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{{short description|Strait in southern Chile joining the Atlantic and Pacific oceans}} |
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{{Infobox body of water |
{{Infobox body of water |
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| name = Strait of Magellan |
| name = Strait of Magellan |
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| image = South America southern tip pol.png |
| image = South America southern tip pol.png |
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| caption = Strait of Magellan, in [[South America]]'s southern tip |
| caption = Strait of Magellan, in [[South America]]'s southern tip |
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| image_bathymetry = |
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| depth = |
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| inflow = |
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| basin_countries = [[Chile]], [[Argentina]] |
| basin_countries = [[Chile]], [[Argentina]] |
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| length = {{convert|570|km|abbr=on}} |
| length = {{convert|570|km|abbr=on}} |
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| width = |
| width = |
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| min_width = {{convert|2|km|abbr=on}} |
| min_width = {{convert|2|km|abbr=on}} |
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| islands = |
| islands = |
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| etymology = |
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| location = |
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| coordinates = {{coord|53|28|S|70|47|W|type:waterbody_scale:2500000|display=inline,title}} |
| coordinates = {{coord|53|28|S|70|47|W|type:waterbody_scale:2500000|display=inline,title}} |
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| type = [[strait]] |
| type = [[strait]] |
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The '''Strait of Magellan''' ({{Lang-es|Estrecho de Magallanes}}), also called the ''Straits of Magellan'', is a navigable sea route in southern [[Chile]] separating mainland [[South America]] to the north and [[Tierra del Fuego]] to the south. The [[strait]] is the most important natural passage between the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] and [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] oceans. |
The '''Strait of Magellan''' ({{Lang-es|Estrecho de Magallanes}}), also called the '''Straits of Magellan''', is a [[navigable]] sea route in southern [[Chile]] separating mainland [[South America]] to the north and [[Tierra del Fuego]] to the south. The [[strait]] is the most important natural passage between the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] and [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] oceans. It has been traversed by explorers and others throughout [[modern history]]. |
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The route is |
The route is difficult to navigate due to frequent narrows and unpredictable winds and currents. [[Maritime pilot]]ing is now compulsory. The strait is shorter and more sheltered than the [[Drake Passage]] {{ndash}} prey to frequent [[gale]] winds and [[icebergs]]<ref name="world"/> {{ndash}} or the often stormy open sea route around [[Cape Horn]]. Along with the narrow and sometimes treacherous [[Beagle Channel]] and the seasonal and historically treacherous [[North West Passage]], these were the only sea routes between the Atlantic and Pacific until the construction of the [[Panama Canal]]. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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{{ |
{{More citations needed|section|date=October 2018}}<!--"Indigenous peoples" and "Incorporation into Chile" sections have no references--> |
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===Indigenous peoples=== |
===Indigenous peoples=== |
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{{see also|Selk'nam people|Alacalufe people}}The Strait of Magellan has been inhabited by indigenous Americans for thousands of years. On the western part of its northern coast lived the [[Alacalufe]], also known as the Kawésqar. To the east of the Kawésqar lived the [[Tehuelche people|Tehuelche]], whose territory extended to the north in [[Patagonia]]. South of the Tehuelche, across the Strait of Magellan, lived the [[Selk'nam people|Selk'nam]], who inhabited the majority of the eastern portion of [[Tierra del Fuego]]. To the west of the Selk'nam were the [[Yaghan people|Yaghan]], who inhabited the southernmost part of [[Tierra del Fuego]]. |
{{see also|Selk'nam people|Alacalufe people}}The Strait of Magellan has been inhabited by indigenous Americans for thousands of years. On the western part of its northern coast lived the [[Alacalufe]], also known as the Kawésqar. To the east of the Kawésqar lived the [[Tehuelche people|Tehuelche]], whose territory extended to the north in [[Patagonia]]. South of the Tehuelche, across the Strait of Magellan, lived the [[Selk'nam people|Selk'nam]], who inhabited the majority of the eastern portion of [[Tierra del Fuego]]. To the west of the Selk'nam were the [[Yaghan people|Yaghan]], who inhabited the southernmost part of [[Tierra del Fuego]]. |
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It was reported by [[António Galvão]] in 1563 that the position of the Strait of Magellan was previously mentioned in old charts as ''Dragon's Tail'' (Draco Cola): |
It was reported by [[António Galvão]] in 1563 that the position of the Strait of Magellan was previously mentioned in old charts as ''Dragon's Tail'' (Draco Cola): |
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{{sfn|de Zurara|Prestage|Beazley|2010|page=cxiv}} |
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<ref>{{cite book|title=The Chronicle of the Discovery and Conquest of Guinea (Hayklut Society)|author=Gomes Eanes de Zurara|year=2010|volume=2|page=cxiv|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-01390-1}}</ref> |
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{{quote|he {{bracket|[[Peter, Duke of Coimbra|Pedro]]}} brought a map which had all the circuit of the world described. The Strait of Magellan was called the Dragon's Tail; and there were also the Cape of Good Hope and the coast of Africa. ... Francisco de Sousa Tavares told me that in the year 1528, the Infant D. Fernando showed him a map which had been found in the Cartorio of Alcobaça, which had been made more than 120 years before, the which contained all the navigation of India with the Cape of Good Hope.|Galvano|source=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XivHTiZoMycC Discovery of the World], sub ann. 1428.}} |
{{quote|he {{bracket|[[Peter, Duke of Coimbra|Pedro]]}} brought a map which had all the circuit of the world described. The Strait of Magellan was called the Dragon's Tail; and there were also the Cape of Good Hope and the coast of Africa. ... Francisco de Sousa Tavares told me that in the year 1528, the Infant D. Fernando showed him a map which had been found in the Cartorio of Alcobaça, which had been made more than 120 years before, the which contained all the navigation of India with the Cape of Good Hope.|Galvano|source=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XivHTiZoMycC Discovery of the World], sub ann. 1428. {{dead link|date=October 2019}}}} |
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This, however, would suggest that the |
This, however, would suggest that the strait was mentioned in maps before the Americas were reportedly first "discovered" by Europeans, and consequently the claim has to be considered dubious.{{cn|date=October 2019}}{{efn-ua|But see [[Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories]], [[Exploration of North America]]. [[Waldseemüller map]], [[Madoc]], and [[Norse colonization of North America]].}} |
