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{{About|the building type}} |
{{About|the building type}} |
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{{Refimprove|date=August 2008}} |
{{Refimprove|date=August 2008}} |
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{{More footnotes|date=December 2009}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}} |
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}} |
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[[File:allianzarenacombo.jpg|thumb|The [[Allianz Arena]] in [[Munich]], [[Germany]] is the first stadium that can change the colour of its exterior.]] |
[[File:allianzarenacombo.jpg|thumb|The [[Allianz Arena]] in [[Munich]], [[Germany]] is the first stadium that can change the colour of its exterior.]] |
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[[File:Mcg melb.JPG|thumb|The [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] is the |
[[File:Mcg melb.JPG|thumb|The [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] is the [[List of stadiums by capacity|13th largest stadium]] in the world by capacity. It is one of the largest and oldest [[cricket]] stadiums and additionally hosts [[Australian rules football]] matches.]] |
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A '''stadium''' (plural '''stadiums'''/'''stadia'''<ref>''Stadia'' is the [[Latin]] plural form, but both are used in English. [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/stadium Dictionary.com]</ref>) is a place or venue for (mostly) outdoor [[sport]]s, [[concert]]s, or other events and consists of a field or stage either partly or completely surrounded by a tiered structure designed to allow spectators to stand or sit and view the event.<ref>[[Nussli Group]] [http://www.nussli.com/en/projects/stadium-construction.html?_r=1&hp "Stadium Construction Projects"]</ref> |
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⚫ | [[Pausanias of Athens|Pausanias]] noted that for about half a century the only event at the ancient Greek Olympic festival was the race that comprised one length of the stade at [[Olympia, Greece|Olympia]], where the word "stadium" originated.<ref name="David C. Young p. 20">A Brief History of the Olympic Games by David C. Young, p. 20</ref> |
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⚫ | [[Pausanias of Athens|Pausanias]] noted that for about half a century the only event at the ancient Greek Olympic festival was the race that comprised one length of the stade at [[Olympia, Greece|Olympia]], where the word "stadium" originated.<ref name="David C. Young p. 20">''A Brief History of the Olympic Games'' by David C. Young, p. 20</ref> |
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<!-- Commented out: [[File:Baku olympic stadium.jpg|thumb|Computer imaging of the proposed new multi-purpose stadium at Baku in Azerbaijan]] --> |
<!-- Commented out: [[File:Baku olympic stadium.jpg|thumb|Computer imaging of the proposed new multi-purpose stadium at Baku in Azerbaijan]] --> |
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"Stadium" comes from the Greek word "[[Stadion (unit of length)|stadion]]" (στάδιον), a measure of length equalling the length of 600 human feet. As feet are of variable length the exact length of a stadion depends on the exact length adopted for 1 foot at a given place and time. Although in modern terms 1 stadion = {{convert|600|ft|m|abbr=on}}, in a given historical context it may actually signify a length up to 15% larger or smaller.<ref name="David C. Young p. 20"/> |
"Stadium" comes from the Greek word "[[Stadion (unit of length)|stadion]]" (στάδιον), a measure of length equalling the length of 600 human feet. As feet are of variable length the exact length of a stadion depends on the exact length adopted for 1 foot at a given place and time. Although in modern terms 1 stadion = {{convert|600|ft|m|abbr=on}}, in a given historical context it may actually signify a length up to 15% larger or smaller.<ref name="David C. Young p. 20"/> |
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The equivalent Roman measure, the [[Stadion (unit of length)|stadium]], had a similar length |
The equivalent Roman measure, the [[Stadion (unit of length)|stadium]], had a similar length — about {{convert|185|m|ft|abbr=on}} - but instead of being defined in feet was defined using the Roman standard [[Pace (unit)|passus]] to be a distance of 125 ''passi'' (double-paces). |
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Although most dictionaries provide for both "stadiums" and "stadia" as valid plurals, [[Etymology|etymological]] sticklers sometimes apply "stadia" only to measures of length in excess of 1 stadium. (That the "stadium" measurement is used only in historical contexts perhaps explains the sustained use of the archaic plural.) |
