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<!--This article is mostly in US English--> |
<!--This article is mostly in US English--> |
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[[File:Source4labeled2.JPG|thumb|250px|A Source |
[[File:Source4labeled2.JPG|thumb|250px|A [[Source Four]] [[ellipsoidal reflector spotlight|ERS]] with major parts labeled.]] |
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[[File:Stage lights.jpg|thumb|250px|25 PAR can lighting instruments.]] |
[[File:Stage lights.jpg|thumb|250px|25 [[Parabolic aluminized reflector light|PAR can]] lighting instruments.]] |
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'''Stage lighting instruments''' are used in [[stage lighting]] to illuminate [[theatre|theatrical]] productions, [[concert]]s and other [[performance]]s taking place in live performance [[Theater (structure)|venues]]. They are also used to light [[television studio]]s and [[sound stage]]s. |
'''Stage lighting instruments''' are used in [[stage lighting]] to illuminate [[theatre|theatrical]] productions, [[concert]]s, and other [[performance]]s taking place in live performance [[Theater (structure)|venues]]. They are also used to light [[television studio]]s and [[sound stage]]s. |
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Many stagecraft terms vary between the United States and the United Kingdom. In the USA, lighting fixtures are often called "instruments" or "units". In the UK, they are called "lanterns" or "luminaires". This article mainly uses terms common to the USA. |
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==Components== |
==Components== |
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:''See the picture at top right for physical location of most components.'' |
:''See the picture at top right for the physical location of most components.'' |
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Stage lighting instruments all have the following components: |
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===Housing=== |
===Housing=== |
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The lamp housing is a metal or plastic container that serves as a body for the entire instrument and prevents light from spilling in unwanted directions. It comprises all of the exterior of the fixture except for the lens or opening. The housing may be designed with specific elements that help reduce heat and increase the efficiency of a lamp. Older instruments were made from [[Rolling (metalworking)|rolled]] and [[machined]] steel or aluminum; however, with the advent of the [[Source Four]], many lighting instruments are being made from [[Die casting|die cast metal]]. Die casting allows for one single, light-weight body that is more economical to produce and use. Some instruments are made from plastic, such as the Selecon Pacific. |
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===Lens or opening=== |
===Lens or opening=== |
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[[File:Followspotoptics.JPG|thumb|250px|Optics of an Altman 1000Q followspot. From left to right: Lamp, Ellipsoidal Reflector, Shutter/Iris Assembly, Fixed Lens, Variable Lens.]] |
[[File:Followspotoptics.JPG|thumb|250px|Optics of an Altman 1000Q followspot. From left to right: Lamp, Ellipsoidal Reflector, Shutter/Iris Assembly, Fixed Lens, Variable Lens.]] |
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The gap in the housing where the light is intended to come |
The opening is the gap in the housing from where the [[light beam|beam of light]] is intended to come. Many fixtures use a [[lens (optics)|lens]] to help control the beam of light, though some, such as [[Parabolic aluminized reflector light|PAR cans]] and border or [[Cyclorama (theater)|cyclorama]] lights, do not have any lenses or optics other than the reflector. The lens and the reflector, along with other beam-altering devices are both considered part of the optics system. |
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===Reflector=== |
===Reflector=== |
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The reflector affects the quality and directionality of the light output. A reflector is located behind or around the light source in such a way as to direct more light towards the lens or opening. Each unit has a characteristic reflector, used in conjunction with the lens (or lack thereof) to create the desired effect. An [[Ellipsoidal reflector spotlight|ellipsoidal reflector]] has a lamp set at one focus point of an ellipsoid-shaped reflector that bounces the light and focuses it at the second focus point of the ellipse. This focuses the beam of light into a tight beam. Ellipsoidal reflectors often are used for tight, focusable spots, although they can be used for floodlights, such as in [[Scoop (theater)|scoops]] (see below). A parabolic reflector has a lamp set at the focus point of a parabola-shaped reflector that bounces the light in parallel beams away from the reflector. There is no point at which the light converges, so the light is unfocusable. Parabolic reflectors are used for lights intended to provide an unfocused wash, such as PAR cans. |
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===Yoke=== |
===Yoke=== |
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Most instruments are suspended or supported by a |
Most instruments are suspended or supported by a U-shaped yoke, fixed at two points to the sides of the instrument, providing an [[axis of rotation]]. The yoke is connected to a pipe or [[Batten (theater)|batten]] by one of the clamps mentioned below. It may also be affixed to the [[stage (theater)|deck]] with floor mounts, or attached to the set with a stage screw. |
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=== |
===Attachment apparatus=== |
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[[C-Clamp (stagecraft)|C-Clamps]] and hook clamps that utilize a threaded bolt to attach to a pipe or batten and to hold the instrument secure. Once secured, the fixture can be panned and tilted using adjustment knobs on the yoke and clamp.<ref>{{cite book |
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| last = Gillette |
| last = Gillette |
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| first = J. Michael |
| first = J. Michael |
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| pages = 57–70 |
| pages = 57–70 |
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| date = [[2003]] |
| date = [[2003]] |
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}}</ref> In addition, safety cables |
}}</ref> In addition, safety cables (a loop of aircraft cable terminated with [[carabiner]]s) are used to support the lighting instrument in case the clamp fails. |
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A side arm is a |
A side arm is a metal pole bolted to the instrument with a clamp on the end. This enables the instrument to be hung to the side of an electric as opposed to below it. |
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===Lamp or arc source=== |
===Lamp or arc source=== |
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Most theatrical [[lamp (electrical component)| |
Most theatrical [[lamp (electrical component)|lamps]] are [[Halogen lamp|tungsten-halogen]] (or quartz-halogen), an improvement on the original [[Incandescent light bulb|incandescent]] design that used halogen gas instead of an inert gas. [[Fluorescent lamp|Fluorescent]] lights are rarely used other than as work lights (see below). Although they are far more efficient, they cannot be ''[[dimmer|dimmed]]'' (run at less than full power) without using specialized dimmers, cannot dim to very low levels, do not produce light from a single point or easily concentrated area, and have a warm-up period during which they emit no light or do so intermittently. [[High-intensity discharge lamp]]s (or HID lamps) are now common where a very bright light output is required, for example in large [[follow spot]]s, HMI ([[hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide]]) floods, and modern [[intelligent lighting|automated fixtures]]. Because these types of lamps cannot be electrically dimmed, dimming is done by mechanical dousers or shutters that physically block portions of the lamp to decrease output. Some specially-designed fittings now use [[LED Stage Lights|light-emitting diodes]] (LEDs) as a light source. LEDs are ideal where an intense but unfocused light source is required, such as for lighting a cyclorama.<ref>{{cite book |
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| last = Gillette |
| last = Gillette |
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| first = J. Michael |
| first = J. Michael |
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===Accessories=== |
===Accessories=== |