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====Magellan==== |
====Magellan==== |
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[[File:NaoVictoria.JPG|thumb|150px|A replica of [[Victoria (ship)|''Victoria'']], one of Magellan's ships, in the [[Museo Nao Victoria]], [[Punta Arenas]]. Chile]] |
[[File:NaoVictoria.JPG|thumb|150px|A replica of [[Victoria (ship)|''Victoria'']], one of Magellan's ships, in the [[Museo Nao Victoria]], [[Punta Arenas]]. Chile]] |
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[[Ferdinand Magellan]] |
[[Ferdinand Magellan]], a Portuguese explorer and navigator in the service of [[Charles I of Spain]], became the first European to navigate the strait in 1520 during his [[Magellan's circumnavigation#Strait of Magellan|global circumnavigation voyage]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ferdinand-Magellan/Discovery-of-the-Strait-of-Magellan#ref186919 |title=Ferdinand Magellan, Discovery of the Strait of Magellan |work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=October 18, 2019}}</ref> |
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On March 22, 1518, the expedition was organized in [[Valladolid]], naming Magellan captain general of the fleet and governor of all the lands discovered, and establishing the privileges of Magellan and his business associate [[Rui Faleiro]]. The fleet would become known as the "[[Armada de las Molucas]]" or "Fleet of the Moluccas". The expeditionary fleet of five ships set sail from [[Sanlúcar de Barrameda]] on September 20, 1519. |
On March 22, 1518, the expedition was organized in [[Valladolid]], naming Magellan captain general of the fleet and governor of all the lands discovered, and establishing the privileges of Magellan and his business associate [[Rui Faleiro]]. The fleet would become known as the "[[Armada de las Molucas]]" or "Fleet of the Moluccas". The expeditionary fleet of five ships set sail from [[Sanlúcar de Barrameda]] on September 20, 1519.{{sfn|Murphy|Coye|2013}} |
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The five ships included ''[[Trinidad (ship)|La Trinidad]]'' (110 tons, crew 55), under the command of Magellan; ''La San Antonio'' (120 tons, crew 60) under the command of [[Juan de Cartagena]]; ''La Concepción'' (90 tons, crew 45) under the command of Gaspar de Quezada ([[Juan Sebastián Elcano]] served as boatswain); [[Victoria (ship)|''La Victoria'']] (85 tons, crew 42) under the command of [[Luis de Mendoza]]; and ''La Santiago'' (75 tons, crew 32), under command of Juan Rodríguez Serrano ([[João Serrão|João Rodrigues Serrão]]). Before the passage of the |
The five ships included ''[[Trinidad (ship)|La Trinidad]]'' (110 tons, crew 55), under the command of Magellan; ''La San Antonio'' (120 tons, crew 60) under the command of [[Juan de Cartagena]]; ''La Concepción'' (90 tons, crew 45) under the command of Gaspar de Quezada ([[Juan Sebastián Elcano]] served as boatswain); [[Victoria (ship)|''La Victoria'']] (85 tons, crew 42) under the command of [[Luis de Mendoza]]; and ''La Santiago'' (75 tons, crew 32), under command of Juan Rodríguez Serrano ([[João Serrão|João Rodrigues Serrão]]). Before the passage of the strait (and after the mutiny in [[Puerto San Julián]]), Álvaro de Mesquita became captain of the ''San Antonio'', and [[Duarte Barbosa]] of ''Victoria''. Later, Serrão became captain of ''Concepcion'' (his ''Santiago'', sent on a mission to find the passage, was caught in a storm and wrecked). ''San Antonio'', charged to explore Magdalen Sound, failed to return to the fleet, instead sailing back to Spain under [[Estêvão Gomes]] who imprisoned the captain Mesquita. |
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Magellan's ships entered the strait on November 1, 1520, [[All Saints' Day]], and it was initially called ''Estrecho de Todos los Santos'' (Strait of All Saints). Magellan's chronicler, [[Antonio Pigafetta]], called it the ''Patagonian Strait'', and others ''Victoria Strait'', commemorating the first ship entering it. |
Magellan's ships entered the strait on November 1, 1520, [[All Saints' Day]], and it was initially called ''Estrecho de Todos los Santos'' (Strait of All Saints). Magellan's chronicler, [[Antonio Pigafetta]], called it the ''Patagonian Strait'', and others ''Victoria Strait'', commemorating the first ship entering it.{{sfn|Murphy|Coye|2013}}{{sfn|Bergreen|2003|page=194}}<ref name="vaycay"/> Within seven years it was being called ''Estrecho de Magallanes'' in honor of Magellan.{{sfn|Murphy|Coye|2013}}{{sfn|Bergreen|2003|page=194}} The [[Spanish Empire]] and the [[Captaincy General of Chile]] used it as the southern boundary of their territory.{{Citation needed|date=March 2016}} |
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On All Saints Day, Magellan planted a flag and claimed the land on behalf of the King of Spain.<ref name="Memoria"/> |
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====Other explorers==== |
====Other explorers==== |
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The first Spanish colony was established in 1584 by [[Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa]], who founded [[Nombre de Jesús (Patagonia)|Nombre de Jesús]] and [[Puerto del Hambre|Rey Don Felipe]] on the northern shore of the strait. These towns suffered severe food shortages, and when the English navigator Sir [[Thomas Cavendish]] landed at the site of Rey Don Felipe in 1587, he found only ruins of the settlement. He renamed the place ''[[Puerto del Hambre|Port Famine]]''. |
The first Spanish colony was established in 1584 by [[Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa]], who founded [[Nombre de Jesús (Patagonia)|Nombre de Jesús]] and [[Puerto del Hambre|Rey Don Felipe]] on the northern shore of the strait. These towns suffered severe food shortages, and when the English navigator Sir [[Thomas Cavendish]] landed at the site of Rey Don Felipe in 1587, he found only ruins of the settlement. He renamed the place ''[[Puerto del Hambre|Port Famine]]''. |
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[[García Jofré de Loaiza]] was the second captain to navigate the strait, and was the first to discover that [[Tierra del Fuego]] was an island. Thereafter, Governor [[Pedro de Valdivia]] dispatched [[Francisco de Ulloa]] to survey and explore the strait, thereby facilitating navigation from Spain to Chile. In October, 1553, Ulloa sailed from Valdivia, being the first expedition to enter the Strait of Magellan from the west. After reaching [[Woods Bay]], Ullos recognizing the steep coastline and lack of provisions. Fear of entrapment in the strait during the winter, Ulloa turned around, and returned to Chilean ports in February 1554.<ref name="Memoria"/> |
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Other early explorers included [[Francis Drake]] (1578). In February 1696 the first French expedition, under the command of M. de Gennes reached the Strait of Magellan. The expedition is described by the young French explorer, engineer and hydrographer [[François Froger]] in his ''[[A Relation of a Voyage]]'' (1699). The first map of the Pacific Ocean, [[Descriptio Maris Pacifici]] from 1589, depicts the strait as the only route between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The much wider [[Drake Passage]] was discovered in 1616. |
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In October of 1557, [[García Hurtado de Mendoza]], governor of Chile, sent out another exploratory squad of seventy men under the command of ]]Juan Ladrillero]]. They were charged with mapping the coastline, and surveying the region's flora, fauna and ethnography. On Tuesday, August 16, 1558, Ladrillero arrived in the Atlantic Ocean, becoming the first navigator who to cross the Strait of Magellan in both directions.<ref name="Memoria"/> |
