fr | journal = Revue Française de Gynécologie et d'Obstétrique | volume = 71 | issue = 1 | pages = 53–61 | date = January 1976 | pmid = 959705 | url = https://www.popline.org/node/429364 }}</ref><ref name="pmid2994800">{{cite journal | vauthors = Payne MR, Howie PW, McNeilly AS, Cooper W, Marnie M, Kidd L | title = Sulpiride and the potentiation of progestogen only contraception | journal = British Medical Journal | volume = 291 | issue = 6495 | pages = 559–61 | date = August 1985 | pmid = 2994800 | pmc = 1418199 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.291.6495.559 }}</ref> The contraceptive effects of sulpiride are due to its [[prolactin modulator|prolactin-releasing]] and [[antigonadotropic]] effects and the [[hyperprolactinemia]]–[[amenorrhea]] state that it induces.<ref name="pmid959705" /><ref name="pmid2994800" /> |
Sulpiride has been studied for use as a [[hormonal contraceptive]] in women in whom conventional [[oral contraceptive]]s are [[contraindication|contraindicated]] and to potentiate [[progestogen-only contraceptive]]s.<ref name="pmid959705">{{cite journal | vauthors = Buvat J, Decroix-Blacker C, Legal F, Gasnault JP | title = [One thousand months of contraception with sulpiride] | language = fr | journal = Revue Française de Gynécologie et d'Obstétrique | volume = 71 | issue = 1 | pages = 53–61 | date = January 1976 | pmid = 959705 | url = https://www.popline.org/node/429364 | access-date = 15 April 2018 | archive-date = 15 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180415190721/https://www.popline.org/node/429364 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="pmid2994800">{{cite journal | vauthors = Payne MR, Howie PW, McNeilly AS, Cooper W, Marnie M, Kidd L | title = Sulpiride and the potentiation of progestogen only contraception | journal = British Medical Journal | volume = 291 | issue = 6495 | pages = 559–61 | date = August 1985 | pmid = 2994800 | pmc = 1418199 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.291.6495.559 }}</ref> The contraceptive effects of sulpiride are due to its [[prolactin modulator|prolactin-releasing]] and [[antigonadotropic]] effects and the [[hyperprolactinemia]]–[[amenorrhea]] state that it induces.<ref name="pmid959705" /><ref name="pmid2994800" /> |
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Since the use of psychotropic drugs is efficient in treating [[irritable bowel syndrome]] (IBS),<ref name="pmid16898620"/> sulpiride is studied as potential sole maintenance therapy in the treatment of IBS.<ref>{{cite journal|title=New regimen for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with emphasis on Sulpride as the sole maintenance therapy| |
Since the use of psychotropic drugs is efficient in treating [[irritable bowel syndrome]] (IBS),<ref name="pmid16898620"/> sulpiride is studied as potential sole maintenance therapy in the treatment of IBS.<ref>{{cite journal | title=New regimen for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with emphasis on Sulpride as the sole maintenance therapy| journal=Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics |year=2019 |doi=10.22270/jddt.v9i5.3424 | vauthors = El-Reshaid K, Al-Bader S | volume=9| issue=5| pages=154–157| s2cid=208163204| doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Komarov FI, Rapoport SI, Ivanov SV, Kharaian LV, Kolesnikov DB, Kurikov AV |title=[Sulpiride treatment of irritable colon syndrome] |language=Russian |journal=Klin Med (Mosk) |volume=78 |issue=7 |pages=22–6 |date=2000 |pmid=10979637}}</ref><ref name="pmid16898620">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sato M, Murakami M |title=[Treatment for irritable bowel syndrome--psychotropic drugs, antidepressants and so on] |language=Japanese |journal=Nihon Rinsho |volume=64 |issue=8 |pages=1495–500 |date=August 2006 |pmid=16898620 |doi= |url=}}</ref> |
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journal=Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics|year=2019|doi=10.22270/jddt.v9i5.3424| |
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last1=Al-Bader| |
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first1=Shaikha| |
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last2=El-Reshaid| |
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first2=Kamel| |
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volume=9| |
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issue=5| |
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pages=154–157| |
