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==Background== |
==Background== |
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In the mid-16th century, the [[Military Frontier]] was established as a buffer against the [[Ottoman Empire]]. Balkan refugees, including Othodox groups such as Serbs, Vlachs and speakers of other languages, crossed into Habsburg lands.<ref name="Miller1998"/><ref name="Hálfdanarson2003"/><ref name="Og"/> Military colonists were exempted from some obligations and granted small land tracts, and allowed to elect their own captains (''vojvode'') and magistrates (''knezovi'').{{sfn|Ramet|1997|p=83}} Slavonia (including the [[Varaždin Generalate]]) was continuously settled by Serbs from various regions since the 15th century.<ref>{{cite book|last=Grujić|first=Radoslav M.|title=X|journal=Гласник Српског географског друштва|volume=1|year=1912}}</ref> A large migration of Serbs (called "people of Rascians or Vlachs") into Croatia and Slavonia from Ottoman territory took place in 1600.<ref name="Derić1914">{{cite book|author=Vasilije Derić|title=O Srpskom imenu po zai adnijem krajevima našega naroda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DZ8BAAAAMAAJ|year=1914|quote=<!--1600. године у Хрватску и Славонију из турских области, одакле је насељен велики дио банске границе и вараждинскога генералата“ („сum innumerabili de gente Rasciama seu Valachica familiarum numero ex Turcicis ditionibus ad ...-->}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Delo|volume=61–62|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LtxDAQAAMAAJ|year=1911|publisher=A.M. Stanojević|p=372|quote=<!--сum innumerabili degente Rasciana seu Valachica familiarum numero ex Turcicis ditionibus ad Croatiam et Slavoniam circa annum 1600 transmigravit-->}}</ref> Freedom of religion was promised to all Orthodox settlers.{{sfn|Ramet|1997|p=83}} The Habsburg Monarchy was effectively divided into separate civil and military parts with Emperor Ferdinand's granting full civil and military authority of the Military Frontier to a general officer in 1553.{{sfn|Ramet|1997|p=83}} This displeased the [[Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)|Hungarian Diet]] and [[Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)|Croatian nobility]], stripped of their authority in the Frontier.{{sfn|Ramet|1997|p=83}} The Croatians tried to reduce the Frontier's autonomy; the incorporation of the Frontier into Croatia would mean the loss of status and prerogative of the [[Grenzers]] (''Frontiersmen'').{{sfn|Ramet|1997|p=83}} |
In the mid-16th century, the [[Military Frontier]] was established as a buffer against the [[Ottoman Empire]]. Balkan refugees, including Othodox groups such as Serbs, Vlachs and speakers of other languages, crossed into Habsburg lands.<ref name="Miller1998"/><ref name="Hálfdanarson2003"/><ref name="Og"/> In the sources fugitives without exception are called Vlachs and names [[Uskoks]], Pribezi, Predavci are rarely used.<ref>Karl Kaser, 1997, Slobodan seljak i vojnik: Rana krajiška društva, 1545-1754, https://books.google.hr/books/about/Slobodan_seljak_i_vojnik_Rana_kraji%C5%A1ka.html?id=eqR0PgAACAAJ&redir_esc=y #page= 91 </ref> Military colonists were exempted from some obligations and granted small land tracts, and allowed to elect their own captains (''vojvode'') and magistrates (''knezovi'').{{sfn|Ramet|1997|p=83}} Slavonia (including the [[Varaždin Generalate]]) was continuously settled by Serbs from various regions since the 15th century.<ref>{{cite book|last=Grujić|first=Radoslav M.|title=X|journal=Гласник Српског географског друштва|volume=1|year=1912}}</ref>In the second half of the 16th century Vlachs from Slavonia were no longer an exclusive part of population because the Vlach privileges were attractive for many non-Vlachs who mixed with the Vlachs in order to get their status.<ref> Karl Kaser, 1997, Slobodan seljak i vojnik: Rana krajiška društva, 1545-1754, https://books.google.hr/books/about/Slobodan_seljak_i_vojnik_Rana_kraji%C5%A1ka.html?id=eqR0PgAACAAJ&redir_esc=y #page= 93 </ref> A large migration of Serbs (called "people of Rascians or Vlachs") into Croatia and Slavonia from Ottoman territory took place in 1600.<ref name="Derić1914">{{cite book|author=Vasilije Derić|title=O Srpskom imenu po zai adnijem krajevima našega naroda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DZ8BAAAAMAAJ|year=1914|quote=<!--1600. године у Хрватску и Славонију из турских области, одакле је насељен велики дио банске границе и вараждинскога генералата“ („сum innumerabili de gente Rasciama seu Valachica familiarum numero ex Turcicis ditionibus ad ...-->}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Delo|volume=61–62|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LtxDAQAAMAAJ|year=1911|publisher=A.M. Stanojević|p=372|quote=<!--сum innumerabili degente Rasciana seu Valachica familiarum numero ex Turcicis ditionibus ad Croatiam et Slavoniam circa annum 1600 transmigravit-->}}</ref> Vlachs moved to the Varaždin Generalate of the Slavonian Krajina massively and in a very short time from 1597 to 1600.<ref>Mirko Valentić, 1992, O etničkom korijenu hrvatskih bosanskih Srba, https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=307683 #page=14 </ref> Freedom of religion was promised to all Orthodox settlers.