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{{For|the cathedral's predecessor and current parish in Lower Manhattan|St. Patrick's Old Cathedral}} |
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{{Use mdy dates|date= |
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2021}} |
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{{For|the cathedral's predecessor and a current parish in Lower Manhattan|St. Patrick's Old Cathedral}} |
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{{Infobox church |
{{Infobox church |
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| denomination = [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] |
| denomination = [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] |
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| dedicated date = October 5, 1910 |
| dedicated date = October 5, 1910 |
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| earlydedication = May 29, 1879 |
| earlydedication = May 29, 1879 |
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| consecrated date = October 5, 1910 |
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| status = [[Cathedral]] |
| status = [[Cathedral]] |
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| functional status = Active |
| functional status = Active |
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| length = {{convert|396.7|ft|m}} |
| length = {{convert|396.7|ft|m}} |
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| spire quantity = 2 |
| spire quantity = 2 |
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| spire height = {{convert|329.6|ft|m}}{{efn|name=height}} |
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| spire height = {{convert|329.5|ft|m}}<ref name="popefrancisnyc">{{cite web |url=http://popefrancisnyc.org/documents/2015/9/St%20%20Patricks%20History%20and%20Restoration%20Backgrounder.pdf |title=St. Patrick's Cathedral History & Restoration Facts |date=2015 |website=popefrancisnyc.org |publisher=Archdiocese of New York |access-date=July 4, 2016 |quote=The spires were finished in 1888 and were the tallest in New York City from 1880–1890 and the second tallest in the United States (p. 2). Height to the top of the Spires: 329 feet, 6 inches (p. 3). }}</ref> |
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| materials = [[Tuckahoe marble]] |
| materials = [[Tuckahoe marble]] |
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| bells = 19 |
| bells = 19 |
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| bells hung = 29,122.73 |
| bells hung = {{cvt|29,122.73|lb}} |
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| archdiocese = [[Archdiocese of New York]] |
| archdiocese = [[Archdiocese of New York]] |
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| archbishop = [[Timothy M. Dolan|Timothy Michael Cardinal Dolan]] |
| archbishop = [[Timothy M. Dolan|Timothy Michael Cardinal Dolan]] |
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| coordinates = {{coord|40|45|31|N|73|58|35|W|region:US-NY_type:landmark_dim:5km|display=inline,title}} |
| coordinates = {{coord|40|45|31|N|73|58|35|W|region:US-NY_type:landmark_dim:5km|display=inline,title}} |
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| designated_other2 = NYC Landmark |
| designated_other2 = NYC Landmark |
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| designated_other2_date = October 19, 1966<ref name="NYCL-0267"/> |
| designated_other2_date = October 19, 1966<ref name="NYCL-0267" /> |
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| designated_other2_abbr = NYCL |
| designated_other2_abbr = NYCL |
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| designated_other2_number = 0267 |
| designated_other2_number = 0267 |
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}} |
}} |
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}} |
}} |
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'''St. Patrick's Cathedral ''' |
'''St. Patrick's Cathedral '''is a decorated [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] cathedral in the [[Midtown Manhattan]] neighborhood of [[New York City]]. It is the seat of the [[archbishop]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York]] as well as a [[parish church]]. The cathedral occupies a [[city block]] bounded by [[Fifth Avenue]], [[Madison Avenue]], [[50th Street (Manhattan)|50th Street]], and [[51st Street (Manhattan)|51st Street]], directly across from [[Rockefeller Center]]. Designed by [[James Renwick Jr.]], it is the largest [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] Catholic cathedral in North America. |
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The cathedral was constructed starting in 1858 to accommodate the growing Archdiocese of New York and to replace [[St. Patrick's Old Cathedral]]. Work was halted in the early 1860s during the [[American Civil War]]; the cathedral was completed in 1878 and dedicated on May 25, 1879. The archbishop's house and [[rectory]] were added in the early 1880s, both by James Renwick Jr., and the spires were added in 1888. A [[Lady chapel]] designed by [[Charles Thompson Mathews|Charles T. Mathews]] was constructed from 1901 to 1906. The cathedral was [[Consecration|consecrated]] on October 5, 1910, after all its debt had been paid off. Extensive restorations of the cathedral were conducted several times, including in the 1940s, 1970s, and 2010s. |
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St. Patrick's Cathedral is clad in marble and has several dozen [[stained glass]] windows. It measures {{Convert|332|ft}} long, with a maximum width of {{Convert|174|ft}} at the [[transept]]s. The [[bronze]] doors that form the cathedral's main entrance on Fifth Avenue are flanked by towers with [[spire]]s rising {{Convert|329.5|ft|0}}. The northern tower contains nineteen bells, and the interior has two [[pipe organ]]s. Inside is a [[nave]] flanked by several chapels; two transepts; a [[chancel]] and [[apse]]; and a crypt. East of the apse are the rectory, Lady chapel, and archbishop's residence facing Madison Avenue. The cathedral is a [[New York City designated landmark]] and is listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]]. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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The [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York|Diocese of New York]] was founded by [[Pope Pius VII]] in 1808.<ref>{{Cite news|date=February 1, 1984|title=The Archdiocese; History|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/02/01/nyregion/the-archdiocese-history.html|access-date=June 23, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Lafort p. 303">{{harvnb|Lafort|1914|ps=.|p=303}}</ref><ref name="Jackson p. 216">{{harvnb|Jackson|2010|ps=.|p=216}}</ref> St. Patrick's was founded shortly afterward to serve New York City's small, but growing, Catholic population, which could no longer fit in [[St. Peter's Church (Manhattan)|St. Peter's Church]].<ref name="Lafort p. 303" /> A site was selected on [[Mulberry Street (Manhattan)|Mulberry Street]] in what is now [[Lower Manhattan]], and [[St. Patrick's Old Cathedral]] was dedicated in 1815.<ref>{{cite web|last=Harpaz|first=Beth J.|date=March 13, 2019|title=History, Hollywood and a wall at New York's first St. Patrick’s Cathedral|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/travel/sc-trav-st-patricks-old-cathedral-ny-0312-story.html|access-date=June 23, 2021|website=Chicago Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=McFadden|first=Robert D.|date=December 6, 2010|title=Cathedral With a Past; Basilica With a Future|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/06/nyregion/06church.html|access-date=June 23, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> At the time, there were 15,000 Catholics in the diocese.<ref name="Jackson p. 216" /> |
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=== Early site history === |
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In March 1810, the Rev. Father Kohlmann bought the land on which the present cathedral stands. The site was bounded by what is now [[Fifth Avenue]] on the west, [[51st Street (Manhattan)|51st Street]] on the north, [[Madison Avenue]] to the east, and [[50th Street (Manhattan)|50th Street]] on the south.<ref name="nrhpinv">Pitts, Carolyn. {{NHLS url|id=76001250|title="St. Patrick's Cathedral, Lady Chapel, Rectory, and Cardinal's Residence".}} National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination. August 1976. National Park Service.</ref><ref name="Lafort p. 304">{{harvnb|Lafort|1914|ps=.|p=304}}</ref> The [[Jesuit]] community built a college on the site, which at the time was north of New York City proper.<ref>{{harvnb|Lafort|1914|ps=.|p=276}}</ref> It contained a "fine old house" which was fitted with a chapel of [[St. Ignatius of Loyola|St. Ignatius]].<ref>{{harvnb|ps=.|Lafort|1914|pp=339–340}}</ref> In 1813, the Jesuits sold the lot to the Diocese of New York. The school closed in 1814 and the diocese gave the property to Dom [[Augustin LeStrange]], the [[abbot]] of a community of [[Trappists]] who were fleeing persecution by French authorities. In addition to a small monastic community, they looked after orphans. With the downfall of [[Napoleon]], the Trappists returned to France in 1815, but the neighboring orphanage was maintained by the diocese into the late nineteenth century.<ref>{{harvnb|Farley|1908|ps=.|p=111}}</ref> |
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Bishop [[John Dubois]] reopened the chapel in 1840 for Catholics employed at the Deaf and Dumb Asylum and in the general neighborhood. |
In 1828, trustees of St. Patrick's, St. Peter's, and [[St. Mary Church (Grand Street, Manhattan)|St. Mary's]] met to discuss the feasibility of establishing a burial ground at Fifth Avenue between 50th and 51st Streets.<ref>{{harvnb|Farley|1908|ps=.|p=112}}</ref> The trustees bought the property in 1829 but did not use it as a cemetery.<ref name="Farley p. 113" /><ref>{{harvnb|Lafort|1914|ps=.|pp=304–305}}</ref> Bishop [[John Dubois]] reopened the chapel in 1840 for Catholics employed at the Deaf and Dumb Asylum and in the general neighborhood. A modest frame church was built for the parish of [[St. John the Evangelist's Church (Manhattan)|St. John the Evangelist]] and dedicated in 1841 by the Rev. [[John Hughes (archbishop of New York)|John Hughes]], administrator of the diocese.<ref name="Farley p. 113">{{harvnb|Farley|1908|ps=.|p=113}}</ref><ref name="Lafort p. 339">{{harvnb|Lafort|1914|ps=.|p=339}}</ref> Tickets were sold to the dedication to ease the parish's debt, but the mortgage was foreclosed upon, and in 1844 the church was sold at auction.<ref name="Lafort p. 339" /> The church's pastor, the Rev. Felix Larkin, was said to have died from stress as a result.<ref name="Lafort p. 340">{{harvnb|Lafort|1914|ps=.|p=340}}</ref> The Rev. Michael A. Curran was appointed to raise funds for the devastated parish and used an old college hall as a temporary church. Curran continued raising funds to buy back the church during the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine in Ireland]], eventually succeeding and taking the deed in his own name.<ref name="Lafort p. 340" /> |
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===Planning=== |
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By the early 1840s, the number of Catholics in the Diocese of New York had increased to 200,000.<ref name="Jackson p. 216" /><ref>{{harvnb|Stern|Mellins|Fishman|1999|ps=.|p=314}}</ref> As a result, several additional dioceses were created in New York state. Most of New York state's Catholics at the time were [[Irish Catholics|Irish]].<ref name="Jackson p. 216" /> The Diocese of New York was made an [[archdiocese]] by [[Pope Pius IX]] on July 19, 1850.<ref name="Farley p. 91">{{harvnb|Farley|1908|ps=.|p=91}}</ref> Bishop [[John Hughes (archbishop)|John Joseph Hughes]] was raised to the level of archbishop soon afterward.<ref name="Lafort p. 304" /><ref name="Farley p. 91" /> As early as 1850, Hughes determined that the growing Archdiocese of New York needed a large cathedral to replace the older cathedral in Lower Manhattan.<ref>{{harvnb|Farley|1908|ps=.|pp=114–115}}</ref><ref name="Lafort p. 305">{{harvnb|Lafort|1914|ps=.|p=305}}</ref><ref name="NPS p. 2">{{harvnb|National Park Service|1976|ps=.|p=2}}</ref> At the time, the Fifth Avenue site was still relatively rural.<ref name="sun18790525">{{Cite news|date=May 25, 1879|title=St. Patrick's Cathedral|pages=6|work=The Sun|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80240989/st-patricks-cathedral/|access-date=June 25, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Farley p. 127">{{harvnb|Farley|1908|ps=.|p=127}}</ref> The site faced the gardens of [[Columbia University]] to the west,<ref>{{cite book|last=Balfour|first=Alan|url=https://archive.org/details/rockefellercente0000balf|title=Rockefeller Center: Architecture as Theater|publisher=McGraw-Hill, Inc.|year=1978|isbn=978-0-07003-480-8|location=New York|page=8|url-access=registration}}</ref> but the surrounding area was otherwise characterized by rocks and unopened streets.<ref name="sun18790525" /> Even so, Hughes believed the site would grow into a populous business area.<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 14, 1958|title=St. Patrick's Cathedral Turns 100 Tomorrow|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1958/08/14/archives/st-patricks-cathedral-turns-100-tomorrow.html|access-date=June 28, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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[[File:St. Patrick's Cathedral New York 1913.png|thumb|upright|left|1913 photograph of the cathedral]] |
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The [[Diocese]] of New York, created in 1808, was made an [[archdiocese]] by [[Pope Pius IX]] on July 19, 1850. In 1853, Archbishop [[John Hughes (archbishop)|John Joseph Hughes]] announced his intention to erect a new cathedral to replace the [[St. Patrick's Old Cathedral, New York|Old Saint Patrick's Cathedral]] in [[Lower Manhattan]]. The new cathedral was designed by [[James Renwick Jr.]] in the [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] [[architectural style|style]]. On August 15, 1858, the [[cornerstone]] was laid, just south of the diocese's [[orphanage]]. At that time, present-day midtown Manhattan was far north of the populous areas of New York City.<ref>Farley, John Murphy. (1908). History of St. Patrick's Cathedral Society for the propagation of the faith. pp. 49, 111, 115, 122.</ref> |
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In 1853, Hughes announced that he had hired the firm [[Renwick & Rodrigue]] to design a cathedral on Fifth Avenue between 50th and 51st Streets.<ref name="Lafort p. 305" /> One partner in the firm, William Rodrigue, was Hughes's brother-in-law.<ref name="Farley pp. 153-154">{{harvnb|Farley|1908|ps=.|pp=153–154}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sturges|first=Walter Knight|date=1981|title=Renwick, Rodrigue and the Architecture of St. Patrick's Cathedral, N.Y.C.|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25153646|journal=U.S. Catholic Historian|volume=1|issue=2|pages=68–72|issn=0735-8318}}</ref> The other partner, [[James Renwick Jr.]], was largely responsible for designing the new St. Patrick's Cathedral.<ref name="Lafort p. 305" /><ref name="Farley pp. 153-154" /> Renwick spent three years in Europe to look for design influences for New York City's new Catholic cathedral.<ref name="Stern (1999) p. 315" /> He took particular inspiration from the unfinished [[Cologne Cathedral]].<ref name="Stern (1999) p. 315">{{harvnb|Stern|Mellins|Fishman|1999|ps=.|p=315}}</ref><ref name="FWP p. 344">{{harvnb|Federal Writers' Project|1939|ps=.|page=344}}</ref> Renwick & Rodrigue originally planned a larger cathedral than the structure that was ultimately built. Hughes requested in 1857 that the firm reduce the dimensions of the new cathedral.<ref name="sun18790525" /><ref name="Farley p. 153">{{harvnb|Farley|1908|ps=.|p=153}}</ref> To make way for the clergy's and archbishop's residences, the ambulatory was removed from the plans.<ref name="Farley p. 153" /><ref name="NPS p. 5">{{harvnb|National Park Service|1976|ps=.|p=5}}</ref> The area behind the [[apse]] would have contained a chapel dedicated to the [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Blessed Virgin]], but this was removed entirely.<ref name="Farley p. 163">{{harvnb|Farley|1908|ps=.|p=163}}</ref> The numerous heavy buttresses in the design were also removed.<ref name="Stern (1999) p. 315" /> |
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Work began in 1858 but was halted during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] and resumed in 1865. The cathedral was completed in 1878 and dedicated on May 25, 1879, its huge proportions dominating the midtown of that time. The archbishop's house and [[rectory]] were added in 1880, both by James Renwick Jr., and an adjacent school (no longer in existence) opened in 1882.<ref name="White, Norval 2010">White, Norval, and Elliot Willensky. ''AIA Guide to New York City''. 5th ed. New York: Oxford UP, 2010. Print.</ref> The spires were added in 1888, and at 329 feet and 6 inches (100.4 meters) were the tallest structures in New York City and the second highest in the United States.<ref name="popefrancisnyc" /> An addition on the east, including a [[Lady chapel]], designed by [[Charles Thompson Mathews|Charles T. Mathews]], was constructed from 1901 to 1906.<ref name="White, Norval 2010" /> The Lady Chapel's [[stained glass|stained-glass]] windows were made between 1912 and 1930 by English stained glass artist and designer [[Paul Woodroffe|Paul Vincent Woodroffe]].<ref name="NYCarch">[http://www.nyc-architecture.com/MID/MID054.htm St. Patrick’s Cathedral (RC).] New York City Architecture. Retrieved September 4, 2012.</ref> In 1927 and 1931, the cathedral was renovated, which included enlarging the sanctuary and installing the great organ.<ref>[http://www.nycago.org/Organs/NYC/html/StPatrickCath.html Cathedral of Saint Patrick.] The NYC Chapter of the American Guild of Organists. Retrieved September 4, 2012.</ref> |
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Plans for the cathedral were finalized in 1858.<ref name="Lafort p. 305" /><ref name="Farley p. 115">{{harvnb|Farley|1908|ps=.|p=115}}</ref> To raise money for the effort, Hughes asked wealthy Catholics in the Archdiocese of New York to subscribe to a building fund for the new cathedral. One hundred and three subscribers donated $1,000 apiece,<ref name="Lafort p. 305" /><ref name="Farley p. 122">{{harvnb|Farley|1908|ps=.|p=122}}</ref> and two subscribers were non-Catholics.<ref name="Farley p. 122" /> The first construction contracts for the new Fifth Avenue cathedral were issued in June 1858. The new St. Patrick's Cathedral was to take up the entire block bounded by Fifth and Madison Avenues between 50th and 51st Streets. The front facade on Fifth Avenue would have three large entrances, and the northwest and southwest corners of the cathedral would be topped by an octagonal spire. The interior was to be designed in a [[cruciform]] layout.<ref name="nydh18580630">{{Cite news|date=June 30, 1858|title=The New Catholic Cathedral on Fifth Avenue|pages=3|work=New York Daily Herald|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80137278/the-new-catholic-cathedral-on-fifth/|access-date=June 24, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=July 12, 1858|title=New York City; Attempted Incendiarism in Forty-first Supposed Suicide.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1858/07/12/archives/new-york-city-attempted-incendiarism-in-fortyfirst-supposed-suicide.html|access-date=June 24, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Farley pp. 118-119">{{harvnb|Farley|1908|ps=.|pp=118–119}}</ref> The cathedral was to be built in the [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] style.<ref name="nydh18600815">{{Cite news|date=August 15, 1860|title=New Buildings in the Metropolis|pages=8|work=New York Daily Herald|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80189414/new-buildings-in-the-metropolis/|access-date=June 24, 2021}}</ref><ref name="bde18660607">{{Cite news|date=June 7, 1866|title=The New Catholic Cathedral in New York--Its Size, Situation and General Appearance|pages=4|work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80190750/the-new-catholic-cathedral-in-new/|access-date=June 24, 2021}}</ref> In addition, an archbishop's house and a chapel would face Madison Avenue.<ref name="bde18660607" /> At the time, there were numerous hospitals, asylums, and other public institutions along the nearby section of Fifth Avenue.<ref>{{cite web|date=June 23, 2009|title=John Peirce Residence|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2327.pdf|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=April 28, 2021|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]|page=2}}</ref><ref name="nydh18580630" /> |
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===Restoration=== |
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An extensive restoration of the cathedral took place between 2012 and 2015 at a cost of $177 million.<ref>[http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2012/07/07/st-patricks-cathedral-set-to-undergo-177-million-restoration/ St. Patrick’s Cathedral Set To Undergo $177 Million Restoration.] CBS News New York. July 7, 2012.</ref> Overseen by MBB Architects (Murphy Burnham & Buttrick) and Construction Manager Structure Tone, the award-winning restoration reversed decades of decay and soot.<ref>[https://www.archdaily.com/780410/aia-honors-the-best-new-architecture-in-the-us/ AIA Names 18 Projects as Best New Architecture in US.] ArchDaily. January 15, 2016.</ref><ref>[https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/st-patricks-cathedral-renovation/ St. Patrick's Cathedral Is Born Anew After a $177 million Restoration] Architectural Digest. November 11, 2015.</ref> The restoration was completed by September 17, 2015, before [[Pope Francis]] visited the cathedral on September 24 and 25, 2015.<ref>{{Cite news | title = A Gift to New York, in Time for the Pope | url = https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/09/17/nyregion/st-patricks-cathedral-pope-francis-visit.html | newspaper = The New York Times | date = September 17, 2015|access-date = September 18, 2015 | issn = 0362-4331}}</ref> The restoration cleaned the exterior marble, repaired stained-glass windows, painted the ceiling, and repaired the flooring and steps, among many restorations.<ref>{{Cite web | title = St. Patrick's Cathedral Gets an Update Fit for the Pope | url = http://www.architectmagazine.com/technology/st-patricks-cathedral-gets-an-update-fit-for-the-pope_o | access-date = September 19, 2015}}</ref> The cathedral and the renovations were featured on WNET's television program ''Treasures of New York''.<ref>[https://www.thirteen.org/programs/treasures-of-new-york/treasures-new-york-saint-patricks-cathedral/ Treasures of New York: St. Patrick's Cathedral] WNET Channel 13. August 25, 2015.</ref> |
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=== Construction === |
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In 2017, MBB Architects and Structure Tone, along with Landmark Facilities Group and P.W. Grosser, completed the design and installation of a new geothermal system believed to be the largest in New York City.<ref>{{Cite news | last = Otterman | first = Sharon | date = March 14, 2018 | title = The New, Green Pride of St. Patrick's Cathedral Is Underground | language = en-US | work = The New York Times | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/14/nyregion/st-patricks-cathedral-geothermal.html | access-date= June 1, 2020 | issn = 0362-4331}}</ref> The geothermal system replaced the steam radiators and 1960s-era air conditioning in the cathedral. |
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==== Initial work and hiatus ==== |
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[[File:St. Patrick's Cathedral - NYC - Western Exterior Elevation Drawing - James Renwick, Architect.jpg|thumb|Exterior [[elevation drawing]] of the western facade, by [[James Renwick Jr.|James Renwick]], architect. ]]On August 15, 1858, the [[cornerstone]] was laid just south of the diocese's [[orphanage]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 11, 1858|title=New-York City.; Police Intelligence. A Card. Laying the Corner-stone of the New St. Patrick's Cathedral.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1858/08/11/archives/newyork-city-police-intelligence-a-card-laying-the-cornerstone-of.html|access-date=June 24, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=August 16, 1858|title=Laying the Corner Stone of the New Catholic Cathedral: Address by Archbishop Hughes|page=5|work=New-York Tribune|id={{ProQuest|570484519}}}}</ref> A 22-year old Irish immigrant, Cormack McCall, laid the cornerstone in front of 100,000 spectators near the intersection of Fifth Avenue and 50th Street, though the precise location remains unclear.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Roberts|first=Sam|date=October 13, 2011|title=At St. Patrick’s, a Cornerstone That Has Long Eluded Searchers|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/13/nyregion/nobody-can-find-cornerstone-of-st-patricks-cathedral.html|access-date=June 29, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> That October, the architects presented cost estimates for making the cathedral out of white marble, brown freestone, olive freestone, or granite.<ref>{{harvnb|Farley|1908|ps=.|p=116}}</ref> The white marble was the most expensive of the four options, with a projected cost of $850,000, and James Hall and William Joyce offered to supply the marble.<ref name="Farley p. 117">{{harvnb|Farley|1908|ps=.|p=117}}</ref>{{Efn|Albert stone would have cost $800,000, Belleville stone would have cost $805,000, and Dorchester stone would have cost $830,000.<ref name="Farley p. 117" />}} Even so, Renwick recommended that St. Patrick's be constructed of white marble, citing its durability and beauty.<ref name="Lafort p. 305" /><ref name="Farley p. 117" /> The archdiocese formed a Bureau of Contracts, which first met in December 1858.<ref name="Farley p. 115" /> |
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[[File:Facade of Saint Patrick's by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|left|Facade detail (September 2006)]] |
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The bureau awarded the marble contract to Hall and Joyce in March 1859; at the time, the work was supposed to be finished before January 1, 1867. The cost estimate of $867,500 for the entire cathedral ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=867500|start_year=1858|fmt=eq}}) was unusually low for a project of that size.<ref name="Farley pp. 118-119" /> Construction progressed for two years after the cornerstone was laid.<ref name="Lafort p. 305" /><ref name="Farley p. 127" /> The work consisted of laying stone blocks for the [[Foundation (engineering)|foundation]], each weighing between one and four tons.<ref name="nydh18600815" /> The foundation was excavated to a maximum depth of {{Convert|20|ft}}, where it laid on solid rock.<ref name="NPS p. 2" /><ref name="nydh18600815" /><ref name="Farley p. 155">{{harvnb|Farley|1908|ps=.|p=155}}</ref> The excavations were relatively small because the underlying layer of bedrock was shallow,<ref name="nyt18701120">{{Cite news|date=November 20, 1870|title=Progress of the Work on the FifthAvenue Cathedral.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1870/11/20/archives/progress-of-the-work-on-the-fifthavenue-cathedral.html|access-date=June 24, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> rising nearly to the surface near the [[transept]] on Fifth Avenue.<ref name="NPS p. 2" /><ref name="Farley p. 155" /> White-marble walls were then constructed above the foundation.<ref name="nydh18600815" /> By January 1860, the cathedral had been erected to about {{Convert|7|ft}} above ground level.<ref>{{cite news|date=January 11, 1860|title=St. Patrick's Cathedral|page=6|work=New-York Daily Tribune|id={{ProQuest|570531955}}}}</ref> Work was slightly delayed by a stonecutters' strike that March.<ref>{{Cite news|date=March 30, 1860|title=City Intelligence|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1860/03/30/archives/city-intelligence.html|access-date=June 24, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=April 13, 1860|title=City Intelligence|pages=10|work=New York Daily Herald|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80189219/city-intelligence/|access-date=June 24, 2021}}</ref> |
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On October 13, 1914, a bomb exploded on the northwest corner of St. Patrick's Cathedral.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://onetuberadio.com/2014/10/13/bomb-at-st-patricks-cathedral-1914/|title=Bomb at St. Patrick’s Cathedral, 1914 | OneTubeRadio.com}}</ref> It caused a panic, but not severe damage, and tore an 18-inch hole in the floor. Despite a full church that day, there was only one victim – a young boy – whose head was grazed by a flying piece of metal. Authorities believed this event was linked to another bombing earlier that day, downtown at St. Alphonsus Church on West Broadway.<ref>"Terror on Sunday: The Failed Plot to Blow Up St. Patrick's Cathedral." Audio blog post. ''The Bowery Boys: New York City History''. The Bowery Boys, March 4, 2015. Web.</ref> There were no arrests made that day. |
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The walls had reached the [[Water table (architecture)|water table]] when all $73,000 in funds had been exhausted.<ref name="Farley p. 127" /> As a result, in August 1860, Hughes decided to suspend all work on the new cathedral.<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 9, 1860|title=The New Catholic Cathedral.; Work Suspended by Order of Archbishop Hughes.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1860/08/09/archives/the-new-catholic-cathedral-work-suspended-by-order-of-archbishop.html|access-date=June 24, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=August 8, 1860|title=The News|pages=4|work=New York Daily Herald|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80189333/the-news/|access-date=June 24, 2021}}</ref> When work was suspended, the walls had been built to an average height of {{Convert|12|ft}} above ground.<ref name="nydh18600815" /> The onset of the [[American Civil War]] in 1861 prevented the resumption of work for several years.<ref name="Lafort p. 305" /><ref name="NPS p. 2" /><ref name="Farley p. 127" /> Hughes died in January 1864 before the work could resume.<ref name="Farley p. 127" /><ref>{{harvnb|Smith|1905|ps=.|p=275}}</ref> [[John McCloskey]] was appointed to succeed Hughes as archbishop.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|1905|ps=.|p=277}}</ref><ref name="Farley p. 128">{{harvnb|Farley|1908|ps=.|p=128}}</ref> McCloskey created a plan to finance the construction of the new St. Patrick's Cathedral.<ref name="Farley p. 127" /> |
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In March 1915, Italian anarchists Frank Abarno and Carmine Carbone of the [[Bresci Circle]] were arrested for attempting to detonate a bomb in the cathedral. Arbarno and Carbone were under the influence of [[Luigi Galleani]]. Abarno was in St. Patrick's ready to light the bomb fuse when Amedeo Polignani, a New York City police detective who had gone undercover to infiltrate the group, intervened. Polignani had been operating under the direction of the head of the bomb squad, Thomas Tunney. Arbano was arrested at the scene and Carbone was arrested at his home. The two defendants claimed entrapment, but were nonetheless convicted and given sentences of between 6 and 12 years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://toncxjo.tripod.com/FrankAbarno.html|title=Frank Abarno (1891-1978)|website=toncxjo.tripod.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1915/04/03/100147944.pdf|title=Detective Lit Bomb, Abarno Tells Court}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kuvo.org/post/during-world-war-i-germany-unleashed-terrorist-cell-america|title=During World War I, Germany Unleashed 'Terrorist Cell In America' By Editor • February 25, 2014}}</ref> |
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==== Completion ==== |
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By mid-1866, work had again resumed and the walls had been built to {{Convert|20|ft}} above ground. The ''[[Brooklyn Daily Eagle]]'' reported that the interior "looks like a large field" and said the cathedral would be "worthy to be regarded as one of the wonders of the Republic".<ref name="bde18660607" /> Some $100,000 was spent on the Catholic cathedral in 1867,<ref>{{Cite news|date=April 5, 1868|title=Our Architectural Progress; Great Buildings in Progress of Construction--Homes of Religion, Music and the Drama--The Catholic Cathedral of New-York and St. Ann's Episcopal Church of Brooklyn.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1868/04/05/archives/our-architectural-progrees-great-buildings-in-progress-of.html|access-date=June 24, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and the constituent churches of the Archdiocese of New York promised to spend $100,000 a year until the cathedral was complete.<ref>{{Cite news|date=November 11, 1867|title=Topics of To-day|pages=2|work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80191705/topics-of-to-day/|access-date=June 24, 2021}}</ref> Most funding for the cathedral came from the parishioners of these churches, who were mainly poor Irish immigrants. An editorial in the ''[[New York World]]'' described the cathedral as being constructed "not of the superfluity of wealth, but for the most part out of the offerings of poverty".<ref name="Stern (1999) p. 317">{{harvnb|Stern|Mellins|Fishman|1999|ps=.|p=317}}</ref> |
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The cathedral's masonry was laid during summer as the stonework could not be laid in the cold.<ref name="nyt18701120" /> By late 1870, the marble walls had been built to a height of {{Convert|54|ft}} and the [[transept]] was finished.<ref name="nyt18701120" /><ref name="p553736058">{{cite news|date=January 19, 1871|title=Fifth Avenue Cathedral: a Description of the Finest Church Edifice, as Far as Completed, in the United States|page=1|work=The Hartford Courant|id={{ProQuest|553736058}}}}</ref> The entrance on Fifth Avenue, measuring {{Convert|70|ft}} tall, had also been finished.<ref name="p553736058" /> Over a hundred workers were busy quarrying marble from [[Pleasantville, New York|Pleasantville]], north of New York City. The marble was transported down to New York City via the [[Harlem Railroad]], where a branch track led to the new cathedral's site.<ref name="nyt18701120" /> The construction of the new cathedral drew relatively little interest for New York City's non-Catholic population,<ref name="nyt18750824">{{Cite news|date=August 24, 1875|title=The Catholic Cathedral.: Description of the Edifice. The Style of Its Architecture the Beauties of the Interior the Exterior a Work Unfinished in Seventeen Years.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1875/08/24/archives/the-catholic-cathedral-description-of-the-edifice-the-style-of-its.html|access-date=June 24, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> though several commentators praised the cathedral's design.<ref name="Stern (1999) p. 315" /> An anonymous author for the ''Real Estate Record and Guide'' wrote that the new St. Patrick's Cathedral was the "most gorgeous ecclesiastical edifice on this continent", though the critics perceived the [[buttress]]es on the north and south sides of the facade as "altogether unnecessary".<ref>{{cite journal|date=September 17, 1870|title=An Architectural Ramble|url=https://rerecord.library.columbia.edu/document.php?vol=ldpd_7031128_006&page=ldpd_7031128_006_00000001&no=1|journal=The Real Estate Record: Real estate record and builders' guide|volume=6|pages=3|via=[[Columbia University|columbia.edu]]|number=131}}</ref> A reporter for the ''New York World'', probably [[Montgomery Schuyler]], wrote in 1871 that the cathedral would be "one of the leading ecclesiastical structures in the world".<ref name="Stern (1999) p. 315" /> |
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In the 1950s, starting in January 1951, a letter threatened that a bomb would be set off at a Sunday Mass, and there would be five more threats between December 1951 and July 1952. On July 12, a voice over the telephone warned "your beautiful cathedral will be blown up before midnight."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://daytoninmanhattan.blogspot.com/2011/09/st-patricks-cathedral-5th-avenue-at.html|title=Daytonian in Manhattan: St. Patrick's Cathedral -- 5th Avenue at 50th Street|first=Tom|last=Miller|date=September 27, 2011}}</ref> |