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s2cid=208163204}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Komarov FI, Rapoport SI, Ivanov SV, Kharaian LV, Kolesnikov DB, Kurikov AV |title=[Sulpiride treatment of irritable colon syndrome] |language=Russian |journal=Klin Med (Mosk) |volume=78 |issue=7 |pages=22–6 |date=2000 |pmid=10979637}}</ref><ref name="pmid16898620">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sato M, Murakami M |title=[Treatment for irritable bowel syndrome--psychotropic drugs, antidepressants and so on] |language=Japanese |journal=Nihon Rinsho |volume=64 |issue=8 |pages=1495–500 |date=August 2006 |pmid=16898620 |doi= |url=}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
Latest revision as of 20:00, 14 October 2023
Clinical data | |
---|---|
Trade names | Dogmatil, others |
AHFS/Drugs.com | International Drug Names |
Routes of administration | By mouth (tablets, capsules, solution), intramuscular injection |
ATC code | |
Legal status | |
Legal status | |
Pharmacokinetic data | |
Bioavailability | 25–40%[2][3] |
Protein binding | <40%[2] |
Metabolism | Not metabolized;[5][6][7][8][9] 95% is exerted as the unchanged drug[2][5] |
Elimination half-life | 6–8 hours[2][4] |
Excretion | Urine (70–90%),[4][3] Feces.[5] |
Identifiers | |
| |
CAS Number | |
PubChem CID | |
IUPHAR/BPS | |
DrugBank | |
ChemSpider | |
UNII | |
KEGG | |
ChEMBL | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
ECHA InfoCard | 100.036.124 |
Chemical and physical data | |
Formula | C15H23N3O4S |
Molar mass | 341.43 g·mol−1 |
3D model (JSmol) | |
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(verify) |
Sulpiride, sold under the brand name Dogmatil among others, is an atypical antipsychotic (although some texts have referred to it as a typical antipsychotic)[10] medication of the benzamide class which is used mainly in the treatment of psychosis associated with schizophrenia and major depressive disorder, and sometimes used in low dosage to treat anxiety and mild depression. Sulpiride is commonly used in Asia, Central America, Europe, South Africa and South America. Levosulpiride is its purified levo-isomer and is sold in India for similar purpose. It is not approved in the United States, Canada, or Australia. The drug is chemically and clinically similar to amisulpride.
Medical uses
Sulpiride's primary use in medicine is in the management of the symptoms of schizophrenia.[2] It has been used as both a monotherapy and adjunctive therapy (in case of treatment-resistance) in schizophrenia.[2][11][12][13][14][15] It has also been used in the treatment of dysthymia.[16] There is evidence, although low quality, that Sulpiride could accelerate antidepressant response in patients with major depressive disorder.[17] There is also evidence of its efficacy in treating panic disorder.[18][19] Sulpiride is indicated for the treatment of vertigo in some countries.[20] In Japan, Sulpiride is both approved as a treatment for schizophrenia and for major depressive disorder (low dose).[21][22]
Contraindications
Contraindications[2]
- Hypersensitivity to sulpiride
- Pre-existing breast cancer or other prolactin-dependent tumors
- Phaeochromocytoma
- Intoxication with other centrally-active drugs
- Concomitant use of levodopa
- Acute porphyria
- Comatose state or CNS depression
- Bone-marrow suppression
Cautions[2]
- Pre-existing Parkinson's disease
- Patients under 18 years of age (insufficient clinical data)
- Pre-existing severe heart disease/bradycardia, or hypokalemia (predisposing to long QT syndrome and severe arrhythmias)
- Patients with pre-existing epilepsy. Anticonvulsant therapy should be maintained
- Lithium use — increased risk of neurological side effects of both drugs
Pregnancy and lactation
- Pregnancy: Animal studies did not reveal any embryotoxicity or fetotoxicity, nor did limited human experience. Due to insufficient human data, pregnant women should be treated with sulpiride only if strictly indicated. Additionally, the newborns of treated women should be monitored, because isolated cases of extrapyramidal side effects have been reported.[2]
- Lactation: Sulpiride is found in the milk of lactating women. Since the consequences are unclear, women should not breastfeed during treatment.[2]
Side effects
Sulpiride is usually well tolerated, producing few adverse effects. Their incidences[spelling?] are as follows:[2][11][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]
- Common (>1%) adverse effects
- Dizziness
- Headache
- Extrapyramidal side effects
- - Tremor
- - Dystonia
- - Akathisia — a sense of inner restlessness that presents itself with the inability to stay still
- - Parkinsonism
- Somnolence (not a very prominent adverse effect considering its lack of α1 adrenergic, histamine and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor affinity)
- Insomnia
- Weight gain or loss
- Hyperprolactinemia (elevated plasma levels of the hormone, prolactin which can, in turn lead to sexual dysfunction, galactorrhea, amenorrhea, gynecomastia, etc.)