Although most dictionaries provide for both "stadiums" and "stadia" as valid plurals, [[Etymology|etymological]] sticklers sometimes apply "stadia" only to measures of length in excess of 1 stadium. (That the "stadium" measurement is used only in historical contexts perhaps explains the sustained use of the archaic plural.) |
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Greek and Roman stadiums have been found in numerous ancient cities, perhaps the most famous being the [[Stadium of Domitian]], in [[Rome]]. |
Greek and Roman stadiums have been found in numerous ancient cities, perhaps the most famous being the [[Stadium of Domitian]], in [[Rome]]. |
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The excavated and refurbished ancient [[Panathenaic stadium]] hosted an early version of the Olympic Games in 1870,<ref>The Modern Olympic Games, A Struggle for Revival by David C. Young, Chapters 4 & 13</ref> 1875, 1896 and 1906. The excavation and refurbishment of the stadium was part of the legacy of the Greek national benefactor [[Evangelos Zappas]], and it was the first ancient stadium to be used in modern times. |
The excavated and refurbished ancient [[Panathenaic stadium]] hosted an early version of the Olympic Games in 1870,<ref>''The Modern Olympic Games, A Struggle for Revival'' by David C. Young, Chapters 4 & 13</ref> 1875, 1896 and 1906. The excavation and refurbishment of the stadium was part of the legacy of the Greek national benefactor [[Evangelos Zappas]], and it was the first ancient stadium to be used in modern times. |
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===Modern stadiums=== |
===Modern stadiums=== |
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[[File:Wembley Stadium interior.jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[Wembley Stadium]] in [[London]], [[England]]]] |
[[File:Wembley Stadium interior.jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[Wembley Stadium]] in [[London]], [[England]]]] |
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[[File:2010-06-03 Arena AufSchalke 01.jpg|thumb|The [[Veltins-Arena]] in [[Gelsenkirchen]], [[Germany]] is an example of a stadium with a retractable roof and a retractable pitch]] |
[[File:2010-06-03 Arena AufSchalke 01.jpg|thumb|The [[Veltins-Arena]] in [[Gelsenkirchen]], [[Germany]] is an example of a stadium with a retractable roof and a retractable pitch]] |
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[[File:Maracana Stadium June 2013.jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[Maracanã (stadium)|Journalist Mario Filho Stadium]], popularly known as Maracanã |
[[File:Maracana Stadium June 2013.jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[Maracanã (stadium)|Journalist Mario Filho Stadium]], popularly known as Maracanã]] |
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===Types=== |
===Types=== |
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[[Dome]]d stadiums are distinguished from conventional stadiums by their enclosing roofs. Many of these are not actually domes in the pure architectural sense, some being better described as [[Vault (architecture)|vaults]], some having [[truss]]-supported roofs and others having more exotic designs such as a [[tensegrity|tensegrity structure]]. But, in the context of sports stadiums, the term "dome" has become standard for all covered stadiums,<ref> |
[[Dome]]d stadiums are distinguished from conventional stadiums by their enclosing roofs. Many of these are not actually domes in the pure architectural sense, some being better described as [[Vault (architecture)|vaults]], some having [[truss]]-supported roofs and others having more exotic designs such as a [[tensegrity|tensegrity structure]]. But, in the context of sports stadiums, the term "dome" has become standard for all covered stadiums,<ref>"[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dome Dome]", Merriam-Webster</ref> particularly because the first such enclosed stadium, the [[Houston Astrodome]], was built with an actual dome-shaped roof. Some stadiums have partial roofs, and a few have even been designed to have moveable fields as part of the infrastructure. The [[Mercedes-Benz Superdome]] in [[New Orleans]] is a true dome structure made of a [[Lamellar structure|lamellar multi-ringed frame]] and has a diameter of 680 feet (210) m. It is the largest fixed domed structure in the world.<ref name=SBBBC>{{cite web|last1=Parry|first1=Haydn|title=Super Bowl XLVII: New Orleans' pride restored after Katrina|url=http://www.bbc.com/sport/0/american-football/21292257|website=[[BBC Sport]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|accessdate=15 February 2015}}</ref> |