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The trustees of St. Patrick's Cathedral borrowed $300,000 from the [[Emigrant Industrial Savings Bank]] for the new cathedral in 1874. The trustees gave the bank a first mortgage on the cathedral and site as a [[Security (finance)|security]] for the loan.<ref name="nyt18800702">{{Cite news|date=July 2, 1880|title=St. Patrick's Cathedral's Debt.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1880/07/02/archives/st-patricks-cathedrals-debt.html|access-date=June 25, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> By late 1875, the roof had been covered with slate and all of the walls were finished, except for a small portion along Fifth Avenue.<ref name="p572669032">{{cite news|date=November 26, 1875|title=St. Patrick's Cathedral: Progress Made in the Interior--Description of the Transept Windows|page=2|work=New-York Tribune|id={{ProQuest|572669032}}}}</ref> The trustees borrowed another $100,000 from the Emigrant Bank in 1876.<ref name="nyt18800702" /> Late that year, temporary scaffolding was erected so the interior could be plastered and decorated. Almost all the stained glass had been delivered and was being glazed; four of these windows had been exhibited at the [[Centennial Exposition]]. Only one worker had been killed during the construction process, according to the ''American Architect and Building News,'' due to his own carelessness.<ref>{{cite journal|date=November 18, 1876|title=Notes and Clippings|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=iau.31858055198943&view=1up&seq=884|journal=American Architecture and Building News|volume=1|page=376}}</ref> McCloskey made contracts for furnishings in 1874 and again in 1878.<ref name="Farley p. 128" /> |
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A 2020 report by the [[Vatican City|Vatican]] accepted earlier reports that the [[Loss of clerical state (Catholic Church)|laicized]] Cardinal [[Theodore McCarrick]] committed acts of [[Catholic Church sex abuse cases in the United States|sex abuse]] at the cathedral between 1971 and 1972.<ref>{{cite news|last=Winfeld|first=Nicole|date=November 9, 2020|title=McCarrick: What's known about the abusive US ex-cardinal|publisher=Associated Press|url=https://apnews.com/article/theodore-mccarrick-ex-cardinal-scandal-989fb97f4f0cad8c4926e8cb795ba2bf|access-date=December 5, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=November 10, 2020|title=REPORT ON THE HOLY SEE'S INSTITUTIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND DECISION-MAKING RELATED TO FORMER CARDINAL THEODORE EDGAR MCCARRICK (1930 TO 2017)]|publisher=Vatican.va|url=https://www.vatican.va/resources/resources_rapporto-card-mccarrick_20201110_en.pdf|access-date=December 5, 2020}}</ref> |
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On November 29, 1877, the incomplete St. Patrick's Cathedral was opened for public viewing.<ref name="p572739957">{{cite news|date=November 30, 1877|title=Opening the New Cathedral|page=3|work=New-York Tribune|id={{ProQuest|572739957}}}}</ref><ref name="Stern (1999) p. 315" /> A one-month-long fundraiser for the cathedral commenced on October 22, 1878.<ref name="nyt18781023">{{Cite news|date=October 23, 1878|title=The Big Cathedral Fair.; a Brilliant Opening Last Evening. Twenty Thousand Visitors on the First Night--addresses by Mayor Ely and Cardinal M'closkey--Formal Opening of the Fair by the Mayor.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1878/10/23/archives/the-big-cathedral-fair-a-brilliant-opening-last-evening-twenty.html|access-date=June 24, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=October 23, 1878|title=The Great Cathedral Fair: Its Formal Opening by the Cardinal|pages=5|work=New-York Tribune|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80194156/the-great-cathedral-fair-its-formal/|access-date=June 24, 2021}}</ref> In its first three weeks, the fundraiser had an average daily attendance of between ten and eleven thousand.<ref>{{cite news|date=November 11, 1878|title=St. Patrick's Great Fair: Crowds of Children in the Afternoons|page=3|work=New-York Tribune|id={{ProQuest|572758199}}}}</ref> The fair ran for 36 nights and attracted about 250,000 total visitors when it closed on November 30.<ref>{{cite news|date=November 30, 1878|title=The Great Catholic Fair: Closing Scenes at the Cathedral Success of the Various Tables|page=3|work=New-York Tribune|id={{ProQuest|572780861}}}}</ref><ref name="Farley p. 129">{{harvnb|Farley|1908|ps=.|p=129}}</ref> Forty-five parishes of the Archdiocese of New York had exhibits at the fair.<ref name="Farley p. 129" /> The fundraiser sought to raise $200,000 for the cathedral,<ref name="nyt18781023" /> but it ultimately netted $173,000.<ref name="Lafort p. 305" /><ref name="Farley p. 129" /> Several months elapsed before the cathedral was readied for its dedication in early 1879.<ref>{{Cite news|date=May 18, 1879|title=The Catholic Cathedral: Preparing for Its Dedication|language=en-US|page=10|work=The New York Times|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1879/05/18/80753623.pdf|access-date=June 24, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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On December 10, 1989, [[ACT UP]], a pressure group that advocates for [[AIDS]] awareness, led a demonstration outside the cathedral as part of their Stop the Church campaign. This campaign was mounted out of disagreement with the Roman Catholic Church's stance on birth control, sex education in the public schools, and abortion. Approximately 4500 people took part. Of these, 130 proceeded to infiltrate the church and disrupted the Mass, forcing Cardinal [[John O'Connor (cardinal)|John O'Connor]] to abandon his sermon. Some of the slogans they chanted included "Stop Killing Us" and "You say, Don't Fuck; we say, Fuck You!"<ref>The New Anti-Catholicism: The Last Acceptable Prejudice, Phillip Jenkins, pg 3</ref> Several protestors laid down in the pews or the aisles to simulate death, while some others threw condoms around the area. One protester walked up to the altar, grabbed a communion wafer and [[Host desecration|broke it on the floor]], saying "This is what I think of your God."<ref>Jesus Acted Up, Robert Gross, pg 147</ref> |
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=== Opening and late 19th century === |
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In 2002, "shock [[Jock (stereotype)|jock]]s" [[Opie and Anthony]] held their third "Sex for Sam contest" that encouraged listeners of their radio show to have sex in risky places. Two listeners, Brian Florence and Loretta Harper. were caught in a vestibule of the church having sex. The couple was arrested, along with comedian [[Paul Mecurio]]. |
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[[File:St. Patrick Cathedral, New York, from Robert N. Dennis collection of stereoscopic views.png|thumb|Stereoscopic view of the cathedral's appearance prior to the installation of spires]] |
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The new St. Patrick's Cathedral opened on May 25, 1879.<ref name="nyt18790526">{{Cite news|date=May 26, 1879|title=An Imposing Ceremonial: Blessing of the New Roman Catholic Cathedral. An Immense Attendance of the Clergy and Laity|language=en-US|page=5|work=The New York Times|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1879/05/26/80754932.pdf|access-date=June 24, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="p534434626">{{cite news|date=May 26, 1879|title=St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York: Dedication of a Magnificent Edifice|page=1|work=The Sun|location=Baltimore|id={{ProQuest|534434626}}}}</ref><ref name="p572797988">{{cite news|date=May 26, 1879|title=The New Cathedral: Dedication by the Cardinal a Great Multitude Fills the Building and the Neighborhood|page=1|work=New-York Tribune|id={{ProQuest|572797988}}}}</ref> Thirty-five bishops and six archbishops attended the dedication.<ref name="nyt18790526" /><ref name="p572797988" /><ref>{{harvnb|Farley|1908|ps=.|pp=130–131}}</ref> St. Patrick's was met with a generally positive reception from the media.<ref name="Stern (1999) p. 317" /> The ''[[Baltimore Sun]]'', for example, called it the "finest church edifice on the American continent".<ref name="p406941196" /> Not all critics spoke of the cathedral positively; journalist [[Clarence Cook]] authored a criticism that architectural historian [[Robert A. M. Stern]] characterized as being "underpinned with religious and ethnic bigotry".<ref name="Stern (1999) p. 317" /> Cook perceived the facade as being full of "clumsy repetition", but he wrote of the interior: "Words cannot express the paltry character of the internal finish of this vaunted structure."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cook|first=Clarence|date=Feb 1879|title=The New Catholic Cathedral in New York|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015030141868&view=1up&seq=218|journal=Atlantic Monthly|volume=43|pages=173-177}}</ref> The new St. Patrick's Cathedral and [[Temple Emanu-El (New York, 1868)|Temple Emanu-El]] comprised the first non-Protestant houses of worship on the midtown section of Fifth Avenue.<ref>{{Cite New York 1900|page=109}}</ref> At the time, the cathedral was far removed from the developed portions of the city.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Duggan|first=Dennis|date=November 2, 1978|title=St. Patrick's Marks Hundredth Year|pages=6|work=Newsday|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80376065/st-patricks-marks-hundredth-year/|access-date=June 27, 2021}}</ref> The first bishop consecrated in the new cathedral was the [[Michael J. O'Farrell]] of [[Trenton, New Jersey]], who became the first bishop of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Trenton|Diocese of Trenton]].<ref>{{harvnb|Farley|1908|ps=.|p=133}}</ref> |
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The cathedral's [[parish]] originally extended from [[Seventh Avenue (Manhattan)|Seventh Avenue]] to the [[East River]] between 46th and [[59th Street (Manhattan)|59th Streets]], and the section between Madison and [[Sixth Avenue]]s extended to [[42nd Street (Manhattan)|42nd Street]].<ref name="Lafort p. 306" /><ref>{{harvnb|Farley|1908|ps=.|p=150}}</ref> In 1880, the section between [[Third Avenue]] and the East River was split to the parish of [[St. John the Evangelist Church (Manhattan)|St. John the Evangelist]].<ref name="Lafort p. 306" /><ref name="Farley p. 151">{{harvnb|Farley|1908|ps=.|p=151}}</ref> During the early 1880s, Renwick designed the archbishop's house and [[rectory]] on Madison Avenue.<ref name="aia5">{{Cite aia5|pages=328-329}}</ref> The ''Real Estate Record and Guide'' reported in December 1881 that Renwick had been hired to build a rectory at the southwest corner of Madison Avenue and 51st Street.<ref>{{cite journal|date=December 3, 1881|title=Out Among the Builders|url=https://rerecord.library.columbia.edu/document.php?vollist=1&vol=ldpd_7031128_028&page=ldpd_7031128_028_00000468|journal=The Real Estate Record: Real estate record and builders' guide|volume=28|pages=1120|via=[[Columbia University|columbia.edu]]|number=716}}</ref> Shortly afterward, Renwick filed plans for a four-story marble rectory on the site,<ref name="nyt18820126">{{Cite news|date=January 26, 1882|title=Vicar-general Quinn's New House.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1882/01/26/archives/vicargeneral-quinns-new-house.html|access-date=June 25, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> to be built by E. D. Connoly & Son and P. Walsh.<ref name="rer18820128">{{cite journal|date=January 28, 1882|title=Buildings Projected|url=https://rerecord.library.columbia.edu/document.php?vol=ldpd_7031128_029&page=ldpd_7031128_029_00000105&no=2|journal=The Real Estate Record: Real estate record and builders' guide|volume=29|pages=89|via=[[Columbia University|columbia.edu]]|number=724}}</ref> The archbishop's house was completed the same year.<ref name="Farley p. 151" /> The rectory was completed on May 8, 1884.<ref name="Farley p. 151" /> A critic for the ''Real Estate Record'' characterized the rectory and archbishop's house as having "absurd" [[Dormer|dormer windows]] in their [[mansard roof]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|date=January 5, 1884|title=Some Up-Town Buildings|url=https://rerecord.library.columbia.edu/document.php?vollist=1&vol=ldpd_7031128_033&page=ldpd_7031128_033_00000021|journal=The Real Estate Record: Real estate record and builders' guide|volume=33|pages=2|via=[[Columbia University|columbia.edu]]|number=825}}</ref> A memorial marble pulpit was manufactured in Italy and installed in the cathedral in October 1885. The money for the pulpit came from the clergy of the archdiocese, who had offered Cardinal McCloskey $10,000 for his [[golden jubilee]] and commissioned the pulpit after he had declined the prize.<ref name="p493444104">{{cite news|date=October 19, 1885|title=Howard's Gossip; Opening of the New York Opera Season. Many of the Brightest Dramatic Stars to Shine This Week. A Memorial Marble Pulpit for St. Patrick's Cathedral.|page=1|work=Boston Daily Globe|id={{ProQuest|493444104}}}}</ref> |
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On April 18, 2019, just two days after a [[Notre-Dame de Paris fire|fire tore through the Notre-Dame cathedral]] in Paris, a 37-year-old New Jersey man carrying a pair of full two-gallon cans of gasoline, two bottles of lighter fluid, and two extended butane lighters was arrested after attempting to enter the cathedral. The man was initially turned away by a church security officer. As the man exited, some gasoline spilled on the floor. The security officer then notified two police officers outside the cathedral, who caught up to the man and questioned him.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/17/nyregion/st-patricks-cathedral-arrest.html "Man With Two Full Gas Cans Arrested After Entering St. Patrick's Cathedral"] by Niraj Chokshi, ''The New York Times'', April 17, 2019</ref> The man, who was a philosophy professor at nearby [[Seton Hall University]], was arrested at another church in [[New Jersey]] earlier that week.<ref>{{Cite web|date=December 11, 2020|title=Man Arrested With Gas Cans and Lighters at St. Patrick’s Cathedral Is a Philosophy Teacher - The New York Times|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211100415/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/18/nyregion/st-patricks-cathedral-marc-lamparello.html|access-date=February 1, 2021|website=web.archive.org}}</ref> |
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A lack of funding precluded spires from being installed when the cathedral was completed.<ref name="Stern (1999) p. 315" /><ref name="p406941196">{{cite news|last=Thompson|first=Ginger|date=November 24, 1996|title=`An awesome place to pray'; Church: St. Patrick's Cathedral on Fifth Avenue has drawn visitors through the century, from the pope from Rome to city dwellers right across the street.|page=2A|work=The Sun|location=Baltimore|id={{ProQuest|406941196}}}}</ref> By late 1885, spires were planned to be installed at a cost of $190,000.<ref>{{Cite news|date=September 4, 1885|title=Current Events|pages=4|work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80263819/current-events/|access-date=June 26, 2021}}</ref><ref name="nyt18850925">{{Cite news|date=September 25, 1885|title=Spires for the Cathedral|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1885/09/25/archives/spires-for-the-cathedral.html|access-date=June 26, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Renwick filed plans for the cathedral spires in September 1885,<ref name="nyt18850925" /><ref>{{cite journal|date=September 26, 1885|title=Alterations New York City|url=https://rerecord.library.columbia.edu/document.php?vol=ldpd_7031138_002&page=ldpd_7031138_002_00000357&no=3|journal=The Real Estate Record: Real estate record and builders' guide|volume=36|pages=1064|via=[[Columbia University|columbia.edu]]|number=915}}</ref> and the contract was awarded to George Mann & Co. of [[Baltimore]].<ref>{{cite journal|date=September 12, 1885|title=Out Among the Builders|url=https://rerecord.library.columbia.edu/document.php?vol=ldpd_7031138_002&page=ldpd_7031138_002_00000291&no=2|journal=The Real Estate Record: Real estate record and builders' guide|volume=36|pages=1000|via=[[Columbia University|columbia.edu]]|number=913}}</ref> Excavation of the stone commenced in January 1886 and the spires were constructed starting that September.<ref>{{Cite news|date=September 11, 1886|title=The Cathedral Spires|pages=1|work=The Post-Star|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80264413/the-cathedral-spires/|access-date=June 26, 2021}}</ref> The last stones of the spires were erected in October 1888, at which point the cathedral was considered completed.<ref name="sun18881005">{{Cite news|date=October 5, 1888|title=The Spires Completed|pages=4|work=The Sun|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80263438/the-spires-completed/|access-date=June 26, 2021}}</ref><ref name="nyt18881007">{{Cite news|date=October 7, 1888|title=The Spires Completed; but Much Work Still Remains Undone on St. Patrick's Cathedral.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1888/10/07/archives/the-spires-completed-but-much-word-still-remains-undone-on-st.html|access-date=June 26, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> At the time several hundred niches remained to be filled with figures, and ten chapels did not have their altars yet.<ref name="nyt18881007" /> At {{Convert|329.5|ft}},<ref name="McDonald 2015">{{cite web | last=McDonald | first=Martha | title=The Restoration of St. Patrick's Cathedral | website=Traditional Building | date=2015-12-12 | url=https://www.traditionalbuilding.com/projects/conserving-an-icon | access-date=2021-07-01}}</ref><ref name="popefrancisnyc"/>{{efn|name=height|A less precise measurement of {{convert|330|ft}} is given by several sources.<ref name="sun18881005" /><ref name="NPS p. 5" /><ref name="Farley p. 156" />}} the spires were the tallest structures in New York City.<ref name="popefrancisnyc">{{cite web |url=http://popefrancisnyc.org/documents/2015/9/St%20%20Patricks%20History%20and%20Restoration%20Backgrounder.pdf |title=St. Patrick's Cathedral History & Restoration Facts |date=2015 |website=popefrancisnyc.org |publisher=Archdiocese of New York |access-date=July 4, 2016 |quote=The spires were finished in 1888 and were the tallest in New York City from 1880–1890 and the second tallest in the United States (p. 2). Height to the top of the Spires: 329 feet, 6 inches (p. 3).}}</ref> ''The Evening World'' said the construction of the spires "completes a notable ornament to the city".<ref>{{Cite news|date=October 8, 1888|title=Our Highest Spires|pages=2|work=The Evening World|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80263614/our-highest-spires/|access-date=June 26, 2021}}</ref> Within a year, the cathedral was surpassed in height by the [[New York World Building]], whose spire rose to {{Convert|349|ft}}.<ref name="Untapped New York 2015">{{cite web|date=August 24, 2015|title=The Top 10 Secrets of St. Patrick's Cathedral in NYC|url=https://untappedcities.com/2015/08/24/the-top-10-secrets-of-st-patricks-cathedral-in-nyc/|access-date=June 29, 2021|website=Untapped New York}}</ref> The funding shortages at the building's completion had also required that a "temporary" plaster and wood roof be installed atop the cathedral, rather than the marble roof that Renwick had conceived. The cathedral never replaced the roof.<ref name="p406941196" /> |
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On May 30, 2020, during the nationwide [[George Floyd protests|protests and riots over the death of George Floyd]], [[Black Lives Matter]] protesters defaced the outside of the cathedral with spray-painted graffiti.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Narizhnaya|first1=Khristina|last2=Balsamini|first2=Dean|date=May 30, 2020|title=St. Patrick's Cathedral desecrated with protest graffiti|work=New York Post|url=https://nypost.com/2020/05/30/st-patricks-cathedral-desecrated-with-protest-graffiti/|url-status=live|access-date=May 31, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531223124/https://nypost.com/2020/05/30/st-patricks-cathedral-desecrated-with-protest-graffiti/|archive-date=May 31, 2020}}</ref> |
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After the spires were finished, the trustees of St. Patrick's Cathedral decided that bells should be installed in one tower. No arrangements had yet been made for the bells because parts of the project, such as interior design, remained incomplete.<ref>{{Cite news|date=December 6, 1888|title=Bells of St. Patrick's.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1888/12/06/archives/bells-of-st-patricks.html|access-date=June 26, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The cathedral tested a set of four bells in the north tower in July and August 1889 to determine the tower's acoustic properties.<ref>{{Cite news|date=July 23, 1889|title=Cathedral Chimes.; a Test of Bells in the Tower of St. Patrick's Cathedral.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1889/07/23/archives/cathedral-chimes-a-test-of-bells-in-the-tower-of-st-patricks.html|access-date=June 26, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=July 28, 1889|title=Music and Musicians|pages=10|work=Buffalo Morning Express and Illustrated Buffalo Express|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80279521/music-and-musicians/|access-date=June 26, 2021}}</ref> The altar of the Holy Family was consecrated at the cathedral in 1893.<ref name="p573922855">{{cite news|date=November 12, 1893|title=Consecration of the New Altar: Several Priests Take Part in the Impressive Ceremonies at St. Patrick's Cathedral|page=22|work=New-York Tribune|id={{ProQuest|573922855}}}}</ref> A set of bells for the cathedral was manufactured in the United States. After the archbishop consecrated them, the bells were found to be defective and were never hung in the belfry. In 1895, the cathedral ordered a second set of bells to be made by the Paccards in France.<ref>{{Cite news|date=July 13, 1897|title=St. Patrick's New Chimes|pages=6|work=The Sun|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80391644/st-patricks-new-chimes/|access-date=June 28, 2021}}</ref> The new bells were blessed by Archbishop [[Michael Corrigan]] on August 15, 1897, though they had not been installed yet.<ref>{{cite news|date=August 16, 1897|title=Blessing the Chimes: an Interesting Ceremony Performed in St. Patrick's Cathedral|page=1|work=New-York Tribune|id={{ProQuest|574336260}}}}</ref><ref name="nyt18970816">{{Cite news|date=August 16, 1897|title=St. Patrick's New Chimes; Archbishop Corrigan, with Impressive Ceremony, Blesses the Cathedral Bells|language=en-US|page=5|work=The New York Times|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1897/08/16/102487288.pdf|access-date=June 27, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The framework for the bells was installed in the north tower the next month.<ref>{{Cite news|date=September 9, 1897|title=Putting Up the Bells|pages=12|work=The New York Times|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80368702/putting-up-the-bells/|access-date=June 27, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> At the time of their completion, St. Patrick's bells were the largest of any church in the city; by comparison, [[Trinity Church (Manhattan)|Trinity Church]] had ten bells and [[Grace Church (Manhattan)|Grace Church]] had nine.<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 22, 1897|title=The Cathedral Chimes.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1897/08/22/archives/illustrated-weekly-magazine-the-cathedral-chimes.html|access-date=June 27, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Also in 1897, the Spiritual Sons of De La Salle funded a new altar for the cathedral.<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 14, 1897|title=New Altar for the Cathedral|pages=5|work=The New York Times|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80391320/new-altar-for-the-cathedral/|access-date=June 28, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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== Architectural features == |
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St. Patrick's Cathedral is the largest, decorated Neo-Gothic-style, Catholic cathedral in North America. The cathedral, which can accommodate 3,000 people, is built of brick clad in marble, quarried in Massachusetts and New York. The main block of the cathedral is made of [[Tuckahoe marble]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.nylandmarks.org/pdfs/CommonBond-22-2-Autumn2008.pdf |title=Marble in (and Around) the City Its Origins and Use in Historic New York Buildings |author=Diane S. Kaese and Michael F. Lynch |journal=Common Bond |volume=22 |number= 2 (Autumn 2008) |year=2008 |page=7}}</ref> It takes up a whole city block, between 50th and 51st Streets and between Madison and Fifth Avenues. At the transepts, it is 174 feet (53.0 meters) wide and 332 feet (101.2 meters) long. The [[spire]]s rise 330 feet (100.6 meters) from street level. The [[slate]] for the roof came from [[Monson, Maine]].<ref name="NYCarch" /> |
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=== 20th century === |
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[[File:St Patricks Cathedral 4 (6214151407).jpg|thumb|Stained glass example|alt=|left]] |
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The windows were made by artists in [[Boston]], Massachusetts, and European artists from [[Chartres]], France, and [[Birmingham]], England. [[Charles Connick]] created the [[rose window]].<ref name="NYCarch" /> |
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==== Lady chapel and consecration ==== |
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===Altar=== |
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[[File:St. Patrick's Cathedral New York 1913.png|thumb|upright|1913 photograph of the cathedral]]Margaret A. Kelly, widow of banker [[Eugene Kelly (banker)|Eugene Kelly]], died in 1899 and left $200,000 to the cathedral for the construction of a [[Lady chapel]], on the condition that the chapel not be constructed until after her death.<ref>{{cite news|date=April 16, 1899|title=New Chapel for St. Patrick's: Mrs. Margaret A. Kelly Leaves $200,000 for This Purpose|page=A2|work=New-York Tribune|id={{ProQuest|574592943}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=April 17, 1899|title=Margaret a. Kelly's Will.: Bequests by Widow of Well-known New York Banker.|page=4|work=The Washington Post|issn=0190-8286|id={{ProQuest|144128955}}}}</ref> Kelly's sons pledged additional funds for the chapel as necessary.<ref>{{Cite news|date=May 19, 1900|title=Religious News and Views; Plans for New Lady Chapel of St. Patrick's Approved|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1900/05/19/archives/religious-news-and-views-plans-for-new-lady-chapel-of-st-patricks.html|access-date=June 28, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The next year, the trustees of St. Patrick's Cathedral held an [[architectural design competition]] for the chapel, east of the cathedral's [[apse]]. The trustees received submissions from American, Canadian, French, and British architects before giving the commission to [[Charles Thompson Mathews|Charles T. Mathews]] of New York City.<ref name="p570915451">{{cite news|date=September 1, 1900|title=Plans for the Lady Chapel: Building to Be Erected at the Rear of St. Patrick's Cathedral|page=7|work=New-York Tribune|id={{ProQuest|570915451}}}}</ref><ref name="nyt19000901">{{Cite news|date=September 1, 1900|title=Religious News and Views: Plans for New Lady Chapel of St. Patrick's Cathedral.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1900/09/01/archives/religious-news-and-views-plans-for-new-lady-chapel-of-st-patricks.html|access-date=June 28, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> After traveling to Europe to study architectural influences, Mathews prepared plans for the chapel by September 1900.<ref name="p570915451" /><ref name="nyt19000901" /> Work on the Lady chapel began in July 1901.<ref>{{Cite news|date=July 27, 1901|title=Religious News and Views; Work on the Lady Chapel of St. Patrick's Cathedral Begun.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1901/07/27/archives/religious-news-and-views-work-on-the-lady-chapel-of-st-patricks.html|access-date=June 28, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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The Roman artist Paolo Medici designed the [[Elizabeth (biblical figure)|Saint Elizabeth]] altar. The Saint [[Jean-Baptiste de La Salle]] altar, one of the few original side-chapel altars, was sculpted by Dominic Borgia. The [[Papal bull]] is featured in the adjoining stained-glass window. [[Tiffany & Co.]] designed the [[Louis IX of France|Saint Louis]] and the [[Saint Michael]] [[altar]]s.<ref name="NYCarch" /> |
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Archbishop Corrigan was simultaneously paying off the debt on the cathedral with the intention of consecrating it after all the debts were paid off in 1908. This date was the centennial of the Archdiocese of New York's founding and the 50-year anniversary of the groundbreaking ceremony. However, he died in 1902 before the consecration or the retirement of the debt.<ref>{{Cite news|date=June 21, 1902|title=Religious News and Views; Plans for Lifting St. Patrick's Cathedral Debt|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1902/06/21/archives/religious-news-and-views-plans-for-lifting-st-patricks-cathedral.html|access-date=June 28, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=June 21, 1902|title=To Finish Archbishop's Plans: Catholic Clergy and Laity Will Try to Consecrate the Cathedral in 1908|page=5|work=New-York Tribune|id={{ProQuest|571194111}}}}</ref> Following a construction delay of more than one year, the Lady chapel was nearly complete by early 1905.<ref>{{cite news|date=April 3, 1905|title=Lady Chapel Nearing Completion|page=9|work=New-York Tribune|id={{ProQuest|571557920}}}}</ref> The first Mass in the Lady chapel took place in Christmas 1906,<ref name="FWP p. 346">{{harvnb|Federal Writers' Project|1939|ps=.|page=346}}</ref> but the interior furnishings were not complete until 1908.<ref name="St. Patricks Cathedral 1910">{{cite web|date=October 5, 1910|title=Historical Timeline|url=https://saintpatrickscathedral.org/historical-timeline|access-date=June 28, 2021|website=St. Patrick's Cathedral}}</ref> The chapel cost $800,000 in total.<ref name="p537417071">{{cite news|date=August 27, 1907|title=To Remodel Cathedral: Interior of St. Patrick's, in New York, Will Receive Gifts|page=5|work=The Sun|location=Baltimore|id={{ProQuest|537417071}}}}</ref> |
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In the late 1930s and early 1940s, there was a renovation of the cathedral's main altar area under the guidance of Archbishop [[Francis Spellman]], who later became [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinal]]. The previous high altar and [[reredos]] were removed and are now located at Spellman's [[alma mater]], [[Fordham University]], in the University Church. The new items include the [[sanctuary]] bronze [[baldachin]] and the rose stained-glass window. The altar was further renovated in the 1980s under the direction of Cardinal [[John Joseph O'Connor (cardinal)|John Joseph O'Connor]]. To be more visible to the congregation, a stone altar was built from sections of the side altars and added to the middle of the sanctuary.<ref name="NYCarch" /> However, this altar was removed in 2013. |
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Additional changes to the cathedral took place in the first decade of the 20th century. These included the construction of an altar to St. Michael on the left side of the Lady chapel, as well as an altar to St. Joseph on the right side. By 1907, a movable bronze screen was to be installed at the transept, and the temporary wooden floor dating from the cathedral's construction was planned to be replaced with a permanent marble floor.<ref name="p537417071" /> The bronze screens were a gift to celebrate the archdiocese's centennial,<ref name="n80412644">{{Cite news|date=April 16, 1908|title=Rich Bronze Work is Being Done at St. Patrick's|pages=1|work=Catholic Union and Times|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80412644/rich-bronze-work-is-being-done-at-st/|access-date=June 28, 2021}}</ref> which almost every archbishop in the United States celebrated at the cathedral in April 1908.<ref>{{cite news|date=April 29, 1908|title=Full Century in New York: Catholics Celebrate Event Splendidly.|page=2|work=Boston Daily Globe|id={{ProQuest|501028705}}}}</ref> The Lady chapel was originally outfitted with transparent windows,<ref name="nyt19300803">{{Cite news|date=August 3, 1930|title=Kelly to Complete the Lady Chapel; Papal Chamberlain Expects to Place Windows in St. Patrick's This Fall|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1930/08/03/archives/kelly-to-complete-the-lady-chapel-papal-chamberlain-expects-to.html|access-date=June 28, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> though its [[stained glass|stained-glass]] windows were manufactured in Europe starting in 1909.<ref name="St. Patricks Cathedral 1910" /> In the first half of 1910, the cathedral's debt of $800,000 was completely paid off.<ref>{{cite news|date=June 7, 1910|title=Holland's Letter.: St. Patrick's Cathedral May Be Freed From Debt and Consecrated Next October or November|page=1|work=Wall Street Journal|issn=0099-9660|id={{ProQuest|129238446}}}}</ref> St. Patrick's Cathedral was consecrated on October 5, 1910, with Archbishop [[John Murphy Farley]] officiating.<ref>{{cite news|date=October 6, 1910|title=Three Princes of the Catholic Church: Participate in Consecration of St. Patrick's Cathedral Picture of Remarkable Splendor in New York Cardinals Arrayed in Gold|page=9|work=Courier-Journal|location=Louisville|id={{ProQuest|1021546826}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=October 6, 1910|title=Mgr. Farley Officiates at the Consecration: Princes and Prelates of Church Gather at St. Patrick's in Honor of Occasion|page=16|work=New-York Tribune|id={{ProQuest|572363691}}}}</ref> By that time, the surrounding area was quickly being developed.<ref name="p1338145850">{{cite news|date=August 9, 1958|title=St. Patrick's Will Mark Centenary: 100th Year Of Its Cornerstone|page=10|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1338145850}}}}</ref> |
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===Art works=== |
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The ''[[Pietà]]'', sculpted by William Ordway Partridge, is three times larger than [[Pietà (Michelangelo)|Michelangelo's ''Pietà'']]. The cathedral's [[Stations of the Cross]] won an 1893 artistry prize at Chicago's [[World's Columbian Exposition]]. Commemorating his visit to the city in 1979, [[Pope John Paul II]]'s [[Bust (sculpture)|bust]] is located in the rear of the cathedral.<ref name="NYCarch" /> |
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==== 1920s through 1940s ==== |