{{sfn|Ramet|1997|p=83}} The Habsburg Monarchy was effectively divided into separate civil and military parts with Emperor Ferdinand's granting full civil and military authority of the Military Frontier to a general officer in 1553.{{sfn|Ramet|1997|p=83}} This displeased the [[Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)|Hungarian Diet]] and [[Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)|Croatian nobility]], stripped of their authority in the Frontier.{{sfn|Ramet|1997|p=83}} The Croatians tried to reduce the Frontier's autonomy; the incorporation of the Frontier into Croatia would mean the loss of status and prerogative of the [[Grenzers]] (''Frontiersmen'').{{sfn|Ramet|1997|p=83}} |
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In 1608, Austrian emperor [[Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor|Rudolf II]] instituted such a law, under which "Vlachs" of the Military Frontier, regardless of their faith, owed one tenth of their income to the [[Bishop of Zagreb]], and 1/9th to the [[feudal]] lords whose land they occupied. This law had little practical effect, but it appeased the Croatian nobility at the time.<ref name="kolo-budak">{{harvnb|Budak|2002}}</ref> The heraldic emblem used for these "Vlachs" was the Serbian [[Nemanjić dynasty]] coat of arms.<ref>{{cite book|last=Acović|first=Dragomir|title=Heraldika i Srbi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iw2qPgAACAAJ|year=2012|origyear=2008|publisher=Zavod za udžbenike|isbn=978-86-17-15093-6|p=556}}</ref> In the 1610s and 1620s, there were conflicts between the Vlachs (refugees and Frontiersmen) and the Croatian nobility.{{sfn|Kršev|2011|p=135}} The Croatians demanded the abolishment of the Frontier and incorporation into Croatia.{{sfn|Ramet|1997|p=83}} In 1627, the Varaždin Grenzer told authorities they "rather be hacked into pieces than be separated from their officers and become subjects of the Croatian nobility".{{sfn|Ramet|1997|p=83}} In 1627, emperor [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand II]] granted the "Vlach people inhabiting the regions of Slavonia and Croatia, the right to stay undisturbed in their settlements and estates";<ref>{{cite book|title=The South Slav Journal|volume=20|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZqMsAQAAIAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Dositey Obradovich Circle|p=29}}</ref> the Frontier Vlachs were allowed land use regardless of the land's ownership, in an effort to make the Grenzers independent of the Croatian nobility, and more willing to wage wars for him.<ref name="kolo-budak"/> This decision has been interpreted as a [[feudalism|feudalization]] attempt, and in 1628, it was feared that if the Vlachs left the Frontier for Ottoman Slavonia, the military and economical strength of the Habsburg Monarchy would be notably weakened and threatened; at an assembly of ca. 3,400 war-equipped Vlachs (mainly Serbs), it was promised that the Vlachs stay under military organization and be given regulations in form of a statute, thereby regulating their legal status.{{sfn|Kršev|2011|p=136}} The next year, the Croatian parliament tried once again to pass a law in which the refugee community be included into the jurisdiction of the [[Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)|Habsburg Kingdom of Croatia]], however, without results.{{sfn|Kršev|2011|p=136}} |
In 1608, Austrian emperor [[Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor|Rudolf II]] instituted such a law, under which "Vlachs" of the Military Frontier, regardless of their faith, owed one tenth of their income to the [[Bishop of Zagreb]], and 1/9th to the [[feudal]] lords whose land they occupied. This law had little practical effect, but it appeased the Croatian nobility at the time.<ref name="kolo-budak">{{harvnb|Budak|2002}}</ref> The heraldic emblem used for these "Vlachs" was the Serbian [[Nemanjić dynasty]] coat of arms.<ref>{{cite book|last=Acović|first=Dragomir|title=Heraldika i Srbi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iw2qPgAACAAJ|year=2012|origyear=2008|publisher=Zavod za udžbenike|isbn=978-86-17-15093-6|p=556}}</ref> In the 1610s and 1620s, there were conflicts between the Vlachs (refugees and Frontiersmen) and the Croatian nobility.{{sfn|Kršev|2011|p=135}} The Croatians demanded the abolishment of the Frontier and incorporation into Croatia.{{sfn|Ramet|1997|p=83}} In 1627, the Varaždin Grenzer told authorities they "rather be hacked into pieces than be separated from their officers and become subjects of the Croatian nobility".{{sfn|Ramet|1997|p=83}} In 1627, emperor [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand II]] granted the "Vlach people inhabiting the regions of Slavonia and Croatia, the right to stay undisturbed in their settlements and estates";<ref>{{cite book|title=The South Slav Journal|volume=20|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZqMsAQAAIAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Dositey Obradovich Circle|p=29}}</ref> the Frontier Vlachs were allowed land use regardless of the land's ownership, in an effort to make the Grenzers independent of the Croatian nobility, and more willing to wage wars for him.