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Twenty years later, English navigator [[Francis Drake]] crossed the strait, creating fear by Pacific coast inhabitants that an attack was imminent. attacks. In order to close the passage to the enemies of Spain, the viceroy of Peru, [[Francisco de Toledo]], sent a squadron with two ships to the Strait of Magellan, under [[Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa]]. They scrupulously explore the strait, trying to ferret out English invaders, while survey where to build fortifications.<ref name="Memoria"/> This data was concealed. Despite that, new explorations to these lands were still organized.<ref name="Memoria"/> |
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In 1616, Dutch travelers including [[Willem Schouten]] and [[Jacob Le Maire]], discovered Cape Horn and recognized the southern end of Tierra del Fuego. Years later, a Spanish expedition, commanded by the brothers [[Bartolomé Nodal|Bartolomé]] and [[Gonzalo Nodal]], verified this new discovery.<ref name="Memoria"/> Further explorations were done by English explorers [[John Byron]] and [[James Cook]]. The French sent [[Louis Antoine de Bougainville]] and [[JSC Dumont D'Urville]].<ref name="Memoria"/> |
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Other early explorers included [[Francis Drake]] (1578). In February 1696 the first French expedition, under the command of M. de Gennes reached the Strait of Magellan. The expedition is described by the young French explorer, engineer and hydrographer [[François Froger]] in his ''[[A Relation of a Voyage]]'' (1699). The first map of the Pacific Ocean, [[Descriptio Maris Pacifici]] from 1589, depicts the strait as the only route between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The much wider Drake Passage was discovered in 1616. |
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The strait was |
The strait was explored and thoroughly charted by [[Phillip Parker King]], who commanded the British survey vessel [[HMS Aid (1809)|HMS ''Adventure'']], and in consort with [[HMS Beagle|HMS ''Beagle'']] spent five years surveying the complex coasts around the strait (1826–1830). A report on the survey was presented at two meetings of the [[Royal Geographical Society|Geographical Society of London]] in 1831.<ref name="vaycay"/><ref>{{Citation |
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===Incorporation into Chile=== |
===Incorporation into Chile=== |
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{{see also|Patagonian sheep farming boom|Tierra del Fuego gold rush}} |
{{see also|Patagonian sheep farming boom|Tierra del Fuego gold rush}} |
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[[Chile]] took possession of the Strait of Magellan on May 23, 1843. President Bulnes of Chile ordered this expedition after consulting the Chilean [[Libertadores|libertador]] [[Bernardo O'Higgins]] (1778–1842), who feared an occupation by Great Britain or France. The first Chilean settlement was [[Fuerte Bulnes]], situated in a forested zone on the north side of the strait. Fuerte Bulnes was later abandoned, and in 1848 the city of [[Punta Arenas]] was founded farther north where the [[Magellanic subpolar forests|Magellanic forests]] meet the [[Patagonia]]n plains. In Tierra del Fuego, across the strait from Punta Arenas, the village of [[Porvenir, Chile|Porvenir]] emerged during the [[Tierra del Fuego gold rush]] in the late 19th century. |
[[Chile]] took possession of the Strait of Magellan on May 23, 1843. President Bulnes of Chile ordered this expedition after consulting the Chilean [[Libertadores|libertador]] [[Bernardo O'Higgins]] (1778–1842), who feared an occupation by Great Britain or France. The first Chilean settlement was [[Fuerte Bulnes]], situated in a forested zone on the north side of the strait. Fuerte Bulnes was later abandoned, and in 1848 the city of [[Punta Arenas]] was founded farther north where the [[Magellanic subpolar forests|Magellanic forests]] meet the [[Patagonia]]n plains. In Tierra del Fuego, across the strait from Punta Arenas, the village of [[Porvenir, Chile|Porvenir]] emerged during the [[Tierra del Fuego gold rush]] in the late 19th century. Until the opening of the Panama Canal, the town was an important supply stop for mariners.<ref name="world">{{cite web |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/infopage/magellan.htm |title=Straight Of Magellan – Map & Description |publisher=worldatlas.com |accessdate=October 19, 2019}}</ref> It has been claimed that the impetus for Chile's annexation was fear that Great Birtain or France would occupy it.<ref name="vaycay"/> |
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Argentina effectively recognized Chilean [[sovereignty]] over the Strait of Magellan in the [[Boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina]]. Argentina had previously claimed all of the strait, or at least the eastern third of it. |
Argentina effectively recognized Chilean [[sovereignty]] over the Strait of Magellan in the [[Boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina]]. Argentina had previously claimed all of the strait, or at least the eastern third of it. |
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In 1840 the [[Pacific Steam Navigation Company]] was the first to use [[steamship]]s for commercial traffic in the strait. |
In 1840 the [[Pacific Steam Navigation Company]] was the first to use [[steamship]]s for commercial traffic in the strait. That company was the first to use [[steam ship]]s for commercial traffic on the Pacific.<ref name="vaycay"/> |
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Until the [[Panama Canal]] opened in 1914, the Strait of Magellan was the main route for steamships traveling from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific. It was often considered the only safe way to move between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, as the |
Until the [[Panama Canal]] opened in 1914, the Strait of Magellan was the main route for steamships traveling from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific. It was often considered the only safe way to move between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, as the Drake Passage separating [[Cape Horn]] (the southern tip of South America) from Antarctica is notorious for turbulent and unpredictable weather, and is frequented by [[iceberg]]s and [[sea ice]]. Ships in the strait, protected by Tierra del Fuego to the south and the coast of continental South America to the north, crossed with relative ease, and Punta Arenas became a primary refueling port providing coal for steam ships in transit. Sailing ships, partly because of variable winds and currents in the strait, generally preferred the Drake Passage, as they had more room to maneuver there. |
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==Features== |
==Features== |
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[[image:Magellanglaciacion.jpg|thumb|right|Map showing the extent of the [[Patagonian Ice Sheet]] in the Strait of Magellan area during the [[last glacial period]]. Selected modern settlements are shown with yellow dots.]] |
[[image:Magellanglaciacion.jpg|thumb|right|Map showing the extent of the [[Patagonian Ice Sheet]] in the Strait of Magellan area during the [[last glacial period]]. Selected modern settlements are shown with yellow dots.]] |
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The strait is approximately {{convert|570|km|nmi mi}} long and about {{convert|2|km|nmi mi}} wide at its narrowest point ([[Carlos III Island]], west of [[Cape Froward]]).<ref name="cnr">{{cite web|url=http://projects.bo.ismar.cnr.it/OCEANS/CHILE/SCPM04_REP/node10.html|title=The Straits of Magellan and Oceanographical Setting Chile|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306030249/http://projects.bo.ismar.cnr.it/OCEANS/CHILE/SCPM04_REP/node10.html|archivedate=2008-03-06}}</ref> The northwestern portion of the strait is connected with other sheltered waterways via the [[Smyth Channel]]. This area is similar to the [[Inside Passage]] of Alaska. South of Cape Froward, the principal shipping route follows the [[Magdalena Channel]]. |