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Nasal congestion
- Anticholinergic adverse effects such as:
- - Dry mouth
- - Constipation
- - Blurred vision
- Impaired concentration
- Rare (<1% incidence) adverse effects
- Tardive dyskinesia — a rare, often permanent[citation needed] movement disorder that, more often than not, results from prolonged treatment with antidopaminergic agents such as antipsychotics. It presents with slow (hence tardive), involuntary, repetitive and purposeless movements that most often affect the facial muscles.
- Neuroleptic malignant syndrome — a rare, life-threatening complication that results from the use of antidopaminergic agents. Its incidence increases with concomitant use of lithium (medication) salts
- Blood dyscrasias — rare, sometimes life-threatening complications of the use of a number of different antipsychotics (most notably clozapine) which involves abnormalities in the composition of a person's blood (e.g. having too few white blood cells per unit volume of blood). Examples include:
- - Agranulocytosis — a significant drop in white blood cell count, leaving individuals wide open to life-threatening opportunistic infections
- - Neutropenia
- - Leucopenia
- - Leukocytosis[30]
- Seizures
- Torsades de pointes
- Unknown incidence adverse effects include
- QTc interval prolongation which can lead to potentially fatal arrhythmias.
- Cholestatic jaundice[31]
- Elevated liver enzymes
- Primary biliary cirrhosis[32]
- Allergic reactions
- Photosensitivity — sensitivity to light
- Skin rashes
- Depression
- Catatonia
- Palpitations
- Agitation
- Diaphoresis — sweating without a precipitating factor (e.g. increased ambient temperature)
- Hypotension — low blood pressure
- Hypertension — high blood pressure
- Venous thromboembolism (probably rare)
Overdose
Sulpiride has a relatively low order of acute toxicity. Substantial amounts may cause severe but reversible dystonic crises with torticollis, protrusion of the tongue, and/or trismus. In some cases all the classical symptoms typical of severe Parkinson's disease may be noted; in others, over-sedation/coma may occur. The treatment is largely symptomatic. Some or all extrapyramidal reactions may respond to the application of anticholinergic drugs such as biperiden or benzatropine. All patients should be closely monitored for signs of long QT syndrome and severe arrhythmias.
Interactions
Sulpiride neither inhibits nor stimulates cytochrome P450 family (CYP) of oxidizing enzymes in human, thus would not cause clinically significant interactions with other drugs,[6] which are metabolized by CYPs. However, the risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when sulpiride is combined with other drugs, but this is not related to substrates, inducers and inhibitors of CYPs.
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
Receptor | Affinity (Ki, nM) |
---|---|
DAT | >10,000 |
5-HT1A | >10,000 |
5-HT2A | 4,786 |
5-HT3 | >10,000 |
5-HT6 | 5,011[unreliable source?] |
5-HT7 | 5,011[unreliable source?] |
α1 | >10,000 |
α2 | >10,000 |
D1 | >10,000 |
D2 | 9.8 |
D3 | 8.05 |
D4 | 54 |
H1 | >10,000 |
V3 | >10,000 |
Affinity values are toward cloned human receptors. |
Sulpiride is a selective antagonist at dopamine D2, D3 and 5-HT1A receptors. Antagonism at 5-HT1A dominates in doses exceeding 600 mg daily. In doses of 600 to 1,600 mg sulpiride shows mild sedating and antipsychotic activity. Its antipsychotic potency compared to chlorpromazine is only 0.2 (1/5). In low doses (in particular 50 to 200 mg daily) its prominent feature is antagonism of presynaptic inhibitory dopamine and serotonin receptors, accounting for some antidepressant activity and a stimulating effect. Additionally, it alleviates vertigo.