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{{main|Stage lighting accessories}} |
{{main|Stage lighting accessories}} |
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Conventional (non-[[Stage lighting instrument#Intelligent lights|intelligent |
Conventional (non-[[Stage lighting instrument#Intelligent lights|intelligent]]) fixtures are designed to accept a number of different accessories intended to assist in the modification of the output. The most common, found on almost all stage lights, is the gel frame holder. The gel frame holder is intended to hold [[Color gel|gel]], mounted in cardboard or metal [[Stage lighting accessories#Colour Frame|gel frames]]. Other common accessories include [[Gobo (lighting)|gobo]] holders or [[Stage lighting accessories#Gobo Rotator|rotators]], [[Stage lighting accessories#Iris|iris]] holders, [[Stage lighting accessories#Doughnut|donuts]], [[barn doors]] and [[color scroller]]s. |
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==Types== |
==Types== |
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[[File:ETC Source 4s and intelligent lights at marine corps museum 4.JPG.JPG|thumb|right|Floodlights (the intelligent lights) and spotlights (the Source Fours) in use at the USMC museum.]] |
[[File:ETC Source 4s and intelligent lights at marine corps museum 4.JPG.JPG|thumb|right|Floodlights (the intelligent lights) and spotlights (the Source Fours) in use at the USMC museum.]] |
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Lighting instruments can be broadly separated into two categories: ''floodlights'', which illuminate a wide area, and ''spotlights'' (sometimes known as ' |
Lighting instruments can be broadly separated into two categories: ''floodlights'', which illuminate a wide area, and ''spotlights'' (sometimes known as ''profiles''), which produce a narrower, more controllable [[light beam]]. The distinction has to do with the characteristics of the light produced by the instrument. Spotlights produce a potentially tightly focused light, while floodlights produce a much more diffuse light. Instruments that fall somewhere in the middle of the spectrum can be classified as either a spot or a flood, depending on the type of instrument and how it is used.<ref>[http://www.theatrecrafts.com/lx_lanterns.html Lighting - Types of Lantern - www.theatrecrafts.com!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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===Floodlights=== |
===Floodlights=== |
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{{main|Parabolic aluminized reflector light}} |
{{main|Parabolic aluminized reflector light}} |
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'''Parabolic Aluminized Reflector lights''', or '''PAR lights''', or '''PAR cans''', are used when a substantial amount of flat lighting is required for a scene. A PAR can is a sealed beam PAR lamp housed in a simple can-like unit. Like an old-fashioned automotive headlight the reflector is integral to the lamp and the [[beam spread]] of the unit is not adjustable except by changing the lamp. PAR lamps are widely used in architectural lighting and may often be found at hardware stores. PAR lights have seen heavy use in [[rock and roll]] shows, especially those with smaller budgets, due to their low cost, light weight, easy maintenance, and high |
'''Parabolic Aluminized Reflector lights''', or '''PAR lights''', or '''PAR cans''', are used when a substantial amount of flat lighting is required for a scene. A PAR can is a [[sealed beam]] PAR lamp housed in a simple can-like unit. Like an old-fashioned automotive headlight, the reflector is integral to the lamp and the [[beam spread]] of the unit is not adjustable except by changing the lamp. PAR lamps are widely used in architectural lighting and may often be found at hardware stores. PAR lights have seen heavy use in [[rock and roll]] shows, especially those with smaller budgets, due to their low cost, light weight, easy maintenance, high durability, and high output.<ref name="Parker 459">{{cite book | last = Parker | first = W. Oren | title = Scene Design and Stage Lighting | isbn = 0-03-028777-4 | publisher = [[Holt, Rinehart and Winston]] | date = [[1990]] | page = 459 }}</ref> They are often used in combination with [[fog machine|smoke]] or [[haze machine]]s which make the [[light beam|path of the beam]] visible. They are also often used as top, back, or side lights in the theater and for special effects. |
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All PAR lamps except those with narrow or very narrow lenses produce an intense [[oval]] pool of light, some with fixed focus and soft edges.<ref name="Parker 459"/> |
All PAR lamps except those with narrow or very narrow lenses produce an intense [[oval]] pool of light, some with fixed focus and soft edges.<ref name="Parker 459"/> In order to adjust the orientation of the oval, the lamp must be rotated.<ref>{{cite book |
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| last = Gillette |
| last = Gillette |
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| first = J. Michael |
| first = J. Michael |
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| date = [[2003]] |
| date = [[2003]] |
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| page = 56 |
| page = 56 |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
|url=http://www.gweep.net/~prefect/pubs/iqp/node63.html |
|url=http://www.gweep.net/~prefect/pubs/iqp/node63.html |
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|publisher=Prefect's WPI Technical Theatre handbook |
|publisher=Prefect's WPI Technical Theatre handbook |
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|date=October 2006}}</ref> |
|date=October 2006}}</ref> |
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Four different beam angles can be obtained on the PAR-64. The beam angle is determined by the lamp. Lamps come in "very narrow" (6° x 12°), "narrow" (7° x 14°), "medium" (12° x 28°), and "wide" (24° x 48°). Each angle has two numerical values since the beams are elliptical rather than circular. PAR 16s are often referred to as "birdies''. |
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PAR 16s are referred to as "'''birdies'''". |
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''PAR-bars'' are aluminum pipes with par cans permanently attached and circuited through the pipe. Par-bars with 4 instruments are often referred to as ''4-bars'', and par-bars with 6 instruments are referred to as ''6-bars''. |
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In 1995 [[Electronic Theatre Controls]] (ETC) introduced the [[Source Four PAR]] as an alternative to |
In 1995 [[Electronic Theatre Controls]] (ETC) introduced the [[Source Four PAR]] as an alternative to PAR cans <ref name="ETC PARNel">{{cite news |
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|url=http://www.etcconnect.com/minisite/sourcefour/history.html |
|url=http://www.etcconnect.com/minisite/sourcefour/history.html |
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|publisher=[[Electronic Theatre Controls]] |
|publisher=[[Electronic Theatre Controls]] |
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====Strip lights==== |
====Strip lights==== |
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[[File:Colortran Cyc Light.jpg|200px|thumb|Cyc or strip lights.]] |
[[File:Colortran Cyc Light.jpg|200px|thumb|Cyc or strip lights.]] |
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{{main|Striplight}} |
{{main|Striplight}} |
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{{see also|Cyclorama (theater)}} |
{{see also|Cyclorama (theater)}} |
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'''Strip lights''' |
'''Strip lights''', also known as '''cyclorama''' or '''cyc lights''' (thus named because they are effective for lighting the [[cyclorama (theater)|cyclorama]], a curtain at the back of the stage), '''border lights''', and '''codas''' (by the brand name), are long housings typically containing multiple lamps arranged along the length of the instrument and emitting light perpendicular to its length. Lamps are often covered with [[color gel|gels]] of multiple colors (often red, green, and blue, which, in theory, allow almost any color to be mixed) with each color controlled by a separate electrical dimmer circuit. Many striplights use round pieces of glass (called ''roundels'') rather than plastic gels for color. Roundels can sustain heavy use for a long time without fading and are often found in more permanent installations.<ref>{{cite book |
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| last = Gillette |
| last = Gillette |
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| first = J. Michael |
| first = J. Michael |
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| pages = 67–68 |