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Even though enclosed, dome stadiums are called ''stadiums'' because they are large enough for, and designed for, what are generally considered to be outdoor sports such as athletics, [[American football]], [[association football]], [[Rugby football|rugby]], and [[baseball]]. Those designed for what are usually indoor sports like basketball, ice hockey and volleyball are generally called ''[[arena]]s''. Exceptions include the [[basketball]] [[arena]] at [[Duke University]], which is called [[Cameron Indoor Stadium]], [[Red Bull Arena (New Jersey)|Red Bull Arena]], which is home of the [[New York Red Bulls]] of [[Major League Soccer|MLS]], and the now-[[demolition|demolished]] [[Chicago Stadium]], former home of the [[Chicago Blackhawks]] of the [[NHL]] and [[Chicago Bulls]] of the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]]. |
Even though enclosed, dome stadiums are called ''stadiums'' because they are large enough for, and designed for, what are generally considered to be outdoor sports such as athletics, [[American football]], [[association football]], [[Rugby football|rugby]], and [[baseball]]. Those designed for what are usually indoor sports like basketball, ice hockey and volleyball are generally called ''[[arena]]s''. Exceptions include the [[basketball]] [[arena]] at [[Duke University]], which is called [[Cameron Indoor Stadium]], [[Red Bull Arena (New Jersey)|Red Bull Arena]], which is home of the [[New York Red Bulls]] of [[Major League Soccer|MLS]], and the now-[[demolition|demolished]] [[Chicago Stadium]], former home of the [[Chicago Blackhawks]] of the [[NHL]] and [[Chicago Bulls]] of the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]]. |
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Before more modern football stadiums were built in the United States, many baseball parks, including [[Fenway Park]], the [[Polo Grounds]], [[Wrigley Field]], [[Comiskey Park]], [[Tiger Stadium (Detroit)|Tiger Stadium]], [[Griffith Stadium]], [[Milwaukee County Stadium]], [[Shibe Park]], [[Forbes Field]], [[Yankee Stadium (1923)|Yankee Stadium]], and [[Sportsman's Park]] were used by the National Football League or the American Football League. (To a certain extent, this continues in lower football leagues as well, with [[TD Ameritrade Park]] being used as the home stadium of the United Football League's [[Omaha Nighthawks]].) Along with today's single use stadiums is the trend for retro style ballparks closer to downtown areas. [[Oriole Park at Camden Yards]] was the first such ballpark for [[Major League Baseball]] to be built, using early-20th-century styling with 21st-century amenities. |
Before more modern football stadiums were built in the United States, many baseball parks, including [[Fenway Park]], the [[Polo Grounds]], [[Wrigley Field]], [[Comiskey Park]], [[Tiger Stadium (Detroit)|Tiger Stadium]], [[Griffith Stadium]], [[Milwaukee County Stadium]], [[Shibe Park]], [[Forbes Field]], [[Yankee Stadium (1923)|Yankee Stadium]], and [[Sportsman's Park]] were used by the National Football League or the American Football League. (To a certain extent, this continues in lower football leagues as well, with [[TD Ameritrade Park]] being used as the home stadium of the United Football League's [[Omaha Nighthawks]].) Along with today's single use stadiums is the trend for retro style ballparks closer to downtown areas. [[Oriole Park at Camden Yards]] was the first such ballpark for [[Major League Baseball]] to be built, using early-20th-century styling with 21st-century amenities. |
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There is a solar-powered stadium in Taiwan that produces as much energy as it needs to function.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/may/20/taiwan-solar-stadium Taiwan's solar stadium 100% powered by the sun] Guardian</ref> |
There is a solar-powered stadium in Taiwan that produces as much energy as it needs to function.<ref>"[http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/may/20/taiwan-solar-stadium Taiwan's solar stadium 100% powered by the sun]" ''The Guardian''</ref> |
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Stadium designers often study acoustics to increase noise caused by fans' voices, aiming to create a lively atmosphere.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-22110898 How do you give stadiums atmosphere?] - Martin Vennard, BBC News, 12 April 2013</ref> |
Stadium designers often study acoustics to increase noise caused by fans' voices, aiming to create a lively atmosphere.<ref>"[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-22110898 How do you give stadiums atmosphere?]' - Martin Vennard, BBC News, 12 April 2013</ref> |