<ref name="kolo-budak"/> This decision has been interpreted as a [[feudalism|feudalization]] attempt, and in 1628, it was feared that if the Vlachs left the Frontier for Ottoman Slavonia, the military and economical strength of the Habsburg Monarchy would be notably weakened and threatened; at an assembly of ca. 3,400 war-equipped Vlachs (mainly Serbs), it was promised that the Vlachs stay under military organization and be given regulations in form of a statute, thereby regulating their legal status.{{sfn|Kršev|2011|p=136}} The next year, the Croatian parliament tried once again to pass a law in which the refugee community be included into the jurisdiction of the [[Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)|Habsburg Kingdom of Croatia]], however, without results.{{sfn|Kršev|2011|p=136}} |
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==Statute== |
==Statute== |
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Based on the Grenzers' petitions{{sfn|Ramet|1997|p=83}} and the court statement, Emperor Ferdinand II issued the ''Statuta Valachorum'' on 5 October 1630, in effect in the [[Varaždin]] ''generalate'', that is, the captaincies of [[Koprivnica]], [[Križevci, Croatia|Križevci]] and [[Ivanec]].{{sfn|Kršev|2011|p=136}} The statute was signed in Regensburg, and was a compromise to the Grenzers' demands.{{sfn|Kašić|1967|p=39}} It was given to a delegation of twelve Grenzers, military commanders and clergy.{{sfn|Kašić|1967|p=39}} The Orthodox refugee community, called "Vlachs",<ref name=Lampe-Jackson>{{harvnb|Lampe|Jackson|1982|p=62}} {{quote|In 1630 the Habsburg Emperor signed the Statuta Valachorum, or Vlach Statutes (Serbs and other Balkan Orthodox peoples were often called Vlachs). They recognized formally the growing practice of awarding such refugee families a free grant of crown land to farm communally as their zad- ruga. In return all male members over sixteen were obliged to do military service. The further guarantees of religious freedom and of no feudal obligations made the Orthodox Serbs valuable allies for the monarchy in its seventeenth-century struggle ...}}</ref> were mainly Serbs.{{sfn|Sučević|1953|loc=p. 34: "Varaždinska krajina ... najviše Srbi"}}{{sfn|Trbovich|2008|p=190}} In its essence, the statute enabled for the Vlachs' election of local authorities, an argument for the consideration of the statute as that of a basis for the population's inner autonomy.{{sfn|Kršev|2011|p=146}} The local authorities included ''knezes'' and judges, as representatives of executive and legislative powers.{{sfn|Kršev|2011|p=146}} |
Based on the Grenzers' petitions{{sfn|Ramet|1997|p=83}} and the court statement, Emperor Ferdinand II issued the ''Statuta Valachorum'' on 5 October 1630, in effect in the [[Varaždin]] ''generalate'', that is, the captaincies of [[Koprivnica]], [[Križevci, Croatia|Križevci]] and [[Ivanec]].{{sfn|Kršev|2011|p=136}} The statute was signed in Regensburg, and was a compromise to the Grenzers' demands.{{sfn|Kašić|1967|p=39}} It was given to a delegation of twelve Grenzers, military commanders and clergy.{{sfn|Kašić|1967|p=39}} The Orthodox refugee community, called "Vlachs",<ref name=Lampe-Jackson>{{harvnb|Lampe|Jackson|1982|p=62}} {{quote|In 1630 the Habsburg Emperor signed the Statuta Valachorum, or Vlach Statutes (Serbs and other Balkan Orthodox peoples were often called Vlachs). They recognized formally the growing practice of awarding such refugee families a free grant of crown land to farm communally as their zad- ruga. In return all male members over sixteen were obliged to do military service. The further guarantees of religious freedom and of no feudal obligations made the Orthodox Serbs valuable allies for the monarchy in its seventeenth-century struggle ...}}</ref> were mainly Serbs.{{sfn|Sučević|1953|loc=p. 34: "Varaždinska krajina ... najviše Srbi"}}{{sfn|Trbovich|2008|p=190}}Under Vlach name was and a good part of the local Croatian population while Catholic population in Military Frontier also converted to Orthodoxy.<ref>Zlatko Kudelić, 2002, Simeon (1611-1630) - The first uniate bishop of Marča, {u zaključku Hrvatskog Sabora iz 1628. godine, kada su se staleži žalili vladaru da u Krajini pod imenom “Vlaha” živi više starosjedioca (“ljudi naše nacije”), koji su težili doći pod zaštitu krajiških zapovjednika, nego pravih “Vlaha”..."at the conclusion of the Croatian Parliament from 1628, when the classes complained to the ruler that there were more Indigenous people ("our nation's people") living in Military Frontier under name of "Vlach", who sought to come under the protection of Military Frontier commanders than the true "Vlachs".