| pages = 67–68 |
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| date = [[2003]] |
| date = [[2003]] |
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⚫ | |||
}}</ref> Varying the intensity of the different colors enables the lighting designer to establish [[Mood (psychology)|mood]] or time of day. |
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====Scoop lights==== |
====Scoop lights==== |
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{{main|Scoop (theater)}} |
{{main|Scoop (theater)}} |
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'''Scoop lights''' or '''scoops''' are circular fixtures that do not have any lenses. They have |
'''Scoop lights''' or '''scoops''' are circular fixtures that do not have any lenses. They have an ellipsoidal reflector at the back of the fixture that directs the light out of the fixture. Since they do not have any sort of lens system they are cheaper than other fixtures.<ref>{{cite book |
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| last = Gillette |
| last = Gillette |
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| first = J. Michael |
| first = J. Michael |
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| date = [[2003]] |
| date = [[2003]] |
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| page = 69 |
| page = 69 |
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}}</ref> However, |
}}</ref> However, the light cannot be focused at all (even PARs allow more control than scoops). Scoops are most often used to flood the stage with light from above, or to light backdrops.<ref>{{cite book | last = Parker | first = W. Oren | title = Scene Design and Stage Lighting | isbn = 0-03-028777-4 | publisher = [[Holt, Rinehart and Winston]] | date = [[1990]] | page = 460 }}</ref> Scoops can have gels affixed. Occasionally they are used as work lights (see below). |
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====House lights and worklights==== |
====House lights and worklights==== |
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{{Anchor|House lights}} |
{{Anchor|House lights}} |
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'''House lights''' provide light on the |
'''House lights''' provide light on the theater's seats and aisles for the [[audience]] before and after performances and during [[intermission]]s. They are generally incandescent lights, however fluorescent lights or [[Scoop (theater)|scoops]] may be used in some instances. House lights are often controlled by [[dimmer]]s, but are sometimes on simple switches. '''[[Worklight]]s''' provide general lighting backstage or in the [[FOH (theatre)|house]], and are often fluorescent fixtures. Work lights are almost always non-dimmed. |
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House and work lights are usually off during performances but are occasionally included in the lighting design to establish focus or emphasize plot elements. When the house lights are not on a dimmer, the switch is usually under the control of the stage manager.<ref>{{cite book |
House and work lights are usually off during performances but are occasionally included in the lighting design to establish focus or emphasize plot elements. When the house lights are not on a dimmer, the switch is usually under the control of the stage manager.<ref>{{cite book |
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{{main|LED stage lighting}} |
{{main|LED stage lighting}} |
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[[File:Stagebar1.JPG|righ|thumb|A front view of a Stagebar LED striplight]] |
[[File:Stagebar1.JPG|righ|thumb|A front view of a Stagebar LED striplight]] |
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'''LED stage lighting instruments''' are stage lighting instruments that use [[light-emitting diode]]s (LEDs) as a light source. LED instruments are an alternative to traditional stage lighting instruments which use [[halogen lamp]] or [[high-intensity discharge lamp]]s. Like other LED instruments, they have high light output with lower power consumption. Most LED fixtures utilize three or more colors (usually red, green, and blue) which can be mixed to |
'''LED stage lighting instruments''' are stage lighting instruments that use [[light-emitting diode]]s (LEDs) as a light source. LED instruments are an alternative to traditional stage lighting instruments which use [[halogen lamp]] or [[high-intensity discharge lamp]]s. Like other LED instruments, they have high light output with lower power consumption. Most LED fixtures utilize three or more colors (usually red, green, and blue) which can be mixed to hypothetically create any color. |
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=====Types===== |
=====Types===== |
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| year = 2008 |
| year = 2008 |
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| date = 8 May |
| date = 8 May |
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| url = http://i.gizmodo.com/388611/radioheads-latest-tour-features-led-stage-as-well-as-radiohead}}</ref>. However, most shows use LEDs only for lighting [[cyclorama (theater)|cycloramas]], or as top, side, or back light due to their low throw distance. They can also be used as 'audience blinders' (lights pointed directly at the audience from a low angle). |
| url = http://i.gizmodo.com/388611/radioheads-latest-tour-features-led-stage-as-well-as-radiohead}}</ref>. However, most shows use LEDs only for lighting [[cyclorama (theater)|cycloramas]], or as top, side, or back light due to their low throw distance. They can also be used as ''audience blinders'' (lights pointed directly at the audience from a low angle). |
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===Spotlights=== |
===Spotlights=== |
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A '''spotlight''' is general term for any lighting instrument used in [[ |
A '''spotlight''' is general term for any lighting instrument used in [[theater]] to create a pool of light on the [[stage (theatre)|stage]].<ref>{{cite book |
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| last = Gillette |
| last = Gillette |
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| first = J. Michael |
| first = J. Michael |
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| date = [[2003]] |
| date = [[2003]] |
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| page = 57 |
| page = 57 |
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}}</ref> There are many different types of |
}}</ref> There are many different types of spotlights which break down into three general areas: |
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* [[Fresnel lantern]]s or Fresnels (US) are small fixtures giving a soft-edged spot or pool of light. Their name comes from the distinctive ridged Fresnel lens used on the front |
* [[Fresnel lantern]]s or Fresnels (US) are small fixtures giving a soft-edged spot or pool of light. Their name comes from the distinctive ridged Fresnel lens used on the front. |
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* |
* [[Ellipsoidal reflector spotlight|Profile spots]] (UK) or [[ellipsoidal reflector spotlight]]s (US) tend to be longer fixtures containing convex lenses and having a ''gate'' at their focal point which enables the insertion of ''[[Gobo (lighting)|gobos]]'' or ''irises'' to shape the beam of light. They give a hard-edged beam most often associated in the public mind with "spotlights". Large versions are operated by a [[Theatrical Technician|technician]] as a '[[followspot]]' to follow performers on the stage. |
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* [[Pebble Convex lantern]]s (or "PCs") are similar to Fresnels, but use a plano-convex lens with a pebbled effect on the planar (flat) side, resulting in less "spill" outside the main beam.<ref>{{cite book | last = Parker | first = W. Oren | title = Scene Design and Stage Lighting | isbn = 0-03-028777-4 | publisher = [[Holt, Rinehart and Winston]] | date = [[1990]] | page = 456 }}</ref> They are used much more widely in Europe than North America.<ref>[http://www.theatrecrafts.com/lx_lanterns.html Theatrecrafts.co.uk - types of lantern]. Retrieved 22 Oct 2006.</ref> |
* [[Pebble Convex lantern]]s (or "PCs") are similar to Fresnels, but use a plano-convex lens with a pebbled effect on the planar (flat) side, resulting in less "spill" outside the main beam.<ref>{{cite book | last = Parker | first = W. Oren | title = Scene Design and Stage Lighting | isbn = 0-03-028777-4 | publisher = [[Holt, Rinehart and Winston]] | date = [[1990]] | page = 456 }}</ref> They are used much more widely in Europe than North America.<ref>[http://www.theatrecrafts.com/lx_lanterns.html Theatrecrafts.co.uk - types of lantern]. Retrieved 22 Oct 2006.</ref> |