The strait is approximately {{convert|570|km|nmi mi}} long and about {{convert|2|km|nmi mi}} wide at its narrowest point ([[Carlos III Island]], west of [[Cape Froward]]).<ref name="cnr">{{cite web|url=http://projects.bo.ismar.cnr.it/OCEANS/CHILE/SCPM04_REP/node10.html|title=The Straits of Magellan and Oceanographical Setting Chile|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306030249/http://projects.bo.ismar.cnr.it/OCEANS/CHILE/SCPM04_REP/node10.html|archivedate=2008-03-06}}</ref> The northwestern portion of the strait is connected with other sheltered waterways via the [[Smyth Channel]]. This area is similar to the [[Inside Passage]] of Alaska. South of Cape Froward, the principal shipping route follows the [[Magdalena Channel]]. The climate is fog laden and cold, and the course is convoluted with several narrow passages. It saves several hundred miles over the Drake Passage, but [[sailing ship]]s, particularly [[clipper ships]], prefer the latter. Its major port is [[Punta Arenas]], situated on the [[Brunswick Peninsula]], and a transshipment point for Chilean [[mutton]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Strait-of-Magellan |title=Strait of Magellan |work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |first1=Jeff |last1=Wallenfeldt |accessdate=October 18, 2019}}</ref> |
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Exemplifying the difficulty of the passage, it took Magellan 38 days to complete the crossing.<ref name="vaycay">{{cite web |url=https://vacayholics.com/facts-about-strait-of-magellan |title=Little-known Facts About the Hazardous Strait of Magellan |publisher=Vacayholics |accessdate=October 18, 2019}}</ref> |
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The eastern opening is a wide bay on the border of Chile and [[Argentina]] between [[Punta Dúngeness]] on the mainland and [[Cabo del Espíritu Santo]] (Cape of the Holy Spirit) on Tierra del Fuego, the border as defined in the [[Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina]]. Immediately west are [[Primera Angostura]] and [[Segunda Angostura]], narrows formed by two [[terminal moraine]]s of different ages.<ref name=usgs>{{cite web |title=P 1386-I Chile and Argentina – Wet Andes: Past Glaciation|url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/prof/p1386i/chile-arg/wet/past.html |
The eastern opening is a wide bay on the border of Chile and [[Argentina]] between [[Punta Dúngeness]] on the mainland and [[Cabo del Espíritu Santo]] (Cape of the Holy Spirit) on Tierra del Fuego, the border as defined in the [[Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina]]. Immediately west are [[Primera Angostura]] and [[Segunda Angostura]], narrows formed by two [[terminal moraine]]s of different ages.<ref name=usgs>{{cite web |title=P 1386-I Chile and Argentina – Wet Andes: Past Glaciation|url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/prof/p1386i/chile-arg/wet/past.html |
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|author=[[USGS]]|accessdate=2008-01-25}}</ref> The Primera Angostura is the closest approach of Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego to the mainland of South America. Farther west lies [[Magdalena Island, Magallanes, Chile|Magdalena Island]], part of [[Los Pingüinos Natural Monument]]. The strait's southern boundary in the east follows first the shoreline of the Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, then the northern end of the [[Canal Whiteside]] and the shoreline of [[Dawson Island]]. |
|author=[[USGS]]|accessdate=2008-01-25}}</ref> The Primera Angostura is the closest approach of Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego to the mainland of South America. Farther west lies [[Magdalena Island, Magallanes, Chile|Magdalena Island]], part of [[Los Pingüinos Natural Monument]]. The strait's southern boundary in the east follows first the shoreline of the Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, then the northern end of the [[Canal Whiteside]] and the shoreline of [[Dawson Island]]. |
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The western part of the strait leads northwest from the northern end of the Magdalena Channel to the strait's Pacific entrance. This portion of the strait is flanked on the south by [[Capitán Aracena Island]], [[Clarence Island, Chile|Clarence Island]], [[Santa Inés Island]], [[Desolación Island]] (Cabo Pilar) and other smaller islands, and on the north by [[Brunswick Peninsula]], [[Riesco Island]], [[Muñoz Gamero Peninsula]], [[Manuel Rodriguez Island]] and other minor islands of the [[Queen Adelaide Archipelago]]. Two narrow channels connect the strait with [[Seno Otway]] and [[Seno Skyring]]. A broader channel, [[Smyth Channel]], leads north from the strait between Muñoz Gamero Peninsula and Manuel Rodriguez Island. [[Francisco Coloane Coastal and Marine Protected Area]], a sanctuary for [[humpback whale]]s, is located in this area. This part of the strait lies on the elongated [[Magallanes-Fagnano Fault]], which marks a plate boundary between the [[South American Plate]] and the [[Scotia Plate]]. This fault continues southward under [[Almirantazgo Fjord]] and then below [[Fagnano Lake]].<ref name="Lod">{{cite journal| last =Lodolo| first =Emanuele| authorlink = |author2=Menichetti, Marco |author3=Bartole, Roberto |author4=Ben‐Avraham, Zvi |author4-link=Zvi Ben-Avraham |author5=Tassone, Alejandro |author6=Lippai, Horacio| title =Magallanes-Fagnano continental transform fault (Tierra del Fuego, southernmost South America)| journal |
The western part of the strait leads northwest from the northern end of the Magdalena Channel to the strait's Pacific entrance. This portion of the strait is flanked on the south by [[Capitán Aracena Island]], [[Clarence Island, Chile|Clarence Island]], [[Santa Inés Island]], [[Desolación Island]] (Cabo Pilar) and other smaller islands, and on the north by [[Brunswick Peninsula]], [[Riesco Island]], [[Muñoz Gamero Peninsula]], [[Manuel Rodriguez Island]] and other minor islands of the [[Queen Adelaide Archipelago]]. Two narrow channels connect the strait with [[Seno Otway]] and [[Seno Skyring]]. A broader channel, [[Smyth Channel]], leads north from the strait between Muñoz Gamero Peninsula and Manuel Rodriguez Island. [[Francisco Coloane Coastal and Marine Protected Area]], a sanctuary for [[humpback whale]]s, is located in this area. This part of the strait lies on the elongated [[Magallanes-Fagnano Fault]], which marks a plate boundary between the [[South American Plate]] and the [[Scotia Plate]]. This fault continues southward under [[Almirantazgo Fjord]] and then below [[Fagnano Lake]].<ref name="Lod">{{cite journal| last =Lodolo| first =Emanuele| authorlink = |author2=Menichetti, Marco |author3=Bartole, Roberto |author4=Ben‐Avraham, Zvi |author4-link=Zvi Ben-Avraham |author5=Tassone, Alejandro |author6=Lippai, Horacio| title =Magallanes-Fagnano continental transform fault (Tierra del Fuego, southernmost South America)| journal=[[Tectonics (journal)|Tectonics]]| volume =22| issue =6| page =1076| year =2003| url =| doi =10.1029/2003TC001500| id =| bibcode =2003Tecto..22.1076L}}</ref> Possibly, new tourism industries could be established in the eastern part of the strait for watching [[southern right whale]]s,<ref>{{cite web|author=El Mercurio|url=http://mardechile.cl/wordpress/?p=2439|title=Ballena franca retorna a Estrecho de Magallanes y abre nueva opción de avistamientos turísticos|publisher=[[WordPress]] |date=July 13, 2009 |language=Spanish}}</ref> as the number of observations in the area has increased in recent years.<ref>The Patagon Journal. 2009. [http://www.patagonjournal.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=282:southern-right-whale-spotted-in-chilean-waters-&catid=89:environment&Itemid=85&lang=en Southern Right Whale Spotted in Chilean Waters]. Retrieved on October 16, 2014</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0718-686X2008000200007&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en|title=South-West Atlantic Right Whales Eubalaena Australis (Desmoulins, 1822) Distribution Nearby the Magellan Strait|first1=Jimena|last1=Belgrano|first2=Miguel|last2=Iñíguez|first3=Jorge|last3=Gibbons|first4=Cristian|last4=García|first5=Carlos|last5=Olavarría|journal=Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia|volume=36|issue=2|pages=69–74|via=SciELO|doi=10.4067/S0718-686X2008000200007|year=2008}}{{Dead link|date=October 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |
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On the Atlantic side, the strait is characterized by semidiurnal macrotides with mean and spring tide ranges of 7.1 and 9.0 m, respectively. On the Pacific side, tides are mixed, mainly semidiurnal, with mean and spring tide ranges of 1.1 and 1.2 m, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://geotest.tamu.edu/userfiles/167/77.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=July 23, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104135922/http://geotest.tamu.edu/userfiles/167/77.pdf |archive-date=November 4, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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There is enormous [[tidal energy]] potential in the strait.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2009/08/17/chile-ponders-tidal-energy-potential-in-magellan-strait |title=Chile ponders tidal energy potential in Magellan Strait — MercoPress |publisher=En.mercopress.com |date=2009-08-17 |accessdate=2013-09-18}}</ref> |
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The Strait is prone to [[Williwaw]]s, "a sudden violent, cold, [[katabatic]] gust of wind descending from a mountainous coast of high latitudes to the sea."<ref name="weather">{{cite web |url=https://www.weatheronline.co.uk/reports/wind/The-Williwaw.htm |title=Williwaw |publisher=Weather on line |accessdate=October 18, 2019}}</ref>{{efn-ua|The [[Aleutian Islands]] exhibit the same phenomenon.<ref name="weather"/>}} |
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==Place names== |
==Place names== |
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The place names of the area around the strait come from a variety of languages. Many are from Spanish and English. Several are from the [[Ona language]], adapted to Spanish phonology and spelling,<ref>Guillermo Latorre |
The place names of the area around the strait come from a variety of languages. Many are from Spanish and English. Several are from the [[Ona language]], adapted to Spanish phonology and spelling,<ref>{{cite web |first1=Guillermo |last1=Latorre |url=http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0071-17131998003300004&lng=en&nrm=iso |title=Sustrato y superestrato multilingües en la toponimia del extremo sur de Chile], Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades de la Universidad Austral de Chile |language=Spanish}}</ref> like ''[[Timaukel]]'' (a hamlet at the east side of Tierra del Fuego), ''Carukinka'' (the end of the Almirantazgo Fjord), ''Anika'' (a channel located at 54° 7' S and 70° 30' W), and ''Arska'' (the north side of the Dawson Island). |
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Magellan named the strait ''Todos los Santos'',<ref name="Memoria">{{cite web |work=Memoria Chilena |url=http://www.memoriachilena.cl/temas/index.asp?id_ut=hernandodemagallanes%281480-1521%29yeldescubrimientodelestrecho |title=Navegantes europeos en el estrecho de Magallanes [Discovery and recognition of the territory: European navigators in the Strait of Magellan] |language=Spanish |accessdate=October 20, 2019}}</ref> as he began his voyage through the strait in 1520 on 1 November: the [[All Saints' Day|day of "All Saints"]] ("Todos los Santos" in Spanish). Emperor [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] renamed it ''Estrecho de Magallanes''.{{Citation needed|reason=The citation for "Todos los Santos" does not cover the strait being renamed by Charles V|date=February 2017}} Magellan named the island on the south side of the strait ''Tierra del Fuego'', which the [[Yaghan people]] called ''Onaisín'' in the [[Yaghan language]]. Magellan also gave the name ''[[Patagones]]'' to the mainland Indians, and their land was subsequently known as ''[[Patagonia]]''. |
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''Bahía Cordes'' is named for the Dutch pirate [[Baltazar de Cordes]].{{sfn|Martinic|1977}} |
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Magellan named the strait ''Todos los Santos'',<ref>Memoria Chilena, [http://www.memoriachilena.cl/temas/index.asp?id_ut=hernandodemagallanes%281480-1521%29yeldescubrimientodelestrecho Navegantes europeos en el estrecho de Magallanes]</ref> as he began his voyage through the strait in 1520 on 1 November: the [[All Saints' Day|day of "All Saints"]] ("Todos los Santos" in Spanish). Emperor [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] renamed it ''Estrecho de Magallanes''.{{refneeded|reason=The citation for "Todos los Santos" does not cover the Strait being renamed by Charles V|date=February 2017}} Magellan named the island on the south side of the strait ''Tierra del Fuego'', which the [[Yaghan people]] called ''Onaisín'' in the [[Yaghan language]]. Magellan also gave the name ''[[Patagones]]'' to the mainland Indians, and their land was subsequently known as ''[[Patagonia]]''. |
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The [[Strait of Magellan Park]], 52 km (32 miles) south of [[Punta Arenas]], is a 250 hectare protected area.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://straitofmagellanpark.cl |title=Strait of Magellan Park |accessdate=October 18, 2019}}</ref> |
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''Bahía Cordes'' is named for the Dutch pirate [[Baltazar de Cordes]].<ref>[http://www.memoriachilena.cl/archivos2/pdfs/MC0054341.pdf]</ref> |
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==Lighthouses in the |
==Lighthouses in the strait== |
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{{main|List of lighthouses and lightvessels in Chile}} |
{{main|List of lighthouses and lightvessels in Chile}} |
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[[File:Vista Sur.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The ''[[County of Peebles (ship)|County of Peebles]]'' and ''Cavenga'' are used as a [[breakwater (structure)|breakwater]] for the harbour at [[Punta Arenas]].]] |
[[File:Vista Sur.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The ''[[County of Peebles (ship)|County of Peebles]]'' and ''Cavenga'' are used as a [[breakwater (structure)|breakwater]] for the harbour at [[Punta Arenas]].]] |
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The [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]] lists 41 lighthouses in the waterway. Some of them are more than a century old, and some are declared ''Monumento Nacional''. Among the most impressive lighthouses are |
The [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]] lists 41 lighthouses in the waterway. See [[List of lighthouses in Chile: NGA2328–NGA2718#Strait of Magellan (71°-68°W)]] Some of them are more than a century old, and some are declared ''Monumento Nacional''. Among the most impressive lighthouses are: ''[[County of Peebles (ship)|County of Peebles]]'' hulk, the world's first four-masted, iron-hulled "full-rig ship",{{sfn|Cumming|2009}} used now as a [[Breakwater (structure)|breakwater]] for the harbour at [[Punta Arenas]]; the ''San Isidro'' lighthouse, restored in 2004 and which is now a museum and lodge;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hosteriafarosanisidro.cl/|title=Hostería Faro san Isidro|work=hosteriafarosanisidro.cl|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916120632/http://www.hosteriafarosanisidro.cl/|archivedate=2013-09-16}}</ref> and the [[Evangelistas Lighthouse]], located at the western mouth of the strait and built by [[George Slight]], who wrote on his arrival in 1934: |