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[[File:NYC - Top of the Rock - view of St. Patrick's Cathedral - panoramio.jpg|thumb|upright|View from [[Rockefeller Center]]]]Monsignor Michael J. Lavelle started raising $625,000 from the congregation in 1926 to renovate the cathedral.<ref>{{Cite news|date=November 22, 1926|title=St. Patrick's Plans Big Improvements; Marble Floor and $125,000 Organ Included, Mgr. Lavelle Announces.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1926/11/22/archives/st-patricks-plans-big-improvements-marble-floor-and-125000-organ.html|access-date=June 28, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The next year, Robert J. Reiley was hired to conduct renovations, including replacing the wooden floor with a marble floor.<ref>{{cite news|date=June 23, 1927|title=St. Patrick's Cathedral To Have Marble Floor|page=37|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1113623291}}}}</ref> The floor was replaced between April and December 1927. The old organ was also replaced and new stained-glass windows, altar, and pews were being installed in the Lady chapel. The sanctuary was extended approximately {{Convert|8|ft}}, the metal communion rail was replaced with a bronze and marble rail, and the wooden throne was replaced with one of marble.<ref>{{cite news|date=August 14, 1928|title=Improvements At St, Patrick's To Cost Million: Cathedral Lxulersroing Alterations for 50th Anniversary of Dedication in May many Changes in Inferior Famous Old Wooden Throne Yields to One of Marble|page=10|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1113606700}}}}</ref> [[Amplifier]]s,<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 31, 1929|title=Topics of Interest to the Churchgoer; New Amplifiers in St. Patrick's Cathedral Will Have First Public Test Tomorrow.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1929/08/31/archives/topics-of-interest-to-the-churchgoer-new-amplifiers-in-st-patricks.html|access-date=June 28, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=November 17, 1929|title=Topics of Interest to the Churchgoer|page=A7|work=The Hartford Courant|id={{ProQuest|557762687}}}}</ref> wrought-iron doors,<ref name="nyt19300907">{{Cite news|date=September 7, 1930|title=St. Patrick's to Get Marble Rail Soon; Cathedral Altar Decoration Is Parishoner's Gift--Figures of 13 Saints on It|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1930/09/07/archives/st-patricks-to-get-marble-rail-soon-cathedral-altar-decoration-is.html|access-date=June 28, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and new bronze chandeliers were installed.<ref>{{Cite news|date=March 1, 1931|title=St. Patrick's Lights to Be in Use Today: 43 New Bronze Chandeliers Are Installed as Part of Embellishment for Jubilee.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1931/03/01/archives/st-patricks-lights-to-be-in-use-today-43-new-bronze-chandeliers-are.html|access-date=June 28, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> New pews were also installed,<ref>{{Cite news|date=June 10, 1928|title=Organ for St. Patrick's; To Be Installed Soon, Mgr. Lavelle Says--Cathedral to Have New Pews|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1928/06/10/archives/organ-for-st-patricks-to-be-installed-soon-mgr-lavelle.html|access-date=June 29, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> as were two new organs.<ref name="New York City 1927" /> English stained glass artist and designer [[Paul Woodroffe|Paul Vincent Woodroffe]] completed the Lady chapel's remaining windows by late 1930.<ref name="nyt19300803" /><ref>{{cite news|date=August 4, 1930|title=Pagan Evils Held Present Peril by Father Hammer: Warns St. Patrick's Congregation Selfishness Bars Way to Christian Life Pleads for New Sincerity Last Two Windows for Lady Chapel Near Completion|page=8|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1113695268}}}}</ref> With the [[construction of Rockefeller Center]] to the west, several trees were planted around the cathedral in 1939 to complement Rockefeller Center's trees.<ref>{{cite news|date=September 29, 1939|title=First of 15 Trees to Surround St. Patrick's Cathedral Planted|page=21A|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1321997881}}}}</ref> |
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[[File:Bronze doors to Saint Patrick's Cathedral, New York, New York LCCN2011631248.tif|thumb|upright=0.9|The bronze doors of the cathedral, prior to restoration.]] |
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The [[bronze]] doors that are the main entrance to the church are decorated with [[relief]] sculptures representing six people, including three women, with inscriptions indicating their significance to the cathedral and with particular focus on missionary work and assistance for migrants:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.europeana.eu/2019/05/a-home-for-all-saint-patricks-cathedral-new-york/|title=A home for all: Saint Patrick's Cathedral, New York|date=May 24, 2019|website=[[Europeana]] (CC By-SA)|language=en-GB|access-date=May 26, 2019}}</ref> |
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The cathedral's rectory was closed in April 1940 for the first major renovation in its history,<ref>{{cite news|date=April 1, 1940|title=St. Patrick's Plans Rectory Modernization: CollectionWill BeTakcn Up April 28 to Build Offices and Replace Equipment|page=12|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1261203881}}}}</ref> and it reopened that December.<ref name="nyt19401210">{{Cite news|date=December 10, 1940|title=Rebuilt Rectory Awaits 9 Priests: Staff of St. Patrick's Returns Today to Modernized Home—Victorian Style Kept|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1940/12/10/archives/rebuilt-rectory-awaits-9-priests-staff-of-st-patricks-returns-today.html|access-date=June 28, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="p1320115412">{{cite news|date=December 11, 1940|title=St. Patrick's Rectory, Modernized, Reopens: Elevator, Switchboard, Private Offices Among Additions|page=19|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1320115412}}}}</ref> Archbishop [[Francis Spellman]] announced in February 1941 that an anonymous donor had provided funding for a new high altar, to be designed by Charles Maginnis. According to Spellman's announcement, the original high altar had been "architecturally inconsistent" with the cathedral's design ever since the Lady chapel was completed, but a lack of funds had prevented the altar's replacement for four decades.<ref name="p1322000127">{{cite news|date=February 10, 1941|title=New High Altar Will Be Erected At St. Patrick's: Archbishop Spellman Tells Plan for Structure More Fitting in Architecture|page=9|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1322000127}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=February 10, 1941|title=Cathedral Altar Is to Be Replaced; New Structure at St. Patrick's Gift of Anonymous Donor, Archbishop Announces|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1941/02/10/archives/cathedral-altar-is-to-be-replaced-new-structure-at-st-patricks-gift.html|access-date=June 27, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The [[reredos]] behind the original high altar blocked the view of the Lady chapel from the nave, but the cathedral's trustees wished to avoid this.<ref name="p1259332051">{{cite news|date=March 1, 1942|title=New High Altar To Widen View In St. Patrick's: Gothic Structure t Reveal Lady Chapel From Nave; Full Design Made Public|page=24|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1259332051}}}}</ref> The old main altar was removed in February 1942<ref>{{cite news|date=February 19, 1942|title=Central Altar's Removal Starts At St. Patrick's: 3-Story-High Structure, Part of Cathedral Since 1879, To Be Gone in 3 Weeks|page=16|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1264403906}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=February 16, 1942|title=Last Mass Is Said at Cathedral Altar: Marble Shrine at St. Patrick's to Be Moved to Fordham|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1942/02/16/archives/last-mass-is-said-at-cathedral-altar-marble-shrine-at-st-patricks.html|access-date=June 27, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and the new main altar of St. Patrick's Cathedral was consecrated that May.<ref name="p1256783923">{{cite news|date=May 10, 1942|title=New Main Altar Is Consecrated At St. Patrick's: 3 1/2 Hour Ceremony Marks Virtual End of Sweeping Alterations in Cathedral|page=35|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1256783923}}}}</ref><ref name="nyt19420510">{{Cite news|date=May 10, 1942|title=Altar Dedicated in St. Patrick's: Spellman Presides in 3-hour Pageant at Consecration Before 3,000 in Edifice|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1942/05/10/archives/altar-dedicated-in-st-patricks-spellman-presides-in-3hour-pageant.html|access-date=June 27, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> A new altar in the Lady chapel, donated by George J. Gillespie, was also consecrated in May 1942.<ref name="p11263586673">{{cite news|date=April 14, 1942|title=Altar in Chapel At St. Patrick's Is Consecrated: Permanent Structure Has Statue of Blessed Virgin as Our Lady of New York|page=17|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1263586673}}}}</ref> |
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*[[Saint Joseph|St. Joseph]], "patron of the church" (top left). |
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*[[Saint Patrick|St. Patrick]], "patron of this church" (top right). |
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*[[Isaac Jogues|St. Isaac Jogues]] Martyr, "first [catholic] priest in New York" (middle left) |
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*[[Frances Xavier Cabrini|St. Frances X Cabrini]], "mother of the immigrant" (middle right). The founder of the [[Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus]], an organisation which supported Italians migrating to the US. |
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*[[Kateri Tekakwitha|St. Kateri Tekakwitha]], "lily of the Mohawks". The first Native American woman to be canonized by the Catholic Church (bottom left). |
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*[[Elizabeth Ann Seton|Mother Elizabeth Seton]], "daughter of New York" (bottom right). Whose family were among of the earliest European settlers to the area, and first native-born U.S. citizen to be [[canonized]]. |
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The [[George A. Fuller Company]] started renovating the exterior in August 1945<ref name="nyt19470220">{{Cite news|date=February 20, 1947|title=St. Patrick's to Get New Rose Window; Anonymous Gift to Be Ready by Easter, When Facade Is to Be Free of Scaffolds|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1947/02/20/archives/st-patricks-to-get-new-rose-window-anonymous-gift-to-be-ready-by.html|access-date=June 28, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> after blasting for a nearby building dislodged a stone from the facade.<ref>{{cite news|date=October 4, 1945|title=The Repairing of St. Patrick's Cathedral Makes Progress|page=25|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1287100746}}}}</ref> The main doorway was narrowed, and some of the projecting Gothic ornamentation was eliminated because they were prone to cracks in New York City's climate, which was characterized by abrupt temperature decreases.<ref name="nyt19470220" /><ref name="p1268010549">{{cite news|date=March 30, 1947|title=End of Repairs To St. Patrick's Is Within Sight: Work on Lady Chapel Will Finish $3,000,000 Job Started, 19 Months Ago First 1948 Model Convertible Introduced by Packard|page=33|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1268010549}}}}</ref> A bronze cross was placed atop the north tower, replacing the original stone cross there.<ref>{{cite news|date=December 8, 1945|title=Cross of Bronze Is Put on Spire Of St. Patrick's: Stone Cross Is Replaced After 57 Years as Work of Renovation Continues|page=14|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1322157013}}}}</ref> The project involved 350 workers at its peak.<ref name="nyt19470220" /> Some funds for the renovation came from a 1946 bequest of $100,000 from radio personality [[Major Bowes]].<ref>{{cite news|date=July 15, 1946|title=$2,400,000 Left In Bowes Will To St. Patrick's: Cardinal to Allot $100,000 of Bequest at Once for Cathedral's Renovation An English Church Holds a Mass Baptismal Service|page=28|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1313645667}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=July 15, 1946|title=Cathedral to Get $100,000 of Legacy: Cardinal Allots Part of Fund Left by Major Bowes to Help Pay for St. Patrick Repairs|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1946/07/15/archives/cathedral-to-get-100000-of-legacy-cardinal-allots-part-of-fund-left.html|access-date=June 28, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> By early 1947, the project was completed except for the Lady Chapel and a set of new entrance doors.<ref name="p1268010549" /> An anonymous donor gave the cathedral a $25,000 window, which was designed by [[Charles Jay Connick|Charles J. Connick Associates]] and unveiled in April 1947.<ref name="nyt19470402">{{Cite news|date=April 2, 1947|title=St. Patrick's Gets New Rose Window: Scaffolding Will Be Removed From Front of Cathedral in Time for Easter|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1947/04/02/archives/st-patricks-gets-new-rose-window-scaffolding-will-be-removed-from.html|access-date=June 28, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Work began on an interior renovation in mid-1948, with 17 of the cathedral's 19 altars being replaced.<ref>{{Cite news|last=McDowell|first=Rachel K.|date=July 8, 1948|title=Renovation Begun Inside St. Patrick's; 17 of Cathedral's 19 Altars to Be Cleaned and Repaired, New Bronze Doors Hung|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1948/07/08/archives/renovation-begun-inside-st-patricks-17-of-cathedrals-19-altars-to.html|access-date=June 25, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Cardinal [[Francis Spellman]] blessed the new bronze doors in December 1949.<ref name="p1326903819">{{cite news|date=December 24, 1949|title=Five New Doors at St. Patrick's Blessed by Cardinal Spellman: Blessing the New Bronze Doors at St. Patrick's|page=4|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1326903819}}}}</ref><ref name="nyt19491224">{{Cite news|last=Dugan|first=George|date=December 24, 1949|title=Cardinal Blesses Cathedral Doors; Presides Over Hour Ceremony at Five New Bronze Portals of Fifth Ave. Entrance|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1949/12/24/archives/cardinal-blesses-cathedral-doors-presides-over-hour-ceremony-at.html|access-date=June 28, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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Each door is {{convert|16.5|by|5.5|ft}} and weighs {{convert|9,200|lb|kg}}. They were designed by [[Charles Maginnis]], sculptured by [[John Angel (sculptor)|John Angel]], and inaugurated in 1949. In 2013 a three-year restoration to the doors was concluded.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2013/08/14/st-patricks-cathedral-shows-off-restored-bronze-doors/|title=St. Patrick's Cathedral Shows Off Restored Bronze Doors|date=August 14, 2013|language=en|access-date=May 26, 2019}}</ref> |
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==== 1950s to 1990s ==== |
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[[File:Detail of the facade of St Patrick's Cathedral in New York City.JPG|thumb|upright|Detail of the entrance (October 2007)]] |
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On October 28, 2017, a shrine to the [[Lebanese Maronites|Lebanese]] [[Maronite Church|Maronite]] Saint [[Charbel Makhlouf]] was inaugurated at St. Patrick's Cathedral.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2017/Oct-29/424307-st-charbel-shrine-revealed-in-prominent-new-york-cathedral.ashx|title=St. Charbel shrine revealed in prominent New York cathedral | News, Lebanon News | THE DAILY STAR|website=www.dailystar.com.lb}}</ref> The Lebanese Maronite Patriarch [[Bechara Boutros al-Rahi]] attended the inauguration ceremony giving his blessing and a dedication, as well as Cardinal [[Timothy M. Dolan]]. The shrine features a mosaic of Saint Charbel Makhlouf along with national Lebanese emblems such as the [[Lebanon cedar]] and a relic of the Saint, and was donated by SGBL bank chairman [[Antoun Sehnaoui]] in the name of his parents, May and Nabil Sehnaoui.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saintpatrickscathedral.org/news/dedication-of-the-chapel-of-saint-sharbel|title=Press Release - Dedication of the Chapel of Saint Sharbel|website=St. Patrick's Cathedral}}</ref> |
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In 1952, St. Patrick's Cathedral received five gifts. These funded the electrification of the cathedral chimes; an elevator to the main organ; kneeling cushions and guard cords in the pews; and new stained-glass windows.<ref>{{cite news|date=August 4, 1952|title=Tribute Is Paid To St. Patrick's Fund Raisers: Bishop Flannelly Recounts Guts in Debts Incurred for Restoration Work|page=7|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1323039961}}}}</ref> The windows, depicting 12 male and 12 female saints, were installed at the clerestory in 1954. These windows were funded by a bequest by [[Atlas Portland Cement Company]] president John R. Morron, who left $200,000 for the archdiocese in his will.<ref name="p1322385806">{{cite news|date=July 12, 1954|title=St Patrick's Will Install 12 Windows|page=9|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1322385806}}}}</ref><ref name="nyt19540712">{{Cite news|date=July 12, 1954|title=Saints' Windows Adorn Cathedral; Six of 12 Portraying Virtues in Holy Lives Are Being Put in St. Patrick's Clerestory|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1954/07/12/archives/saints-windows-adorn-cathedral-six-of-12-portraying-virtues-in-holy.html|access-date=June 28, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The cathedral celebrated the 100th anniversary of its cornerstone-laying in 1958.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dugan|first=George|date=August 16, 1958|title=St. Patrick's 100; 2,500 Hear Mass|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1958/08/16/archives/st-patricks-100-2500-hear-mass-homage-paid-to-prelate-who-persisted.html|access-date=June 28, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> At the time, the cathedral had over three million visitors a year.<ref name="p1338145850" /> St. Patrick's celebrated the 50th anniversary of its consecration two years later.<ref>{{Cite news|date=October 10, 1960|title=Cathedral Hails Its Consecration; St. Patrick's Mass Marks Half a Century -- Preacher Recalls Heroic Acolytes|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/10/10/archives/cathedral-hails-its-consecration-st-patricks-mass-marks-half-a.html|access-date=June 29, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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The [[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] (LPC) considered designating St. Patrick's Cathedral as a New York City landmark in early 1966.<ref>{{Cite news|date=April 28, 1966|title=31 Buildings Urged as City Landmarks|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1966/04/28/archives/31-buildings-urged-as-city-landmarks.html|access-date=June 29, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Later that year, the LPC designated the cathedral as a New York City Landmark.<ref name="NYCL-0267">{{cite web|date=October 19, 1966|title=Saint Patrick's Cathedral Complex|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0267.pdf|access-date=July 28, 2019|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=November 8, 1966|title=St. Patrick's Chosen With St. Thomas For Preservation|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1966/11/08/archives/st-patricks-chosen-with-st-thomas-for-preservation.html|access-date=June 29, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Under Cardinal [[Terence Cooke]]'s leadership, the interior of St. Patrick's Cathedral was restored starting in 1972.<ref name="St. Patricks Cathedral 1910" /> That June, workers placed scaffolding on the cathedral to protect it from damage due to blasting for the construction of [[Olympic Tower]] across 51st Street. Afterward, over 100 workers cleaned and painted the interior while the cathedral remained open.<ref name="n80476051">{{Cite news|last=O'Grady|first=Daniel|date=April 19, 1973|title=Cathedral is the Place to Go|pages=148|work=New York Daily News|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80476051/cathedral-is-the-place-to-go/|access-date=June 29, 2021}}</ref> The $800,000 project was completed in April 1973.<ref name="n80476051" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=April 19, 1973|title=Metropolitan Briefs|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/04/19/archives/metropolitan-briefs-renovation-ends-at-st-patricks.html|access-date=June 29, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The [[cathedral close]], consisting of all structures on the same block as the cathedral, was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] and declared a [[National Historic Landmark]] in 1976.<ref name="nrhpinv" /><ref>[http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1646&ResourceType=Building St. Patrick's Cathedral, Lady Chapel, Rectory and Cardinal's Residence] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022095626/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1646&ResourceType=Building|date=October 22, 2007}}. National Historic Landmark summary listing, September 18, 2007. National Park Service.</ref><ref>{{NHLS url|id=76001250|title=St. Patrick's Cathedral, Lady Chapel, Rectory, and Cardinal's Residence.|photos=y}} National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination. August 1976. National Park Service.</ref> |
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==Music== |
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St. Patrick's Cathedral celebrated the centennial of its opening in May 1979. The cathedral's popularity was attributed to its location in midtown, and about 6,000 people attended Mass on Sundays, ninety percent of whom were visitors.<ref>{{Cite news|date=May 11, 1979|title=Centennial Celebration Set At St. Patrick's Cathedral|pages=7|work=Newsday|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80475631/centennial-celebration-set-at-st/|access-date=June 29, 2021}}</ref> The cathedral's exterior was cleaned the same year.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Silver|first=Allison|date=October 14, 1979|title=Building Cleaning Washes Off Years|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/10/14/archives/building-cleaning-washes-off-years-building-cleaning-washes-off.html|access-date=June 29, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=August 14, 1979|title=St. Patrick's gets historic facelift|pages=16|work=The Post-Star|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80479194/st-patricks-gets-historic-facelift/|access-date=June 29, 2021}}</ref> Further restoration began in 1984 during the episcopate of Cardinal [[John O'Connor (cardinal)|John O'Connor]]. As part of the work, most of the roof was replaced, and the entrance steps, doors, and walls were also repaired.<ref name="St. Patricks Cathedral 1910" /> The cathedral's two organs were restored in the mid-1990s.<ref name="nyt-orgel">{{Cite news|last=Tommasini|first=Anthony|date=December 24, 1996|title=Eyes and Ears Rejoice At a Musical Renewal|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/12/24/arts/eyes-and-ears-rejoice-at-a-musical-renewal.html|access-date=June 23, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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===Organs=== |
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St. Patrick's Cathedral has two [[pipe organ]]s. The Gallery Organ is located in the Choir Gallery below the Rose Window over the Fifth Avenue entrance and in the Triforium, near the South Transept. The [[Chancel]] Organ is located in the North [[Ambulatory]] next to the Chapel of St. Joseph. |
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===21st century=== |
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Under Cardinal [[Edward Egan]], another renovation of the cathedral was planned in 2006<ref>{{Cite news|last=West|first=Melanie Grayce|date=July 13, 2015|title=Repairs Almost Done, St. Patrick’s Cathedral Is Set to Shine|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/repairs-almost-done-st-patricks-cathedral-is-set-to-shine-1436752590|access-date=June 29, 2021|issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref name=Architect2015>{{cite web|date=September 11, 2015|title=St. Patrick's Cathedral Gets an Update Fit for the Pope|url=https://www.architectmagazine.com/technology/st-patricks-cathedral-gets-an-update-fit-for-the-pope_o|access-date=June 29, 2021|website=Architect}}</ref> after chunks of rock started falling from the facade.<ref>{{cite web|last=Jones|first=Bart|date=June 9, 2015|title=Most St. Patrick's renovations to be complete before Pope Francis' NYC visit|url=https://www.newsday.com/news/new-york/st-patrick-s-renovations-to-be-mostly-complete-before-pope-s-nyc-visit-1.10525393|access-date=June 29, 2021|website=Newsday}}</ref> The project was conducted between 2012 and 2015 at a cost of $177 million.<ref>{{cite web | title=St. Patrick's Cathedral In Midtown Manhattan Set To Undergo $177 Million Restoration | website=CBS New York | date=July 7, 2012 | url=https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2012/07/07/st-patricks-cathedral-set-to-undergo-177-million-restoration/ | access-date=June 24, 2021}}</ref> The renovation was designed by Murphy Burnham & Buttrick and led by construction manager Structure Tone.<ref>{{cite web | title=AIA Names 18 Projects as Best New Architecture in US | website=ArchDaily | date=January 15, 2016 | url=https://www.archdaily.com/780410/aia-honors-the-best-new-architecture-in-the-us | access-date=June 24, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=St. Patrick's Cathedral Is Born Anew After a $177 million Restoration |first=Sam |last=Cochran|date=November 11, 2015| website=Architectural Digest | url=https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/st-patricks-cathedral-renovation | access-date=June 24, 2021}}</ref> The renovation involved cleaning the exterior marble, repairing stained-glass windows, painting the ceiling, and repalacing the flooring and steps.<ref name=Architect2015/> In addition, the bronze doors were renovated and reinstalled.<ref name="cbs2013">{{cite web|date=August 14, 2013|title=St. Patrick's Cathedral Shows Off Restored Bronze Doors|url=https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2013/08/14/st-patricks-cathedral-shows-off-restored-bronze-doors/|url-status=live|access-date=June 29, 2021|website=CBS New York}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=August 14, 2013|title=St. Patrick's Cathedral gets saintly door redo with newly restored bronze doors|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/st-patrick-cathederal-saintly-redo-article-1.1427210|url-status=live|access-date=June 29, 2021|website=New York Daily News}}</ref> Work was completed by September 17, 2015, before [[Pope Francis]] visited the cathedral the next week.<ref>{{Cite news|date=September 17, 2015|title=A Gift to New York, in Time for the Pope|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/09/17/nyregion/st-patricks-cathedral-pope-francis-visit.html|access-date=June 24, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=The restoration of St. Patrick's Cathedral | website=CBS News | date=September 27, 2015 | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-restoration-of-st-patricks-cathedral/ | access-date=June 24, 2021}}</ref> The scaffolding was removed in July 2016.<ref>{{cite web| title=Majestic! Restored St. Patrick's Cathedral Unveiled | website=NBC New York | date=July 12, 2016 | url=https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/restored-st-patricks-cathedral-unveiled/2033174/ | access-date=June 24, 2021}}</ref> The cathedral and the renovations were featured on WNET's television program ''Treasures of New York''.<ref>{{cite web | title=St. Patrick's Cathedral | website=Thirteen | date=August 25, 2015 | url=https://www.thirteen.org/programs/treasures-of-new-york/treasures-new-york-saint-patricks-cathedral/ | access-date=June 24, 2021}}</ref> |
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The first organ in the cathedral was built by George Jardine & Son, one of New York's most distinguished organ builders, and installed in 1879. It was composed of four manuals with 51 stops and 56 ranks. |
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The LPC approved a garage on the 50th Street side of the cathedral in late 2015. The garage was designed to provide a secure entrance for Cardinal [[Timothy M. Dolan]].<ref>{{cite web|date=January 6, 2016|title=Alterations to St. Patrick’s Cathedral Approved|url=https://www.citylandnyc.org/alterations-to-st-patricks-cathedral-approved/|access-date=June 29, 2021|website=CityLand}}</ref> In 2017, MBB Architects and Structure Tone, Landmark Facilities Group, and P.W. Grosser completed a new geothermal system under St. Patrick's Cathedral, believed to be the largest in New York City.<ref name=nyt20180314>{{Cite news | last = Otterman | first = Sharon | date = March 14, 2018 | title = The New, Green Pride of St. Patrick's Cathedral Is Underground | language = en-US | work = The New York Times | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/14/nyregion/st-patricks-cathedral-geothermal.html | access-date= June 1, 2020 | issn = 0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="The Architect’s Newspaper 2017">{{cite web | title=New geothermal system will heat and cool historic St. Patrick’s Cathedral | website=The Architect’s Newspaper | date=March 14, 2017 | url=https://www.archpaper.com/2017/03/st-patricks-geothermal-system/ | access-date=June 24, 2021}}</ref> The gardens adjoining the cathedral to the north and south were excavated for the system's construction, and they were replanted after installation was complete.<ref name="Architect 2016">{{cite web | title=St. Patrick’s Cathedral Conservation, Renovation and Systems Upgrade by Murphy Burnham & Buttrick | website=Architect | date=2016-01-15 | url=https://www.architectmagazine.com/project-gallery/st-patricks-cathedral-conservation-renovation-and-systems-upgrade_o | access-date=2021-06-30}}</ref> The same October, a shrine to the [[Lebanese Maronites|Lebanese]] [[Maronite Church|Maronite]] Saint [[Charbel Makhlouf]] was dedicated at St. Patrick's Cathedral.<ref>{{cite web|date=October 29, 2017|title=St. Charbel shrine revealed in prominent New York cathedral|url=https://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Lebanon-News/2017/Oct-29/424307-st-charbel-shrine-revealed-in-prominent-new-york-cathedral.ashx|access-date=June 29, 2021|website=The Daily Star Newspaper}}</ref> The cathedral was temporarily closed for in-person Mass in 2020 during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in New York City]]. The pandemic severely reduced the cathedral's finances as much of its income came from donations at Mass and the archdiocese did not fund the cathedral's maintenance.<ref name=nyt20200719>{{Cite news|last=Stack|first=Liam|date=July 19, 2020|title=With Tourists Gone, St. Patrick’s Cathedral Pleads for Help|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/19/nyregion/st-patricks-cathedral-pandemic-budget.html|access-date=June 29, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> It was reopened for full-capacity worship in May 2021.<ref>{{cite web|date=May 23, 2021|title=Catholic Churches In New York City Open To 100% Capacity|url=https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2021/05/23/coronavirus-covid-19-new-york-city-churches-capacity-st-patricks-cathedral-timothy-cardinal-dolan/|access-date=June 29, 2021|website=CBS New York}}</ref> |
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In 1880, J.H. & C.S. Odell, then also from New York City, installed an organ in the chancel. It was composed of 2 manuals with 20 stops and 23 ranks. |
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== Main structure == |
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====Kilgen organs==== |
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[[File: |
[[File:St. Patrick's Arch (32319018242).jpg|thumb|Main archway of the cathedral]] |
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St. Patrick's Cathedral was designed by [[James Renwick Jr.]] with influences from [[English Gothic architecture|English]], [[French Gothic architecture|French]], and German Gothic architecture.<ref name="NPS p. 2" /><ref name="Stern (1999) p. 315" /> It is the largest Gothic Revival Catholic cathedral in North America,<ref>{{Cite web|title=St. Patrick's Cathedral|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/114502/st-patricks-cathedral-new-york-city-ny-usa|access-date=January 1, 2021|publisher=Emporis}}</ref> as well as the first major Gothic Revival cathedral in the United States.<ref name="FWP p. 344" /> St. Patrick's Cathedral was described by [[CNN]] in 2020 as being an "essential part of New York City's architectural heritage".<ref>{{cite web|last=Brown|first=Forrest|date=February 17, 2020|title=20 famous buildings in New York City - CNN Style|url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/famous-buildings-new-york-city/index.html|access-date=June 29, 2021|website=CNN}}</ref> The cathedral serves as the seat for the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York]] and as a [[parish church]] for the archdiocese within [[Manhattan]].<ref>{{cite web|date=January 20, 2020|title=Our Parishes|url=https://archny.org/our-parishes/|access-date=June 29, 2021|website=Archdiocese of New York}}</ref> Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, over five million people visited the cathedral each year.<ref name=nyt20200719/> |
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[[File:Detail of the facade of St Patrick's Cathedral in New York City.JPG|thumb|upright|Detail of the entrance (October 2007)]] |
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[[File:NYC - Top of the Rock - view of St. Patrick's Cathedral - panoramio.jpg|thumb|upright|View from [[Rockefeller Center]] (2016)]] |
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With the addition to the music staff of [[Pietro Yon]] in 1927, plans were initiated to replace the organs. The firm of [[Kilgen|George Kilgen & Son]] of [[St. Louis]], Missouri, was engaged to build two new instruments according to designs which were heavily influenced by the cathedral's world-renowned organist. |
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The foundation stones are made of blue [[gneiss]] granite set within cement mortar.<ref name="NPS p. 2" /> The lowest horizontal [[Course (architecture)|course]] of the facade, as well as the lowest course under all the interior columns. is made of Dix Island granite from Maine.<ref name="sun18790525" /><ref name="Farley p. 155" /> The exterior is clad in marble quarried in [[Lee, Massachusetts]], and [[Pleasantville, New York]]. The main section of the cathedral is made of [[Tuckahoe marble]].<ref name="Farley p. 155" /><ref>{{cite journal|author=Kaese|first=Diane S.|last2=Lynch|first2=Michael F.|date=Autumn 2008|title=Marble in (and Around) the City Its Origins and Use in Historic New York Buildings|url=http://www.nylandmarks.org/pdfs/CommonBond-22-2-Autumn2008.pdf|journal=Common Bond|volume=22|page=7|number=2}}</ref> Behind the marble blocks are walls made of brick and stone laid in rough masonry, with hollow gaps for ventilation. The blocks were so closely laid that, decades after the cathedral's completion, no cracks had formed in them.<ref name="NPS p. 5" /><ref name="Farley p. 155" /> The side walls are between {{Convert|3|and|4|ft}} thick, and the [[clerestory]] walls above the nave are 3 feet thick.<ref name="p553736058" /> Part of the interior is made of artificial Coignet stone.<ref name="sun18790525" /> The marble for the spires was sourced from [[Cockeysville, Maryland]],<ref>{{cite news|date=January 22, 1887|title=Baltimore County Marble: Building the Towers of St. Patrick's Cathedral with It|page=6|work=The Sun|location=Baltimore|id={{ProQuest|534962918}}}}</ref> and the roof has 343 [[finial]]s.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Barron|first=James|date=June 19, 2013|title=Spires at St. Patrick’s Cathedral, Cleaned Up, Come Back in View|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/19/nyregion/spires-at-st-patricks-cathedral-cleaned-up-come-back-in-view.html|access-date=June 25, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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During the building period it was determined that the Gallery would need to be extended to accommodate the new Gallery Organ. In the late 1920s, a concrete reinforced extension to the original Gallery was constructed. |