The benzamide neuroleptics (including sulpiride, amisulpride, and sultopride) have been shown to activate the endogenous gamma-hydroxybutyrate receptor in vivo at therapeutic concentrations.[34] Sulpiride was found in one study in rats to upregulate GHB receptors.[35] GHB has neuroleptic properties and it is believed binding to this receptor may contribute to the effects of these neuroleptics.
Sulpiride, along with clozapine, and valproate has been found to activate DNA demethylation in the brain.[36]
History
Sulpiride was discovered in 1966 as a result of a research program by Justin-Besançon and C. Laville at Laboratoires Delagrange who were working to improve the anti-dysrhythmic properties of procainamide; the program led first to metoclopramide and later to sulpiride.[37][38] Laboratoires Delagrange was acquired by Synthelabo in 1991[39][40] which eventually became part of Sanofi.[41]
Society and culture
Brand names
Sulpiride is marketed under the brand names Dogmatil (DE, HK, SG, PH), Dolmatil (IE, UK), Eglonyl (RU, ZA, HR, SI), Espiride (ZA), Modal (IL), Prometar (UY), Equilid (BR) and Sulpor (UK), among many others.[42]
Medicinal forms
These include tablet and oral solution[43]
Patient Aversions
Some individuals from the Caribbean region may have an aversion to taking the medication due to the association with the brand name of Dogmatil. Dogmatil has been associated with dog medication.
Research
Sulpiride has been studied for use as a hormonal contraceptive in women in whom conventional oral contraceptives are contraindicated and to potentiate progestogen-only contraceptives.[44][45] The contraceptive effects of sulpiride are due to its prolactin-releasing and antigonadotropic effects and the hyperprolactinemia–amenorrhea state that it induces.[44][45]
Since the use of psychotropic drugs is efficient in treating irritable bowel syndrome (IBS),[46] sulpiride is studied as potential sole maintenance therapy in the treatment of IBS.[47][48][46]
References
- ^ Anvisa (31 March 2023). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 4 April 2023). Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Sulpiride Tablets 200mg, 400mg (SPC)". electronic Medicines Compendium (eMC). Sanofi. 21 January 2010. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
- ^ a b Bressolle F, Brès J, Fauré-Jeantis A (January 1992). "Absolute bioavailability, rate of absorption, and dose proportionality of sulpiride in humans". Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 81 (1): 26–32. doi:10.1002/jps.2600810106. PMID 1619566.
- ^ a b Brès J, Bressolle F (December 1991). "Pharmacokinetics of sulpiride in humans after intravenous and intramuscular administrations". J Pharm Sci. 80 (12): 1119–24. doi:10.1002/jps.2600801206. PMID 1815069.
- ^ a b c Imondi AR, Alam AS, Brennan JJ, Hagerman LM (March 1978). "Metabolism of sulpiride in man and rhesus monkeys". Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Therapie. 232 (1): 79–91. PMID 96745.
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- ^ Wang J, Omori IM, Fenton M, Soares B (January 2010). "Sulpiride augmentation for schizophrenia". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (1): CD008125. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008125.pub2. PMID 20091661.
- ^ Lai EC, Chang CH, Kao Yang YH, Lin SJ, Lin CY (May 2013). "Effectiveness of sulpiride in adult patients with schizophrenia". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 39 (3): 673–83. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbs002. PMC 3627763. PMID 22315480.
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- ^ Gerlach J, Behnke K, Heltberg J, Munk-Anderson E, Nielsen H (September 1985). "Sulpiride and haloperidol in schizophrenia: a double-blind cross-over study of therapeutic effect, side effects and plasma concentrations". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 147 (3): 283–8. doi:10.1192/bjp.147.3.283. PMID 3904885. S2CID 24056594.
- ^ Standish-Barry HM, Bouras N, Bridges PK, Watson JP (1983). "A randomized double blind group comparative study of sulpiride and amitriptyline in affective disorder". Psychopharmacology. 81 (3): 258–60. doi:10.1007/bf00427274. PMID 6417717. S2CID 28134446.