} https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=44931 #page=164 </ref><ref>Zlatko Kudelić, 2010, Čaplovičeva povijest Marčanske biskupije, {Tijekom 17. i prve polovice 18. stoljeća pravoslavlje su u Krajini prihvaćali i katolički starosjedioci i katolici doseljeni u nju iz Banske Hrvatske i iz Bosne..During the 17th and the first half of the 18th century, Orthodoxy in Military Frontier was also accepted by Catholic natives and Catholics immigrated to Military Frontier from Kingdom of Croatia and Bosnia} https://hrcak.srce.hr/56775 #page= 138 </ref><ref>Hrvoje Petrić, 2011, The resettlement of „runaway serf“ in the Varaždin general command. Contribution to the understanding of Early Modern migrations in part of today´s northwestern Croatia {Zagrebački biskup Franjo Ergelski je 1635. tvrdio da je među pravoslavnim Vlasima bila gotovo polovica katolika – dijelom su to bili Slavonci, a dijelom Predavci. Isti biskup se ujedno žalio kako su mnogi kmetovi koji su pobjegli među Vlahe napuštali katoličku vjeru i prelazili na pravoslavlje...The bishop of Zagreb, Franjo Ergelski, claimed in 1635 that almost half of Catholics were among Orthodox Vlachs - partly they were Slavonians and partly Predavci. The same bishop also complained that many of the Croatian serfs who fled among the Vlachs abandoned Catholic faith and convert to Orthodoxy. https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=127154 #page=59 </ref> During discussions of the Military Frontier administrative authorities of the Varaždin Generalate, it was established that among the Vlachs fugitives exist Slavonians whose ancestors were serfs who did not flied from the Ottomans and they are mixed among themselves.<ref>Karl Kaser, 1997, Slobodan seljak i vojnik: Rana krajiška društva, 1545-1754, https://books.google.hr/books/about/Slobodan_seljak_i_vojnik_Rana_kraji%C5%A1ka.html?id=eqR0PgAACAAJ&redir_esc=y #page= 94</ref> In its essence, the statute enabled for the Vlachs' election of local authorities, an argument for the consideration of the statute as that of a basis for the population's inner autonomy.{{sfn|Kršev|2011|p=146}} The local authorities included ''knezes'' and judges, as representatives of executive and legislative powers.{{sfn|Kršev|2011|p=146}} |
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The decree laid out the rights and obligations of the settlers that stabilized their status for years after.<ref name="Bireley2014">{{cite book|author=Robert Bireley|title=Ferdinand II, Counter-Reformation Emperor, 1578-1637|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IacaBQAAQBAJ&pg=PR1|year=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-06715-8|page=163}}</ref> These rights assumed free land given to the settlers, their civil administration based on the settlers' traditional law. All the rights were given in return for the settlers' military service to the Austrian Emperor.{{sfn|Kaser|1995|p=111}} All males over sixteen were obliged to serve militarily.{{sfn|Lampe|Jackson|1982|p=62}} Ferdinand II did not include matters{{clarify|date=June 2016}} of land ownership in the statute, so that he wouldn't upset Croatian nobility.<ref name="kolo-budak"/> The goal of ''Statuta Valachorum'' was to bring the "Vlachs" under supervision of the imperial court, giving them an appearance of autonomy, despite the fact that the level of self-government they had prior had actually decreased.<ref name="kolo-budak"/> The Statute created a separate region at the expense of the Croatia-Slavonia province.{{sfn|Trbovich|2008|p=85}} The statute also included the first delineation of the Varaždin ''generalate'' ([[Slavonian Military Frontier]]).{{cn|date=June 2016}} |
The decree laid out the rights and obligations of the settlers that stabilized their status for years after.<ref name="Bireley2014">{{cite book|author=Robert Bireley|title=Ferdinand II, Counter-Reformation Emperor, 1578-1637|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IacaBQAAQBAJ&pg=PR1|year=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-06715-8|page=163}}</ref> These rights assumed free land given to the settlers, their civil administration based on the settlers' traditional law. All the rights were given in return for the settlers' military service to the Austrian Emperor.{{sfn|Kaser|1995|p=111}} All males over sixteen were obliged to serve militarily.{{sfn|Lampe|Jackson|1982|p=62}} Ferdinand II did not include matters{{clarify|date=June 2016}} of land ownership in the statute, so that he wouldn't upset Croatian nobility.<ref name="kolo-budak"/> The goal of ''Statuta Valachorum'' was to bring the "Vlachs" under supervision of the imperial court, giving them an appearance of autonomy, despite the fact that the level of self-government they had prior had actually decreased.<ref name="kolo-budak"/> The Statute created a separate region at the expense of the Croatia-Slavonia province.{{sfn|Trbovich|2008|p=85}} The statute also included the first delineation of the Varaždin ''generalate'' ([[Slavonian Military Frontier]]).{{cn|date=June 2016}} |
Revision as of 10:11, 1 May 2020
Statuta Valachorum ("Vlach Statute(s)", Serbo-Croatian: Vlaški statut(i)) was a decree issued by Emperor Ferdinand II of the Habsburg Monarchy on 5 October 1630 that defined the rights of "Vlachs" (a term used for a community of mostly Orthodox refugees, mainly Serbs[a] but also Vlachs and speakers of other languages)[1][2][3] in the Military Frontier, in a way that it placed them under direct rule by Vienna, removing the jurisdiction of the Croatian parliament. This was one of three major laws enacted in the early 17th century on the taxation and tenancy rights of the Vlachs, together with the earlier 1608 decree by Emperor Rudolf II and a 1627 decree by Ferdinand.