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There are 103 windows on the cathedral in total.<ref name="p572739957" /><ref name="p534434626" />{{efn|Some sources prior to the cathedral's expansion gave a figure of 70 windows.<ref name="p137886476" /><ref name="Farley p. 181" />}} The windows are glazed by two thicknesses of sash and glass, set {{Convert|2|in}} apart, to regulate interior temperatures and prevent air drafts. The exterior sashes are glazed with figured glass in lead sash, while the interior sashes are glazed with stained glass.<ref name="sun18790525" /><ref name="Farley p. 160" /> The windows of the clerestory were made by Morgan Brothers.<ref name="Farley p. 160" /> The cathedral had been constructed with 57 stained-glass windows: 37 representing scenes from Scripture and 20 representing geometrical shapes.<ref name="p137886476">{{cite news|date=November 23, 1884|title=An Imposing Edifice.: Interior and Exterior Views of St. Patrick's Cathedral, N.Y.|page=3|work=The Washington Post|issn=0190-8286|id={{ProQuest|137886476}}}}</ref><ref name="Farley p. 181">{{harvnb|Farley|1908|ps=.|p=181}}</ref> Forty-five of the original windows were manufactured by Nicholas Lorin and Henry Ely in France.<ref name="FWP p. 345">{{harvnb|Federal Writers' Project|1939|ps=.|page=345}}</ref> Other stained glass windows were added later.<ref name="p1322385806" /><ref name="nyt19540712" /> Renwick's original sketches show that the tracery near each window was designed with two grooves: one for stained glass and one for protective glazing.<ref name="Architect 2016" /> |
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The Chancel Organ was dedicated on January 30, 1928. It is encased in a carved oak screen ornamented with Gothic elements of design and symbolism. It had 1,480 pipes; located on the opposite side of the Ambulatory, diagonally across from the console. |
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=== Location and dimensions === |
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The Gallery Organ, dedicated on February 11, 1930, required three years to build at a cost of $250,000. It has one of the nation's most glorious wood facades. It was designed by Robert J. Reiley, consulting architect of the cathedral, and is adorned with angels and Latin inscriptions. It contained 7,855 pipes ranging in length from thirty-two feet to one-half inch. The longest pipes run horizontally across the North and South Triforia. |
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St. Patrick's Cathedral is in the [[Midtown Manhattan]] neighborhood of New York City. It takes up a full city block bounded by [[Fifth Avenue]] to the west, [[51st Street (Manhattan)|51st Street]] to the north, [[Madison Avenue]] to the east, and [[50th Street (Manhattan)|50th Street]] to the south. Clockwise from northwest, the cathedral is directly across from [[Olympic Tower]], [[11 East 51st Street]], and [[488 Madison Avenue]] to the north; the [[Villard Houses]] and [[Lotte New York Palace Hotel]] to the east; [[18 East 50th Street]] and the [[Saks Fifth Avenue flagship store]] to the south; and the [[International Building (Rockefeller Center)|International Building]] of [[Rockefeller Center]] to the west.<ref name="aia5" /> St. Patrick's is directly across from the [[Atlas (statue)|''Atlas'']] statue at the International Building.<ref>{{cite web|date=February 2, 2017|title=The Titan and the Dictator|url=https://www.nypl.org/blog/2017/02/02/titan-and-dictator|access-date=June 28, 2021|website=The New York Public Library}}</ref> |
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St. Patrick's is oriented west–east relative to the street grid and has a [[cruciform]] plan. From west to east, the cathedral contains a [[nave]]; [[transept]]s extending to the north and south; and a [[Chancel|sanctuary]] and [[apse]].<ref name="FWP p. 344" /><ref name="p553736058" /><ref name="sun18790525" /> The entire structure measures {{Convert|332|ft}} long as measured along the exterior buttresses. The cathedral is {{Convert|174|ft}} wide at the transepts.<ref name="Farley p. 154">{{harvnb|Farley|1908|ps=.|p=154}}</ref>{{Efn|Harper's gives a different measurement of {{convert|330|ft}} for the outside length and {{convert|172|ft}} for the width at the transept.<ref name="Harpers 1869" />}} The main facade is oriented west along Fifth Avenue, with two towers measuring {{Convert|32|ft}} wide<ref name="NPS p. 5" /><ref name="Farley p. 156" /> and {{Convert|329.5|ft}} tall,<ref name="McDonald 2015"/><ref name="popefrancisnyc"/>{{efn|name=height}} flanking a central section {{Convert|105|ft}} wide.<ref name="Farley p. 154" /> To the north and south are planted gardens,<ref name="Architect 2016" /> which contain ten manholes for the cathedral's subterranean geothermal system.<ref name="nyt20180314" /> The cathedral's total length is {{convert|396.7|ft|m}}.<ref name="McDonald 2015"/> |
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In the 1940s and 1950s tonal changes were made. In the 1970s and 1980s additional renovations were made by Jack Steinkampf of Yonkers, New York, particularly in the revoicing of flutes and reeds, and the addition of the Trompette en Chamade. |
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The cathedral's interior was designed to accommodate 14,000 seated guests or 19,000 total.<ref name="p534434626" /><ref name="Harpers 1869">{{cite journal|date=October 18, 1869|title=St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York|url=https://archive.org/details/harpersweeklyv13bonn/page/807/mode/2up|journal=Harper's Weekly|volume=13|page=808|access-date=June 24, 2021}}</ref> It has a seating capacity for about 2,400 congregants.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Breen|first=Virginia|date=March 15, 2020|title=‘An Eerie Quiet’ at NYC Churches as Clergy Cancel Services|url=https://www.thecity.nyc/coronavirus/2020/3/15/21210491/an-eerie-quiet-at-nyc-churches-as-clergy-cancel-services|access-date=June 29, 2021|website=THE CITY|language=en}}</ref> There are about 300 wooden [[Pew|pews]] ranging from {{Convert|10|to|20|ft}} wide.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hicks|first=Jennifer|date=June 16, 2014|title=New pews for St. Patrick's Cathedral|url=https://www.woodshopnews.com/features/new-pews-for-st-patricks-cathedral|access-date=June 29, 2021|website=Woodshop News}}</ref> The underground geothermal system consists of ten wells, each {{convert|2200|ft}} deep, which could concurrently send hot and cold air to separate sections of the cathedral. The system is capable of producing {{convert|3.2|e6BTU}} of heat and {{convert|2.9|e6BTU}} of air conditioning hourly.<ref name=nyt20180314/><ref name="The Architect’s Newspaper 2017" /> The geothermal system uses a computer to send cool or warm air based on thermostat readings. Heat and cool air are pumped through four water loops.<ref name="nyt20180314" /> |
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====Peragallo restoration==== |
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While [[John-Michael Caprio]] was music director in 1993, it was decided that the organs needed to undergo major restoration.<ref name=nyt-orgel>{{cite news|title=Eyes and Ears Rejoice At a Musical Renewal|first=Anthony|last= Tommasini|date=December 24, 1996|newspaper=[[New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/12/24/arts/eyes-and-ears-rejoice-at-a-musical-renewal.html|url-access=subscription|access-date=February 26, 2021}}</ref> The first and most essential part of the restoration project was to acquire new consoles for both the Gallery and Chancel Organs to replace the original ones which had deteriorated beyond repair. Twin five-manual consoles were constructed by Robert Turner of Hacienda Heights, California. Solid State Logic, Ltd. of England designed and engineered the combination action. The use of fiber-optic wiring enables both consoles to control the Gallery, Chancel and Nave Organs at the same time. Installation of the Gallery console was finished in time for Christmas Midnight Mass in 1993. The Chancel console was installed in early 1994. |
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=== Western facade === |
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For six weeks in January and February 1994, scaffolding filled the Gallery to provide access for wood craftsmen to begin the arduous process of cleaning, repairing, and oiling the hand-carved organ facade. Meanwhile, the [[Peragallo Pipe Organ Company]] of [[Paterson, New Jersey]], had been awarded the contract to clean and restore all of the pipework as well as the chests and wind systems. Their first task was to remove all the facade pipes for cleaning and refinishing. It was decided to return the pipework to its original zinc finish, only adding a protective coating to avoid oxidation in the future. After completing work on the facade, Peragallo moved to the interior of the instrument for the purpose of restoring the Great, Choir, Swell, Solo, String and Pedal divisions. The entire Chancel Organ was restored in 1995.<ref name=nyt-orgel /> Finally, the Echo Organ, situated in the triforium near the center crossing, underwent tonal modifications, making it more useful as the Nave Organ. The organ work was finished in 1997. |
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==== {{Anchor|Doors}} Central gable and doors ==== |
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The Organs were blessed on September 15, 2007, celebrating the 10th anniversary of their renovations and inaugurating the Bicentennial Concert Series with a performance James E. Goettsche, the Vatican Organist. |
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The central portion of the Fifth Avenue facade contains a {{Convert|156|ft|4=-tall|adj=mid}} [[gable]], which leads into the [[narthex]].<ref name="NPS p. 5" /><ref name="Farley p. 156">{{harvnb|Farley|1908|ps=.|p=156}}</ref><ref name="p137886476" /> The main entrance is an archway at the base of the gable, measuring {{Convert|31|ft}} wide and {{Convert|51|ft}} tall.<ref name="nyt18750824" /> The actual entrance portal is recessed about {{Convert|12|ft}} into the archway and contains the main doors.<ref name="p534434626" /><ref name="Farley p. 156" /> The top of the portal is slightly pointed, with carved [[spandrel]] panels on either side.<ref name="Farley p. 156" /> Above is a marble [[Transom (architecture)|transom]] bar as well as elaborate floral tracery.<ref name="nyt18750824" /><ref name="Farley p. 156" /> The portal is flanked by decorative [[jamb]]s, which in turn are topped by foliage [[Capital (architecture)|capitals]]. Atop the jambs are a set of [[buttress]]es, which converge to form [[Pointed arch (architecture)|pointed arches]].<ref name="Farley p. 156" /> A [[wikt:gablet|gablet]] rises over the main portal and contains tracery paneling and a shield bearing the arms of the Archdiocese of New York.<ref name="p534434626" /><ref name="Farley p. 156" /> |
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The main entrance originally contained a pair of square-headed marble doors.<ref name="Farley p. 156" /> The current [[bronze]] doors were designed by [[Charles Maginnis]] and sculpted by [[John Angel (sculptor)|John Angel]], and they were installed in 1949.<ref name="p1326903819" /><ref name="nyt19491224" /> Each door is {{convert|16.5|by|5.5|ft}} and weighs {{convert|9,200|lb|kg}}.<ref name="cbs2013" /><ref>{{cite web|date=August 14, 2013|title=NYC's St. Pat's cathedral gets restored doors|url=https://apnews.com/article/ed33bd767c0c44f18124b944c41c0a85|access-date=June 29, 2021|website=AP NEWS}}</ref> The main doors are generally kept open to welcome visitors; to save energy, a second set of glass [[Pocket door|pocket doors]] is installed directly behind.<ref name="Preservation Leadership Forum 2018">{{cite web|date=2018-11-26|title=Minimalist Glass Insertions to Improve and Preserve St. Patrick’s Cathedral|url=https://forum.savingplaces.org/blogs/special-contributor/2018/11/26/st-patricks-cathedral-preservation|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Preservation Leadership Forum|publisher=National Trust for Historic Preservation}}</ref> The main doors are decorated with [[relief]] sculptures representing three men and three women, with inscriptions indicating their significance to the cathedral and with particular focus on missionary work and assistance for migrants:<ref name="nyt19491224" /><ref name="Bergman 2001 p. 152">{{cite book|last=Bergman|first=Edward F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eN4A7rNCoScC&pg=PA152|title=The Spiritual Traveler: New York City : the Guide to Sacred Spaces and Peaceful Places|publisher=HiddenSpring|year=2001|isbn=978-1-58768-003-8|series=The Spiritual Traveler Series|page=152|access-date=June 29, 2021}}</ref>[[File:Bronze doors to Saint Patrick's Cathedral, New York, New York LCCN2011631248.tif|thumb|upright=0.9|The bronze doors of the cathedral, prior to restoration]] |
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The Organs consist of more than 9,000 pipes, 206 stops, 150 ranks and 10 divisions. |
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* [[Saint Joseph|St. Joseph]], "patron of the Church" (top left) |
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[[File:St. Patrick's Cathedral - NYC - Western Exterior Elevation Drawing - James Renwick, Architect.jpg|thumb|Exterior [[elevation drawing]] of the western facade, by [[James Renwick Jr.|James Renwick]], architect. ]] |
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* [[Saint Patrick|St. Patrick]], "patron of this Church" (top right) |
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* [[Isaac Jogues|St. Isaac Jogues]] Martyr, "first [Catholic] priest in New York" (middle left) |
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* [[Frances Xavier Cabrini|St. Frances X Cabrini]], "mother of the immigrant" (middle right) |
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* [[Kateri Tekakwitha|St. Kateri Tekakwitha]], "lily of the Mohawks" (bottom left) |
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* [[Elizabeth Ann Seton|Mother Elizabeth Seton]], "daughter of New York" (bottom right) |
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Above the central opening is a [[balustrade]] made of rich pierced tracery; it contains a row of niches, measuring {{Convert|7.5|ft}} high, for statues.<ref name="p534434626" /><ref name="Farley p. 156" /> These niches are decorated by columns with foliage capitals and gablets, with tracery and finials.<ref name="Stern (1999) p. 315" /><ref name="Diamonstein-Spielvogel 2011" /> The niches depict six [[archangel]]s: [[Michael (archangel)|Michael]], [[Gabriel]], [[Uriel]], [[Raphael (archangel)|Raphael]], [[Camael|Chamuel]], and [[Jophiel]].<ref name="nyt19470402" /> Above these niches is a [[rose window]], measuring {{Convert|26|ft}} in diameter and designed by [[Charles Connick]].<ref name="Stern (1999) p. 315" /><ref name="Diamonstein-Spielvogel 2011">{{cite landmarks|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=o8ym5NeiylkC&pg=PA195 194-195]}}</ref> The rose window is blue with red, green, white, and gold panels. The window depicts eight types of leaves at its center, as well as [[trefoil]]s with white doves.<ref name="nyt19470402" /> The main gable is carried up to the roof lines, terminating at a [[cornice]] with [[crockets]] that support a foliated cross.<ref name="Farley p. 157">{{harvnb|Farley|1908|ps=.|p=157}}</ref><ref name="Harpers 1869" /> On either side of the jambs of the central window are buttresses, terminated by pinnacles, and between these and the buttresses of the tower are rich Gothic panels, terminated by crocketed gablets.<ref name="Farley p. 157" /> |
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=== |
==== Towers ==== |
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The towers on either side of the central gable measure {{Convert|32|by|4=ft|32}} at the base and retain this square cross-section to a height of {{Convert|136|ft}}.<ref name="nyt18750824" /><ref name="p137886476" /><ref name="Farley p. 157" /> The walls of the towers along Fifth Avenue are {{Convert|12|to|14|ft}} thick.<ref name="p553736058" /> The ground story of the towers has portals similar in design to that at the center, but there are shields in the central panel of each gablet. The shield in the left tower has the [[Great Seal of the United States|arms of the United States]] and the shield in the right tower has the [[Coat of arms of New York|arms of New York]].<ref name="nyt18750824" /><ref name="Farley p. 157" /> The second story, at the same height as the rose window, has molded jambs and tracery and is topped by gablets with tracery. The third story has four small windows on each side, topped by a cornice and pierced [[battlement]]. The towers are flanked by massive buttresses decorated with tabernacles, and the tops of the towers' square portions have clustered pinnacles.<ref name="Farley p. 158">{{harvnb|Farley|1908|ps=.|p=158}}</ref> Above the square cross-sections are octagonal lanterns measuring {{Convert|54|ft}} tall.<ref name="nyt18750824" /><ref name="p137886476" /><ref name="Farley p. 158" /> Circular stone stairways and a chime of bells were installed in the towers.<ref name="Farley p. 158" /> |
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{| class=wikitable |
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! Name !! Title !! Years |
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The towers are topped by spires measuring {{Convert|140|ft}} high.<ref name="nyt18750824" /><ref name="p137886476" /><ref name="Farley p. 158" /> The spires are composed of two tiers with elaborate molding and tracery; the upper tier of each tower had a foliate finial above it.<ref name="Farley p. 158" /> The spires were also planned with octagonal cross-sections, tapering from a base measuring {{Convert|32|ft}} across to a pinnacle measuring {{Convert|2|ft}} across. Also planned within the spires were floors, constructed at intervals of {{Convert|20|ft}}.<ref name="nyt18850925" /> |
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===Nave=== |
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[[File:St Patricks Cathedral 4 (6214151407).jpg|thumb|Stained glass example]] |
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The nave is about {{Convert|164|ft}} long as measured from the Fifth Avenue facade.<ref name="sun18790525" /><ref name="Farley p. 161">{{harvnb|Farley|1908|ps=.|p=161}}</ref> It measures {{Convert|96|ft}} wide if chapels are not included, or around {{Convert|120|ft}} wide if the chapels in the side aisles are included.<ref name="sun18790525" /><ref name="Farley p. 161" /> The nave consists of a center aisle and two side aisles running west–east. The center aisle is {{Convert|48|ft}} wide and {{Convert|112|ft}} high while the side aisles are {{Convert|24|ft}} wide and {{Convert|54|ft}} high.<ref name="Farley p. 155" /><ref name="nyt18750824" /> Internally, the nave is divided into seven bays from west to east. The westernmost bay is part of the towers along Fifth Avenue and the easternmost bay is part of the transept. The westernmost bay is {{Convert|26|ft}} wide and the other bays are {{Convert|23|ft}} wide.<ref name="sun18790525" /><ref name="Farley p. 161" /> Just inside the entrances within the westernmost bay are [[Bust (sculpture)|busts]] of [[Pope Francis]], [[Pope Benedict XVI]], [[Pope John Paul II]], and [[Pope Paul VI]], all of whom have previously visited the cathedral.<ref>{{cite web|last=Stoltz|first=Marsha A.|date=November 21, 2018|title=Saddle River sculptor's bronze pope busts installed at St. Patrick's Cathedral|url=https://www.northjersey.com/story/news/bergen/saddle-river/2018/11/21/saddle-river-nj-sculptors-four-papal-images-installed-st-patricks/2068494002/|access-date=June 29, 2021|website=USA Today}}</ref> |
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Thirty-two white marble columns divide the center and side aisles.<ref name="Farley p. 154" /> The marble columns are {{Convert|5|ft}} in diameter and are set up in sections weighing {{Convert|8|ST|LT t}} each.<ref name="p572739957" /> Each column consists of multiple smaller columns: four at the corners, measuring {{Convert|12|in}} in diameter, and eight surrounding the central shaft, measuring {{Convert|6|in}} in diameter. The columns are {{Convert|35|ft}} tall to the bottom of the arches that support the nave's ceiling. Above the center aisle is a series of [[groin vault]]s supported by molded ribs, with foliate bosses at the intersection of each vault.<ref name="sun18790525" /><ref>{{harvnb|Farley|1908|ps=.|pp=161–162}}</ref> The ceiling has holes with diameters of {{Convert|1.5|in}}; ropes could be threaded through these holes to allow repairs and cleaning.<ref name="Farley p. 162">{{harvnb|Farley|1908|ps=.|p=162}}</ref> The side aisles are similar to those at [[Saint-Ouen Abbey, Rouen]], while the columns and ceiling are similar to British models such as [[Westminster Abbey]].<ref name="FWP p. 344" /> |
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[[File:500 PATRICK V 5537 best.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Looking east from the nave toward the altar in the sanctuary]] |
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The northern and southern facades are divided into five [[Bay (architecture)|bays]], with [[buttress]]es and pinnacles between each bay. The lower section of each bay contains an arched window measuring {{Convert|13.5|ft}} wide and {{Convert|27|ft}} wide. [[Mullion]]s divide each of these windows vertically into three sections, and the top of each window has tracery.<ref name="Farley p. 158" /> Above these windows is the [[triforium]], which is {{Convert|56|ft}} above the nave floor.<ref>{{harvnb|Federal Writers' Project|1939|ps=.|pages=344–345}}</ref> Four arches on either side of the nave support the triforium, which is {{Convert|16|ft}} tall. The [[clerestory]] level of the nave rises for {{Convert|38|ft}} above the triforium and contains six bays. Each clerestory window is {{Convert|14.5|ft}} wide and {{Convert|26|ft}} high.<ref name="sun18790525" /><ref name="Farley p. 162" /> The top of the clerestory is {{Convert|104|ft}} above ground.<ref name="Farley p. 159">{{harvnb|Farley|1908|ps=.|p=159}}</ref> |
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There are twelve chapels in the side aisles.<ref name="Lafort p. 306">{{harvnb|Lafort|1914|ps=.|p=306}}</ref> Located under the side aisles' windowsills, the chapels each measure {{Convert|14|ft}} wide and {{Convert|18|ft}} high.<ref name="sun18790525" /><ref name="Farley p. 161" /> The chapels have similar vaulted ceilings to the nave,<ref name="sun18790525" /> and each has its their own altars.<ref name="p572797988" /><ref name="FWP p. 345" /> On the northern side-aisle is a dark-wood [[baptistery]] on a marble podium,<ref name="FWP p. 345" /> The baptistery was designed by [[John La Farge]].<ref name="Untapped New York 2015" /> The chapels include one for [[Bernard degli Uberti|St. Bernard]] and [[Brigid of Kildare|St. Bridget]].<ref name="FWP p. 345" /> Among the altars are those for [[Elizabeth (biblical figure)|Saint Elizabeth]], designed by Roman artist Paolo Medici; a Saint [[Jean-Baptiste de La Salle]] altar, sculpted by Dominic Borgia; and the [[Louis IX of France|Saint Louis]] and the [[Saint Michael]] altars, designed by [[Tiffany & Co.]]<ref>{{cite book | last=Snodgrass | first=M.E. | title=Religious Sites in America: A Dictionary | publisher=ABC-CLIO | year=2000 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4DgYAQAAIAAJ | page=356}}</ref> |
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=== Transepts === |
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The transepts measure {{Convert|144|ft}} from north to south.<ref name="sun18790525" /><ref name="Farley p. 161" /> The transepts contain entrances facing north on 51st Street and south on 50th Street. These entrances are similar in design to the central gable on Fifth Avenue.<ref name="Farley p. 159" /> As planned, the transept doorways were to measure {{Convert|26|ft}} wide and {{Convert|43|ft}} high.<ref name="Harpers 1869" /> The large transept window over the 50th Street door represents St. Patrick, while that over the 51st Street door represents the [[Immaculate Conception]].<ref name="p572669032" /><ref>{{harvnb|Farley|1908|ps=.|pp=182–185}}</ref> The transept windows measure {{Convert|28|ft}} wide by {{Convert|58|ft}} tall and are divided by mullions into six vertical sections.<ref name="p572669032" /><ref name="Farley p. 159" /> Over each transept window rises a paneled gablet. A row of niches crosses each of the transepts' facades at the [[Eaves|eave]] line. Above this, each facade has a gable with pinnacles and pierced battlements, which in turn is topped by an octagonal pinnacle and foliated cross.<ref name="Farley p. 159" /> |
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On both sides of either entrance are tall windows. The windows are similar in design to those on the side aisles of the nave.<ref name="Farley p. 159" /> The side windows depict the [[Four Evangelists]].<ref name="p572739957" /> These windows are flanked by octagonal buttresses, which contain spiral stairs leading to the triforium and roofs.<ref name="Farley p. 159" /> The roof at the intersection of the nave and transept contains a central finial {{Convert|15|ft}} high, which is gilded and is decorated with foliage and flowers.<ref name="sun18790525" /><ref name="Farley p. 160" /> |
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Inside the transepts are the [[Stations of the Cross]], which are carved in stone and were manufactured by the [[Stoltzenberg Company]] in [[Roermond]], the Netherlands.<ref>{{Cite news|date=June 23, 1893|title=To Adorn the Cathedral.; Three of a Set of Stations of the Cross Finished -- Now in Chicago.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1893/06/23/archives/to-adorn-the-cathedral-three-of-a-set-of-stations-of-the-cross.html|access-date=June 29, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> There are five Stations of the Cross in total.<ref name="Farley pp. 177-178">{{harvnb|Farley|1908|ps=.|pp=177–178}}</ref> Three of them received prizes from the [[World's Columbian Exposition]] in 1893 before they were installed at the cathedral.<ref>{{cite book|last=Carthy|first=Margaret|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YAviAAAAMAAJ|title=A Cathedral of Suitable Magnificence: St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York|publisher=Michael Glazier|year=1984|isbn=978-0-89453-372-3|page=65}}</ref><ref name="Farley pp. 177-178" /> In 1908, bronze screens were installed at both transept entrances, measuring {{Convert|17|ft}} tall and {{Convert|14|ft}} wide. The bronze screens were designed so the transepts' wooden doors could open directly into them. Each screen had six wrought-bronze panels with ornamentation.<ref name="n80412644" /> The south transept contained the Altar of the [[Sacred Heart]], which was made of bronze and had an elaborate [[Church tabernacle|tabernacle]].<ref name="Farley p. 174">{{harvnb|Farley|1908|ps=.|p=174}}</ref> The north transept contained the [[Holy Family]] altar, made of white Carrara marble and dedicated in 1893.<ref name="p573922855" /><ref>{{harvnb|Farley|1908|ps=.|pp=174–175}}</ref> |
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=== Sanctuary === |
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[[File:St Patrick Cathedral Stained Glass.jpeg|thumb|Apsidal stained glass windows in the clerestory]] |
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The sanctuary floor is raised six steps above the floor of the nave, connected to it via a set of gray marble steps.<ref>{{harvnb|Farley|1908|ps=.|pp=162–163}}</ref> The sanctuary is {{Convert|95|ft}} long and measures {{Convert|124|ft}} wide.<ref name="sun18790525" /><ref name="p137886476" /><ref name="Farley p. 161" /> The roof is made of slate, though the clerestory roof has a metal cresting {{Convert|5.5|ft}} high.<ref name="Farley p. 160">{{harvnb|Farley|1908|ps=.|p=160}}</ref> There is a {{Convert|15|ft|4=-high|adj=mid}} cross at the east end of the roof, which has flowers and foliage ornaments.<ref name="sun18790525" /><ref name="Farley p. 160" /> |
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==== Ambulatory ==== |
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The [[ambulatory]], or side aisle of the sanctuary, is divided from west to east into three bays, similar to those in the nave. The [[apse]] has a convex polygonal wall with five bays, which are divided by buttresses with pinnacles.<ref name="Farley p. 159" /> Each bay of the apse has a window {{Convert|14.5|ft}} wide and {{Convert|26|ft}} high. The windows are divided by mullions into four vertical sections; they are surmounted by paneled gablets with traceries. The walls between the gablets and pinnacles are finished by pierced battlements.<ref name="Farley p. 160" /> The south ambulatory has a marble ''[[Pietà]]'' sculpture designed by [[William Ordway Partridge]]<ref name="Bergman 2001 p. 152" /> and completed in 1905.<ref>{{cite book|last=Searl|first=M.B.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EQFNEOEh0I8C&pg=PA181|title=Seeing America: Painting and Sculpture from the Collection of the Memorial Art Gallery of the University of Rochester|publisher=University of Rochester Press|year=2006|isbn=978-1-58046-246-4|page=181}}</ref> The south ambulatory also contains St. Joseph's Altar, which is made of bronze and mosaic.<ref>{{harvnb|Farley|1908|ps=.|p=175}}</ref> The first four Cardinals' ''[[galero]]s'',{{Efn|Those belonging to [[John McCloskey]], [[John Murphy Farley]], [[Patrick Joseph Hayes]], and [[Francis Spellman]].<ref name="nyt19680103" />}} or brimmed red felt hats, are mounted at the back of the sanctuary;<ref name="nyt19680103">{{Cite news|date=January 3, 1968|title=Cardinal Spellman's Red Hat Hangs in St. Patrick's|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1968/01/03/archives/cardinal-spellmans-red-hat-hangs-in-st-patricks.html|access-date=June 29, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> the Catholic Church stopped issuing galeros to its cardinals in 1969.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Timothy Michael Cardinal Dolan|date=2012|title=A Cardinal’s Coat of Arms|url=https://saintpatrickscathedral.org/documents/2015/2/cathedra_vol1Issue1.pdf|journal=Cathedra|volume=1|issue=1|pages=3|access-date=June 29, 2021}}</ref> |
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There are eleven windows on the sanctuary's clerestory, of which six represent sacrifice (three each on the north and south sides).<ref name="Farley pp. 185-186">{{harvnb|Farley|1908|ps=.|pp=185–186}}</ref> The three windows on the north side represent the sacrifices of [[Abel]], [[Noah|Noe]], and [[Melchizedek|Melchisedech]], while the three on the south side represent the sacrifices of [[Abraham]], the [[Passover sacrifice|Paschal Lamb]], and the Mount of [[Calvary]].<ref name="sun18790525" /><ref>{{harvnb|Farley|1908|ps=.|pp=186–190}}</ref> The five windows on the convex portion of the apse represent subjects from the history of the Lord.<ref name="Farley pp. 185-186" /> The apsidal windows represent the [[Lazarus of Bethany|resurrection of Lazarus]], the communion of [[John the Apostle|St. John]], the [[resurrection of Jesus]], the giving of the keys of heaven to [[Saint Peter|St. Peter]], and Jesus meeting the [[Disciple (Christianity)|disciples]] going to [[Emmaus]].<ref name="sun18790525" /><ref>{{harvnb|Farley|1908|ps=.|pp=190–192}}</ref> |
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==== Chancel and high altar ==== |
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The original [[chancel]] and high altar, donated by Cardinal McCloskey,<ref name="Lafort p. 306" /> were three steps above the sanctuary floor and contained a platform of richly colored marble.<ref name="Farley p. 163" /><ref name="nydg1876">{{cite web|date=January 8, 1876|title=A Gorgeous Throne and Altar|url=https://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2011/New%20York%20NY%20Daily%20Graphic/New%20York%20NY%20Daily%20Graphic%201875%20Aug-Jan%201876%20Grayscale/New%20York%20NY%20Daily%20Graphic%201875%20Aug-Jan%201876%20Grayscale%20-%201112.pdf|access-date=January 1, 2021|work=New York Daily Graphic|page=537|via=fultonhistory.com}}</ref> The altar was made in Rome<ref name="Lafort p. 306" /><ref name="nydg1876" /> and designed in the [[Italian Gothic architecture|Italian Gothic]] style.<ref name="nyt18750507">{{Cite news|date=May 7, 1875|title=The Altar for the New-York Cathedral.|language=en-US|page=9|work=The New York Times|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1875/05/07/79085419.pdf|access-date=June 25, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Farley p. 173">{{harvnb|Farley|1908|ps=.|p=173}}</ref> The altar steps intersected a marble tabernacle inlaid with precious stones and mosaics.<ref name="nydg1876" /><ref name="Farley p. 173" /> Three bas-reliefs on the sides and front of the altar were carved in white marble.<ref name="p137886476" /><ref name="nyt18750507" /> The archbishop's pulpit, on the north side of the altar, was made of wood.<ref name="FWP p. 345" /> In 1885, a Gothic-style octagonal [[pulpit]] was installed at the south side of the high altar. Weighing {{Convert|16|ST|LT t}} and measuring {{Convert|14|ft}} tall, the pulpit was made mostly of Carrara marble, except for six supporting pillars, which were made of Vienna marble.<ref name="p493444104" /> A heavy marble balustrade with carved panels surrounded the main pulpit, which itself was accessed by six marble steps.<ref name="p493444104" /><ref>{{harvnb|Federal Writers' Project|1939|ps=.|pages=345–346}}</ref> The altar was compared to a [[wedding cake]] when it was first consecrated.<ref name="p1322000127" /> In 1930, a {{Convert|50|ft|4=-long|adj=mid}} marble altar rail was designed by Robert J. Reiley and installed in front of the altar. The rail had carvings of saints.<ref name="nyt19300907" /> |
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At the rear of the original high altar was a [[stylobate]] with a [[reredos]], or altar screen, measuring {{Convert|30|ft}} long and {{Convert|10|ft}} high.<ref name="nydg1876" /> The clergy of the Archdiocese of New York gifted the altar screen,<ref name="p572797988" /><ref name="Lafort p. 306" /> which was carved from Poitiers stone in France.<ref name="p572797988" /> The reredos was divided vertically into five parts: a central portion measuring {{Convert|6|ft}} wide, flanked on either side by panels measuring {{Convert|7.5|ft}} and {{Convert|4.5|ft}} wide. The base of the reredos was made of white marble, inlaid with alabaster and decorated with a bas-relief on each side. The reredos was topped by three towers, one at the center and one on each extreme end. The center tower ascended {{Convert|48|ft}} above the sanctuary floor while the corner towers ascended {{Convert|18.5|ft}} above the sanctuary floor.<ref name="nydg1876" /> The center spire had a statue of [[Jesus|Christ]], while the other spires had statues of [[Saint Peter|St. Peter]] and [[Paul the Apostle|St. Paul]].<ref name="p572797988" /><ref name="nydg1876" /> Between the towers were placed six niches with angels, three on either side of the center spire.<ref name="nydg1876" /> |
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In 1942, the original high altar was removed from St. Patrick's Cathedral and consecrated at [[Fordham University Church]] in [[the Bronx]].<ref>{{cite news|date=December 19, 1942|title=Fordham Altar Consecrated on Campus Today: Archbishop Spellman Will Lead Church Ceremony at University at 9 A. M Fordham Altar To Be Consecrated Today|page=11|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1267951454}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=December 20, 1942|title=Consecration of Altar at Fordham University|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1942/12/20/archives/consecration-of-altar-at-fordham-university.html|access-date=June 27, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> It was replaced with the current high altar, which is made of gray-white Italian marble and topped by a bronze [[baldachin]].<ref name="p1256783923" /><ref name="nyt19420510" /> [[Maginnis & Walsh]] designed the high altar. It lacks a tabernacle and a reredos, similarly to other high altars in cathedrals. The altar table measures {{Convert|4|ft}} deep and about {{Convert|12|ft}} long. The baldachin is supported by four [[Pier (architecture)|piers]]; it slopes upward to a pinnacle with a statue of [[Christ the King]]. The statue is flanked by smaller pinnacles with angelic figures.<ref name="p1259332051" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=March 1, 1942|title=Cathedral to Use New Altar May 13; First Solemn Pontifical Mass Will Be Celebrated Then, Archbishop Reveals|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1942/03/01/archives/cathedral-to-use-new-altar-may-13-first-solemn-pontifical-mass-will.html|access-date=June 27, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The pulpit is along the south (right) side of the right altar.<ref name="Bergman 2001 p. 152" /><!-- The altar was further renovated in the 1980s under Cardinal O'Connor. A stone altar was built from sections of the side altars and added to the middle of the sanctuary, but it was removed in 2013. --> |