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{{quote|I never imagined seeing something so wild and desolate as those emerging dark rocks in the middle of the raging waves. To see these stormy craggy rocks was frightening. With a dim light on the horizon we could see large waves crashing heavily in the western part of the islands: a vision that hardly anyone can imagine ...<ref> |
{{quote|I never imagined seeing something so wild and desolate as those emerging dark rocks in the middle of the raging waves. To see these stormy craggy rocks was frightening. With a dim light on the horizon we could see large waves crashing heavily in the western part of the islands: a vision that hardly anyone can imagine ...<ref>Quoted at {{cite web|url=http://200.bellrock.org.uk/biographies.htm |title=Bell Rock Bicentennial : Biographies |publisher=200.bellrock.org.uk |date=1934-06-26 |accessdate=2013-09-18}}</ref>}} |
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This strait is one of the region's most popular tourist destinations. Several cruise companies ply its waters, and the lighthouses, including [[Magdalena Island, Magallanes Region|Magdalena Island Light]] are popular attractions.<ref name="vaycay"/> |
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==Tidal characteristics of the Strait of Magellan== |
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On the Atlantic side, the Strait is characterized by semidiurnal macrotides with mean and spring tide ranges of 7.1 and 9.0 m, respectively. On the Pacific side, tides are mixed, mainly semidiurnal, with mean and spring tide ranges of 1.1 and 1.2 m, respectively.<ref>http://geotest.tamu.edu/userfiles/167/77.pdf</ref> |
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There is enormous [[tidal energy]] potential in the Strait.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2009/08/17/chile-ponders-tidal-energy-potential-in-magellan-strait |title=Chile ponders tidal energy potential in Magellan Strait — MercoPress |publisher=En.mercopress.com |date=2009-08-17 |accessdate=2013-09-18}}</ref> |
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==Environment== |
==Environment== |
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{{see also|VLCC Metula oil spill|Los Pingüinos Natural Monument|Francisco Coloane Coastal and Marine Protected Area|Alacalufes National Reserve|Magallanes National Reserve|Magellanic subpolar forests}} |
{{see also|VLCC Metula oil spill|Los Pingüinos Natural Monument|Francisco Coloane Coastal and Marine Protected Area|Alacalufes National Reserve|Magallanes National Reserve|Magellanic subpolar forests}} |
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Located around the strait are protected systems (S.P.=Sistema Protegido & B.N.P=Bienes Nacionales Protegidos) listed below:<ref>[http://www.mapas.mop.cl/mapas_ambientales.html Mapas ambientales de Ministerio de Obras Públicas], retrieved on 26 August 2013</ref> |
Located around the strait are protected systems (S.P.=Sistema Protegido & B.N.P=Bienes Nacionales Protegidos) listed below:<ref>[http://www.mapas.mop.cl/mapas_ambientales.html Mapas ambientales de Ministerio de Obras Públicas], retrieved on 26 August 2013</ref> |
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{{div col|colwidth=30em}} |
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* B.N.P. Isla Carlos III |
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* B.N.P. Islote Rupert |
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* S.P. Cabo Espíritu Santo |
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* S.P. Cabo Froward |
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* S.P. Cabo Posesión |
* S.P. Cabo Posesión |
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* S.P. Cabo Espíritu Santo |
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* S.P. San Gregorio |
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* S.P. Estepa Húmeda Kampenaiken Tres Chorrillos |
* S.P. Estepa Húmeda Kampenaiken Tres Chorrillos |
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* S.P. San Juan |
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* S.P. Reservas Biológicas de Río Cóndor |
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* S.P. Timaukel |
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* S.P. Isla Dawson |
* S.P. Isla Dawson |
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* S.P. Cabo Froward |
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* S.P. Península Muñoz Gamero |
* S.P. Península Muñoz Gamero |
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* S.P. Reservas Biológicas de Río Cóndor |
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* B.N.P. Isla Carlos III |
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* |
* S.P. San Gregorio |
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* S.P. San Juan |
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* S.P. Timaukel |
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{{div col end}} |
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==Traffic== |
==Traffic== |
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Line 143: | Line 166: | ||
* to cross the strait from north to south and back. This is the case of all traffic between the Chilean and Argentine mainland and the cities in Tierra del Fuego: [[Porvenir, Chile|Porvenir]], [[Cerro Sombrero]], [[Timaukel]], [[Ushuaia]] and [[Río Grande, Argentina|Río Grande]] |
* to cross the strait from north to south and back. This is the case of all traffic between the Chilean and Argentine mainland and the cities in Tierra del Fuego: [[Porvenir, Chile|Porvenir]], [[Cerro Sombrero]], [[Timaukel]], [[Ushuaia]] and [[Río Grande, Argentina|Río Grande]] |
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571 Chilean ships and 1,681 non-Chilean ships sailed through the strait in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.directemar.cl/pilotaje/PaginaB.html |title=Estrecho De Magallanes |publisher=Web.directemar.cl |accessdate=2013-09-18}}</ref> [[Maritime pilot|Piloting]] is compulsory for sailing the strait. |
571 Chilean ships and 1,681 non-Chilean ships sailed through the strait in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.directemar.cl/pilotaje/PaginaB.html |title=Estrecho De Magallanes |publisher=Web.directemar.cl |accessdate=2013-09-18}}</ref> [[Maritime pilot|Piloting]] is compulsory for sailing the strait. As one authority notes: "The Pilotage Regulations of the Chilean Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service ('the Regulations') provide that pilotage through the Magellan Strait is compulsory," with limited exceptions for local traffic. Who pays the fees for the pilot is subject to interpretation, however.<ref>{{cite web |title=Web alert: Magellan Strait Pilotage - is it compulsory and who should pay the fees? |url=https://www.standard-club.com/news-and-knowledge/latest-updates/2015/02/web-alert-magellan-strait-pilotage-is-it-compulsory-or-not-and-who-pays-for-the-pilotage-fees.aspx|accessdate=October 18, 2019 |date=23 February 2015 |work=The Standard Club |publisher=Charles Taylor, P.L.C.}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |
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|author = Chilean Navy |
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|author-link = Chilean Navy |
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|title = Strait of Magellan, Chilean Channels and Fiords; Regulations and information for Piloting. Routes |