Background
In the mid-16th century, the Military Frontier was established as a buffer against the Ottoman Empire. Balkan refugees, including Othodox groups such as Serbs, Vlachs and speakers of other languages, crossed into Habsburg lands.[1][2][3] In the sources fugitives without exception are called Vlachs and names Uskoks, Pribezi, Predavci are rarely used.[4] Military colonists were exempted from some obligations and granted small land tracts, and allowed to elect their own captains (vojvode) and magistrates (knezovi).[5] Slavonia (including the Varaždin Generalate) was continuously settled by Serbs from various regions since the 15th century.[6]In the second half of the 16th century Vlachs from Slavonia were no longer an exclusive part of population because the Vlach privileges were attractive for many non-Vlachs who mixed with the Vlachs in order to get their status.[7] A large migration of Serbs (called "people of Rascians or Vlachs") into Croatia and Slavonia from Ottoman territory took place in 1600.[8][9] Vlachs moved to the Varaždin Generalate of the Slavonian Krajina massively and in a very short time from 1597 to 1600.[10] Freedom of religion was promised to all Orthodox settlers.[5] The Habsburg Monarchy was effectively divided into separate civil and military parts with Emperor Ferdinand's granting full civil and military authority of the Military Frontier to a general officer in 1553.[5] This displeased the Hungarian Diet and Croatian nobility, stripped of their authority in the Frontier.[5] The Croatians tried to reduce the Frontier's autonomy; the incorporation of the Frontier into Croatia would mean the loss of status and prerogative of the Grenzers (Frontiersmen).[5]
In 1608, Austrian emperor Rudolf II instituted such a law, under which "Vlachs" of the Military Frontier, regardless of their faith, owed one tenth of their income to the Bishop of Zagreb, and 1/9th to the feudal lords whose land they occupied. This law had little practical effect, but it appeased the Croatian nobility at the time.[11] The heraldic emblem used for these "Vlachs" was the Serbian Nemanjić dynasty coat of arms.[12] In the 1610s and 1620s, there were conflicts between the Vlachs (refugees and Frontiersmen) and the Croatian nobility.[13] The Croatians demanded the abolishment of the Frontier and incorporation into Croatia.[5] In 1627, the Varaždin Grenzer told authorities they "rather be hacked into pieces than be separated from their officers and become subjects of the Croatian nobility".[5] In 1627, emperor Ferdinand II granted the "Vlach people inhabiting the regions of Slavonia and Croatia, the right to stay undisturbed in their settlements and estates";[14] the Frontier Vlachs were allowed land use regardless of the land's ownership, in an effort to make the Grenzers independent of the Croatian nobility, and more willing to wage wars for him.[11] This decision has been interpreted as a feudalization attempt, and in 1628, it was feared that if the Vlachs left the Frontier for Ottoman Slavonia, the military and economical strength of the Habsburg Monarchy would be notably weakened and threatened; at an assembly of ca. 3,400 war-equipped Vlachs (mainly Serbs), it was promised that the Vlachs stay under military organization and be given regulations in form of a statute, thereby regulating their legal status.[15] The next year, the Croatian parliament tried once again to pass a law in which the refugee community be included into the jurisdiction of the Habsburg Kingdom of Croatia, however, without results.[15]
In early 1630, representatives of Croatian nobility and Vlachs (Serbs) met in Vienna.[16] The Croatian nobility pressured the Emperor to enact a decree on 10 May in which the Serbs pay the nobility as much as they paid their captains, however, the unhappy Serbs between the Sava and Drava instead gave colonel Trauttmansdorff their own draft, which would regulate relations to the state, and economical, legal and social relations.[16] The War Council established a commission to study this draft.[16] The Austrian court chancellery issued a statement to the emperor on 30 September, in which it is highlighted that "great military importance of the Vlach population accommodated between the Sava and Drava, whose numbers in the last thirty years increased to such extent that they have become the solid bulwark of the Military Frontier against the Turks".[15]
Statute