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===Crypt=== |
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Under the high altar is a [[crypt]] in which notable Catholic figures that served the Archdiocese of New York are [[tomb|entombed]]. It is accessed by a set of doors behind the high altar.<ref name="Schroder 2017">{{cite web|last=Schroder|first=Jessa|date=January 28, 2017|title=Hidden secrets of NYC's St. Patrick's Cathedral, which include an underground crypt and 9/11 graffiti markings |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/hidden-secrets-nyc-renowned-st-patrick-cathedral-article-1.2957515|access-date=June 27, 2021|website=New York Daily News}}</ref> Originally, the entrance to the crypt was hidden by a heavy stone slab that required six people to lift. A stone staircase descended to a vault behind a set of slate doors.<ref name="nyt18960802" /> Large bronze letters with the names of those buried in the crypt are inscribed in the crypt doors.<ref>{{cite news|date=April 15, 1940|title=Mass to Memorialize Mgr. Lavelle Wednesday: Monthly Service Will Be Held at St. Patrick's|page=9A|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1320019967}}}}</ref> The crypt is about {{convert|21|ft}} long and {{convert|10|ft}} high, with a width of {{convert|10|ft}} between the rows of coffins on either side. The crypt is square in plan except for a ventilating pipe at the southeast corner.<ref name="nyt18960802">{{Cite news|date=August 2, 1896|title=Tombs Under the City; Catacombs for the Dead Beneath Several Churches.|language=en-US|page=20|work=The New York Times|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1896/08/02/103380090.pdf|access-date=June 27, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> It has space to bury either 24<ref>{{Cite news|date=October 16, 1885|title=The Cardinal's Funeral: Impressive Services Held at the Cathedral.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1885/10/16/archives/the-cardinals-funeral-impressive-services-held-at-the-cathedral.html|access-date=June 27, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> or 42 people.<ref name="Farley p. 174" /><ref name="nyt18960802" /> |
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The crypt's interments include all nine past [[List of Roman Catholic archbishops of New York|deceased Archbishops of New York]]: |
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{{div col|colwidth=30em}} |
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* [[John Joseph Hughes]] (Archbishop, 1850–1864; interred 1883)<ref>{{Cite news|date=January 31, 1883|title=Finally Laid at Rest: Services Over the Remains of Archbishop Hughes.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1883/01/31/archives/finally-laid-at-rest-services-over-the-remains-of-archbishop-hughes.html|access-date=June 27, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=January 31, 1883|title=New York News: Funeral of Archbishop Hughes Slade and Sullivan Fox and Harding Arrested Railroad Directors Chosen|page=3|work=The Hartford Courant|id={{ProQuest|552853964}}}}</ref> |
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* [[John McCloskey]] (Archbishop, 1864–1885; interred 1885)<ref>{{Cite news|date=October 15, 1885|title=Thousands Turned Away; Great Crowds Gather to View the Dead Cardinal's Body. Men and Women Climb Over Fences to Rear Doors of the Episcopal Residences to Obtain Tickets.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1885/10/15/archives/thousands-turned-away-great-crowds-gather-to-view-the-dead.html|access-date=June 27, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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* [[Michael Augustine Corrigan]] (Archbishop, 1885–1902; interred 1902)<ref>{{Cite news|date=May 8, 1902|title=Leo XIII. Mourns for Mgr. Corrigan; Cardinal Rampolla Sends the Message of the Pope|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1902/05/08/archives/leo-xiii-mourns-for-mgr-corrigan-cardinal-rampolla-sends-the.html|access-date=June 27, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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* [[John Murphy Farley]] (Archbishop, 1902–1918; interred 1918)<ref>{{Cite news|date=September 25, 1918|title=Entomb Cardinal in the Cathedral; Paying the Final Tribute to Cardinal Farley|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1918/09/25/archives/entomb-cardinal-in-the-cathedral-paying-the-final-tribute-to.html|access-date=June 27, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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* [[Patrick Joseph Hayes]] (Archbishop, 1919–1938; interred 1938)<ref>{{cite news|date=September 10, 1938|title=350 See Cardinal Hayes Buried Under Altar Steps of Cathedral: Apostolic Delegate Performs Blessing at Service in Vault|page=10A|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1244523365}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=September 10, 1938|title=Cardinal Buried as Church and City Pay Last Homage; 74 Prelates With High Public Officials Attend Solemn Rites in Cathedral|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1938/09/10/archives/cardinal-buried-as-church-and-city-pay-last-homage-74-prelates-with.html|access-date=June 27, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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* [[Francis Joseph Spellman]] (Archbishop, 1939–1967; interred 1967)<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hofmann|first=Paul|date=December 4, 1967|title=Thousands Mourn Spellman at St. Patrick's; Throngs of Mourners Pass Cardinal Spellman's Bier at St. Patrick's Cathedral|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1967/12/04/archives/thousands-mourn-spellman-at-st-patricks-throngs-of-mourners-pass.html|access-date=June 27, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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* [[Terence James Cooke]] (Archbishop, 1968–1983; interred 1983)<ref>{{cite news|date=October 11, 1983|title=Cardinal Cooke, 'Priest's Priest,' Buried at St. Patrick's Cathedral|page=A4|work=The Hartford Courant|id={{ProQuest|547055899}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Bell|first=Charles W.|date=October 8, 1983|title=Austere goodby to Cooke|pages=131|work=New York Daily News|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80376361/austere-goodby-to-cooke/|access-date=June 27, 2021}}</ref> |
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* [[John Joseph O'Connor]] (Archbishop, 1984–2000; interred 2000)<ref>{{Cite news|last=Howell|first=Ron|date=May 10, 2000|title=Stream of Tourists at St. Patrick's|pages=29|work=Newsday|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80375104/stream-of-tourists-at-st-patricks/|access-date=June 27, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=McCarthy|first=Hanna Rosin; Colman|date=May 4, 2000|title=Cardinal John J. O'Connor Dies|language=en-US|work=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2000/05/04/cardinal-john-j-oconnor-dies/bfb9085a-e178-41c7-a497-eb8717032a8a/|access-date=June 27, 2021|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> |
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* [[Edward Michael Egan]] (Archbishop, 2000–2009; interred 2015)<ref>{{Cite news|last=Schlossberg|first=Tatiana|date=March 9, 2015|title=Crypt at St. Patrick’s Cathedral Is Made Ready to Receive a Cardinal|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/09/nyregion/crypt-at-st-patricks-cathedral-is-made-ready-to-receive-a-cardinal.html|access-date=June 27, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Chicoine|first=Christie L.|date=March 11, 2015|title=Cardinal Egan Laid to Rest at St. Patrick’s Cathedral|url=https://www.cny.org/stories/cardinal-egan-laid-to-rest-at-st-patricks-cathedral,12375|access-date=June 27, 2021|website=Catholic New York}}</ref> |
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{{div col end}} |
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[[File:2016 St. Patrick's Cathedral - Manhattan 07.JPG|alt=|thumb|The bas relief above the main entrance in 2016]] |
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Other interments include: |
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* Michael J. Lavelle (Cathedral [[Apostolic rector|Rector]], 1887–1939, and [[Vicar General]]; interred 1939)<ref>{{cite news|date=October 23, 1939|title=Mission Sunday Pageant Given At St. Patrick's: Archbishop Thanks Public for Notes of Sympathy in Death of Mgr. Lavelle|page=16|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1252306613}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=October 22, 1939|title=Lavelle Is Buried in the Cathedral; Prelates of Catholic Church, Lesser Clergy and Prominent Laymen Attend Rites|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1939/10/22/archives/lavelle-is-buried-in-the-cathedral-prelates-of-catholic-church.html|access-date=June 27, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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* [[Joseph Francis Flannelly|Joseph F. Flannelly]] (Cathedral Rector, 1939–1969, and [[Auxiliary Bishop]], 1948–1969;<ref>{{Cite news|date=May 25, 1973|title=Joseph F. Flannelly, 78, Dies; Auxiliary Bishop of New York|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/05/25/archives/joseph-f-flannelly-78-dies-auxiliary-bishop-of-new-york-known-for.html|access-date=June 29, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> interred 1973)<ref name="nyt20000508">{{Cite news|last=Forero|first=Juan|date=May 8, 2000|title=For Cardinal's Funeral, Ancient Ritual and Vivid Spectacle|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/08/nyregion/death-cardinal-ritual-for-cardinal-s-funeral-ancient-ritual-vivid-spectacle.html|access-date=June 29, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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* [[John Joseph Maguire|John Maguire]] ([[Coadjutor bishop|Coadjutor Archbishop]], 1965–1980;<ref>{{Cite news|last=Steinfels|first=Peter|date=July 8, 1989|title=Archbishop John J. Maguire, 84, Longtime Spellman Aide, Is Dead|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/08/nyregion/archbishop-john-j-maguire-84-longtime-spellman-aide-is-dead.html|access-date=June 29, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=July 8, 1989|title=Archbishop John J. Maguire, 84, of New York|pages=15|work=Newsday|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80451100/archbishop-john-j-maguire-84-of-new/|access-date=June 29, 2021}}</ref> interred 1989)<ref name="nyt20000508" /> |
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* [[Pierre Toussaint]] (interred 1990)<ref name="nyt20000508" /> – at the time of his interment, the only Black person and Catholic [[layperson]] to be interred at the cathedral<ref>{{Cite news|last=English|first=Merle|date=August 29, 1999|title=In the Name of Sainthood|pages=241|work=Newsday|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80375837/in-the-name-of-sainthood/|access-date=June 27, 2021}}</ref> |
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[[Fulton J. Sheen]], Auxiliary Bishop of New York from 1951 to 1965 and later [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Rochester|Bishop of Rochester]], was interred in the crypt in 1979.<ref>{{Cite news|date=December 14, 1979|title=Sheen Rites at St. Patrick's|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/12/14/archives/sheen-rites-at-st-patricks.html|access-date=June 29, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> During the late 2010s, the Archdiocese of New York and his relatives were involved in a three-year court dispute to keep his remains at St. Patrick's Cathedral. On June 27, 2019, Sheen's remains were disinterred from St. Patrick's and transferred to [[Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Immaculate Conception (Peoria, Illinois)|St. Mary's Cathedral]] in [[Peoria, Illinois]], where he had been ordained.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kaergard|first=Chris|date=June 27, 2019|title=Archbishop Fulton Sheen's remains return to Peoria|newspaper=Peoria Journal-Star|location=Peoria|url=https://www.pjstar.com/news/20190627/archbishop-fulton-sheens-remains-return-to-peoria|access-date=June 27, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=June 27, 2019|title=Archbishop Sheen's remains moved to Illinois from NY church|url=https://apnews.com/article/84f61c377cd944fba57b010e21590948|access-date=June 29, 2021|website=AP NEWS}}</ref> |
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== Cathedral close == |
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=== Lady chapel === |
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[[File:St. Patricks Cathedral map in 1916, from- Bromley Manhattan Plate 078 publ. 1916 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Map of the cathedral close of St. Patrick's Cathedral in 1916. At right are depicted (from top to bottom) the rectory, Lady chapel, and archbishop's residence.]] |
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The Lady chapel, designed by Charles T. Mathews, is east of the apse, facing along Madison Avenue.<ref name="aia5" /> It was designed in a 13th-century Gothic style. The rear wall of the apse was partly removed in the first decade of the 20th century to allow the construction of an [[ambulatory]] around the choir's outer wall.<ref name="p570915451" /><ref name="nyt19000901" /> The removed section of the apse's wall became part of [[Our Lady of Lourdes Church (Manhattan)|Our Lady of Lourdes Church]] at that time.<ref>{{cite news|date=September 22, 1903|title=A Patchwork Church in New York|page=15|work=The Hartford Courant|id={{ProQuest|555169583}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite fromatoz|page=1}}</ref> The chapel was designed with a roof and [[Belfry (architecture)|belfry]] made of green bronze, as well as walls surrounded by statues. The walls of the chapel were designed to be plain at the bottom, becoming progressively more elaborately designed at the top.<ref name="p570915451" /><ref name="nyt19000901" /> Several [[gargoyle]]s were designed as decoration for the chapel's exterior.<ref>{{cite news|date=March 20, 1904|title=Gargoyles on Mediaeval and Modern Churches: How the Use of These Hideous Creatures Arose--to Be Employed on the Lady Chapel of St. Patrick's Roman Catholic Cathedral|page=C6|work=New-York Tribune|id={{ProQuest|571404242}}}}</ref> The chapel contains fifteen stained-glass windows depicting the mysteries of the [[rosary]], five each for glorious, joyful, and sorrowful scenes. The Lady chapel has nine tall windows, as well as two side chapels with three windows each.<ref name="nyt19300803" /> |
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The chapel is separated from the apse by a {{Convert|48|ft|4=-tall|adj=mid}} glass wall that rests on a {{Convert|23|ft|4=-wide|adj=mid}} glass beam. The glass wall is designed with a minimalist bronze frame.<ref name="Preservation Leadership Forum 2018" /><ref name="MBB Architects 2020">{{cite web|date=2020-01-16|title=St. Patrick's Cathedral Lady Chapel|url=https://www.mbbarch.com/work/st-patricks-cathedral-lady-chapel/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=MBB Architects}}</ref> The interior of the Lady chapel was designed with carved stonework. The original altar, dedicated to the [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Virgin Mary]], had a high carved reredos, a mosaic floor, and a blue color scheme.<ref name="p570915451" /><ref name="nyt19000901" /> The altar was replaced in 1942. The new altar is reached by three brown-marble steps. It consists of a white-marble reredos, an altar table with multicolored inlaid tiles, and a statue of the Lady on top.<ref name="p11263586673" /> Under the Lady chapel is a crypt for the Kelly family, which had paid for the chapel.<ref name="nyt19300803" /> |
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=== Rectory === |
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The rectory (originally the Vicar General's house<ref name="nyt18820126" />) is at the southwest corner with 51st Street, on the northeastern section of the [[cathedral close]].<ref name="aia5" /><ref name="FWP p. 346" /> It carries the address 460 Madison Avenue.<ref name="aia5" /> The Gothic-style building is three and a half stories high<ref name="NYCL-0267" /> and is clad with Tuckahoe stone and white marble.<ref name="nyt18820126" /><ref name="rer18820128" /> As designed, it covers a lot measuring {{Convert|54|by|47|ft}}. The basement was originally designed as the kitchen, laundry, and servants' quarters. The first floor had a hall clad with marble tiles; the reception and dining rooms were on the left and two parlors were on the right of the hall. The second and third floors were designed as bedrooms. White oak and black walnut was used throughout the building. The rectory had ceilings of {{Convert|14|ft}} on the first and second floors, {{Convert|12|ft}} on the third floor, and {{Convert|12|ft}} on the fourth.<ref name="nyt18820126" /> It had 30 rooms in total.<ref name="nyt19401210" /> |
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The rectory was substantially unchanged from its early-1880s construction until 1940. A new window was installed on the southern facade at ground level; new plumbing, electric wiring, an elevator, and a telephone switchboard were installed; and the curtains were replaced.<ref name="nyt19401210" /> The two first-floor parlors were converted into four offices and a waiting room, and the upper stories were divided into smaller bedrooms and studies.<ref name="p1320115412" /> The rectory retained some original design features such as its black-walnut [[fireplace mantel]]s.<ref name="nyt19401210" /> |
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In 1920, the rectory also hosted the marriage of [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]] and [[Zelda Fitzgerald]].<ref name="Schroder 2017" /> |
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=== Archbishop's house === |
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[[File:New York Archbishops Residence - Manhattan.JPG|thumb|Archbishop's Residence]] |
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The archbishop's house is at the northwest corner with 50th Street, occupying the southeastern section of the cathedral close.<ref name="aia5" /><ref name="FWP p. 346" /> It carries the address 452 Madison Avenue.<ref name="aia5" /> The archbishop's residence covers {{Convert|15000|ft2}}.<ref>{{cite web|last=Grunlund|first=Maura|date=May 8, 2015|title=South Shore churches pushed to keep St. John Neumann open|url=https://www.silive.com/specialreports/2015/05/landscape_wlisticle.html|access-date=June 29, 2021|website=silive}}</ref><ref name="CNN 2014">{{cite web|date=August 5, 2014|title=The lavish homes of American archbishops|url=http://www.cnn.com/interactive/2014/08/us/american-archbishops-lavish-homes/index.html|access-date=June 29, 2021|website=CNN}}</ref> The Gothic-style building is three and a half stories high and is also clad with white marble.<ref name="NYCL-0267" /> A plaque commemorating [[Pope Paul VI]]'s 1965 visit to the cathedral<ref>{{Cite web|last=Otis|first=Ginger Adams|date=September 19, 2015|title=Pope Paul VI’s 14-hour 1965 NYC visit marks first time a pontiff left Italy for the West|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/pope-paul-vi-spent-historic-14-hours-nyc-1965-article-1.2366685|url-status=live|access-date=June 29, 2021|website=New York Daily News}}</ref> is mounted on the facade.<ref>{{Cite news|date=December 16, 2000|title=25 blocks 25 stops|pages=44|work=The Journal News|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80511715/25-blocks-25-stops/|access-date=June 29, 2021}}</ref> |
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{{As of|2015}}, Cardinal Dolan shares the archbishop's house with three other priests.<ref name="CNN 2014" /> On the third floor is a chapel for [[John the Apostle]]. The right-side wall has a plaque measuring {{Convert|18|by|12|in}} with a [[holy water font]] made of silver. The [[Assumption of Mary]], flanked by [[Cherub|cherubs]], is depicted atop the holy water font. The font was given by Pope Paul VI to Cardinal Cooke in 1971.<ref>{{cite web|author=Edward Cardinal Egan|date=October 16, 2008|title=Blessed|url=https://archny.org/blessed/|access-date=June 29, 2021|website=Archdiocese of New York}}</ref> |
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==Staff== |
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{{As of|2021}}, Cardinal [[Timothy M. Dolan]] is the archbishop of St. Patrick's Cathedral,<ref>{{cite web | title=His Eminence, Timothy Cardinal Dolan | website=St. Patrick's Cathedral | date=February 23, 2009 | url=https://saintpatrickscathedral.org/his-eminence-timothy-cardinal-dolan | access-date=June 29, 2021}}</ref> having served in this position since 2009.<ref>{{cite news|date=February 23, 2009|work=[[Holy See]]|title=Rinuncia Dell'Arcivescovo Metropolita di New York (U.S.A.) e Nomina Del Successore|url=http://212.77.1.245/news_services/bulletin/news/23453.php?index=23453&lang=en|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228230852/http://212.77.1.245/news_services/bulletin/news/23453.php?index=23453&lang=en|archive-date=February 28, 2009}}</ref> [[Robert T. Ritchie]] has served as the rector<ref name="St. Patricks Cathedral Contact Us"/> since 2006.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Luo|first=Michael|date=March 2, 2006|title=For St. Patrick's New Rector, an Old Rite: Making Crosses of Ash|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/02/nyregion/for-st-patricks-new-rector-an-old-rite-making-crosses-of-ash.html|access-date=June 29, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In addition, Rev. Andrew King is the master of ceremonies, and Rev. Donald Haggerty, Rev. Arthur Golino, and Rev. Ed Dougherty are also on staff.<ref name="St. Patricks Cathedral Contact Us">{{cite web | title=Contact Us | website=St. Patrick's Cathedral | url=https://saintpatrickscathedral.org/contact-us | access-date=2021-06-30}}</ref> |
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The director of music is [[Jennifer Pascual]].<ref name="St. Patricks Cathedral Dr Pascual">{{Cite web|title=Dr. Jennifer Pascual|url=https://saintpatrickscathedral.org/people/dr-jennifer-pascual|access-date=June 29, 2021|website=St. Patrick's Cathedral|language=en}}</ref> The associate directors of music, who also serve as organists, are Daniel Brondel<ref>{{Cite web|title=Daniel Brondel|url=https://saintpatrickscathedral.org/people/daniel-brondel|access-date=June 29, 2021|website=St. Patrick's Cathedral|language=en}}</ref> and Michael Hey.<ref>{{cite web | title=Michael Hey | website=St. Patrick's Cathedral | url=https://saintpatrickscathedral.org/people/michael-hey | access-date=June 29, 2021}}</ref> In addition, Robert M. Evers is the Music Administrator and Programs Editor.<ref name="St. Patricks Cathedral Contact Us"/> |
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== Bells == |
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There are nineteen bells at St. Patrick's Cathedral.<ref name="St. Patricks Cathedral 1901">{{cite web|date=March 14, 1901|title=The Cathedral Bells|url=https://saintpatrickscathedral.org/the-bells-of-st-patricks-cathedral|access-date=June 25, 2021|website=St. Patrick's Cathedral}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJ1AAQAAMAAJ|title=Steel and Iron|publisher=National Iron and Steel Publishing Company|year=1901|page=403|issue=v. 68}}</ref> The bells were created by the firm of Messrs. Paccard in France and installed in 1897.<ref>{{cite news|date=July 12, 1897|title=One of the Finest.: St Patrick's Cathedral in New York to Have a Set of Chimes.|page=2|work=Boston Daily Globe|id={{ProQuest|498654646}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=July 18, 1897|title=New Bells for St. Patrick's Cathedral--Largest in the U.S.|pages=12|work=The World|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80349140/new-bells-for-st-patricks/|access-date=June 27, 2021}}</ref> They hang in the northern tower of St. Patrick's Cathedral {{Convert|180|ft}} above ground.<ref name="St. Patricks Cathedral 1901" /><ref name="Compressed Air p. 648">{{harvnb|''Compressed Air''|1898|ps=.|page=648}}</ref> Since there are fewer than 23 bells, the minimum needed to be able to ring two [[Octave|octaves]], they hang in a [[Chime (bell instrument)|chime]] instead of a [[carillon]]. A 1983 ''New York Times'' article reported that the chime was rung every day at 8 a.m., noon, and 6 p.m. Additionally, on Sundays, the chime was rung every 15 minutes between 10 a.m. and noon and every 15 minutes between 5 p.m. and 7 p.m.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pareles|first=Jon|date=1983-12-23|title=Church Bells: Tintinnabulation Around the City|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/12/23/arts/church-bells-tintinnabulation-around-the-city.html|access-date=2021-07-04|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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Originally, the bells were powered by a compressed air mechanism in the basement.<ref>{{harvnb|''Compressed Air''|1898|ps=.|pages=649–650}}</ref> Pressing a key on the keyboard in the sacristy would activate an electric signal, which in turn would release the compressed air to ring each bell.<ref>{{harvnb|''Compressed Air''|1898|ps=.|page=650}}</ref><ref name="nyt19010315">{{Cite news|date=March 15, 1901|title=Chimes Rung by New Method; Compressed Air and Electricity Set St. Patrick's Nineteen Bells Pealing.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1901/03/15/archives/chimes-rung-by-new-method-compressed-air-and-electricity-set-st.html|access-date=June 27, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> According to ''The New York Times'', St. Patrick's bells were the first to be operated by compressed air.<ref name="nyt19010315" /> Until 1952, the bells could also be rung using [[tracker action]]; the bell-ringer would pull a {{Convert|110|ft|4=-long|adj=mid}} rod between the [[lever]] and [[Clapper (musical instrument)|clapper]] of each bell.<ref name="St. Patricks Cathedral 1901" /> |
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Each of the bells was donated by a different person or organization. The name of the bell, its donor, and the figure of the crucifixion is carved on each respective bell.<ref name="nyt18970816" /> |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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|+ |
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! width="200" |Name |
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! width="50" |Tone |
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! width="200" |Approximate Weight{{Efn|Weight is rounded to the nearest pound according to St. Patrick's website.<ref name="St. Patricks Cathedral 1901" /> ''Compressed Air'' gives slightly different weight notations for all of these bells.<ref name="Compressed Air p. 648" />}} |
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!Donor<ref name="nyt18970816" /> |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Saint Patrick|St. Patrick]] |
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| William F. Pecher || Organist (and Director of Music) || 1879–1904 |
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|[[B♭ (musical note)|B♭]] |
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|{{convert|6608.|lb}} |
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|Congregation of St. Patrick's Cathedral |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Mary, mother of Jesus|Blessed Virgin]]{{efn|Also originally named Our Lady's<ref name="Compressed Air p. 648" />}} |
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| Jacques C. Ungerer || Assistant Organist and Director of Chancel Choir<br />Organist (and Director of Music) || 1893-1904<br />1904–1929 |
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|[[C (musical note)|C]] |
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|{{convert|4626.|lb}} |
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|John B. Manning |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Saint Joseph|St. Joseph]] |
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| [[Pietro Yon|Pietro A. Yon]] ||| Assistant Organist<br />Director of Music || 1927–1929 <br /> 1929–1943 |
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|[[D (musical note)|D]] |
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|{{convert|3260|lb}} |
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|Joseph J. O'Donohue |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Holy Name of Jesus|Holy Name]] |
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| Msgr. Joseph I. Rostagno || Vice-Director of Music || 1929–1935 |
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|[[E♭ (musical note)|E♭]] |
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|{{convert|2693|lb}} |
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|Holy Name Society |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Michael (archangel)|St. Michael]] |
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| Paolo Giaquinto || First Assistant Organist || 1930–1933 |
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|[[E (musical note)|E]] |
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|{{convert|2319|lb}} |
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|M. C. Coleman |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Saint Anne|St. Anne]] |
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| Edward Rivetti || Assistant Organist || 1933–1972 |
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|[[F (musical note)|F]] |
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|{{convert|1956|lb}} |
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|Henry McAleenan |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Elizabeth (biblical figure)|St. Elizabeth]] |
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| [[Charles M. Courboin|Dr. Charles M. Courboin]] || Director of Music || 1943–1970 |
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|[[G (musical note)|G]] |
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|{{convert|1357|lb}} |
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|Marquise di San Marzano |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Augustine of Hippo|St. Augustine of Hippo]] |
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| John Grady || Director of Music and Organist || 1970–1990 |
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|[[A♭ (musical note)|A♭]] |
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|{{convert|1163.|lb}} |
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|Augustin Daly |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Anthony of Padua|St. Anthony of Padua]] |
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| Donald Dumler || Associate Organist<br />Principal Organist<br />Principal Organist Emeritus || 1970–1990<br />1990–2014<br /> Named 2014 |
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|[[A (musical note)|A]] |
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|{{convert|971.|lb}} |
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|I. L. Fox |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Agnes of Rome|St. Agnes]] |
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| [[John-Michael Caprio]] || Director of Music || 1990–1997 |
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|[[B♭ (musical note)|B♭]] |
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|{{convert|802|lb}} |
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|Lydia Fox |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[John the Evangelist|St. John the Evangelist]] |
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| Alan Davis || Associate Organist || 1991–1995 |
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|[[B (musical note)|B]] |
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|{{convert|668.|lb}} |
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|John D. Crimmins |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Brigid of Kildare|St. Bridget]] |
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| Stephen J. Tharp || Associate Organist || 1995–1996 |
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|[[C (musical note)|C]] |
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|{{convert|574|lb}} |
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|Perry and Catherine I. Minister |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Francis Xavier|St. Francis Xavier]] |
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| Stanley H. Cox || Associate Organist || 1997–2007 |
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|[[C♯ (musical note)|C♯]] |
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|{{convert|476.|lb}} |
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|Congregation of [[St. Francis Xavier Church (Manhattan)|St. Francis Xavier Church]] |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Saint Peter|St. Peter]] |
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| John C. West || Interim Director of Music || 1997-1999 |
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|[[D (musical note)|D]] |
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|{{convert|402.|lb}} |
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|George B. Coleman |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Saint Cecilia|St. Cecilia]] |
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| Robert Long || Director of Music || 1999–2001 |
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|[[E♭ (musical note)|E♭]] |
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|{{convert|345|lb}} |
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|Mrs. Thomas I. Ryan |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Helena, mother of Constantine I|St. Helena]] |
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| Don Stefano Concordia || Director of Music || 2001 |
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|[[E (musical note)|E]] |
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|{{convert|286|lb}} |
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|Leonora and Agnes Keyes |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Alphonsus Liguori|St. Alphonsus Liguori]] |
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| Johannes Somary || Director of Music || 2001–2003 |
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|[[F (musical note)|F]] |
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|{{convert|241.|lb}} |
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|Mary A. Mills |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Thomas Aquinas|St. Thomas Aquinas]] |
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| [[Jennifer Pascual]] || Director of Music || 2003–present |
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|[[F♯ (musical note)|F♯]] |
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|{{convert|204|lb}} |
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|Thomas Kelly |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Godfrey of Amiens|St. Godfrey]] |
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| Christopher Berry || Assistant Organist ||2006–2007 |
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|[[G (musical note)|G]] |
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|- |
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|{{convert|173|lb}} |
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| Daniel Brondel || Assistant Organist<br />Associate Director of Music and Organist || 2007–2008<br />2008–present |
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|Children of Godfrey Amend |
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|- |
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| Stephen Fraser || Assistant Organist || 2008–2011 |
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|- |
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| Stephen Rapp || Assistant Organist || 2012–present |
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|- |
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| Michael Hey || Assistant Director of Music and Organist || 2015–present |
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|} |
|} |
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==Organs== |
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==Burials and funeral Masses== |