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|chapter = General piloting regulations and information |
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|publisher = Chilean Navy |
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|language = Spanish |
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|chapter-url = http://web.directemar.cl/pilotaje/pageA.html |
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|accessdate = 16 April 2013 |
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20121008025907/http://web.directemar.cl/pilotaje/pageA.html |
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|archivedate = 8 October 2012 |
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|url-status = dead |
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|quote=Pilotage is compulsory for navigating inner waters, between Canal de Chacao and Cabo de Hornos. |
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}}</ref> |
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==Navigation status== |
==Navigation status== |
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{{see also|Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina}} |
{{see also|Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina}} |
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Article 35 of the [[United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea]] states that "Nothing in this Part affects: ... (c) the legal regime in straits in which passage is regulated in whole or in part by long-standing international conventions in force specifically relating to such straits". Article V of the [[Boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina]] established a legal regime for the Strait of Magellan, and in a diplomatic letter to major shipping nations in 1873 Chile promised freedom of navigation through and neutrality within the strait. |
Article 35 of the [[United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea]] states that "Nothing in this Part affects: ... (c) the legal regime in straits in which passage is regulated in whole or in part by long-standing international conventions in force specifically relating to such straits". Article V of the [[Boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina]] established a legal regime for the Strait of Magellan, and in a diplomatic letter to major shipping nations in 1873 Chile promised freedom of navigation through and neutrality within the strait.{{sfn|Morris|1989|pages=68, 104}}<ref>See also Chilean note to the {{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/Depts/los/doalos_publications/LOSBulletins/bulletinsp/bulsp35.pdf |title=UN Law of Sea, Declaración formulada al momento de la ratificación |page=9 |format=PDF |language=Spanish}}</ref> |
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==Notable events== |
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The first person who is documented to have [[Single-handed sailing|single-handedly sail]]ed the straits was [[Joshua Slocum]]. He experienced a 40 day hiatus in the straits, due to storms and adverse weather,{{efn-ua|In [[Port Angosto]], Strait of Magellan, the ''Spray'' was re-rigged as a [[yawl]] by adding a jigger.<ref>{{cite book |title= Sailing Alone Around the World |last= Slocum |first= Joshua |publisher= The Century Company |year= 1919 | origyear=1900 |location= New York|chapter=Chapter X |page= 127}} "I also mended the sloop's sails and rigging, and fitted a jigger, which changed the rig to a yawl [...]"</ref>}} |
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while piloting the [[gaff rigged]] [[sloop]] oyster boat named ''[[Spray (sailing vessel)|Spray]]'' in the first solo global circumnaviation. He wrote about the experience in his classic ''[[Sailing Alone Around the World]]''.{{sfn|Slocum|1900|pages=89-90}} |
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The first person to swim across the Strait of Magellan was Lynn Cox, an American [[Open water swimming|open-water swimmer]], who made the transit in 1976. Almost 40 years later, on 17 January 2014, the feat was duplicated by the youngest person, Hunter Wright, age 17.<ref name="vaycay"/> |
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USS Ronald Reagan was the first [[nuclear-powered aircraft carrier]] to navigate through the strait.<ref name="vaycay"/> |
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==Gallery== |
==Gallery== |
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Line 159: | Line 203: | ||
==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{portal|Geography}} |
{{portal|Geography}} |
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{{div col|colwidth=30em}} |
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* [[Agostini Fjord]] |
* [[Agostini Fjord]] |
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* [[Archipelagoes of Patagonia]] |
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* [[Bahía Posesión]] |
* [[Bahía Posesión]] |
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* [[Beaver eradication in Tierra del Fuego]] |
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* [[Cape Route]] |
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* [[Fjords and channels of Chile]] |
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* [[Geography of Chile]] |
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* [[Islands of Chile]] |
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* [[List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands]] |
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* [[List of fjords, channels, sounds and straits of Chile]] |
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* [[List of islands of Chile]] |
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* [[Monte Sarmiento]] |
* [[Monte Sarmiento]] |
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{{div col end}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
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===Notes=== |
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{{reflist}} |
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{{Reflist|group=upper-alpha}} |
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===Citations=== |
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{{reflist|30em}} |
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===Bibliography=== |
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*{{cite book|first1=Laurence |last1=Bergreen |authorlink1=Laurence Bergreen|title=Over the Edge of the World|publisher=[[Harper Perennial]] |page=194|isbn=978-0-06-621173-2|date=October 14, 2003|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/overedgeofworl00berg |ref=harv}} |
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*{{cite book|title=The Chronicle of the Discovery and Conquest of Guinea (Hayklut Society)|first1=Gomes Eanes |last1=de Zurara |first2=Edgar |last2=Prestage |first3=C. R. |last3=Beazley |location=New York|year=2010|volume=2|page=cxiv|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-1-108-01390-1 |ref=harv}} |
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*{{Cite book |first=Bill |last=Cumming |title=Gone.... A Chronicle of the Seafarers & Fabulous Clipper Ships of R & J Craig of Glasgow: Craig's "Counties" | year=2009 | publisher=[[Brown, Son and Ferguson Ltd]] | location=Glasgow |isbn=978-1-84927-013-7 |ref=harv}} |
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*{{cite book |url=http://www.memoriachilena.cl/archivos2/pdfs/MC0054341.pdf |first1=Mateo |last1=Martinic |year=1977 |language=Spanish |title=Historia del Estrecho de Magallines |publisher=Andres Bello |location=Santiago |isbn=9561604027 |format=PDF |accessdate=October 16, 2019|ref=harv}} |