Based on the Grenzers' petitions[5] and the court statement, Emperor Ferdinand II issued the Statuta Valachorum on 5 October 1630, in effect in the Varaždin generalate, that is, the captaincies of Koprivnica, Križevci and Ivanec.[15] The statute was signed in Regensburg, and was a compromise to the Grenzers' demands.[17] It was given to a delegation of twelve Grenzers, military commanders and clergy.[17] The Orthodox refugee community, called "Vlachs",[18] were mainly Serbs.[19][20]Under Vlach name was and a good part of the local Croatian population while Catholic population in Military Frontier also converted to Orthodoxy.[21][22][23] During discussions of the Military Frontier administrative authorities of the Varaždin Generalate, it was established that among the Vlachs fugitives exist Slavonians whose ancestors were serfs who did not flied from the Ottomans and they are mixed among themselves.[24] In its essence, the statute enabled for the Vlachs' election of local authorities, an argument for the consideration of the statute as that of a basis for the population's inner autonomy.[25] The local authorities included knezes and judges, as representatives of executive and legislative powers.[25]
The decree laid out the rights and obligations of the settlers that stabilized their status for years after.[26] These rights assumed free land given to the settlers, their civil administration based on the settlers' traditional law. All the rights were given in return for the settlers' military service to the Austrian Emperor.[27] All males over sixteen were obliged to serve militarily.[28] Ferdinand II did not include matters[clarification needed] of land ownership in the statute, so that he wouldn't upset Croatian nobility.[11] The goal of Statuta Valachorum was to bring the "Vlachs" under supervision of the imperial court, giving them an appearance of autonomy, despite the fact that the level of self-government they had prior had actually decreased.[11] The Statute created a separate region at the expense of the Croatia-Slavonia province.[29] The statute also included the first delineation of the Varaždin generalate (Slavonian Military Frontier).[citation needed]
Aftermath and legacy
The Statuta, applied only to Vlachs in the area of the Varaždin Generalate (between Drava and Sava), later[when?] came to be used by all Vlachs.[11] A rebellion broke out in the generalate in 1632, when the Frontiersmen rose up against local Austrian governors; the rebellion was suppressed, and knez (count) Marko Bogdanović and harambaša Smiljan Vujica (or Smoljan Vujić) were executed.[30] When Ferdinand III came to power (1637), the ownership of the Croatian Military Frontier was transferred to the Imperial court.[11] A rebellion broke out in the generalate in 1665–66 when Frontiersmen under Stefan Osmokruhović rose up against the Austrian officers, after the rights of the Frontiersmen had been compromised.[31] On 14 April 1667 the Statute was revised.[32] In the 18th century, the nobility[who?] was finally formally deprived of all Frontier land when it was declared an Imperial fief.[11]
The importance of the statute is seen in it being the first public law document regarding rights of citizens within the Military Frontier.[33] These grants to Serbs made them valuable allies of the Habsburg government against the Catholic Croatian nobility.[28] The warrior-tradition of the Serbs of Croatia, which includes the service to the Habsburg Monarchy and the Statuta Valachorum, is an important part of the identity of the community still today.[34]
See also
Annotations
- ^ The term "Vlachs" was also used for Slavs who shared lifestyle (as shepherds) with Romance peoples (Vlachs); it was used for the Serbs who settled the Military Frontier.[35][18][36][37] Croatian nationalist historiography (including Ustashe propaganda[38]) claim that the settlers were not Serbs, but Vlachs; that Serbs of Croatia are not Serbs.[37] All South Slavic ethnic groups had some Romance ingredient, although there is no evidence that all or most Serbs in Croatia were of Vlach origin.[38] "Rascians" was another term used for the Serbs.
References
- ^ a b Nicholas J. Miller (1998). Between Nation and State: Serbian Politics in Croatia Before the First World War. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 5.
- ^ a b Guðmundur Hálfdanarson (2003). Racial Discrimination and Ethnicity in European History. Università di Pisa. p. 55.
- ^ a b Gorana Ognjenović (2020). Nationhood and Politicization of History in School Textbooks: Identity, the Curriculum and Educational Media. Springer Nature. p. 117.
- ^ Karl Kaser, 1997, Slobodan seljak i vojnik: Rana krajiška društva, 1545-1754, https://books.google.hr/books/about/Slobodan_seljak_i_vojnik_Rana_kraji%C5%A1ka.html?id=eqR0PgAACAAJ&redir_esc=y #page= 91
- ^ a b c d e f g h Ramet 1997, p. 83.
- ^ Grujić, Radoslav M. (1912). X. Vol. 1.
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:|journal=
ignored (help) - ^ Karl Kaser, 1997, Slobodan seljak i vojnik: Rana krajiška društva, 1545-1754, https://books.google.hr/books/about/Slobodan_seljak_i_vojnik_Rana_kraji%C5%A1ka.html?id=eqR0PgAACAAJ&redir_esc=y #page= 93
- ^ Vasilije Derić (1914). O Srpskom imenu po zai adnijem krajevima našega naroda.