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St. Patrick's Cathedral has two [[pipe organ]]s with more than 9,000 pipes, 206 [[Organ stop|stops]], 150 ranks, and 10 divisions between them.<ref name="New York City 1927">{{cite web|date=August 1, 1927|title=Roman Catholic Cathedral of St. Patrick|url=http://www.nycago.org/Organs/NYC/html/StPatrickCath.html|access-date=June 29, 2021|website=New York City Chapter of the American Guild of Organists}}</ref> The two organs are the Gallery Organ, completed in 1930, and the Chancel Organ, completed in 1928; both were manufactured by [[Kilgen|George Kilgen & Son]]. Since the mid-1990s, the two organs have been able to operate as a single unit.<ref name="nyt-orgel" /><ref name="St. Patricks Cathedral Organs">{{cite web|title=The Cathedral Organs|url=https://saintpatrickscathedral.org/the-organs-of-st-patricks-cathedral|access-date=June 29, 2021|website=St. Patrick's Cathedral}}</ref> The two organs are controlled by twin 5-manual drawknob consoles and have 207 registers, 116 stops, and 142 ranks between them.<ref name="New York City 1927" /> |
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[[File:2016 St. Patrick's Cathedral - Manhattan 07.JPG|alt=|thumb|The bas relief above the main entrance into St. Patrick's Cathedral on Fifth Avenue in 2016]] |
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Located underneath the high altar is a [[crypt]] in which notable Catholic figures that served the Archdiocese are [[tomb|entombed]]. They include the nine past deceased Archbishops of New York: |
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{{div col|colwidth=30em}} |
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*[[John Joseph Hughes|Archbishop John Joseph Hughes]] (interred 1883) |
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*[[John McCloskey|John Cardinal McCloskey]] (interred 1885) |
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*[[Michael Augustine Corrigan|Archbishop Michael Augustine Corrigan]] (interred 1902) |
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*[[John Murphy Farley|John Murphy Cardinal Farley]] (interred 1918) |
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*[[Patrick Joseph Hayes|Patrick Joseph Cardinal Hayes]] (interred 1938) |
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*[[Francis Joseph Spellman|Francis Joseph Cardinal Spellman]] (interred 1967) |
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*[[Terence James Cooke|Terence James Cardinal Cooke]] (interred 1983) |
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*[[John Joseph O'Connor|John Joseph Cardinal O'Connor]] (interred 2000) |
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*[[Edward Michael Egan|Edward Michael Cardinal Egan]] (interred 2015) |
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{{div col end|2}} |
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Other interments include: |
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{{div col|colwidth=30em}} |
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*Michael J. Lavelle (Cathedral [[Apostolic rector|Rector]], 1887–1939, and [[Vicar General]]; interred 1939) |
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*[[Joseph Francis Flannelly|Joseph F. Flannelly]] (Cathedral Rector, 1939–1969, and [[Auxiliary Bishop]], 1948–1969; interred 1973) |
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*[[John Joseph Maguire|John Maguire]] ([[Coadjutor bishop|Coadjutor Archbishop]], 1965–1980; interred 1989) |
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*[[Pierre Toussaint]] (interred 1990) |
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{{div col end|2}} |
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The [[Chancel]] Organ is in the north ambulatory of the sanctuary, adjoining the Chapel of St. Joseph.<ref name="New York City 1927" /><ref name="St. Patricks Cathedral Organs" /> It originally had three manuals, which controlled four divisions. The Chancel Organ originally had 46 registers, 18 stops, and 18 ranks.<ref name="New York City 1927" /> There were 1,480 pipes, placed inside an oak case with Gothic-style carvings.<ref name="St. Patricks Cathedral Organs" /> The Gallery Organ is in the western part of the nave below the Fifth Avenue rose window, as well as in the triforium near the south transept.<ref name="New York City 1927" /><ref name="St. Patricks Cathedral Organs" /> The Gallery Organ had a four-manual stopkey console with 157 registers and 114 ranks.<ref name="New York City 1927" /> There were 7,855 pipes; the shortest measured {{Convert|0.5|in}} long and the longest, {{Convert|32|ft}} long, crossed the triforia.<ref name="St. Patricks Cathedral Organs" /> |
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Pierre Toussaint and Cardinal Cooke were declared to be [[Servant of God|servants of God]] by Pope John Paul II, a step in process of being declared a saint of the Catholic Church. Toussaint was declared [[venerable]] in 1996 by Pope John Paul II. |
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=== Organ history === |
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[[Fulton J. Sheen]], Auxiliary Bishop of New York from 1951 to 1965, and later [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Rochester|Bishop of Rochester]], was interred in the crypt from 1979 to 2019. The Archdiocese of New York lost a three-year court battle with his relatives to keep his remains there. On June 27, 2019, Sheen's remains were disinterred from St. Patrick's and transferred to [[Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Immaculate Conception (Peoria, Illinois)|St. Mary's Cathedral]] in [[Peoria, Illinois]].<ref name="Kaergard">{{cite news|url=https://www.pjstar.com/news/20190627/archbishop-fulton-sheens-remains-return-to-peoria|title=Archbishop Fulton Sheen's remains return to Peoria|newspaper=Peoria Journal-Star|location=Peoria|date=June 27, 2019|access-date=June 27, 2019|last=Kaergard|first=Chris}}</ref> Sheen had been raised in Peoria and he was ordained a priest there in 1919 for the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Peoria|Diocese of Peoria]], which has sponsored his cause for [[canonization]]. He was declared venerable by Pope Benedict XVI on June 28, 2012. |
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The first organ was built by George Jardine & Son and installed in 1879.<ref name="p137886476" /> It was composed of four manuals, 51 stops, and 56 ranks.<ref name="New York City 1927" /> In 1880, J.H. & C.S. Odell installed an organ in the chancel<ref name="p137886476" /> with 2 manuals, 20 stops and 23 ranks.<ref name="New York City 1927" /> |
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George Kilgen & Son designed the two current organs after [[Pietro Yon]] was hired to the music staff in the late 1920s.<ref name="New York City 1927" /><ref name="St. Patricks Cathedral Organs" /> The Chancel Organ was dedicated on January 30, 1928,<ref>{{Cite news|date=January 31, 1928|title=Music Dedicates St. Patrick's Organ; Opera Singers Join in Program at Ceremonies in the Cathedral|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1928/01/31/archives/music-dedicates-st-patricks-organ-opera-singers-join-in-program-at.html|access-date=June 29, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> while the Gallery Organ was dedicated on February 11, 1930.<ref>{{cite news|date=February 11, 1930|title=Cardinal Hayes Dedicates St. Patrick Organ Tonight: Ready for Dedication Services Tonight in St. Patrick's Cathedral|page=25|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1114014402}}}}</ref> Tonal modifications were made in the 1940s and 1950s, and additional renovations occurred in the 1970s and 1980s.<ref name="St. Patricks Cathedral Organs" /> In 1993, while [[John-Michael Caprio]] was music director, a major restoration of the organs commenced, and the old three-[[Manual (music)|manual]] consoles were replaced with twin five-manual consoles.<ref name="nyt-orgel" /> The [[Peragallo Pipe Organ Company]] removed the cathedral's organ for cleaning in early 1994.<ref>{{cite news|date=January 29, 1994|title=At St. Patrick's Cathedral, a Restoration to Benefit the Ears|page=1.21|work=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|id={{ProQuest|429426930}}}}</ref> The next year, the Chancel Organ was restored.<ref name="nyt-orgel" /> The restoration was completed after the Echo Organ in the triforium was restored.<ref name="St. Patricks Cathedral Organs" /> |
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Four of the Cardinals' ''[[galero]]s'' (those of Cardinals McCloskey, Farley, Hayes, and Spellman) are located high above the crypt at the back of the sanctuary. Cardinal Spellman's galero was also worn by [[Pope Pius XII]] (as Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli) until the latter's election to the papacy at the [[Papal conclave, 1939|1939 Papal conclave]]. In 1965, the ceremony of the [[papal consistory|consistory]] was revised by Pope Paul VI and therefore no galero was presented to Cardinal Cooke or any of his successors. |
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===Directors of music=== |
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Some notable people whose [[Requiem Mass]]es were said at the cathedral include [[New York Yankees]] greats [[Babe Ruth]], [[Roger Maris]], and [[Billy Martin]]; legendary football coach [[Vince Lombardi]], [[New York City Police Department]] officer [[Steven McDonald]], singer [[Celia Cruz]], entertainer and host [[Ed Sullivan]], actor and dancer [[George M. Cohan]], former Attorney General and [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]] from New York [[Robert F. Kennedy]], [[New York Giants]] owner [[Wellington Mara]], and former [[Governor of New York]] [[Hugh Carey]]. Special memorial Masses were also held at the cathedral following the deaths of artist [[Andy Warhol]], baseball player [[Joe DiMaggio]], and noted author [[William F. Buckley Jr.]] |
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In the first nine decades of St. Patrick's Cathedral's history, it only had four music directors.<ref name="St. Patricks Cathedral Organs" /><ref name=nyt19700831>{{Cite news|last=Phillips|first=McCandlish|date=1970-08-31|title=St. Patrick's Names Met Organist as Musical Director|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/08/31/archives/st-patricks-names-met-organist-as-musical-director.html|access-date=2021-07-07|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The first organist and director of music at the current St. Patrick's Cathedral was William F. Pecher, who had been hired at the Old Cathedral in 1862 and served at the current cathedral from 1879 to his death in 1904.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1904-02-23|title=Death of William F. Pecher; Veteran Organist of St. Patrick's Passes Away in Morristown.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1904/02/23/archives/death-of-william-f-pecher-veteran-organist-of-st-patricks-passes.html|access-date=2021-07-07|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=1904-02-23|title=William F. Pecher Dead: Organist of St. Patrick's Cathedral Expires in Morristown|pages=9|work=New-York Tribune|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80997746/william-f-pecher-dead-organist-of-st/|access-date=2021-07-07}}</ref> Afterward, Jacques C. Ungerer served as the director of music until 1929. He was succeeded by Pietro Yon, who at the time was an assistant director.<ref name="St. Patricks Cathedral Organs" /> When Yon suffered a stroke in 1943, [[Charles M. Courboin|Dr. Charles Marie Courboin]] was temporarily appointed to Yon's position.<ref name=p1289081384>{{cite news |id={{ProQuest|1289081384}} |title=Dr. Courboin To Be Organist At St. Patrick's: Will Fill Position. During Illness of Pietro Yon; Known for Concert Work New St. Patrick's Organist |date=2 Oct 1943 |page=6 |work=New York Herald Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=1943-10-02|title=Gets St. Patrick's Post; Dr. C.M. Courboin Is Named Organist During Yon's Illness|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1943/10/02/archives/gets-st-patricks-post-dr-cm-courboin-is-named-organist-during-yons.html|access-date=2021-07-07|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Yon died the same year<ref>{{Cite news|date=1943-11-23|title=Pietro Yon Dead; a Noted Organist; St. Patrick's Cathedral Music Director Since 1926 Had Played in the Vatican|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1943/11/23/archives/pietro-yon-dead-a-noted-or6anist-st-patricks-cathedral-music.html|access-date=2021-07-07|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and Courboin served as music director until 1970.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1973-04-14|title=Charles Courboin, Church Organist|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/04/14/archives/charles-courboin-church-organist.html|access-date=2021-07-07|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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The cathedral's fifth music director, John Grady, served as a music director and organist from 1970 to his death in 1990.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Cook|first=Joan|date=1990-09-30|title=John Grady, Leader Of Cathedral Music Since '70, Dies at 56|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/30/obituaries/john-grady-leader-of-cathedral-music-since-70-dies-at-56.html|access-date=2021-07-07|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Grady was succeeded by [[John-Michael Caprio]], who also served until his death, in 1997.<ref>{{cite book|first=Salvatore|last=Basile|title=Fifth Avenue Famous|publisher=[[Fordham University Press]]|location=New York City|year=2010|isbn=978-0-8232-3187-4|pages=291-292}}</ref> Four people served as directors over the following six years: John C. West (1997–1999), Robert Long (1999–2001), Don Stefano Concordia (2001), and Johannes Somary (2001–2003).<ref name="St. Patricks Cathedral Organs" /> Since 2003, [[Jennifer Pascual]] has served as the music director,<ref name="St. Patricks Cathedral Dr Pascual"/> being the first woman to hold this position.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jennifer Pascual|url=http://finalnotemagazine.com/articles/jennifer-pascual/|access-date=2021-07-07|website=Final Note Magazine|language=en-GB|first=Emer|last=Nestor|date=June 2015}}</ref> |
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==Landmark designations== |
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[[File:St. Patricks Cathedral map in 1916, from- Bromley Manhattan Plate 078 publ. 1916 (cropped).jpg|thumb|St. Patricks Cathedral map in 1916]] |
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==Funeral Masses== |
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The cathedral and associated buildings were listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] and declared a [[National Historic Landmark]] in 1976.<ref name="nrhpinv"/><ref name="nhlsum">[http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1646&ResourceType=Building St. Patrick's Cathedral, Lady Chapel, Rectory and Cardinal's Residence] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022095626/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1646&ResourceType=Building |date=October 22, 2007 }}. National Historic Landmark summary listing, September 18, 2007. National Park Service.</ref><ref name="nrhpphotos">{{NHLS url|id=76001250|title=St. Patrick's Cathedral, Lady Chapel, Rectory, and Cardinal's Residence.|photos=y}} National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination. August 1976. National Park Service.</ref> In addition, in 1966, the [[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] designated the cathedral as a New York City Landmark.<ref name="NYCL-0267">{{cite web|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0267.pdf|title=Saint Patrick's Cathedral Complex|date=October 19, 1966|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]|access-date=July 28, 2019}}</ref> |
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Notable people whose [[Requiem Mass]]es were said at the cathedral include: |
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* [[Hugh Carey]], former [[Governor of New York]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Kramer|first=Marcia|date=August 11, 2011|title=Funeral Services Held At St. Patrick's Cathedral For Former NY Gov. Hugh Carey|url=https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2011/08/11/funeral-services-set-for-former-ny-gov-hugh-carey/|access-date=June 29, 2021|website=CBS New York}}</ref> |
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* [[George M. Cohan]], actor and dancer<ref>{{cite news|date=November 8, 1942|title=10,000 Attend Cohan Funeral In St. Patrick's: Cathedral Is Crowded With Actor's Friends, From Governor to Stagebands|page=42|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1263687453}}}}</ref> |
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* [[Celia Cruz]], singer<ref>{{Cite news|last=Elliott|first=Andrea|date=July 21, 2003|title=Salsa Fans Ache to Say Farewell to Their Queen, Celia Cruz|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/21/nyregion/salsa-fans-ache-to-say-farewell-to-their-queen-celia-cruz.html|access-date=June 29, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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* [[Robert F. Kennedy]], former Attorney General and [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]] from New York<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lissner|first=Will|date=June 8, 1968|title=More Than 2,000 Are Invited to Attend Requiem Mass for Kennedy at St. Patrick's|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1968/06/08/archives/more-than-2000-are-invited-to-attend-requiem-mass-for-kennedy-at-st.html|access-date=June 29, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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* [[Vince Lombardi]], football coach<ref>{{Cite news|last=Anderson|first=Dave|date=September 8, 1970|title=Cardinal Celebrates Funeral Mass for Lombardi|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/09/08/archives/cardinal-celebrates-funeral-mass-for-lombardi.html|access-date=June 29, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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* [[Wellington Mara]], [[New York Giants]] owner<ref>{{Cite news|last=Glauber|first=Bob|date=October 29, 2005|title=A giant of a man remembered, About 2,000 pay their respects to Mr. Mara|pages=34|work=Newsday|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80504270/a-giant-of-a-man-remembered-about/|access-date=June 29, 2021}}</ref> |
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* [[Roger Maris]], player for the [[New York Yankees]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Berkow|first=Ira|date=December 24, 1985|title=St. Patrick's Filled To Honor a Slugger|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/24/sports/st-patrick-s-filled-to-honor-a-slugger.html|access-date=June 29, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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* [[Billy Martin]], player for the New York Yankees<ref>{{Cite news|last=Henneberger|first=Melinda|date=December 30, 1989|title=3,000 Attend Billy Martin Rites Respected as formidable competitor|pages=7, [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80504077/rites/ 17]|work=Newsday|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80504029/3000-attend-billy-martin-rites/|access-date=June 29, 2021}}</ref> |
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* [[Steven McDonald]], [[New York City Police Department]] officer<ref>{{cite web| title=Hero NYPD Detective Steven McDonald Memorialized by Friends, Colleagues, Family at Funeral | website=NBC New York | date=January 12, 2017 | url=https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/thousands-expected-to-mourn-hero-nypd-detective-steven-mcdonald-at-funeral-in-midtown/110087/ | access-date=June 29, 2021}}</ref> |
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* [[Babe Ruth]], player for the New York Yankees<ref>{{Cite news|last=Feinberg|first=Alexander|date=August 20, 1948|title=75,000 Go to Babe Ruth's Funeral And Stand in Rain Along Fifth Ave.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1948/08/20/archives/75000-go-to-babe-ruths-funeral-and-stand-in-rain-along-fifth-ave.html|access-date=June 29, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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* [[Ed Sullivan]], entertainer and host<ref>{{Cite news|date=October 17, 1974|title=Beame Leads 2,000 Mourners At Sullivan Rites in St. Patrick's|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/10/17/archives/beame-leads-2000-mourners-at-sullivan-rites-in-st-patricks.html|access-date=June 29, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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Special memorial Masses were also held at the cathedral following the deaths of several people: |
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* [[William F. Buckley Jr.]], author<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ramirez|first=Anthony|date=April 5, 2008|title=2,200 Fill St. Patrick’s for Buckley’s Memorial|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/05/nyregion/05buckley.html|access-date=June 29, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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* [[Joe DiMaggio]], baseball player<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gross|first=Jane|date=April 24, 1999|title=Fans From Box Seats and Bleachers Pay Tribute to DiMaggio|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/24/nyregion/fans-from-box-seats-and-bleachers-pay-tribute-to-dimaggio.html|access-date=June 29, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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*[[Andy Warhol]], artist<ref>{{cite news|last=Tully|first=Judd|date=April 2, 1987|title=The Other Andy Warhol: Artist's Spiritual Side Extolled at N.Y. Service Service|page=B1|work=The Washington Post|issn=0190-8286|id={{ProQuest|139174619}}}}</ref> |
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==Crimes and terrorism== |
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[[File:Facade of Saint Patrick's by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|Facade detail (September 2006)]] |
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Over the years, St. Patrick's Cathedral has been targeted by bombings and threats: |
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* On October 13, 1914, a bomb exploded on the northwest corner of the cathedral. It tore an 18-inch hole in the floor. One injury was reported: a boy whose head was grazed by a flying piece of metal.<ref>{{cite news|date=October 14, 1914|title=Bombs Exploded in Two Churches: Dynamite Used in St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York and Also in St. Alphonsus' Catholic Church.|page=1|work=The Atlanta Constitution|id={{ProQuest|496736863}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=1914-10-14|title=Bombs Exploded in St. Patrick's and at a Church; Attempt to Wreck Cathedral Is Followed by Another at St. Alphonsus's|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1914/10/14/106125291.pdf|pages=1, 18|access-date=2021-06-30|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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* In March 1915, Italian anarchists Frank Abarno and Carmine Carbone of the [[Bresci Circle]] were arrested for attempting to detonate a bomb in the cathedral.<ref>{{Cite news|date=April 3, 1915|title=Detective Lit Bomb, Abarno Tells Court; Alleged Plotter Swears Cigar Polignani Bought for Him Had Gone Out|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1915/04/03/archives/detective-lit-bomb-abarno-tells-court-alleged-plotter-swears-cigar.html|access-date=June 29, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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* In January 1951, a letter threatened that a bomb would be set off at a Sunday Mass, but the Mass continued without any disruption.<ref>{{Cite news|date=January 29, 1951|title=Bomb Threat Fails to Affect Services; Masses at St. Patrick's Are Conducted Without Incident --Attendance Is Normal|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1951/01/29/archives/bomb-threat-fails-to-affect-services-masses-at-st-patricks-are.html|access-date=June 29, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Another, telephoned bomb threat occurred in June 1953.<ref>{{cite news|date=June 22, 1953|title=Bombing Threat Sends 30 Police To N.Y. Cathedral|page=1|work=The Washington Post|issn=0190-8286|id={{ProQuest|152581607}}}}</ref> |
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* On April 18, 2019, just two days after [[Notre-Dame de Paris fire|a fire]] damaged the [[Notre-Dame de Paris]], a 37-year-old New Jersey man carrying a pair of full two-gallon cans of gasoline, two bottles of lighter fluid, and two extended butane lighters was arrested after attempting to enter the cathedral.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chokshi|first=Niraj|date=April 18, 2019|title=Man With Two Full Gas Cans Arrested After Entering St. Patrick’s Cathedral|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/17/nyregion/st-patricks-cathedral-marc-lamparello.html|access-date=June 23, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The man, a philosophy professor at nearby [[Seton Hall University]], was arrested at another church in [[New Jersey]] earlier that week.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Watkins|first=Ali|last2=Winston|first2=Ali|date=April 18, 2019|title=Man Arrested With Gas Cans and Lighters at St. Patrick’s Cathedral Is a Philosophy Teacher|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/18/nyregion/st-patricks-cathedral-marc-lamparello.html|access-date=June 23, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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In addition, there have been numerous instances of vandalism: |
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* In 1944, red paint was splashed on the cathedral. The paint was smeared in a pattern similar to the [[hammer and sickle]] of a [[communist party]].<ref>{{cite news|date=February 19, 1944|title=N.Y. Vandals Smear Paint On St. Patrick's|page=3|work=The Washington Post|issn=0190-8286|id={{ProQuest|151740959}}}}</ref> |
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* On May 30, 2020, during the nationwide [[George Floyd protests|protests and riots over the death of George Floyd]], [[Black Lives Matter]] protesters spray-painted pro-BLM and [[Anti-police sentiment|anti-police]] slogans on the facade.<ref>{{cite web | title=St. Patrick's Cathedral Vandalized With Graffiti Amid George Floyd Protests | website=CBS New York | date=2020-05-31 | url=https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2020/05/31/st-patricks-cathedral-vandalized/ | access-date=2021-06-30}}</ref> Two people were charged the following month for the crime.<ref>{{Cite news|date=June 18, 2020|title=Suburban teens nabbed for NYC St. Patrick’s Cathedral Black Lives Matter graffiti|work=New York Daily News|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/nyc-crime/ny-st-pats-graffiti-vandalism-blm-20200618-u2bwmgbpwregtn2j7ppuy3jvqi-story.html|url-status=live|access-date=June 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607152224/https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/nyc-crime/ny-st-pats-graffiti-vandalism-blm-20200618-u2bwmgbpwregtn2j7ppuy3jvqi-story.html|archive-date=June 7, 2021}}</ref> |
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* On [[New Year's Day]] 2021, the cathedral was vandalized again with anti-police graffiti.<ref>{{cite web | title=NYPD: Vandals Tagged St. Patrick's Cathedral During New Year's Protest | website=NBC New York | date=2021-01-01 | url=https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/nypd-vandals-tagged-st-patricks-cathedral-during-new-years-protest/2807917/ | access-date=2021-06-30}}</ref> |
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Other incidents have included: |
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* A 2020 report by the [[Vatican City|Vatican]] accepted earlier reports that the [[Loss of clerical state (Catholic Church)|laicized]] Cardinal [[Theodore McCarrick]] committed acts of [[Catholic Church sex abuse cases in the United States|sex abuse]] at the cathedral between 1971 and 1972.<ref>{{cite news|last=Winfeld|first=Nicole|date=November 9, 2020|title=McCarrick: What's known about the abusive US ex-cardinal|publisher=Associated Press|url=https://apnews.com/article/theodore-mccarrick-ex-cardinal-scandal-989fb97f4f0cad8c4926e8cb795ba2bf|access-date=December 5, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=November 10, 2020|title=Report on the Holy See's Institutional Knowledge and Decision-making Related to Former Cardinal Theodore Edgar Mccarrick (1930 to 2017)]|publisher=Vatican.va|url=https://www.vatican.va/resources/resources_rapporto-card-mccarrick_20201110_en.pdf|access-date=December 5, 2020}}</ref> |
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* On September 21, 1988, a mentally ill man killed an usher and seriously injured an officer before being fatally shot.<ref>{{Cite news|last=McQuiston|first=John T.|date=September 22, 1988|title=Naked Man Slays Usher In Cathedral and Is Killed|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/22/nyregion/naked-man-slays-usher-in-cathedral-and-is-killed.html|access-date=June 29, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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* On December 10, 1989, [[ACT UP]], a pressure group that advocates for [[AIDS]] awareness, led a demonstration of 4,500 people outside the cathedral as part of their [[Stop the Church]] campaign. About 130 infiltrated the church and disrupted the Mass, forcing Cardinal [[John O'Connor (cardinal)|John O'Connor]] to abandon his sermon.<ref>{{cite book | last=Jenkins | first=Philip | title=[[The New Anti-Catholicism|The New Anti-Catholicism: The Last Acceptable Prejudice]] | publisher=Oxford University Press | publication-place=Oxford New York | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-19-803527-5 | oclc=57138137 | page=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Deparle|first=Jason|date=December 11, 1989|title=111 Held in St. Patrick's AIDS Protest|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/11/nyregion/111-held-in-st-patrick-s-aids-protest.html|access-date=June 29, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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* In 2002, "shock [[Jock (stereotype)|jock]]s" [[Opie and Anthony]] held their third "Sex for Sam contest" that encouraged listeners of their radio show to have sex in risky places. Two listeners were caught in a vestibule of the church doing so; they were arrested, along with comedian [[Paul Mecurio]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Berkowitz|first=Harry|last2=Goodman|first2=Peter|date=August 22, 2002|title=Pair charged after radio sex stunt in St. Patrick's Cathedral|work=The Grand Rapids Press|id={{proQuest|285240844}}}}</ref> |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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*[[List of Catholic cathedrals in the United States]] |
* [[List of Catholic cathedrals in the United States]] |
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*[[List of cathedrals in the United States]] |
* [[List of cathedrals in the United States]] |
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*[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York]] |
* [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York]] |
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*[[List of New York |
**[[List of Roman Catholic archbishops of New York]], a list of all archbishops of St. Patrick's Cathedral |
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*[[ |
* [[List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets]] |
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* [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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=== Notes === |
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{{Notelist}} |
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=== Citations === |
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{{reflist}} |
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===Sources=== |
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* {{cite journal|date=June 1898|title=Compressed Air|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HARFAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA648|journal=Compressed Air|volume=2|issue=4|page=|pages=648-650|ref={{harvid|''Compressed Air''|1898}}}} |
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* {{cite book|last=Farley|first=John Murphy|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfStPatricksCathedral|title=History of St. Patrick's Cathedral|publisher=Society for the propagation of the faith|year=1908|postscript=. {{PD-notice}}}} |
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* {{Cite fednyc|ref={{harvid|Federal Writers' Project|1939}}|pages=344-346}} |
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* {{Cite enc-nyc2}} |
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* {{cite book|last=Lafort|first=Remigius, S.T.D., Censor|title=The Catholic Church in the United States of America: Undertaken to Celebrate the Golden Jubilee of His Holiness, Pope Pius X. V. 1-3 ...|publisher=Catholic editing Company|year=1914|series=The Catholic Church in the United States of America: Undertaken to Celebrate the Golden Jubilee of His Holiness, Pope Pius X. V. 1-3}} |
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* {{cite web|date=December 8, 1976|title=St. Patrick's Cathedral|url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/GetAsset/84d45cb2-58e7-41d0-ad4e-7c9779ff0cbe|publisher=[[National Register of Historic Places]], [[National Park Service]]|ref={{harvid|National Park Service|1976}}}} |
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* {{Cite book|last=Smith|first=John Talbot|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924092448350|title=The Catholic Church in New York: a history of the New York Diocese from its establishment in 1808 to the present time|date=1905|language=English|oclc=485107}} |
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* {{Cite New York 1880}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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{{Commons category |
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[[Category:National Historic Landmarks in Manhattan]] |
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Revision as of 18:37, 9 July 2021
St. Patrick's Cathedral | |
---|---|
Location | 631 Fifth Avenue, Manhattan, New York City |
Country | United States |
Denomination | Roman Catholic |
Tradition | Latin Rite |
Website | St. Patrick's Cathedral |
History | |
Status | Cathedral |
Dedication | Saint Patrick |
Dedicated | October 5, 1910 |
Earlier dedication | May 29, 1879 |
Consecrated | October 5, 1910 |
Architecture | |
Functional status | Active |
Architect(s) | James Renwick Jr. |
Architectural type | Church |
Style | Decorated Neo-Gothic |
Specifications | |
Length | 396.7 feet (120.9 m) |
Number of spires | 2 |
Spire height | 329.6 feet (100.5 m)[a] |
Materials | Tuckahoe marble |
Bells | 19 (29,122.73 lb (13,209.85 kg)) |
Administration | |
Archdiocese | Archdiocese of New York |
Clergy | |
Archbishop | Timothy Michael Cardinal Dolan |
Rector | Rev. Msgr. Robert T. Ritchie |
Laity | |
Director of music | Dr. Jennifer Pascual |
Organist(s) | Daniel Brondel Michael Hey |
OCIA coordinator | Sueanne Nilsen |
St. Patrick's Cathedral Complex | |
New York City Landmark No. 0267 | |
Coordinates | 40°45′31″N 73°58′35″W / 40.75861°N 73.97639°W |
Area | 2 acres (0.81 ha) |
Built | 1878 |
NRHP reference No. | 76001250 |
NYCL No. | 0267 |
Significant dates | |
Added to NRHP | December 8, 1976[2] |
Designated NHL | December 8, 1976[3] |
Designated NYCL | October 19, 1966[1] |
St. Patrick's Cathedral is a decorated Catholic cathedral in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. It is the seat of the archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York as well as a parish church. The cathedral occupies a city block bounded by Fifth Avenue, Madison Avenue, 50th Street, and 51st Street, directly across from Rockefeller Center. Designed by James Renwick Jr., it is the largest Gothic Revival Catholic cathedral in North America.