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===Spectator areas and seating=== |
===Spectator areas and seating=== |
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===Political and economic issues=== |
===Political and economic issues=== |
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[[File:Empire Field near empty.jpg|thumb|[[Empire Field]], stadium made with temporary structures, cheaper than permanent.]] |
[[File:Empire Field near empty.jpg|thumb|[[Empire Field]], stadium made with temporary structures, cheaper than permanent.]] |
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Modern stadiums, especially the largest among them, are [[megaprojects]] that can only be afforded by the largest corporations, wealthiest individuals, or government. Sports fans have a deep emotional attachment to their teams. In North America, with its closed-league "[[North American professional sports league organization|franchise]]" system, there are fewer teams than cities which would like them. This creates tremendous [[bargaining power]] for the owners of teams, whereby owners can threaten to relocate teams to other cities unless governments subsidize the construction of new facilities.<ref name="harvard">Lambert, Craig. " |
Modern stadiums, especially the largest among them, are [[megaprojects]] that can only be afforded by the largest corporations, wealthiest individuals, or government. Sports fans have a deep emotional attachment to their teams. In North America, with its closed-league "[[North American professional sports league organization|franchise]]" system, there are fewer teams than cities which would like them. This creates tremendous [[bargaining power]] for the owners of teams, whereby owners can threaten to relocate teams to other cities unless governments subsidize the construction of new facilities.<ref name="harvard">Lambert, Craig. "[http://harvardmagazine.com/2001/09/the-dow-of-professional.html The Dow of Professional Sports]" ''Harvard Magazine''</ref> In Europe and Latin America, where there are multiple association football clubs in any given city, and several leagues in each country, no such monopoly power exists, and stadiums are build primarily with private money. Outside of professional sports, governments are also involved through the intense competition for the right to host major sporting events, primarily the [[Summer Olympics]] and the [[FIFA World Cup]] (of association football), during which cities often pledge to build new stadiums on order to satisfy the [[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC) or [[FIFA]]. |
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====Corporate naming==== |
====Corporate naming==== |
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{{Main|Arena rock|l1=Stadium rock}} |
{{Main|Arena rock|l1=Stadium rock}} |
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[[File:Queen 12041982 01 800b.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A [[Queen (band)|Queen]] concert in Drammen, Norway in 1982, showing the scale and lighting of an arena rock concert|alt=Queen during a live concert in Norway in 1982]] |
[[File:Queen 12041982 01 800b.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A [[Queen (band)|Queen]] concert in Drammen, Norway in 1982, showing the scale and lighting of an arena rock concert|alt=Queen during a live concert in Norway in 1982]] |
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From the 1960s stadiums began to be used as live music venues, giving rise to the term "stadium rock", particularly for forms of [[hard rock]] and [[progressive rock]]. The origins of stadium rock are sometimes dated to when [[The Beatles]] [[The Beatles' 1965 US tour#The Shea Stadium show|played]] [[Shea Stadium]] in New York in 1965. Also important was the use of large stadiums for American tours by bands in the later 1960s, such as [[The Rolling Stones]], [[Grand Funk Railroad]] and [[Led Zeppelin]]. The tendency developed in the mid-1970s as the increased power of amplification and sound systems allowed the use of larger and larger venues.<ref name=Waksman2009>S. Waksman, ''This Ain't the Summer of Love: Conflict and Crossover in Heavy Metal and Punk'' (University of California Press, 2009), ISBN 0-520-25310-8, pp. 21-31.</ref> Smoke, fireworks and sophisticated lighting shows became staples of arena rock performances.<ref>R. Shuker, ''Popular Music: the Key Concepts'' (London: Routledge, 2nd |