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{{main|Fresnel lantern}} |
{{main|Fresnel lantern}} |
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A '''Fresnel lantern''' (UK), or simply '''Fresnel''' (US), employs a [[Fresnel lens]] to wash light over an area of the stage. The lens is named after French physicist [[Augustin-Jean Fresnel]], and consequently pronounced with a silent "s". The distinctive lens has a 'stepped' appearance instead of the 'full' or 'smooth' appearance of those used in other lanterns. |
A '''Fresnel lantern''' (UK), or simply '''Fresnel''' (US), employs a [[Fresnel lens]] to wash light over an area of the stage. The lens is named after French physicist [[Augustin-Jean Fresnel]], and consequently pronounced with a silent "s". The distinctive lens has a 'stepped' appearance instead of the 'full' or 'smooth' appearance of those used in other lanterns. The resulting beam of light is wide and soft-edged, creating soft [[shadow]]s, and is commonly used for [[back light]], top light, and side light. Another method of controlling the spread of light is to use either a [[Top hat (lighting)#Top Hat|top hat]] (also referred to as a snoot), which generally limits the light coming out, or a [[barn doors|barn door]], whose flaps work as though they were shutters on an ERS (shown on the right). These methods limit light output and keep excess light from spilling into the eyes of audience members or where it is not desired. |
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Fresnels use a spherical reflector, with the lamp at the [[focus (optics)|focus]]. The lamp and reflector remain a fixed unit inside the housing, and are moved |
Fresnels use a [[curved mirror|spherical reflector]], with the lamp at the [[focus (optics)|focus]] point. The lamp and reflector remain a fixed unit inside the housing, and are moved forward and back to focus the light. This is accomplished using a slider on the bottom or side of the lantern, or using a worm track. At very tight focus, the lanterns are the least efficient, as the least light can escape the housing. Therefore Fresnels are not good for tight focus on small areas. They are most often used at medium distances from the stage for area lighting.<ref>{{cite book |
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| last = Gillette |
| last = Gillette |
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| first = J. Michael |
| first = J. Michael |
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}}</ref> |
}}</ref> |
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In 1999, ETC introduced a new lighting fixture, the [[Source Four PARNel]], which combined the design of the PAR fixture with that of the Fresnel. The fixture is more versatile, allowing for a flood or a softer spot.<ref name="ETC PARNel"/> |
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====Ellipsoidal Reflector Spotlight==== |
====Ellipsoidal Reflector Spotlight==== |
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{{main|Ellipsoidal reflector spotlight}} |
{{main|Ellipsoidal reflector spotlight}} |
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The ''' |
The '''ellipsoidal reflector spotlight''' ('''ERS'''), also known as '''profile''' (after its ability to project the silhouette or profile of anything put in the gate) (UK) and '''PC''' (French), is the most abundant instrument type currently in theatrical use. The flexibility of the ERS allows it to fulfill the bulk of lighting roles in the theater. They are sometimes known as a ''profile spotlight'' (in Europe) or by their brand names, especially the ''[[Source Four]]'' (a popular lantern from [[Electronic Theatre Controls|ETC]]) and the ''Leko'' (short for ''[[Lekolite]]'', from [[Strand lighting]]).<ref name="Source 4 use">{{cite news |
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|url=http://www.etcconnect.com/minisite/sourcefour/index.html |
|url=http://www.etcconnect.com/minisite/sourcefour/index.html |
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|publisher=[[Electronic Theatre Controls]] |
|publisher=[[Electronic Theatre Controls]] |
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|title=Source Four |
|title=Source Four |
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|date=October 2006}}</ref> |
|date=October 2006}}</ref> |
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Although the Source 4 dominates the plots of well-funded theaters, the Altman 360Q and other "Lekos" are still commonly found in many theaters. |
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The major |
The major components of an ERS light are the casing in which the internal parts are mounted, an [[ellipsoid]]al reflector located in the back of the casing, a lamp mounted to position the [[filament]] at the rear focal point of the ellipsoid, a dual [[Plano-convex_lens#Types_of_simple_lenses|plano-convex]] lens (two plano-convex lenses facing each other in the barrel), and at the front, a gel frame to hold the color gel. The light from the lamp is efficiently gathered by the ellipsoidal reflector and sent forward through the gate, shutters and lens system. |
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[[File:Seleconpacific.jpg|left|thumb|200px|A diagram of a Selecon Performance Lighting Pacific Zoomspot.]] |
[[File:Seleconpacific.jpg|left|thumb|200px|A diagram of a Selecon Performance Lighting Pacific Zoomspot.]] |
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ERS or profile lanterns |
ERS or profile lanterns have many useful features. One of the most useful are the metal shutters at the focal plane of the lens to shape the beam of light. The original shape of the beam is round, but with the use of the shutters one can limit the beam to avoid obstacles or parts of the set that shouldn't be illuminated in a specific look. Another feature is a gate, also in the focal plane, for sliding in [[gobo (lighting)|gobos]] (also known as ''templates'' or ''deckles''). These have patterns cut into them, much like a stencil. These patterns are projected onto the stage. An iris can be also be inserted in this position to make the beam smaller in diameter, reducing the light cast without the sharp edges of the shutters. ERS instruments from ETC, Altman, Selecon, and a variety of others have interchangeable lens tubes (or ''barrels'') which can both create a very sharp or very soft beam as well as alter the beam spread. The barrel sizes can range from a narrow, long distance 5- or 10-degree spot to a broad and short-distance 50- or even 90-degree. The first 90-degree profile lantern was developed by [[Selecon Performance Lighting]] as part of their "Pacific" range of products. Since its introduction many other manufacturers have introduced their own 90-degree barrels.<ref name="Gillette 365">{{cite book |
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| last = Gillette |
| last = Gillette |
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| first = J. Michael |
| first = J. Michael |
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| date = November 10, 2004 |
| date = November 10, 2004 |
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| page = 365 |
| page = 365 |
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}}</ref> |
}}</ref> ERS instruments allow many different lens tubes to be used with the same body. This makes them more versatile, since a venue can purchase varying degrees of barrels without buying as many instruments. Many manufacturers also produce zoom lenses which offer the ability to change the beam angle. However, some zoom ranges have a poorer optical quality making them difficult to use in sharp focus. |
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In the [[United Kingdom|UK]] and [[Australia]], the term ERS is not often used. Instead, an ERS is known by its [[brand name]], or called a "profile spot" (after its ability to project the silhouette or profile of anything put in the gate). |
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=====Field angle===== |
=====Field angle===== |
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The field angle of an instrument is the angle of the beam of light where it reaches 10% of the intensity of the center of the beam. Most manufacturers now use field angle to indicate the spread that the fixture has. However, older fixtures are described by the ''width of the lens'' x ''focal length of the instrument''. For example, a 6x9 ellipsoidal would have a 6" lens and a focal length of 9" (creating an approximately 37° beam angle). This nomenclature was used because traditionally a larger lens directly equated with more light output. This is no longer necessarily true, so most manufacturers now identify their fixtures by beam angle and light output. As the field angle narrows, the instrument can either be used further from the stage to create a similarly-sized beam as a closer, larger instrument, or it can be used from the same distance to create a smaller beam. <ref>{{cite book |