The cathedral was constructed starting in 1858 to accommodate the growing Archdiocese of New York and to replace St. Patrick's Old Cathedral. Work was halted in the early 1860s during the American Civil War; the cathedral was completed in 1878 and dedicated on May 25, 1879. The archbishop's house and rectory were added in the early 1880s, both by James Renwick Jr., and the spires were added in 1888. A Lady chapel designed by Charles T. Mathews was constructed from 1901 to 1906. The cathedral was consecrated on October 5, 1910, after all its debt had been paid off. Extensive restorations of the cathedral were conducted several times, including in the 1940s, 1970s, and 2010s.
St. Patrick's Cathedral is clad in marble and has several dozen stained glass windows. It measures 332 feet (101 m) long, with a maximum width of 174 feet (53 m) at the transepts. The bronze doors that form the cathedral's main entrance on Fifth Avenue are flanked by towers with spires rising 329.5 feet (100 m). The northern tower contains nineteen bells, and the interior has two pipe organs. Inside is a nave flanked by several chapels; two transepts; a chancel and apse; and a crypt. East of the apse are the rectory, Lady chapel, and archbishop's residence facing Madison Avenue. The cathedral is a New York City designated landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
History
The Diocese of New York was founded by Pope Pius VII in 1808.[4][5][6] St. Patrick's was founded shortly afterward to serve New York City's small, but growing, Catholic population, which could no longer fit in St. Peter's Church.[5] A site was selected on Mulberry Street in what is now Lower Manhattan, and St. Patrick's Old Cathedral was dedicated in 1815.[7][8] At the time, there were 15,000 Catholics in the diocese.[6]
Early site history
In March 1810, the Rev. Father Kohlmann bought the land on which the present cathedral stands. The site was bounded by what is now Fifth Avenue on the west, 51st Street on the north, Madison Avenue to the east, and 50th Street on the south.[9][10] The Jesuit community built a college on the site, which at the time was north of New York City proper.[11] It contained a "fine old house" which was fitted with a chapel of St. Ignatius.[12] In 1813, the Jesuits sold the lot to the Diocese of New York. The school closed in 1814 and the diocese gave the property to Dom Augustin LeStrange, the abbot of a community of Trappists who were fleeing persecution by French authorities. In addition to a small monastic community, they looked after orphans. With the downfall of Napoleon, the Trappists returned to France in 1815, but the neighboring orphanage was maintained by the diocese into the late nineteenth century.[13]
In 1828, trustees of St. Patrick's, St. Peter's, and St. Mary's met to discuss the feasibility of establishing a burial ground at Fifth Avenue between 50th and 51st Streets.[14] The trustees bought the property in 1829 but did not use it as a cemetery.[15][16] Bishop John Dubois reopened the chapel in 1840 for Catholics employed at the Deaf and Dumb Asylum and in the general neighborhood. A modest frame church was built for the parish of St. John the Evangelist and dedicated in 1841 by the Rev. John Hughes, administrator of the diocese.[15][17] Tickets were sold to the dedication to ease the parish's debt, but the mortgage was foreclosed upon, and in 1844 the church was sold at auction.[17] The church's pastor, the Rev. Felix Larkin, was said to have died from stress as a result.[18] The Rev. Michael A. Curran was appointed to raise funds for the devastated parish and used an old college hall as a temporary church. Curran continued raising funds to buy back the church during the Great Famine in Ireland, eventually succeeding and taking the deed in his own name.[18]
Planning
By the early 1840s, the number of Catholics in the Diocese of New York had increased to 200,000.[6][19] As a result, several additional dioceses were created in New York state. Most of New York state's Catholics at the time were Irish.[6] The Diocese of New York was made an archdiocese by Pope Pius IX on July 19, 1850.[20] Bishop John Joseph Hughes was raised to the level of archbishop soon afterward.[10][20] As early as 1850, Hughes determined that the growing Archdiocese of New York needed a large cathedral to replace the older cathedral in Lower Manhattan.[21][22][23] At the time, the Fifth Avenue site was still relatively rural.[24][25] The site faced the gardens of Columbia University to the west,[26] but the surrounding area was otherwise characterized by rocks and unopened streets.[24] Even so, Hughes believed the site would grow into a populous business area.[27]
In 1853, Hughes announced that he had hired the firm Renwick & Rodrigue to design a cathedral on Fifth Avenue between 50th and 51st Streets.[22] One partner in the firm, William Rodrigue, was Hughes's brother-in-law.[28][29] The other partner, James Renwick Jr., was largely responsible for designing the new St. Patrick's Cathedral.[22][28] Renwick spent three years in Europe to look for design influences for New York City's new Catholic cathedral.[30] He took particular inspiration from the unfinished Cologne Cathedral.[30][31] Renwick & Rodrigue originally planned a larger cathedral than the structure that was ultimately built. Hughes requested in 1857 that the firm reduce the dimensions of the new cathedral.[24][32] To make way for the clergy's and archbishop's residences, the ambulatory was removed from the plans.[32][33] The area behind the apse would have contained a chapel dedicated to the Blessed Virgin, but this was removed entirely.[34] The numerous heavy buttresses in the design were also removed.[30]
Plans for the cathedral were finalized in 1858.[22][35] To raise money for the effort, Hughes asked wealthy Catholics in the Archdiocese of New York to subscribe to a building fund for the new cathedral. One hundred and three subscribers donated $1,000 apiece,[22][36] and two subscribers were non-Catholics.[36] The first construction contracts for the new Fifth Avenue cathedral were issued in June 1858. The new St. Patrick's Cathedral was to take up the entire block bounded by Fifth and Madison Avenues between 50th and 51st Streets. The front facade on Fifth Avenue would have three large entrances, and the northwest and southwest corners of the cathedral would be topped by an octagonal spire. The interior was to be designed in a cruciform layout.[37][38][39] The cathedral was to be built in the Gothic Revival style.[40][41] In addition, an archbishop's house and a chapel would face Madison Avenue.[41] At the time, there were numerous hospitals, asylums, and other public institutions along the nearby section of Fifth Avenue.[42][37]
Construction
Initial work and hiatus
On August 15, 1858, the cornerstone was laid just south of the diocese's orphanage.[43][44] A 22-year old Irish immigrant, Cormack McCall, laid the cornerstone in front of 100,000 spectators near the intersection of Fifth Avenue and 50th Street, though the precise location remains unclear.[45] That October, the architects presented cost estimates for making the cathedral out of white marble, brown freestone, olive freestone, or granite.[46] The white marble was the most expensive of the four options, with a projected cost of $850,000, and James Hall and William Joyce offered to supply the marble.[47][b] Even so, Renwick recommended that St. Patrick's be constructed of white marble, citing its durability and beauty.[22][47] The archdiocese formed a Bureau of Contracts, which first met in December 1858.[35]
The bureau awarded the marble contract to Hall and Joyce in March 1859; at the time, the work was supposed to be finished before January 1, 1867. The cost estimate of $867,500 for the entire cathedral (equivalent to $23,782,337 in 2023) was unusually low for a project of that size.[39] Construction progressed for two years after the cornerstone was laid.[22][25] The work consisted of laying stone blocks for the foundation, each weighing between one and four tons.[40] The foundation was excavated to a maximum depth of 20 feet (6.1 m), where it laid on solid rock.[23][40][48] The excavations were relatively small because the underlying layer of bedrock was shallow,[49] rising nearly to the surface near the transept on Fifth Avenue.[23][48] White-marble walls were then constructed above the foundation.[40] By January 1860, the cathedral had been erected to about 7 feet (2.1 m) above ground level.[50] Work was slightly delayed by a stonecutters' strike that March.[51][52]
The walls had reached the water table when all $73,000 in funds had been exhausted.[25] As a result, in August 1860, Hughes decided to suspend all work on the new cathedral.[53][54] When work was suspended, the walls had been built to an average height of 12 feet (3.7 m) above ground.[40] The onset of the American Civil War in 1861 prevented the resumption of work for several years.[22][23][25] Hughes died in January 1864 before the work could resume.[25][55] John McCloskey was appointed to succeed Hughes as archbishop.[56][57] McCloskey created a plan to finance the construction of the new St. Patrick's Cathedral.[25]
Completion
By mid-1866, work had again resumed and the walls had been built to 20 feet (6.1 m) above ground. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle reported that the interior "looks like a large field" and said the cathedral would be "worthy to be regarded as one of the wonders of the Republic".[41] Some $100,000 was spent on the Catholic cathedral in 1867,[58] and the constituent churches of the Archdiocese of New York promised to spend $100,000 a year until the cathedral was complete.[59] Most funding for the cathedral came from the parishioners of these churches, who were mainly poor Irish immigrants. An editorial in the New York World described the cathedral as being constructed "not of the superfluity of wealth, but for the most part out of the offerings of poverty".[60]
The cathedral's masonry was laid during summer as the stonework could not be laid in the cold.[49] By late 1870, the marble walls had been built to a height of 54 feet (16 m) and the transept was finished.[49][61] The entrance on Fifth Avenue, measuring 70 feet (21 m) tall, had also been finished.[61] Over a hundred workers were busy quarrying marble from Pleasantville, north of New York City. The marble was transported down to New York City via the Harlem Railroad, where a branch track led to the new cathedral's site.[49] The construction of the new cathedral drew relatively little interest for New York City's non-Catholic population,[62] though several commentators praised the cathedral's design.[30] An anonymous author for the Real Estate Record and Guide wrote that the new St. Patrick's Cathedral was the "most gorgeous ecclesiastical edifice on this continent", though the critics perceived the buttresses on the north and south sides of the facade as "altogether unnecessary".[63] A reporter for the New York World, probably Montgomery Schuyler, wrote in 1871 that the cathedral would be "one of the leading ecclesiastical structures in the world".[30]
The trustees of St. Patrick's Cathedral borrowed $300,000 from the Emigrant Industrial Savings Bank for the new cathedral in 1874. The trustees gave the bank a first mortgage on the cathedral and site as a security for the loan.[64] By late 1875, the roof had been covered with slate and all of the walls were finished, except for a small portion along Fifth Avenue.[65] The trustees borrowed another $100,000 from the Emigrant Bank in 1876.[64] Late that year, temporary scaffolding was erected so the interior could be plastered and decorated. Almost all the stained glass had been delivered and was being glazed; four of these windows had been exhibited at the Centennial Exposition. Only one worker had been killed during the construction process, according to the American Architect and Building News, due to his own carelessness.[66] McCloskey made contracts for furnishings in 1874 and again in 1878.[57]
On November 29, 1877, the incomplete St. Patrick's Cathedral was opened for public viewing.[67][30] A one-month-long fundraiser for the cathedral commenced on October 22, 1878.[68][69] In its first three weeks, the fundraiser had an average daily attendance of between ten and eleven thousand.[70] The fair ran for 36 nights and attracted about 250,000 total visitors when it closed on November 30.[71][72] Forty-five parishes of the Archdiocese of New York had exhibits at the fair.[72] The fundraiser sought to raise $200,000 for the cathedral,[68] but it ultimately netted $173,000.[22][72] Several months elapsed before the cathedral was readied for its dedication in early 1879.[73]
Opening and late 19th century
The new St. Patrick's Cathedral opened on May 25, 1879.[74][75][76] Thirty-five bishops and six archbishops attended the dedication.[74][76][77] St. Patrick's was met with a generally positive reception from the media.[60] The Baltimore Sun, for example, called it the "finest church edifice on the American continent".[78] Not all critics spoke of the cathedral positively; journalist Clarence Cook authored a criticism that architectural historian Robert A. M. Stern characterized as being "underpinned with religious and ethnic bigotry".[60] Cook perceived the facade as being full of "clumsy repetition", but he wrote of the interior: "Words cannot express the paltry character of the internal finish of this vaunted structure."[79] The new St. Patrick's Cathedral and Temple Emanu-El comprised the first non-Protestant houses of worship on the midtown section of Fifth Avenue.[80] At the time, the cathedral was far removed from the developed portions of the city.[81] The first bishop consecrated in the new cathedral was the Michael J. O'Farrell of Trenton, New Jersey, who became the first bishop of the Diocese of Trenton.[82]
The cathedral's parish originally extended from Seventh Avenue to the East River between 46th and 59th Streets, and the section between Madison and Sixth Avenues extended to 42nd Street.[83][84] In 1880, the section between Third Avenue and the East River was split to the parish of St. John the Evangelist.[83][85] During the early 1880s, Renwick designed the archbishop's house and rectory on Madison Avenue.[86] The Real Estate Record and Guide reported in December 1881 that Renwick had been hired to build a rectory at the southwest corner of Madison Avenue and 51st Street.[87] Shortly afterward, Renwick filed plans for a four-story marble rectory on the site,[88] to be built by E. D. Connoly & Son and P. Walsh.[89] The archbishop's house was completed the same year.[85] The rectory was completed on May 8, 1884.[85] A critic for the Real Estate Record characterized the rectory and archbishop's house as having "absurd" dormer windows in their mansard roofs.[90] A memorial marble pulpit was manufactured in Italy and installed in the cathedral in October 1885. The money for the pulpit came from the clergy of the archdiocese, who had offered Cardinal McCloskey $10,000 for his golden jubilee and commissioned the pulpit after he had declined the prize.[91]
A lack of funding precluded spires from being installed when the cathedral was completed.[30][78] By late 1885, spires were planned to be installed at a cost of $190,000.[92][93] Renwick filed plans for the cathedral spires in September 1885,[93][94] and the contract was awarded to George Mann & Co. of Baltimore.[95] Excavation of the stone commenced in January 1886 and the spires were constructed starting that September.[96] The last stones of the spires were erected in October 1888, at which point the cathedral was considered completed.[97][98] At the time several hundred niches remained to be filled with figures, and ten chapels did not have their altars yet.[98] At 329.5 feet (100.4 m),[99][100][a] the spires were the tallest structures in New York City.[100] The Evening World said the construction of the spires "completes a notable ornament to the city".[102] Within a year, the cathedral was surpassed in height by the New York World Building, whose spire rose to 349 feet (106 m).[103] The funding shortages at the building's completion had also required that a "temporary" plaster and wood roof be installed atop the cathedral, rather than the marble roof that Renwick had conceived. The cathedral never replaced the roof.[78]
After the spires were finished, the trustees of St. Patrick's Cathedral decided that bells should be installed in one tower. No arrangements had yet been made for the bells because parts of the project, such as interior design, remained incomplete.[104] The cathedral tested a set of four bells in the north tower in July and August 1889 to determine the tower's acoustic properties.[105][106] The altar of the Holy Family was consecrated at the cathedral in 1893.[107] A set of bells for the cathedral was manufactured in the United States. After the archbishop consecrated them, the bells were found to be defective and were never hung in the belfry. In 1895, the cathedral ordered a second set of bells to be made by the Paccards in France.[108] The new bells were blessed by Archbishop Michael Corrigan on August 15, 1897, though they had not been installed yet.[109][110] The framework for the bells was installed in the north tower the next month.[111] At the time of their completion, St. Patrick's bells were the largest of any church in the city; by comparison, Trinity Church had ten bells and Grace Church had nine.[112] Also in 1897, the Spiritual Sons of De La Salle funded a new altar for the cathedral.[113]
20th century
Lady chapel and consecration
Margaret A. Kelly, widow of banker Eugene Kelly, died in 1899 and left $200,000 to the cathedral for the construction of a Lady chapel, on the condition that the chapel not be constructed until after her death.[114][115] Kelly's sons pledged additional funds for the chapel as necessary.[116] The next year, the trustees of St. Patrick's Cathedral held an architectural design competition for the chapel, east of the cathedral's apse. The trustees received submissions from American, Canadian, French, and British architects before giving the commission to Charles T. Mathews of New York City.[117][118] After traveling to Europe to study architectural influences, Mathews prepared plans for the chapel by September 1900.[117][118] Work on the Lady chapel began in July 1901.[119]
Archbishop Corrigan was simultaneously paying off the debt on the cathedral with the intention of consecrating it after all the debts were paid off in 1908. This date was the centennial of the Archdiocese of New York's founding and the 50-year anniversary of the groundbreaking ceremony. However, he died in 1902 before the consecration or the retirement of the debt.[120][121] Following a construction delay of more than one year, the Lady chapel was nearly complete by early 1905.[122] The first Mass in the Lady chapel took place in Christmas 1906,[123] but the interior furnishings were not complete until 1908.[124] The chapel cost $800,000 in total.[125]
Additional changes to the cathedral took place in the first decade of the 20th century. These included the construction of an altar to St. Michael on the left side of the Lady chapel, as well as an altar to St. Joseph on the right side. By 1907, a movable bronze screen was to be installed at the transept, and the temporary wooden floor dating from the cathedral's construction was planned to be replaced with a permanent marble floor.[125] The bronze screens were a gift to celebrate the archdiocese's centennial,[126] which almost every archbishop in the United States celebrated at the cathedral in April 1908.[127] The Lady chapel was originally outfitted with transparent windows,[128] though its stained-glass windows were manufactured in Europe starting in 1909.[124] In the first half of 1910, the cathedral's debt of $800,000 was completely paid off.[129] St. Patrick's Cathedral was consecrated on October 5, 1910, with Archbishop John Murphy Farley officiating.[130][131] By that time, the surrounding area was quickly being developed.[132]
1920s through 1940s
Monsignor Michael J. Lavelle started raising $625,000 from the congregation in 1926 to renovate the cathedral.[133] The next year, Robert J. Reiley was hired to conduct renovations, including replacing the wooden floor with a marble floor.[134] The floor was replaced between April and December 1927. The old organ was also replaced and new stained-glass windows, altar, and pews were being installed in the Lady chapel. The sanctuary was extended approximately 8 feet (2.4 m), the metal communion rail was replaced with a bronze and marble rail, and the wooden throne was replaced with one of marble.[135] Amplifiers,[136][137] wrought-iron doors,[138] and new bronze chandeliers were installed.[139] New pews were also installed,[140] as were two new organs.[141] English stained glass artist and designer Paul Vincent Woodroffe completed the Lady chapel's remaining windows by late 1930.[128][142] With the construction of Rockefeller Center to the west, several trees were planted around the cathedral in 1939 to complement Rockefeller Center's trees.[143]
The cathedral's rectory was closed in April 1940 for the first major renovation in its history,[144] and it reopened that December.[145][146] Archbishop Francis Spellman announced in February 1941 that an anonymous donor had provided funding for a new high altar, to be designed by Charles Maginnis. According to Spellman's announcement, the original high altar had been "architecturally inconsistent" with the cathedral's design ever since the Lady chapel was completed, but a lack of funds had prevented the altar's replacement for four decades.[147][148] The reredos behind the original high altar blocked the view of the Lady chapel from the nave, but the cathedral's trustees wished to avoid this.[149] The old main altar was removed in February 1942[150][151] and the new main altar of St. Patrick's Cathedral was consecrated that May.[152][153] A new altar in the Lady chapel, donated by George J. Gillespie, was also consecrated in May 1942.[154]
The George A. Fuller Company started renovating the exterior in August 1945[155] after blasting for a nearby building dislodged a stone from the facade.[156] The main doorway was narrowed, and some of the projecting Gothic ornamentation was eliminated because they were prone to cracks in New York City's climate, which was characterized by abrupt temperature decreases.[155][157] A bronze cross was placed atop the north tower, replacing the original stone cross there.[158] The project involved 350 workers at its peak.[155] Some funds for the renovation came from a 1946 bequest of $100,000 from radio personality Major Bowes.[159][160] By early 1947, the project was completed except for the Lady Chapel and a set of new entrance doors.[157] An anonymous donor gave the cathedral a $25,000 window, which was designed by Charles J. Connick Associates and unveiled in April 1947.[161] Work began on an interior renovation in mid-1948, with 17 of the cathedral's 19 altars being replaced.[162] Cardinal Francis Spellman blessed the new bronze doors in December 1949.[163][164]
1950s to 1990s
In 1952, St. Patrick's Cathedral received five gifts. These funded the electrification of the cathedral chimes; an elevator to the main organ; kneeling cushions and guard cords in the pews; and new stained-glass windows.[165] The windows, depicting 12 male and 12 female saints, were installed at the clerestory in 1954. These windows were funded by a bequest by Atlas Portland Cement Company president John R. Morron, who left $200,000 for the archdiocese in his will.[166][167] The cathedral celebrated the 100th anniversary of its cornerstone-laying in 1958.[168] At the time, the cathedral had over three million visitors a year.[132] St. Patrick's celebrated the 50th anniversary of its consecration two years later.[169]
The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) considered designating St. Patrick's Cathedral as a New York City landmark in early 1966.[170] Later that year, the LPC designated the cathedral as a New York City Landmark.[1][171] Under Cardinal Terence Cooke's leadership, the interior of St. Patrick's Cathedral was restored starting in 1972.[124] That June, workers placed scaffolding on the cathedral to protect it from damage due to blasting for the construction of Olympic Tower across 51st Street. Afterward, over 100 workers cleaned and painted the interior while the cathedral remained open.[172] The $800,000 project was completed in April 1973.[172][173] The cathedral close, consisting of all structures on the same block as the cathedral, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976.[9][174][175]
St. Patrick's Cathedral celebrated the centennial of its opening in May 1979. The cathedral's popularity was attributed to its location in midtown, and about 6,000 people attended Mass on Sundays, ninety percent of whom were visitors.[176] The cathedral's exterior was cleaned the same year.[177][178] Further restoration began in 1984 during the episcopate of Cardinal John O'Connor. As part of the work, most of the roof was replaced, and the entrance steps, doors, and walls were also repaired.[124] The cathedral's two organs were restored in the mid-1990s.[179]
21st century
Under Cardinal Edward Egan, another renovation of the cathedral was planned in 2006[180][181] after chunks of rock started falling from the facade.[182] The project was conducted between 2012 and 2015 at a cost of $177 million.[183] The renovation was designed by Murphy Burnham & Buttrick and led by construction manager Structure Tone.[184][185] The renovation involved cleaning the exterior marble, repairing stained-glass windows, painting the ceiling, and repalacing the flooring and steps.[181] In addition, the bronze doors were renovated and reinstalled.[186][187] Work was completed by September 17, 2015, before Pope Francis visited the cathedral the next week.[188][189] The scaffolding was removed in July 2016.[190] The cathedral and the renovations were featured on WNET's television program Treasures of New York.[191]
The LPC approved a garage on the 50th Street side of the cathedral in late 2015. The garage was designed to provide a secure entrance for Cardinal Timothy M. Dolan.[192] In 2017, MBB Architects and Structure Tone, Landmark Facilities Group, and P.W. Grosser completed a new geothermal system under St. Patrick's Cathedral, believed to be the largest in New York City.[193][194] The gardens adjoining the cathedral to the north and south were excavated for the system's construction, and they were replanted after installation was complete.[195] The same October, a shrine to the Lebanese Maronite Saint Charbel Makhlouf was dedicated at St. Patrick's Cathedral.[196] The cathedral was temporarily closed for in-person Mass in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City. The pandemic severely reduced the cathedral's finances as much of its income came from donations at Mass and the archdiocese did not fund the cathedral's maintenance.[197] It was reopened for full-capacity worship in May 2021.[198]
Main structure
St. Patrick's Cathedral was designed by James Renwick Jr. with influences from English, French, and German Gothic architecture.[23][30] It is the largest Gothic Revival Catholic cathedral in North America,[199] as well as the first major Gothic Revival cathedral in the United States.[31] St. Patrick's Cathedral was described by CNN in 2020 as being an "essential part of New York City's architectural heritage".[200] The cathedral serves as the seat for the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York and as a parish church for the archdiocese within Manhattan.[201] Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, over five million people visited the cathedral each year.[197]
The foundation stones are made of blue gneiss granite set within cement mortar.[23] The lowest horizontal course of the facade, as well as the lowest course under all the interior columns. is made of Dix Island granite from Maine.[24][48] The exterior is clad in marble quarried in Lee, Massachusetts, and Pleasantville, New York. The main section of the cathedral is made of Tuckahoe marble.[48][202] Behind the marble blocks are walls made of brick and stone laid in rough masonry, with hollow gaps for ventilation. The blocks were so closely laid that, decades after the cathedral's completion, no cracks had formed in them.[33][48] The side walls are between 3 and 4 feet (0.91 and 1.22 m) thick, and the clerestory walls above the nave are 3 feet thick.[61] Part of the interior is made of artificial Coignet stone.[24] The marble for the spires was sourced from Cockeysville, Maryland,[203] and the roof has 343 finials.[204]
There are 103 windows on the cathedral in total.[67][75][c] The windows are glazed by two thicknesses of sash and glass, set 2 inches (51 mm) apart, to regulate interior temperatures and prevent air drafts. The exterior sashes are glazed with figured glass in lead sash, while the interior sashes are glazed with stained glass.[24][207] The windows of the clerestory were made by Morgan Brothers.[207] The cathedral had been constructed with 57 stained-glass windows: 37 representing scenes from Scripture and 20 representing geometrical shapes.[205][206] Forty-five of the original windows were manufactured by Nicholas Lorin and Henry Ely in France.[208] Other stained glass windows were added later.[166][167] Renwick's original sketches show that the tracery near each window was designed with two grooves: one for stained glass and one for protective glazing.[195]
Location and dimensions
St. Patrick's Cathedral is in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. It takes up a full city block bounded by Fifth Avenue to the west, 51st Street to the north, Madison Avenue to the east, and 50th Street to the south. Clockwise from northwest, the cathedral is directly across from Olympic Tower, 11 East 51st Street, and 488 Madison Avenue to the north; the Villard Houses and Lotte New York Palace Hotel to the east; 18 East 50th Street and the Saks Fifth Avenue flagship store to the south; and the International Building of Rockefeller Center to the west.[86] St. Patrick's is directly across from the Atlas statue at the International Building.[209]
St. Patrick's is oriented west–east relative to the street grid and has a cruciform plan. From west to east, the cathedral contains a nave; transepts extending to the north and south; and a sanctuary and apse.[31][61][24] The entire structure measures 332 feet (101 m) long as measured along the exterior buttresses. The cathedral is 174 feet (53 m) wide at the transepts.[210][d] The main facade is oriented west along Fifth Avenue, with two towers measuring 32 feet (9.8 m) wide[33][101] and 329.5 feet (100.4 m) tall,[99][100][a] flanking a central section 105 feet (32 m) wide.[210] To the north and south are planted gardens,[195] which contain ten manholes for the cathedral's subterranean geothermal system.[193] The cathedral's total length is 396.7 feet (120.9 m).[99]
The cathedral's interior was designed to accommodate 14,000 seated guests or 19,000 total.[75][211] It has a seating capacity for about 2,400 congregants.[212] There are about 300 wooden pews ranging from 10 to 20 feet (3.0 to 6.1 m) wide.[213] The underground geothermal system consists of ten wells, each 2,200 feet (670 m) deep, which could concurrently send hot and cold air to separate sections of the cathedral. The system is capable of producing 3.2 million British thermal units (3.4 GJ) of heat and 2.9 million British thermal units (3.1 GJ) of air conditioning hourly.[193][194] The geothermal system uses a computer to send cool or warm air based on thermostat readings. Heat and cool air are pumped through four water loops.[193]
Western facade
Central gable and doors