- ^ Delo. Vol. 61–62. A.M. Stanojević. 1911. p. 372.
- ^ Mirko Valentić, 1992, O etničkom korijenu hrvatskih bosanskih Srba, https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=307683 #page=14
- ^ a b c d e f g Budak 2002
- ^ Acović, Dragomir (2012) [2008]. Heraldika i Srbi. Zavod za udžbenike. p. 556. ISBN 978-86-17-15093-6.
- ^ Kršev 2011, p. 135.
- ^ The South Slav Journal. Vol. 20. Dositey Obradovich Circle. 1999. p. 29.
- ^ a b c d Kršev 2011, p. 136.
- ^ a b c Kašić 1967, p. 38.
- ^ a b Kašić 1967, p. 39.
- ^ a b Lampe & Jackson 1982, p. 62
In 1630 the Habsburg Emperor signed the Statuta Valachorum, or Vlach Statutes (Serbs and other Balkan Orthodox peoples were often called Vlachs). They recognized formally the growing practice of awarding such refugee families a free grant of crown land to farm communally as their zad- ruga. In return all male members over sixteen were obliged to do military service. The further guarantees of religious freedom and of no feudal obligations made the Orthodox Serbs valuable allies for the monarchy in its seventeenth-century struggle ...
- ^ Sučević 1953, p. 34: "Varaždinska krajina ... najviše Srbi".
- ^ Trbovich 2008, p. 190.
- ^ Zlatko Kudelić, 2002, Simeon (1611-1630) - The first uniate bishop of Marča, {u zaključku Hrvatskog Sabora iz 1628. godine, kada su se staleži žalili vladaru da u Krajini pod imenom “Vlaha” živi više starosjedioca (“ljudi naše nacije”), koji su težili doći pod zaštitu krajiških zapovjednika, nego pravih “Vlaha”..."at the conclusion of the Croatian Parliament from 1628, when the classes complained to the ruler that there were more Indigenous people ("our nation's people") living in Military Frontier under name of "Vlach", who sought to come under the protection of Military Frontier commanders than the true "Vlachs".} https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=44931 #page=164
- ^ Zlatko Kudelić, 2010, Čaplovičeva povijest Marčanske biskupije, {Tijekom 17. i prve polovice 18. stoljeća pravoslavlje su u Krajini prihvaćali i katolički starosjedioci i katolici doseljeni u nju iz Banske Hrvatske i iz Bosne..During the 17th and the first half of the 18th century, Orthodoxy in Military Frontier was also accepted by Catholic natives and Catholics immigrated to Military Frontier from Kingdom of Croatia and Bosnia} https://hrcak.srce.hr/56775 #page= 138
- ^ Hrvoje Petrić, 2011, The resettlement of „runaway serf“ in the Varaždin general command. Contribution to the understanding of Early Modern migrations in part of today´s northwestern Croatia {Zagrebački biskup Franjo Ergelski je 1635. tvrdio da je među pravoslavnim Vlasima bila gotovo polovica katolika – dijelom su to bili Slavonci, a dijelom Predavci. Isti biskup se ujedno žalio kako su mnogi kmetovi koji su pobjegli među Vlahe napuštali katoličku vjeru i prelazili na pravoslavlje...The bishop of Zagreb, Franjo Ergelski, claimed in 1635 that almost half of Catholics were among Orthodox Vlachs - partly they were Slavonians and partly Predavci. The same bishop also complained that many of the Croatian serfs who fled among the Vlachs abandoned Catholic faith and convert to Orthodoxy. https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=127154 #page=59
- ^ Karl Kaser, 1997, Slobodan seljak i vojnik: Rana krajiška društva, 1545-1754, https://books.google.hr/books/about/Slobodan_seljak_i_vojnik_Rana_kraji%C5%A1ka.html?id=eqR0PgAACAAJ&redir_esc=y #page= 94
- ^ a b Kršev 2011, p. 146.
- ^ Robert Bireley (2014). Ferdinand II, Counter-Reformation Emperor, 1578-1637. Cambridge University Press. p. 163. ISBN 978-1-107-06715-8.
- ^ Kaser 1995, p. 111.
- ^ a b Lampe & Jackson 1982, p. 62.
- ^ Trbovich 2008, p. 85.
- ^ Nada Klaić (1976). Društvena previranja i bune u Hrvatskoj u XVI i XVII stoljeću. Izd. Preduzeće Nolit.
a iduće su godine ne samo optuženi, nego i pogubljeni knez Marko Bogdanović i zastavnik Smoljan Vujić.
- ^ Dalibor Brozović (1999). Hrvatska enciklopedija. Leksikografski zavod "Miroslav Krleža". p. 166. ISBN 978-953-6036-29-5.