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{{main|Beam projector}} |
{{main|Beam projector}} |
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A beam projector is a lensless instrument with very little beam spread.<ref>{{cite book | last = Parker | first = W. Oren | title = Scene Design and Stage Lighting | isbn = 0-03-028777-4 | publisher = [[Holt, Rinehart and Winston]] | pages = 457–458 | date = [[1990]] }}</ref> It uses two reflectors. The primary reflector is a parabolic reflector and the secondary reflector is a spherical reflector. The parabolic reflector |
A beam projector is a lensless instrument with very little beam spread.<ref>{{cite book | last = Parker | first = W. Oren | title = Scene Design and Stage Lighting | isbn = 0-03-028777-4 | publisher = [[Holt, Rinehart and Winston]] | pages = 457–458 | date = [[1990]] }}</ref> It uses two reflectors. The primary reflector is a parabolic reflector and the secondary reflector is a spherical reflector. The parabolic reflector directs the light into nearly parallel beams, and the spherical reflector is placed in front of the lamp to reflect light from the lamp back to the parabolic reflector, which reduces spill. The result is an intense shaft of light that cannot be easily controlled or modified. The beam projector no longer is used to the extent that it once was, as newer fixtures and PAR lamps have created easier ways to produce the effect.<ref>{{cite book |
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{{main|Followspot}} |
{{main|Followspot}} |
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The '''followspot''' (also called a trackspot or dome) is a lighting instrument that is moved |
The '''followspot''' (also called a ''spotlight'', ''trackspot'', or ''dome'') is a lighting instrument that is moved during a performance by an operator or by [[DMX (lighting)|DMX]] control to provide emphasis or extra illumination and usually to follow a specific performer when he or she is moving around the stage. Follow spots are commonly used in musical theater and opera to highlight the stars of a performance, but might can be used in dramas well. They are also used in sports venues, as well as many other applications.<ref>{{cite book |
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}}</ref> |
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Followspots contain a variety of operator-controlled optical mechanisms. They may include mechanical shutters, which allow the light to be doused without turning off the lamp, lenses to control and focus beam width, and internal [[color gel]]s, |
Followspots contain a variety of operator-controlled optical mechanisms. They may include mechanical shutters, which allow the light to be doused without turning off the lamp, lenses to control and focus beam width, and internal [[color gel]]s, often in a [[color magazine]]. |
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===Intelligent lights=== |
===Intelligent lights=== |
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{{main|Intelligent lighting}} |
{{main|Intelligent lighting}} |
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'''Moving lights''' or |
'''Moving lights''' (or ''intelligent fixtures'') began to gain widespread acceptance in the [[concert]] industry in the early 1980s. As the digital age progressed, the cost of these fixtures reduced, and they are currently used in almost all major theatrical productions. |
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⚫ | Their principal feature is the ability to remotely control the movement and characteristics of the output beam of light. This is achieved by either moving a [[mirror]] which reflects the beam, or by moving the entire fixture, which can pan and tilt by means of a [[electric motor|motorized]] yoke. Usually they also contain other controls to shape, texture and color the light, such as [[Gobo (lighting)|gobo]] wheels. This ability to precisely, and repeatedly set the position of the fixture allows one light to perform many functions, lighting multiple different areas in different ways. They can also move 'live' ( |
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⚫ | Their principal feature is the ability to remotely control the movement and characteristics of the output beam of light. This is achieved by either moving a [[mirror]] which reflects the beam, or by moving the entire fixture, which can pan and tilt by means of a [[electric motor|motorized]] yoke. Usually they also contain other controls to shape, texture and color the light, such as [[Gobo (lighting)|gobo]] or [[dichroic filter|dichroic]] wheels. This ability to precisely, and repeatedly set the position of the fixture allows one light to perform many functions, lighting multiple different areas in different ways. They can also move 'live' (with the lamp on), to achieve many of the effects used in modern productions. |
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⚫ | The majority of intelligent fixtures employ [[arc lamp]]s as a light source, and therefore use a variety of mechanical methods to achieve the effect of dimming. Some fixtures |
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⚫ | The majority of intelligent fixtures employ [[arc lamp]]s as a light source, and therefore use a variety of mechanical methods to achieve the effect of dimming. Some fixtures employ standard halogen lamps. Mechanically, [[stepper motor]]s connected to various internal optical devices (such as gobos and color wheels) manipulate the light before it escapes the fixture's front lens. |
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⚫ | Moving light programs are often much more complex than that of stationary instruments, requiring use of special lighting consoles and programs to set up. |
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⚫ | Moving light programs are often much more complex than that of stationary instruments, requiring use of special lighting consoles and programs to set up. Sometimes this draws on [[WYSIWYG]] ("what you see is what you get") virtual programs that allow designers to select lights by location rather than channel number.<ref>[http://www.onstagelighting.co.uk/learn-stage-lighting/moving-light-control-basics-groups/ Moving Light Control - Groups – Lighting Desk Basics 3 | On Stage Lighting - Stage Lighting Information, Articles and Help<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
Intelligent lights can be controlled from the light board. With the use of some dials and a trackball, their color, pattern, and several other features can be controlled. However, they can require a significant investment in pre-programming time. |
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===HMIs=== |
===HMIs=== |
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{{main|Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide lamp}} |
{{main|Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide lamp}} |
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Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide lamps, designed initially for use in film are now seen commonly on stage. These instruments produce light with a color temperature similar to daylight (5600K to 6000K). HMI fresnels are most common, but HMI PARs are also available. These instruments typically require a large amount of power (between 2 kW and 12 kW) and must be dimmed mechanically with the use of an electronic |
Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide lamps, designed initially for use in film, are now seen commonly on stage. These instruments produce light with a color temperature similar to daylight (5600K to 6000K). HMI fresnels are most common, but HMI PARs are also available. These instruments typically require a large amount of power (between 2 kW and 12 kW) and must be dimmed mechanically with the use of an electronic douser. |
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==References== |
==References== |
Revision as of 20:47, 20 July 2010
Stage lighting instruments are used in stage lighting to illuminate theatrical productions, concerts, and other performances taking place in live performance venues. They are also used to light television studios and sound stages.
Many stagecraft terms vary between the United States and the United Kingdom. In the USA, lighting fixtures are often called "instruments" or "units". In the UK, they are called "lanterns" or "luminaires". This article mainly uses terms common to the USA.
Components
- See the picture at top right for the physical location of most components.