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- ^ Levkovitz H, Abramovitch Y, Nitzan I (June 1994). "Leukocytosis related to the therapeutic dosage of sulpiride". Biological Psychiatry. 35 (12): 963. doi:10.1016/0006-3223(94)91244-0. PMID 8080896. S2CID 43471005.
- ^ Melzer E, Knobel B (December 1987). "Severe cholestatic jaundice due to sulpiride". Israel Journal of Medical Sciences. 23 (12): 1259–60. PMID 3326861.
- ^ Ohmoto K, Yamamoto S, Hirokawa M (December 1999). "Symptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis triggered by administration of sulpiride". The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 94 (12): 3660–1. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.01634.x. PMID 10606349. S2CID 33986018.
- ^ Roth BL, Driscol J. "PDSP Ki Database". Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
- ^ Maitre M, Ratomponirina C, Gobaille S, Hodé Y, Hechler V (April 1994). "Displacement of [3H] gamma-hydroxybutyrate binding by benzamide neuroleptics and prochlorperazine but not by other antipsychotics". European Journal of Pharmacology. 256 (2): 211–4. doi:10.1016/0014-2999(94)90248-8. PMID 7914168.
- ^ Ratomponirina C, Gobaille S, Hodé Y, Kemmel V, Maitre M (April 1998). "Sulpiride, but not haloperidol, up-regulates gamma-hydroxybutyrate receptors in vivo and in cultured cells". European Journal of Pharmacology. 346 (2–3): 331–7. doi:10.1016/S0014-2999(98)00068-5. PMID 9652377.
- ^ Dong E, Nelson M, Grayson DR, Costa E, Guidotti A (September 2008). "Clozapine and sulpiride but not haloperidol or olanzapine activate brain DNA demethylation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (36): 13614–9. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10513614D. doi:10.1073/pnas.0805493105. PMC 2533238. PMID 18757738.
- ^ Sneader W (31 October 2005). Drug Discovery: A History. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 205–. ISBN 978-0-470-01552-0.
- ^ Sanger GJ (December 2009). "Translating 5-HT receptor pharmacology". Neurogastroenterology and Motility. 21 (12): 1235–8. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2982.2009.01425.x. PMID 19906028. S2CID 35544028.
- ^ Conard D (17 October 1991). "Synthélabo rachète les laboratoires Delagrange". Les Echos.
- ^ "Laboratoires Delagrange". Bibliothèque nationale de France. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
- ^ Meek T (24 May 2013). "A look back at Sanofi's merger with Synthélabo". PMLiVE.
- ^ "Sulpiride". Drugs.com.
- ^ "Sulpiride 200mg/5ml Oral Solution". EMC. Datapharm.
- ^ a b Buvat J, Decroix-Blacker C, Legal F, Gasnault JP (January 1976). "[One thousand months of contraception with sulpiride]". Revue Française de Gynécologie et d'Obstétrique (in French). 71 (1): 53–61. PMID 959705. Archived from the original on 15 April 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
- ^ a b Payne MR, Howie PW, McNeilly AS, Cooper W, Marnie M, Kidd L (August 1985). "Sulpiride and the potentiation of progestogen only contraception". British Medical Journal. 291 (6495): 559–61. doi:10.1136/bmj.291.6495.559. PMC 1418199. PMID 2994800.
- ^ a b Sato M, Murakami M (August 2006). "[Treatment for irritable bowel syndrome--psychotropic drugs, antidepressants and so on]". Nihon Rinsho (in Japanese). 64 (8): 1495–500. PMID 16898620.
- ^ El-Reshaid K, Al-Bader S (2019). "New regimen for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with emphasis on Sulpride as the sole maintenance therapy". Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics. 9 (5): 154–157. doi:10.22270/jddt.v9i5.3424. S2CID 208163204.
- ^ Komarov FI, Rapoport SI, Ivanov SV, Kharaian LV, Kolesnikov DB, Kurikov AV (2000). "[Sulpiride treatment of irritable colon syndrome]". Klin Med (Mosk) (in Russian). 78 (7): 22–6. PMID 10979637.
External links
- Media related to Sulpiride at Wikimedia Commons