From the 1960s stadiums began to be used as live music venues, giving rise to the term "stadium rock", particularly for forms of [[hard rock]] and [[progressive rock]]. The origins of stadium rock are sometimes dated to when [[The Beatles]] [[The Beatles' 1965 US tour#The Shea Stadium show|played]] [[Shea Stadium]] in New York in 1965. Also important was the use of large stadiums for American tours by bands in the later 1960s, such as [[The Rolling Stones]], [[Grand Funk Railroad]] and [[Led Zeppelin]]. The tendency developed in the mid-1970s as the increased power of amplification and sound systems allowed the use of larger and larger venues.<ref name=Waksman2009>S. Waksman, ''This Ain't the Summer of Love: Conflict and Crossover in Heavy Metal and Punk'' (University of California Press, 2009), ISBN 0-520-25310-8, pp. 21-31.</ref> Smoke, fireworks and sophisticated lighting shows became staples of arena rock performances.<ref>R. Shuker, ''Popular Music: the Key Concepts'' (London: Routledge, 2nd edn., 2002), 0415284252, p. 158.</ref> Key acts from this era included [[Journey (band)|Journey]], [[REO Speedwagon]], [[Boston (band)|Boston]], [[Foreigner (band)|Foreigner]], [[Styx (band)|Styx]],<ref name=allmusicArenaRock>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/arena-rock-d2694|title="Arena rock"|publisher=AllMusic|accessdate=20 January 2011|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20130808114844/http://www.allmusic.com/style/arena-rock-ma0000012329|archivedate=1 September 2011}}</ref> [[Kiss (band)|Kiss]], [[Peter Frampton]]<ref>J. Shepherd, ed., ''Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World, Volume 1'' (Continuum, 2003), ISBN 0-8264-6321-5, p. 423.</ref> and [[Queen (band)|Queen]].<ref>P. Buckley, ''The Rough Guide to Rock'' (London: Rough Guides, 3rd edn., 2003), ISBN 1-84353-105-4, p. 835.</ref><ref name="DMail">Thrills, Adrian (11 March 2011) "[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/reviews/article-1365179/We-STILL-rock-Re-releases-chart-Queens-rise-power.html We STILL rock you: Re-releases chart Queen's rise to power]" ''Daily Mail''. Retrieved 16 June 2011.</ref> In the 1980s arena rock became dominated by [[glam metal]] bands, following the lead of [[Aerosmith]]<ref>D. L. Joyner, ''American Popular Music'' (McGraw-Hill, 3rd edn., 2008), ISBN 0-07-352657-6, p. 261.</ref> and including [[Mötley Crüe]], [[Quiet Riot]], [[W.A.S.P.]] and [[Ratt]].<ref name=AllmusicHairMetal>[{{Allmusic|class=explore|id=style/d2693|pure_url=yes}} "Hair metal"], AllMusic. Retrieved 6 July 2010.</ref> Since the 1980s, rock, pop and folk stars, including the [[Grateful Dead]], [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]], [[Britney Spears]], [[Lepa Brena]], [[Taylor Swift]] and [[Lady Gaga]], have undertaken large-scale stadium based [[Concert|concert tours]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Menn | first=D. | last2=Staff | first2=H.L.C. | title=Secrets from the Masters | publisher=Hal Leonard | year=1992 | isbn=978-1-61774-463-1 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HYZziQhnt4YC&pg=PA75 | accessdate=February 12, 2015 | page=75}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Jackson | first=B. | title=Grateful Dead Gear: The Band's Instruments, Sound Systems, and Recording Sessions from 1965 to 1995 | publisher=Backbeat Books | series=Music Series | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-87930-893-3 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=SiTGAQR-W3YC&pg=PA258 | accessdate=February 12, 2015 | page=258}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/19533772|title=Lady Gaga's Born This Way Ball Tour starts in the UK|publisher=''[[BBC]]''|date=9 September 2012|last=Izundu|first=Chi|accessdate=10 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gillettestadium.com/taylor-swift|title=Taylor Swift|publisher=''Gillette Stadium''|accessdate=10 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/570135/britney-spears-to-tour-us-arenas-with-lfo/|title=Britney Spears To Tour U.S. Arenas With LFO|publisher=''MTV''|last=Vanhorn|first=Terri|date=15 December 1999|accessdate=10 February 2015}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{Portal|Architecture|Sports}} |
{{Portal|Architecture|Sports}} |
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{{div col|colwidth=30em}} |
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* [[List of indoor arenas]] |
* [[List of indoor arenas]] |
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* [[List of sports attendance figures]] |
* [[List of sports attendance figures]] |
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* [[Multi-purpose stadium]] |
* [[Multi-purpose stadium]] |
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* [[Modular stadium]] |
* [[Modular stadium]] |
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{{div col end}} |
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==Notes== |
==Notes== |