Stage lighting instruments all have the following components:
Housing
The lamp housing is a metal or plastic container that serves as a body for the entire instrument and prevents light from spilling in unwanted directions. It comprises all of the exterior of the fixture except for the lens or opening. The housing may be designed with specific elements that help reduce heat and increase the efficiency of a lamp. Older instruments were made from rolled and machined steel or aluminum; however, with the advent of the Source Four, many lighting instruments are being made from die cast metal. Die casting allows for one single, light-weight body that is more economical to produce and use. Some instruments are made from plastic, such as the Selecon Pacific.
Lens or opening
The opening is the gap in the housing from where the beam of light is intended to come. Many fixtures use a lens to help control the beam of light, though some, such as PAR cans and border or cyclorama lights, do not have any lenses or optics other than the reflector. The lens and the reflector, along with other beam-altering devices are both considered part of the optics system.
Reflector
The reflector affects the quality and directionality of the light output. A reflector is located behind or around the light source in such a way as to direct more light towards the lens or opening. Each unit has a characteristic reflector, used in conjunction with the lens (or lack thereof) to create the desired effect. An ellipsoidal reflector has a lamp set at one focus point of an ellipsoid-shaped reflector that bounces the light and focuses it at the second focus point of the ellipse. This focuses the beam of light into a tight beam. Ellipsoidal reflectors often are used for tight, focusable spots, although they can be used for floodlights, such as in scoops (see below). A parabolic reflector has a lamp set at the focus point of a parabola-shaped reflector that bounces the light in parallel beams away from the reflector. There is no point at which the light converges, so the light is unfocusable. Parabolic reflectors are used for lights intended to provide an unfocused wash, such as PAR cans.
Yoke
Most instruments are suspended or supported by a U-shaped yoke, fixed at two points to the sides of the instrument, providing an axis of rotation. The yoke is connected to a pipe or batten by one of the clamps mentioned below. It may also be affixed to the deck with floor mounts, or attached to the set with a stage screw.
Attachment apparatus
C-Clamps and hook clamps that utilize a threaded bolt to attach to a pipe or batten and to hold the instrument secure. Once secured, the fixture can be panned and tilted using adjustment knobs on the yoke and clamp.[1] In addition, safety cables (a loop of aircraft cable terminated with carabiners) are used to support the lighting instrument in case the clamp fails. A side arm is a metal pole bolted to the instrument with a clamp on the end. This enables the instrument to be hung to the side of an electric as opposed to below it.
Lamp or arc source
Most theatrical lamps are tungsten-halogen (or quartz-halogen), an improvement on the original incandescent design that used halogen gas instead of an inert gas. Fluorescent lights are rarely used other than as work lights (see below). Although they are far more efficient, they cannot be dimmed (run at less than full power) without using specialized dimmers, cannot dim to very low levels, do not produce light from a single point or easily concentrated area, and have a warm-up period during which they emit no light or do so intermittently. High-intensity discharge lamps (or HID lamps) are now common where a very bright light output is required, for example in large follow spots, HMI (hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide) floods, and modern automated fixtures. Because these types of lamps cannot be electrically dimmed, dimming is done by mechanical dousers or shutters that physically block portions of the lamp to decrease output. Some specially-designed fittings now use light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as a light source. LEDs are ideal where an intense but unfocused light source is required, such as for lighting a cyclorama.[2]
Accessories
Conventional (non-intelligent) fixtures are designed to accept a number of different accessories intended to assist in the modification of the output. The most common, found on almost all stage lights, is the gel frame holder. The gel frame holder is intended to hold gel, mounted in cardboard or metal gel frames. Other common accessories include gobo holders or rotators, iris holders, donuts, barn doors and color scrollers.
Types
Lighting instruments can be broadly separated into two categories: floodlights, which illuminate a wide area, and spotlights (sometimes known as profiles), which produce a narrower, more controllable light beam. The distinction has to do with the characteristics of the light produced by the instrument. Spotlights produce a potentially tightly focused light, while floodlights produce a much more diffuse light. Instruments that fall somewhere in the middle of the spectrum can be classified as either a spot or a flood, depending on the type of instrument and how it is used.[3]
Floodlights
PAR lights
Parabolic Aluminized Reflector lights, or PAR lights, or PAR cans, are used when a substantial amount of flat lighting is required for a scene. A PAR can is a sealed beam PAR lamp housed in a simple can-like unit. Like an old-fashioned automotive headlight, the reflector is integral to the lamp and the beam spread of the unit is not adjustable except by changing the lamp. PAR lamps are widely used in architectural lighting and may often be found at hardware stores. PAR lights have seen heavy use in rock and roll shows, especially those with smaller budgets, due to their low cost, light weight, easy maintenance, high durability, and high output.[4] They are often used in combination with smoke or haze machines which make the path of the beam visible. They are also often used as top, back, or side lights in the theater and for special effects.
All PAR lamps except those with narrow or very narrow lenses produce an intense oval pool of light, some with fixed focus and soft edges.[4] In order to adjust the orientation of the oval, the lamp must be rotated.[5] The number associated with a PAR light (e.g.: Par 64, Par 36, Par 16) indicates the diameter of the lamp in eighths of an inch.[6]
Four different beam angles can be obtained on the PAR-64. The beam angle is determined by the lamp. Lamps come in "very narrow" (6° x 12°), "narrow" (7° x 14°), "medium" (12° x 28°), and "wide" (24° x 48°). Each angle has two numerical values since the beams are elliptical rather than circular. PAR 16s are often referred to as "birdies.
PAR-bars are aluminum pipes with par cans permanently attached and circuited through the pipe. Par-bars with 4 instruments are often referred to as 4-bars, and par-bars with 6 instruments are referred to as 6-bars.
In 1995 Electronic Theatre Controls (ETC) introduced the Source Four PAR as an alternative to PAR cans [7][8] . The Source Four PAR uses a lamp separate from the lens and reflector assemblies.
Strip lights
Strip lights, also known as cyclorama or cyc lights (thus named because they are effective for lighting the cyclorama, a curtain at the back of the stage), border lights, and codas (by the brand name), are long housings typically containing multiple lamps arranged along the length of the instrument and emitting light perpendicular to its length. Lamps are often covered with gels of multiple colors (often red, green, and blue, which, in theory, allow almost any color to be mixed) with each color controlled by a separate electrical dimmer circuit. Many striplights use round pieces of glass (called roundels) rather than plastic gels for color. Roundels can sustain heavy use for a long time without fading and are often found in more permanent installations.[9]
Scoop lights
Scoop lights or scoops are circular fixtures that do not have any lenses. They have an ellipsoidal reflector at the back of the fixture that directs the light out of the fixture. Since they do not have any sort of lens system they are cheaper than other fixtures.[10] However, the light cannot be focused at all (even PARs allow more control than scoops). Scoops are most often used to flood the stage with light from above, or to light backdrops.[11] Scoops can have gels affixed. Occasionally they are used as work lights (see below).
House lights and worklights
House lights provide light on the theater's seats and aisles for the audience before and after performances and during intermissions. They are generally incandescent lights, however fluorescent lights or scoops may be used in some instances. House lights are often controlled by dimmers, but are sometimes on simple switches. Worklights provide general lighting backstage or in the house, and are often fluorescent fixtures. Work lights are almost always non-dimmed.