The central portion of the Fifth Avenue facade contains a 156-foot-tall (48 m) gable, which leads into the narthex.[33][101][205] The main entrance is an archway at the base of the gable, measuring 31 feet (9.4 m) wide and 51 feet (16 m) tall.[62] The actual entrance portal is recessed about 12 feet (3.7 m) into the archway and contains the main doors.[75][101] The top of the portal is slightly pointed, with carved spandrel panels on either side.[101] Above is a marble transom bar as well as elaborate floral tracery.[62][101] The portal is flanked by decorative jambs, which in turn are topped by foliage capitals. Atop the jambs are a set of buttresses, which converge to form pointed arches.[101] A gablet rises over the main portal and contains tracery paneling and a shield bearing the arms of the Archdiocese of New York.[75][101]
The main entrance originally contained a pair of square-headed marble doors.[101] The current bronze doors were designed by Charles Maginnis and sculpted by John Angel, and they were installed in 1949.[163][164] Each door is 16.5 by 5.5 feet (5.0 by 1.7 m) and weighs 9,200 pounds (4,200 kg).[186][214] The main doors are generally kept open to welcome visitors; to save energy, a second set of glass pocket doors is installed directly behind.[215] The main doors are decorated with relief sculptures representing three men and three women, with inscriptions indicating their significance to the cathedral and with particular focus on missionary work and assistance for migrants:[164][216]
- St. Joseph, "patron of the Church" (top left)
- St. Patrick, "patron of this Church" (top right)
- St. Isaac Jogues Martyr, "first [Catholic] priest in New York" (middle left)
- St. Frances X Cabrini, "mother of the immigrant" (middle right)
- St. Kateri Tekakwitha, "lily of the Mohawks" (bottom left)
- Mother Elizabeth Seton, "daughter of New York" (bottom right)
Above the central opening is a balustrade made of rich pierced tracery; it contains a row of niches, measuring 7.5 feet (2.3 m) high, for statues.[75][101] These niches are decorated by columns with foliage capitals and gablets, with tracery and finials.[30][217] The niches depict six archangels: Michael, Gabriel, Uriel, Raphael, Chamuel, and Jophiel.[161] Above these niches is a rose window, measuring 26 feet (7.9 m) in diameter and designed by Charles Connick.[30][217] The rose window is blue with red, green, white, and gold panels. The window depicts eight types of leaves at its center, as well as trefoils with white doves.[161] The main gable is carried up to the roof lines, terminating at a cornice with crockets that support a foliated cross.[218][211] On either side of the jambs of the central window are buttresses, terminated by pinnacles, and between these and the buttresses of the tower are rich Gothic panels, terminated by crocketed gablets.[218]
Towers
The towers on either side of the central gable measure 32 by 32 feet (9.8 by 9.8 m) at the base and retain this square cross-section to a height of 136 feet (41 m).[62][205][218] The walls of the towers along Fifth Avenue are 12 to 14 feet (3.7 to 4.3 m) thick.[61] The ground story of the towers has portals similar in design to that at the center, but there are shields in the central panel of each gablet. The shield in the left tower has the arms of the United States and the shield in the right tower has the arms of New York.[62][218] The second story, at the same height as the rose window, has molded jambs and tracery and is topped by gablets with tracery. The third story has four small windows on each side, topped by a cornice and pierced battlement. The towers are flanked by massive buttresses decorated with tabernacles, and the tops of the towers' square portions have clustered pinnacles.[219] Above the square cross-sections are octagonal lanterns measuring 54 feet (16 m) tall.[62][205][219] Circular stone stairways and a chime of bells were installed in the towers.[219]
The towers are topped by spires measuring 140 feet (43 m) high.[62][205][219] The spires are composed of two tiers with elaborate molding and tracery; the upper tier of each tower had a foliate finial above it.[219] The spires were also planned with octagonal cross-sections, tapering from a base measuring 32 feet (9.8 m) across to a pinnacle measuring 2 feet (0.61 m) across. Also planned within the spires were floors, constructed at intervals of 20 feet (6.1 m).[93]
The nave is about 164 feet (50 m) long as measured from the Fifth Avenue facade.[24][220] It measures 96 feet (29 m) wide if chapels are not included, or around 120 feet (37 m) wide if the chapels in the side aisles are included.[24][220] The nave consists of a center aisle and two side aisles running west–east. The center aisle is 48 feet (15 m) wide and 112 feet (34 m) high while the side aisles are 24 feet (7.3 m) wide and 54 feet (16 m) high.[48][62] Internally, the nave is divided into seven bays from west to east. The westernmost bay is part of the towers along Fifth Avenue and the easternmost bay is part of the transept. The westernmost bay is 26 feet (7.9 m) wide and the other bays are 23 feet (7.0 m) wide.[24][220] Just inside the entrances within the westernmost bay are busts of Pope Francis, Pope Benedict XVI, Pope John Paul II, and Pope Paul VI, all of whom have previously visited the cathedral.[221]
Thirty-two white marble columns divide the center and side aisles.[210] The marble columns are 5 feet (1.5 m) in diameter and are set up in sections weighing 8 short tons (7.1 long tons; 7.3 t) each.[67] Each column consists of multiple smaller columns: four at the corners, measuring 12 inches (300 mm) in diameter, and eight surrounding the central shaft, measuring 6 inches (150 mm) in diameter. The columns are 35 feet (11 m) tall to the bottom of the arches that support the nave's ceiling. Above the center aisle is a series of groin vaults supported by molded ribs, with foliate bosses at the intersection of each vault.[24][222] The ceiling has holes with diameters of 1.5 inches (38 mm); ropes could be threaded through these holes to allow repairs and cleaning.[223] The side aisles are similar to those at Saint-Ouen Abbey, Rouen, while the columns and ceiling are similar to British models such as Westminster Abbey.[31]
The northern and southern facades are divided into five bays, with buttresses and pinnacles between each bay. The lower section of each bay contains an arched window measuring 13.5 feet (4.1 m) wide and 27 feet (8.2 m) wide. Mullions divide each of these windows vertically into three sections, and the top of each window has tracery.[219] Above these windows is the triforium, which is 56 feet (17 m) above the nave floor.[224] Four arches on either side of the nave support the triforium, which is 16 feet (4.9 m) tall. The clerestory level of the nave rises for 38 feet (12 m) above the triforium and contains six bays. Each clerestory window is 14.5 feet (4.4 m) wide and 26 feet (7.9 m) high.[24][223] The top of the clerestory is 104 feet (32 m) above ground.[225]
There are twelve chapels in the side aisles.[83] Located under the side aisles' windowsills, the chapels each measure 14 feet (4.3 m) wide and 18 feet (5.5 m) high.[24][220] The chapels have similar vaulted ceilings to the nave,[24] and each has its their own altars.[76][208] On the northern side-aisle is a dark-wood baptistery on a marble podium,[208] The baptistery was designed by John La Farge.[103] The chapels include one for St. Bernard and St. Bridget.[208] Among the altars are those for Saint Elizabeth, designed by Roman artist Paolo Medici; a Saint Jean-Baptiste de La Salle altar, sculpted by Dominic Borgia; and the Saint Louis and the Saint Michael altars, designed by Tiffany & Co.[226]
Transepts
The transepts measure 144 feet (44 m) from north to south.[24][220] The transepts contain entrances facing north on 51st Street and south on 50th Street. These entrances are similar in design to the central gable on Fifth Avenue.[225] As planned, the transept doorways were to measure 26 feet (7.9 m) wide and 43 feet (13 m) high.[211] The large transept window over the 50th Street door represents St. Patrick, while that over the 51st Street door represents the Immaculate Conception.[65][227] The transept windows measure 28 feet (8.5 m) wide by 58 feet (18 m) tall and are divided by mullions into six vertical sections.[65][225] Over each transept window rises a paneled gablet. A row of niches crosses each of the transepts' facades at the eave line. Above this, each facade has a gable with pinnacles and pierced battlements, which in turn is topped by an octagonal pinnacle and foliated cross.[225]
On both sides of either entrance are tall windows. The windows are similar in design to those on the side aisles of the nave.[225] The side windows depict the Four Evangelists.[67] These windows are flanked by octagonal buttresses, which contain spiral stairs leading to the triforium and roofs.[225] The roof at the intersection of the nave and transept contains a central finial 15 feet (4.6 m) high, which is gilded and is decorated with foliage and flowers.[24][207]
Inside the transepts are the Stations of the Cross, which are carved in stone and were manufactured by the Stoltzenberg Company in Roermond, the Netherlands.[228] There are five Stations of the Cross in total.[229] Three of them received prizes from the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893 before they were installed at the cathedral.[230][229] In 1908, bronze screens were installed at both transept entrances, measuring 17 feet (5.2 m) tall and 14 feet (4.3 m) wide. The bronze screens were designed so the transepts' wooden doors could open directly into them. Each screen had six wrought-bronze panels with ornamentation.[126] The south transept contained the Altar of the Sacred Heart, which was made of bronze and had an elaborate tabernacle.[231] The north transept contained the Holy Family altar, made of white Carrara marble and dedicated in 1893.[107][232]
Sanctuary
The sanctuary floor is raised six steps above the floor of the nave, connected to it via a set of gray marble steps.[233] The sanctuary is 95 feet (29 m) long and measures 124 feet (38 m) wide.[24][205][220] The roof is made of slate, though the clerestory roof has a metal cresting 5.5 feet (1.7 m) high.[207] There is a 15-foot-high (4.6 m) cross at the east end of the roof, which has flowers and foliage ornaments.[24][207]
Ambulatory
The ambulatory, or side aisle of the sanctuary, is divided from west to east into three bays, similar to those in the nave. The apse has a convex polygonal wall with five bays, which are divided by buttresses with pinnacles.[225] Each bay of the apse has a window 14.5 feet (4.4 m) wide and 26 feet (7.9 m) high. The windows are divided by mullions into four vertical sections; they are surmounted by paneled gablets with traceries. The walls between the gablets and pinnacles are finished by pierced battlements.[207] The south ambulatory has a marble Pietà sculpture designed by William Ordway Partridge[216] and completed in 1905.[234] The south ambulatory also contains St. Joseph's Altar, which is made of bronze and mosaic.[235] The first four Cardinals' galeros,[e] or brimmed red felt hats, are mounted at the back of the sanctuary;[236] the Catholic Church stopped issuing galeros to its cardinals in 1969.[237]
There are eleven windows on the sanctuary's clerestory, of which six represent sacrifice (three each on the north and south sides).[238] The three windows on the north side represent the sacrifices of Abel, Noe, and Melchisedech, while the three on the south side represent the sacrifices of Abraham, the Paschal Lamb, and the Mount of Calvary.[24][239] The five windows on the convex portion of the apse represent subjects from the history of the Lord.[238] The apsidal windows represent the resurrection of Lazarus, the communion of St. John, the resurrection of Jesus, the giving of the keys of heaven to St. Peter, and Jesus meeting the disciples going to Emmaus.[24][240]
Chancel and high altar
The original chancel and high altar, donated by Cardinal McCloskey,[83] were three steps above the sanctuary floor and contained a platform of richly colored marble.[34][241] The altar was made in Rome[83][241] and designed in the Italian Gothic style.[242][243] The altar steps intersected a marble tabernacle inlaid with precious stones and mosaics.[241][243] Three bas-reliefs on the sides and front of the altar were carved in white marble.[205][242] The archbishop's pulpit, on the north side of the altar, was made of wood.[208] In 1885, a Gothic-style octagonal pulpit was installed at the south side of the high altar. Weighing 16 short tons (14 long tons; 15 t) and measuring 14 feet (4.3 m) tall, the pulpit was made mostly of Carrara marble, except for six supporting pillars, which were made of Vienna marble.[91] A heavy marble balustrade with carved panels surrounded the main pulpit, which itself was accessed by six marble steps.[91][244] The altar was compared to a wedding cake when it was first consecrated.[147] In 1930, a 50-foot-long (15 m) marble altar rail was designed by Robert J. Reiley and installed in front of the altar. The rail had carvings of saints.[138]
At the rear of the original high altar was a stylobate with a reredos, or altar screen, measuring 30 feet (9.1 m) long and 10 feet (3.0 m) high.[241] The clergy of the Archdiocese of New York gifted the altar screen,[76][83] which was carved from Poitiers stone in France.[76] The reredos was divided vertically into five parts: a central portion measuring 6 feet (1.8 m) wide, flanked on either side by panels measuring 7.5 feet (2.3 m) and 4.5 feet (1.4 m) wide. The base of the reredos was made of white marble, inlaid with alabaster and decorated with a bas-relief on each side. The reredos was topped by three towers, one at the center and one on each extreme end. The center tower ascended 48 feet (15 m) above the sanctuary floor while the corner towers ascended 18.5 feet (5.6 m) above the sanctuary floor.[241] The center spire had a statue of Christ, while the other spires had statues of St. Peter and St. Paul.[76][241] Between the towers were placed six niches with angels, three on either side of the center spire.[241]
In 1942, the original high altar was removed from St. Patrick's Cathedral and consecrated at Fordham University Church in the Bronx.[245][246] It was replaced with the current high altar, which is made of gray-white Italian marble and topped by a bronze baldachin.[152][153] Maginnis & Walsh designed the high altar. It lacks a tabernacle and a reredos, similarly to other high altars in cathedrals. The altar table measures 4 feet (1.2 m) deep and about 12 feet (3.7 m) long. The baldachin is supported by four piers; it slopes upward to a pinnacle with a statue of Christ the King. The statue is flanked by smaller pinnacles with angelic figures.[149][247] The pulpit is along the south (right) side of the right altar.[216]
Crypt
Under the high altar is a crypt in which notable Catholic figures that served the Archdiocese of New York are entombed. It is accessed by a set of doors behind the high altar.[248] Originally, the entrance to the crypt was hidden by a heavy stone slab that required six people to lift. A stone staircase descended to a vault behind a set of slate doors.[249] Large bronze letters with the names of those buried in the crypt are inscribed in the crypt doors.[250] The crypt is about 21 feet (6.4 m) long and 10 feet (3.0 m) high, with a width of 10 feet (3.0 m) between the rows of coffins on either side. The crypt is square in plan except for a ventilating pipe at the southeast corner.[249] It has space to bury either 24[251] or 42 people.[231][249]
The crypt's interments include all nine past deceased Archbishops of New York:
- John Joseph Hughes (Archbishop, 1850–1864; interred 1883)[252][253]
- John McCloskey (Archbishop, 1864–1885; interred 1885)[254]
- Michael Augustine Corrigan (Archbishop, 1885–1902; interred 1902)[255]
- John Murphy Farley (Archbishop, 1902–1918; interred 1918)[256]
- Patrick Joseph Hayes (Archbishop, 1919–1938; interred 1938)[257][258]
- Francis Joseph Spellman (Archbishop, 1939–1967; interred 1967)[259]
- Terence James Cooke (Archbishop, 1968–1983; interred 1983)[260][261]
- John Joseph O'Connor (Archbishop, 1984–2000; interred 2000)[262][263]
- Edward Michael Egan (Archbishop, 2000–2009; interred 2015)[264][265]
Other interments include:
- Michael J. Lavelle (Cathedral Rector, 1887–1939, and Vicar General; interred 1939)[266][267]
- Joseph F. Flannelly (Cathedral Rector, 1939–1969, and Auxiliary Bishop, 1948–1969;[268] interred 1973)[269]
- John Maguire (Coadjutor Archbishop, 1965–1980;[270][271] interred 1989)[269]
- Pierre Toussaint (interred 1990)[269] – at the time of his interment, the only Black person and Catholic layperson to be interred at the cathedral[272]
Fulton J. Sheen, Auxiliary Bishop of New York from 1951 to 1965 and later Bishop of Rochester, was interred in the crypt in 1979.[273] During the late 2010s, the Archdiocese of New York and his relatives were involved in a three-year court dispute to keep his remains at St. Patrick's Cathedral. On June 27, 2019, Sheen's remains were disinterred from St. Patrick's and transferred to St. Mary's Cathedral in Peoria, Illinois, where he had been ordained.[274][275]
Cathedral close
Lady chapel
The Lady chapel, designed by Charles T. Mathews, is east of the apse, facing along Madison Avenue.[86] It was designed in a 13th-century Gothic style. The rear wall of the apse was partly removed in the first decade of the 20th century to allow the construction of an ambulatory around the choir's outer wall.[117][118] The removed section of the apse's wall became part of Our Lady of Lourdes Church at that time.[276][277] The chapel was designed with a roof and belfry made of green bronze, as well as walls surrounded by statues. The walls of the chapel were designed to be plain at the bottom, becoming progressively more elaborately designed at the top.[117][118] Several gargoyles were designed as decoration for the chapel's exterior.[278] The chapel contains fifteen stained-glass windows depicting the mysteries of the rosary, five each for glorious, joyful, and sorrowful scenes. The Lady chapel has nine tall windows, as well as two side chapels with three windows each.[128]
The chapel is separated from the apse by a 48-foot-tall (15 m) glass wall that rests on a 23-foot-wide (7.0 m) glass beam. The glass wall is designed with a minimalist bronze frame.[215][279] The interior of the Lady chapel was designed with carved stonework. The original altar, dedicated to the Virgin Mary, had a high carved reredos, a mosaic floor, and a blue color scheme.[117][118] The altar was replaced in 1942. The new altar is reached by three brown-marble steps. It consists of a white-marble reredos, an altar table with multicolored inlaid tiles, and a statue of the Lady on top.[154] Under the Lady chapel is a crypt for the Kelly family, which had paid for the chapel.[128]
Rectory
The rectory (originally the Vicar General's house[88]) is at the southwest corner with 51st Street, on the northeastern section of the cathedral close.[86][123] It carries the address 460 Madison Avenue.[86] The Gothic-style building is three and a half stories high[1] and is clad with Tuckahoe stone and white marble.[88][89] As designed, it covers a lot measuring 54 by 47 feet (16 by 14 m). The basement was originally designed as the kitchen, laundry, and servants' quarters. The first floor had a hall clad with marble tiles; the reception and dining rooms were on the left and two parlors were on the right of the hall. The second and third floors were designed as bedrooms. White oak and black walnut was used throughout the building. The rectory had ceilings of 14 feet (4.3 m) on the first and second floors, 12 feet (3.7 m) on the third floor, and 12 feet (3.7 m) on the fourth.[88] It had 30 rooms in total.[145]
The rectory was substantially unchanged from its early-1880s construction until 1940. A new window was installed on the southern facade at ground level; new plumbing, electric wiring, an elevator, and a telephone switchboard were installed; and the curtains were replaced.[145] The two first-floor parlors were converted into four offices and a waiting room, and the upper stories were divided into smaller bedrooms and studies.[146] The rectory retained some original design features such as its black-walnut fireplace mantels.[145]
In 1920, the rectory also hosted the marriage of F. Scott Fitzgerald and Zelda Fitzgerald.[248]
Archbishop's house
The archbishop's house is at the northwest corner with 50th Street, occupying the southeastern section of the cathedral close.[86][123] It carries the address 452 Madison Avenue.[86] The archbishop's residence covers 15,000 square feet (1,400 m2).[280][281] The Gothic-style building is three and a half stories high and is also clad with white marble.[1] A plaque commemorating Pope Paul VI's 1965 visit to the cathedral[282] is mounted on the facade.[283]
As of 2015, Cardinal Dolan shares the archbishop's house with three other priests.[281] On the third floor is a chapel for John the Apostle. The right-side wall has a plaque measuring 18 by 12 inches (460 by 300 mm) with a holy water font made of silver. The Assumption of Mary, flanked by cherubs, is depicted atop the holy water font. The font was given by Pope Paul VI to Cardinal Cooke in 1971.[284]
Staff
As of 2021, Cardinal Timothy M. Dolan is the archbishop of St. Patrick's Cathedral,[285] having served in this position since 2009.[286] Robert T. Ritchie has served as the rector[287] since 2006.[288] In addition, Rev. Andrew King is the master of ceremonies, and Rev. Donald Haggerty, Rev. Arthur Golino, and Rev. Ed Dougherty are also on staff.[287]
The director of music is Jennifer Pascual.[289] The associate directors of music, who also serve as organists, are Daniel Brondel[290] and Michael Hey.[291] In addition, Robert M. Evers is the Music Administrator and Programs Editor.[287]
Bells
There are nineteen bells at St. Patrick's Cathedral.[292][293] The bells were created by the firm of Messrs. Paccard in France and installed in 1897.[294][295] They hang in the northern tower of St. Patrick's Cathedral 180 feet (55 m) above ground.[292][296] Since there are fewer than 23 bells, the minimum needed to be able to ring two octaves, they hang in a chime instead of a carillon. A 1983 New York Times article reported that the chime was rung every day at 8 a.m., noon, and 6 p.m. Additionally, on Sundays, the chime was rung every 15 minutes between 10 a.m. and noon and every 15 minutes between 5 p.m. and 7 p.m.[297]
Originally, the bells were powered by a compressed air mechanism in the basement.[298] Pressing a key on the keyboard in the sacristy would activate an electric signal, which in turn would release the compressed air to ring each bell.[299][300] According to The New York Times, St. Patrick's bells were the first to be operated by compressed air.[300] Until 1952, the bells could also be rung using tracker action; the bell-ringer would pull a 110-foot-long (34 m) rod between the lever and clapper of each bell.[292]
Each of the bells was donated by a different person or organization. The name of the bell, its donor, and the figure of the crucifixion is carved on each respective bell.[110]
Name | Tone | Approximate Weight[f] | Donor[110] |
---|---|---|---|
St. Patrick | B♭ | 6,608 pounds (2,997 kg) | Congregation of St. Patrick's Cathedral |
Blessed Virgin[g] | C | 4,626 pounds (2,098 kg) | John B. Manning |
St. Joseph | D | 3,260 pounds (1,480 kg) | Joseph J. O'Donohue |
Holy Name | E♭ | 2,693 pounds (1,222 kg) | Holy Name Society |
St. Michael | E | 2,319 pounds (1,052 kg) | M. C. Coleman |
St. Anne | F | 1,956 pounds (887 kg) | Henry McAleenan |
St. Elizabeth | G | 1,357 pounds (616 kg) | Marquise di San Marzano |
St. Augustine of Hippo | A♭ | 1,163 pounds (528 kg) | Augustin Daly |
St. Anthony of Padua | A | 971 pounds (440 kg) | I. L. Fox |
St. Agnes | B♭ | 802 pounds (364 kg) | Lydia Fox |
St. John the Evangelist | B | 668 pounds (303 kg) | John D. Crimmins |
St. Bridget | C | 574 pounds (260 kg) | Perry and Catherine I. Minister |
St. Francis Xavier | C♯ | 476 pounds (216 kg) | Congregation of St. Francis Xavier Church |
St. Peter | D | 402 pounds (182 kg) | George B. Coleman |
St. Cecilia | E♭ | 345 pounds (156 kg) | Mrs. Thomas I. Ryan |
St. Helena | E | 286 pounds (130 kg) | Leonora and Agnes Keyes |
St. Alphonsus Liguori | F | 241 pounds (109 kg) | Mary A. Mills |
St. Thomas Aquinas | F♯ | 204 pounds (93 kg) | Thomas Kelly |
St. Godfrey | G | 173 pounds (78 kg) | Children of Godfrey Amend |
Organs
St. Patrick's Cathedral has two pipe organs with more than 9,000 pipes, 206 stops, 150 ranks, and 10 divisions between them.[141] The two organs are the Gallery Organ, completed in 1930, and the Chancel Organ, completed in 1928; both were manufactured by George Kilgen & Son. Since the mid-1990s, the two organs have been able to operate as a single unit.[179][301] The two organs are controlled by twin 5-manual drawknob consoles and have 207 registers, 116 stops, and 142 ranks between them.[141]
The Chancel Organ is in the north ambulatory of the sanctuary, adjoining the Chapel of St. Joseph.[141][301] It originally had three manuals, which controlled four divisions. The Chancel Organ originally had 46 registers, 18 stops, and 18 ranks.[141] There were 1,480 pipes, placed inside an oak case with Gothic-style carvings.[301] The Gallery Organ is in the western part of the nave below the Fifth Avenue rose window, as well as in the triforium near the south transept.[141][301] The Gallery Organ had a four-manual stopkey console with 157 registers and 114 ranks.[141] There were 7,855 pipes; the shortest measured 0.5 inches (13 mm) long and the longest, 32 feet (9.8 m) long, crossed the triforia.[301]
Organ history
The first organ was built by George Jardine & Son and installed in 1879.[205] It was composed of four manuals, 51 stops, and 56 ranks.[141] In 1880, J.H. & C.S. Odell installed an organ in the chancel[205] with 2 manuals, 20 stops and 23 ranks.[141]
George Kilgen & Son designed the two current organs after Pietro Yon was hired to the music staff in the late 1920s.[141][301] The Chancel Organ was dedicated on January 30, 1928,[302] while the Gallery Organ was dedicated on February 11, 1930.[303] Tonal modifications were made in the 1940s and 1950s, and additional renovations occurred in the 1970s and 1980s.[301] In 1993, while John-Michael Caprio was music director, a major restoration of the organs commenced, and the old three-manual consoles were replaced with twin five-manual consoles.[179] The Peragallo Pipe Organ Company removed the cathedral's organ for cleaning in early 1994.[304] The next year, the Chancel Organ was restored.[179] The restoration was completed after the Echo Organ in the triforium was restored.[301]
Directors of music
In the first nine decades of St. Patrick's Cathedral's history, it only had four music directors.[301][305] The first organist and director of music at the current St. Patrick's Cathedral was William F. Pecher, who had been hired at the Old Cathedral in 1862 and served at the current cathedral from 1879 to his death in 1904.[306][307] Afterward, Jacques C. Ungerer served as the director of music until 1929. He was succeeded by Pietro Yon, who at the time was an assistant director.[301] When Yon suffered a stroke in 1943, Dr. Charles Marie Courboin was temporarily appointed to Yon's position.[308][309] Yon died the same year[310] and Courboin served as music director until 1970.[311]
The cathedral's fifth music director, John Grady, served as a music director and organist from 1970 to his death in 1990.[312] Grady was succeeded by John-Michael Caprio, who also served until his death, in 1997.[313] Four people served as directors over the following six years: John C. West (1997–1999), Robert Long (1999–2001), Don Stefano Concordia (2001), and Johannes Somary (2001–2003).[301] Since 2003, Jennifer Pascual has served as the music director,[289] being the first woman to hold this position.[314]
Crimes and terrorism
Over the years, St. Patrick's Cathedral has been targeted by bombings and threats:
- On October 13, 1914, a bomb exploded on the northwest corner of the cathedral. It tore an 18-inch hole in the floor. One injury was reported: a boy whose head was grazed by a flying piece of metal.[315][316]
- In March 1915, Italian anarchists Frank Abarno and Carmine Carbone of the Bresci Circle were arrested for attempting to detonate a bomb in the cathedral.[317]
- In January 1951, a letter threatened that a bomb would be set off at a Sunday Mass, but the Mass continued without any disruption.[318] Another, telephoned bomb threat occurred in June 1953.[319]
- On April 18, 2019, just two days after a fire damaged the Notre-Dame de Paris, a 37-year-old New Jersey man carrying a pair of full two-gallon cans of gasoline, two bottles of lighter fluid, and two extended butane lighters was arrested after attempting to enter the cathedral.[320] The man, a philosophy professor at nearby Seton Hall University, was arrested at another church in New Jersey earlier that week.[321]
In addition, there have been numerous instances of vandalism:
- In 1944, red paint was splashed on the cathedral. The paint was smeared in a pattern similar to the hammer and sickle of a communist party.[322]
- On May 30, 2020, during the nationwide protests and riots over the death of George Floyd, Black Lives Matter protesters spray-painted pro-BLM and anti-police slogans on the facade.[323] Two people were charged the following month for the crime.[324]
- On New Year's Day 2021, the cathedral was vandalized again with anti-police graffiti.[325]
Other incidents have included:
- A 2020 report by the Vatican accepted earlier reports that the laicized Cardinal Theodore McCarrick committed acts of sex abuse at the cathedral between 1971 and 1972.[326][327]
- On September 21, 1988, a mentally ill man killed an usher and seriously injured an officer before being fatally shot.[328]
- On December 10, 1989, ACT UP, a pressure group that advocates for AIDS awareness, led a demonstration of 4,500 people outside the cathedral as part of their Stop the Church campaign. About 130 infiltrated the church and disrupted the Mass, forcing Cardinal John O'Connor to abandon his sermon.[329][330]
- In 2002, "shock jocks" Opie and Anthony held their third "Sex for Sam contest" that encouraged listeners of their radio show to have sex in risky places. Two listeners were caught in a vestibule of the church doing so; they were arrested, along with comedian Paul Mecurio.[331]
See also
- List of Catholic cathedrals in the United States
- List of cathedrals in the United States
- Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York
- List of Roman Catholic archbishops of New York, a list of all archbishops of St. Patrick's Cathedral
- List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets
References
Notes
- ^ a b c A less precise measurement of 330 feet (100 m) is given by several sources.[97][33][101]
- ^ Albert stone would have cost $800,000, Belleville stone would have cost $805,000, and Dorchester stone would have cost $830,000.[47]
- ^ Some sources prior to the cathedral's expansion gave a figure of 70 windows.[205][206]
- ^ Harper's gives a different measurement of 330 feet (100 m) for the outside length and 172 feet (52 m) for the width at the transept.[211]
- ^ Those belonging to John McCloskey, John Murphy Farley, Patrick Joseph Hayes, and Francis Spellman.[236]
- ^ Weight is rounded to the nearest pound according to St. Patrick's website.[292] Compressed Air gives slightly different weight notations for all of these bells.[296]
- ^ Also originally named Our Lady's[296]
Citations
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