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*{{cite book |first1=Michael |last1=Morris |isbn=9780792301813 |title=The Strait of Magellan |location=Dordrecht, Boston, Norwell, MA, U.S.A |publisher=M. Nijhoff (sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada by [[Kluwer Academic Publishers]]) |date=July 27, 1989 |series=International Straits of the World|pages=68–104|ref=harv}} |
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*{{cite book |first1=Patrick J. |last1=Murphy |first2=Ray W. |last2=Coye |location=New Haven, London |title=Mutiny and Its Bounty: Leadership Lessons from the Age of Discovery |year=2013|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|isbn=9780300170283 |ref=harv}} |
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*{{cite book |title=[[Sailing Alone Around the World]] |first1=Joshua |last1=Slocum |authorlink1=Joshua Slocum |publisher=The Floating Press |date=January 1, 2009 |origyear=1900 |pages=80-90 |ref={{harvid|Slocum|1900}}}} |
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==Further reading== |
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* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dQgLAQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover |title=Notes on the Natural History of the Strait of Magellan and West Coast of Patagonia Made During the Voyage of H.M.S. Nassau ̓in the Years 1866, 67, 68, & 69 |first1=Robert Oliver |last1=Cunningham |publisher=Printed by R. Clark for [[Edmonson & Douglas, Hamilton, Adams & Co.]], [[Macmillan Publishers|MacMillan & Co.]], [[M'Glashan & Gill]], [[James Macalhose]], [[Cambridge University Press]] |type=Print |format=PDF |origyear=1871|date=26 January 2012|isbn=978-1-108-04185-0 |location=London, Edinburgh, Cambridge, Dublin, Glasgow. Cambridge}} |
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*{{cite book |title=A Voyage of Discovery to the Strait of Magellan: With an Account of the Manners and Customs of the Inhabitants; And of the Natural Productions of Patagonia; Undertaken, by Order of the King of Spain, |first1=Jose A. |last1=de Cordova |origyear=1760–1821 |location=Vargas |publisher=Ponce, Neele & Son, [[BiblioBazaar]] |edition=illustrated, reprint |year=2016 |isbn=9781371286323}} |
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*{{cite book |isbn=9780819564092 |title=Voyaging: Southward from the Strait of Magellan |first1=Rockwell |last1=Kent |date=March 10, 2000 |type=Hardcover}} |
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*Parr, Charles McKew (1953) ''So Noble a Captain: The Life and Times of Ferdinand Magellan'' New York: [[Thomas Y. Crowell]]. |
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*{{cite book |title=Magellan's Voyage Around the World |date=August 8, 2015 |first1=James Alexander |last1=Robertson |first2= Antonio |last2=Pigafetta |type=Hardcover |publisher=Andesite Press| ISBN= 978-1298538710}} |
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*{{cite book |title=The Annotated Sailing Alone Around the World |first1=Joshua |last1=Slocum |first2=Rod |last2=Scher |date=March 1, 2009 |origyear=1900 |location=Dobbs Ferry, NY |publisher=[[Sheridan House]]|isbn=9781574092752}} |
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*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAkkDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover |
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|title=Early Spanish Voyages to the Strait of Magellan |editor=Clements R. Markham |isbn=9781317146704|location=London U.K.|publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] second series, [[Routledge]], [[Ashgate Publishing]] |origyear=2016 |number=XXVII|date=May 15, 2017}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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* {{Commons-inline|Category:Lord Londsdale (ship)|Ship Lord Londsdale, a wreckship}} |
* {{Commons-inline|Category:Lord Londsdale (ship)|Ship Lord Londsdale, a wreckship}} |
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* [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/3972 The First Map of the Strait of Magellan, 1520] from 1800 {{en icon}} {{la icon}} |
* [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/3972 The First Map of the Strait of Magellan, 1520] from 1800 {{en icon}} {{la icon}} |
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* [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/52 Map of the Straits of Magellan and Part of the Land of Fire, Prepared in 1786] {{en icon}} {{es icon}} |
* [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/52 Map of the Straits of Magellan and Part of the Land of Fire, Prepared in 1786] {{en icon}} {{es icon}} via [[World Digital Library|World Digital Archive]] |
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* {{cite book|author=Robert O. Cunningham|title=Notes on the Natural History of the Strait of Magellan and West Coast of Patagonia: Made During the Voyage of HMS Nassau in the Years 1866, 67, 68, and 69|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ppWNMjPAqKUC|accessdate=23 July 2013|date=26 January 2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-04185-0}} |
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* {{cite book|author=Michael A. Morris|title=The Strait of Magellan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vqZJLAOnj58C|accessdate=23 July 2013|year=1989|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|isbn=978-0-7923-0181-3}} |
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* {{Citation |
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|author = Chilean Navy |
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|author-link = Chilean Navy |
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|title = Strait of Magellan, Chilean Channels and Fiords; Regulations and information for Piloting. Routes |
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|chapter = General piloting regulations and information |
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|publisher = http://www.web.directemar.cl/ |
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|language = Spanish |
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|chapter-url = http://web.directemar.cl/pilotaje/pageA.html |
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|accessdate = 16 April 2013 |
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20121008025907/http://web.directemar.cl/pilotaje/pageA.html |
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|archivedate = 8 October 2012 |
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|url-status = dead |
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}} |
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* {{Citation |
* {{Citation |
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| author = Ministerio de Obras Públicas de Chile |
| author = Ministerio de Obras Públicas de Chile |
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| archivedate = 4 September 2012| title-link = Dots per inch |
| archivedate = 4 September 2012| title-link = Dots per inch |
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}} |
}} |
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*[https://worldhistoryproject.org/1520/11/1/ferdinand-magellan-discovers-and-explores-strait-of-magellan Nov 1 1520 to Nov 28 1520 Ferdinand Magellan discovers and explores Strait of Magellan] [[World History Project]] |
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*[https://www.google.com/maps/place/Strait+of+Magellan/@-53.0825315,-76.0931187,1378051m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0xbdad5ffe81e44c75:0xa9099702e9f8ce57!8m2!3d-53.5888172!4d-70.759749 Satelite image, Straits of Magellan] via [[Google maps]] |
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* [[United States Hydrographic Office]], [https://archive.org/details/southamericapil01offigoog South America Pilot] (1916) |
* [[United States Hydrographic Office]], [https://archive.org/details/southamericapil01offigoog South America Pilot] (1916) |
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