House and work lights are usually off during performances but are occasionally included in the lighting design to establish focus or emphasize plot elements. When the house lights are not on a dimmer, the switch is usually under the control of the stage manager.[12]
LED stage lights
LED stage lighting instruments are stage lighting instruments that use light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as a light source. LED instruments are an alternative to traditional stage lighting instruments which use halogen lamp or high-intensity discharge lamps. Like other LED instruments, they have high light output with lower power consumption. Most LED fixtures utilize three or more colors (usually red, green, and blue) which can be mixed to hypothetically create any color.
Types
LED stage lights come in three main types. PAR cans, striplights,[13] and "moving head" types. In LED PAR cans, a round printed circuit board with LEDs mounted on is used in place of a PAR lamp. Moving head types can either be a bank of LEDs mounted on a yoke or more conventional moving head lights with the bulb replaced with an LED bank.
Uses
LED instruments can and have been used to replace any conventional lighting fixture, and some shows, such as Radiohead's recent tour, have used only LED lighting instruments.[14]. However, most shows use LEDs only for lighting cycloramas, or as top, side, or back light due to their low throw distance. They can also be used as audience blinders (lights pointed directly at the audience from a low angle).
Spotlights
A spotlight is general term for any lighting instrument used in theater to create a pool of light on the stage.[15] There are many different types of spotlights which break down into three general areas:
- Fresnel lanterns or Fresnels (US) are small fixtures giving a soft-edged spot or pool of light. Their name comes from the distinctive ridged Fresnel lens used on the front.
- Profile spots (UK) or ellipsoidal reflector spotlights (US) tend to be longer fixtures containing convex lenses and having a gate at their focal point which enables the insertion of gobos or irises to shape the beam of light. They give a hard-edged beam most often associated in the public mind with "spotlights". Large versions are operated by a technician as a 'followspot' to follow performers on the stage.
- Pebble Convex lanterns (or "PCs") are similar to Fresnels, but use a plano-convex lens with a pebbled effect on the planar (flat) side, resulting in less "spill" outside the main beam.[16] They are used much more widely in Europe than North America.[17]
Fresnel lantern
A Fresnel lantern (UK), or simply Fresnel (US), employs a Fresnel lens to wash light over an area of the stage. The lens is named after French physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel, and consequently pronounced with a silent "s". The distinctive lens has a 'stepped' appearance instead of the 'full' or 'smooth' appearance of those used in other lanterns. The resulting beam of light is wide and soft-edged, creating soft shadows, and is commonly used for back light, top light, and side light. Another method of controlling the spread of light is to use either a top hat (also referred to as a snoot), which generally limits the light coming out, or a barn door, whose flaps work as though they were shutters on an ERS (shown on the right). These methods limit light output and keep excess light from spilling into the eyes of audience members or where it is not desired.
Fresnels use a spherical reflector, with the lamp at the focus point. The lamp and reflector remain a fixed unit inside the housing, and are moved forward and back to focus the light. This is accomplished using a slider on the bottom or side of the lantern, or using a worm track. At very tight focus, the lanterns are the least efficient, as the least light can escape the housing. Therefore Fresnels are not good for tight focus on small areas. They are most often used at medium distances from the stage for area lighting.[18]
In 1999, ETC introduced a new lighting fixture, the Source Four PARNel, which combined the design of the PAR fixture with that of the Fresnel. The fixture is more versatile, allowing for a flood or a softer spot.[7]
Ellipsoidal Reflector Spotlight
The ellipsoidal reflector spotlight (ERS), also known as profile (after its ability to project the silhouette or profile of anything put in the gate) (UK) and PC (French), is the most abundant instrument type currently in theatrical use. The flexibility of the ERS allows it to fulfill the bulk of lighting roles in the theater. They are sometimes known as a profile spotlight (in Europe) or by their brand names, especially the Source Four (a popular lantern from ETC) and the Leko (short for Lekolite, from Strand lighting).[19]
The major components of an ERS light are the casing in which the internal parts are mounted, an ellipsoidal reflector located in the back of the casing, a lamp mounted to position the filament at the rear focal point of the ellipsoid, a dual plano-convex lens (two plano-convex lenses facing each other in the barrel), and at the front, a gel frame to hold the color gel. The light from the lamp is efficiently gathered by the ellipsoidal reflector and sent forward through the gate, shutters and lens system.
ERS or profile lanterns have many useful features. One of the most useful are the metal shutters at the focal plane of the lens to shape the beam of light. The original shape of the beam is round, but with the use of the shutters one can limit the beam to avoid obstacles or parts of the set that shouldn't be illuminated in a specific look. Another feature is a gate, also in the focal plane, for sliding in gobos (also known as templates or deckles). These have patterns cut into them, much like a stencil. These patterns are projected onto the stage. An iris can be also be inserted in this position to make the beam smaller in diameter, reducing the light cast without the sharp edges of the shutters. ERS instruments from ETC, Altman, Selecon, and a variety of others have interchangeable lens tubes (or barrels) which can both create a very sharp or very soft beam as well as alter the beam spread. The barrel sizes can range from a narrow, long distance 5- or 10-degree spot to a broad and short-distance 50- or even 90-degree. The first 90-degree profile lantern was developed by Selecon Performance Lighting as part of their "Pacific" range of products. Since its introduction many other manufacturers have introduced their own 90-degree barrels.[20] ERS instruments allow many different lens tubes to be used with the same body. This makes them more versatile, since a venue can purchase varying degrees of barrels without buying as many instruments. Many manufacturers also produce zoom lenses which offer the ability to change the beam angle. However, some zoom ranges have a poorer optical quality making them difficult to use in sharp focus.
Field angle
The field angle of an instrument is the angle of the beam of light where it reaches 10% of the intensity of the center of the beam. Most manufacturers now use field angle to indicate the spread that the fixture has. However, older fixtures are described by the width of the lens x focal length of the instrument. For example, a 6x9 ellipsoidal would have a 6" lens and a focal length of 9" (creating an approximately 37° beam angle). This nomenclature was used because traditionally a larger lens directly equated with more light output. This is no longer necessarily true, so most manufacturers now identify their fixtures by beam angle and light output. As the field angle narrows, the instrument can either be used further from the stage to create a similarly-sized beam as a closer, larger instrument, or it can be used from the same distance to create a smaller beam. [21]
Beam projector
A beam projector is a lensless instrument with very little beam spread.[22] It uses two reflectors. The primary reflector is a parabolic reflector and the secondary reflector is a spherical reflector. The parabolic reflector directs the light into nearly parallel beams, and the spherical reflector is placed in front of the lamp to reflect light from the lamp back to the parabolic reflector, which reduces spill. The result is an intense shaft of light that cannot be easily controlled or modified. The beam projector no longer is used to the extent that it once was, as newer fixtures and PAR lamps have created easier ways to produce the effect.[23]
Followspot
The followspot (also called a spotlight, trackspot, or dome) is a lighting instrument that is moved during a performance by an operator or by DMX control to provide emphasis or extra illumination and usually to follow a specific performer when he or she is moving around the stage. Follow spots are commonly used in musical theater and opera to highlight the stars of a performance, but might can be used in dramas well. They are also used in sports venues, as well as many other applications.[24]
These lighting instruments come in a variety of sizes with light sources ranging from low power incandescent light bulbs to very powerful xenon arc lamps. Carbon arc lamp spots were common until the 1990s, using the arc between carbon rods as their light source. These follow spots required special installations that include high volume ventilation due to the hazardous fumes produced by the carbon arc. The current generation, xenon, has extremely high internal pressure in the lamp and thus has its own safety concerns.[25]
Followspots contain a variety of operator-controlled optical mechanisms. They may include mechanical shutters, which allow the light to be doused without turning off the lamp, lenses to control and focus beam width, and internal color gels, often in a color magazine.