- ^ Moačanin, Fedor (1977). Gross, Mirjana (ed.). ""Statuta Valachorum" od 14. aprila 1667" (PDF). Historijski zbornik (in Croatian). Zagreb: Savez povijesnih društava Hrvatske / Štamparski zavod "Ognjen Prica". Retrieved 2011-08-05.
- ^ Kršev 2011, p. 147.
- ^ Škiljan, Filip (2014). "Identitet Srba u Hrvatskoj". Croatian Political Science Review. 51 (2). Zagreb: 119.
- ^ B. Fowkes (6 March 2002). Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflict in the Post-Communist World. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-4039-1430-9.
... but in fact the name was also applied to Slavs who shared the same pastoral, nomadic life as the Romanian shepherds. The Orthodox refugees who settled on the border (krajina) between Habsburg and Ottoman territory, and who are in part the ancestors of the Krajina Serbs who lived in Croatia until driven out recently, were also described officially as Vlachs and given privileged military status under that name (the Habsburg ruler Ferdinand II issued a 'Statute of the Vlachs' for them in 1630). To apply the term Vlach to someone, therefore, was to say that they were either nomads or free peasant-soldiers. It did not imply a definitive conclusion about their ethnic group.
- ^ Béla K. Király; Gunther Erich Rothenberg (1979). Special Topics and Generalizations on the 18th and 19th Centuries. Brooklyn College Press. p. 301. ISBN 978-0-930888-04-6.
After Ferdinand II issued the Statuta Vlachorum on October 5, 1630,51 the first broad privileges for Vlachs (Serbs) in the Varazdin region, the Vienna Court tried to remove the Military Frontier from civil jurisdiction. The Statuta defined the rights and obligations of frontiersmen and provided the first formal administrative organization for the Military Frontier, which was now detached from Croatia. ... The term Vlach was often used interchangeably with Serb because the latter, too, were mostly a pastoral people.
- ^ a b Trbovich 2008, p. 190
This also explains why extremist Croat nationalism is both reflected and rooted in the attempted revision of history. The Croats have always resented the rights granted to Serbs in Croatia, and most especially Krayina's historic separate existence. Croat historians have claimed that Krayina's settlers were not Serbs but “Vlachs,”81 [footnote:] While all Orthodox settlers were indeed called Vlachs by the Habsburg authorities, and some truly were Vlachs and different from the Serbs, the majority were Serbian and even the Vlachs assimilated into Serbs by the nineteenth century. As Nicholas Miller explains, “the term Vlach became a weapon in the war to devalue Serbian claims to territory and history in Croatia.”
- ^ a b Aleksa Djilas (1991). The Contested Country: Yugoslav Unity and Communist Revolution, 1919-1953. Harvard University Press. p. 210. ISBN 978-0-674-16698-1.
While no South Slav group was without some Vlach ingredient, there is no evidence that all or most Serbs in Croatia were of Vlach origin. The thesis that Croatian Serbs were "Vlasi" occurred regularly in Ustasha propaganda — without any serious evidence to support it.
Sources
- Budak, Neven (2002). "Habsburzi i Hrvati". Kolo (in Croatian) (3). Matica hrvatska. Retrieved 2015-11-10.
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(help) - Kaser, Karl (1995). Familie und Verwandtschaft auf dem Balkan: Analyse einer untergehenden Kultur (in German). Böhlau Verlag Wien. ISBN 978-3-205-98345-3.
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(help) - Kašić, Dušan (1967). Srbi i pravoslavlje u Slavoniji i sjevernoj Hrvatskoj (in Serbian). Savez udruženja pravosl. sveštenstva SR Hrvatske.
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(help) - Kašić, Dušan (1957). "Beiträge zur Geschichte der "Statuta Valachorum"". Spomenik (in Serbo-Croatian) (106): 37–49. OCLC 78778459.
- Kršev, Boris N. (2011). "STATUTA VALACHORUM – Pravna osnova nastanka Vojne granice - Krajine" (PDF). Civitas (in Serbian) (2). Novi Sad: Fakultet za pravne i poslovne studije.
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(help) - Lampe, John R.; Jackson, Marvin R. (1982). Balkan Economic History, 1550-1950: From Imperial Borderlands to Developing Nations. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-30368-0.
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(help) - Ramet, Sabrina P. (1997). Whose Democracy?: Nationalism, Religion, and the Doctrine of Collective Rights in Post-1989 Eastern Europe. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8476-8324-6.
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(help) - Sučević, Branko P. (1953). "Razvitak Vlaških Prava u Varaždinskom generalatu" (Document) (in Croatian). pp. 33–70.
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ignored (help) - Trbovich, Ana S. (2008). A Legal Geography of Yugoslavia's Disintegration. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-533343-5.
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External links
- "Statuta Valachorum" (in Croatian). Translated by Zrinka Blažević. Wikizvor.