Intelligent lights
Moving lights (or intelligent fixtures) began to gain widespread acceptance in the concert industry in the early 1980s. As the digital age progressed, the cost of these fixtures reduced, and they are currently used in almost all major theatrical productions.
Their principal feature is the ability to remotely control the movement and characteristics of the output beam of light. This is achieved by either moving a mirror which reflects the beam, or by moving the entire fixture, which can pan and tilt by means of a motorized yoke. Usually they also contain other controls to shape, texture and color the light, such as gobo or dichroic wheels. This ability to precisely, and repeatedly set the position of the fixture allows one light to perform many functions, lighting multiple different areas in different ways. They can also move 'live' (with the lamp on), to achieve many of the effects used in modern productions.
The majority of intelligent fixtures employ arc lamps as a light source, and therefore use a variety of mechanical methods to achieve the effect of dimming. Some fixtures employ standard halogen lamps. Mechanically, stepper motors connected to various internal optical devices (such as gobos and color wheels) manipulate the light before it escapes the fixture's front lens.
Moving light programs are often much more complex than that of stationary instruments, requiring use of special lighting consoles and programs to set up. Sometimes this draws on WYSIWYG ("what you see is what you get") virtual programs that allow designers to select lights by location rather than channel number.[26]
Intelligent lights are used heavily in shows in very large venues, like events in stadiums, where it is very difficult to reach lighting trusses for manual focusing. Although the fixtures may not be moved during the run of the show, they are focused remotely.
HMIs
Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide lamps, designed initially for use in film, are now seen commonly on stage. These instruments produce light with a color temperature similar to daylight (5600K to 6000K). HMI fresnels are most common, but HMI PARs are also available. These instruments typically require a large amount of power (between 2 kW and 12 kW) and must be dimmed mechanically with the use of an electronic douser.
References
- ^ Gillette, J. Michael (2003). Designing With Light: An Introduction to Stage Lighting, Fourth Edition". McGraw Hill. pp. 57–70. ISBN 0-7674-2733-5.
{{cite book}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ Gillette, J. Michael (2003). Designing With Light: An Introduction to Stage Lighting, Fourth Edition". McGraw Hill. pp. 47–49, 295. ISBN 0-7674-2733-5.
{{cite book}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ Lighting - Types of Lantern - www.theatrecrafts.com!-- Bot generated title -->
- ^ a b Parker, W. Oren (1990). Scene Design and Stage Lighting. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. 459. ISBN 0-03-028777-4.
{{cite book}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ Gillette, J. Michael (2003). Designing With Light: An Introduction to Stage Lighting, Fourth Edition". McGraw Hill. p. 56. ISBN 0-7674-2733-5.
{{cite book}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ "Par Cans". Prefect's WPI Technical Theatre handbook. October 2006.
- ^ a b "Source Four History". Electronic Theatre Controls. October 2006.
- ^ Gillette, J. Michael (November 10, 2004). Theatrical Design and Production: An Introduction to Scene Design and Construction, Lighting, Sound, Costume, and Makeup. McGraw Hill. p. 362. ISBN 0-07-256262-5.
- ^ Gillette, J. Michael (2003). Designing With Light: An Introduction to Stage Lighting, Fourth Edition". McGraw Hill. pp. 67–68. ISBN 0-7674-2733-5.
{{cite book}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ Gillette, J. Michael (2003). Designing With Light: An Introduction to Stage Lighting, Fourth Edition". McGraw Hill. p. 69. ISBN 0-7674-2733-5.
{{cite book}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ Parker, W. Oren (1990). Scene Design and Stage Lighting. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. 460. ISBN 0-03-028777-4.
{{cite book}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ Gillette, J. Michael (2003). Designing With Light: An Introduction to Stage Lighting, Fourth Edition". McGraw Hill. p. 84. ISBN 0-7674-2733-5.
{{cite book}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ Product - Stagebar 54
- ^ Wilson, Mark (8 May). "Radiohead's Latest Tour Features LED Stage (As Well As Radiohead)". Gizmodo.
{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
and|year=
/|date=
mismatch (help) - ^ Gillette, J. Michael (2003). Designing With Light: An Introduction to Stage Lighting, Fourth Edition". McGraw Hill. p. 57. ISBN 0-7674-2733-5.
{{cite book}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ Parker, W. Oren (1990). Scene Design and Stage Lighting. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. 456. ISBN 0-03-028777-4.
{{cite book}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ Theatrecrafts.co.uk - types of lantern. Retrieved 22 Oct 2006.
- ^ Gillette, J. Michael (2003). Designing With Light: An Introduction to Stage Lighting, Fourth Edition". McGraw Hill. pp. 64–66. ISBN 0-7674-2733-5.
{{cite book}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ "Source Four". Electronic Theatre Controls. October 2006.
- ^ Gillette, J. Michael (November 10, 2004). Theatrical Design and Production: An Introduction to Scene Design and Construction, Lighting, Sound, Costume, and Makeup. McGraw Hill. p. 365. ISBN 0-07-256262-5.
- ^ Gillette, J. Michael (2003). Designing With Light: An Introduction to Stage Lighting, Fourth Edition". McGraw Hill. p. 60. ISBN 0-7674-2733-5.
{{cite book}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ Parker, W. Oren (1990). Scene Design and Stage Lighting. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. pp. 457–458. ISBN 0-03-028777-4.
{{cite book}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ Gillette, J. Michael (2003). Designing With Light: An Introduction to Stage Lighting, Fourth Edition". McGraw Hill. p. 70. ISBN 0-7674-2733-5.
{{cite book}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ Gillette, J. Michael (2003). Designing With Light: An Introduction to Stage Lighting, Fourth Edition". McGraw Hill. p. 71. ISBN 0-7674-2733-5.
{{cite book}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ Gillette, J. Michael (2003). Designing With Light: An Introduction to Stage Lighting, Fourth Edition". McGraw Hill. p. 72. ISBN 0-7674-2733-5.
{{cite book}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ Moving Light Control - Groups – Lighting Desk Basics 3 | On Stage Lighting - Stage Lighting Information, Articles and Help