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{{Short description|Major river in eastern Canada and the United States, flowing into the Gulf of St. Lawrence}} |
{{Short description|Major river in eastern Canada and the United States, flowing into the Gulf of St. Lawrence}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}} |
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{{St. Lawrence River map}} |
{{St. Lawrence River map}} |
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The '''St. Lawrence River''' ({{lang-fr|Fleuve Saint-Laurent}}, {{IPA-fr|flœv sɛ̃lɔʁɑ̃|}}) is a large [[river]] in the middle latitudes of [[North America]]. Its headwaters begin flowing from [[Lake Ontario]] in a roughly northeasterly direction, into the [[Gulf of St. Lawrence]], connecting the North American [[Great Lakes]] to the [[North Atlantic Ocean]], and forming the primary [[outflow (hydrology)|drainage outflow]] of the [[Great Lakes Basin]]. The river traverses the [[provinces and territories of Canada|Canadian provinces]] of [[Ontario]] and [[Quebec]], as well as the [[U.S. state]] of [[New York (state)|New York]], and demarcates part of the [[Canada–United States border|international boundary]] between [[Canada]] and the [[United States]]. It also provides the foundation for the commercial [[St. Lawrence Seaway]]. |
The '''St. Lawrence River''' ({{lang-fr|Fleuve Saint-Laurent}}, {{IPA-fr|flœv sɛ̃lɔʁɑ̃|}}) is a large [[river]] in the middle latitudes of [[North America]]. Its headwaters begin flowing from [[Lake Ontario]] in a roughly northeasterly direction, into the [[Gulf of St. Lawrence]], connecting the North American [[Great Lakes]] to the [[North Atlantic Ocean]], and forming the primary [[outflow (hydrology)|drainage outflow]] of the [[Great Lakes Basin]]. The river traverses the [[provinces and territories of Canada|Canadian provinces]] of [[Ontario]] and [[Quebec]], as well as the [[U.S. state]] of [[New York (state)|New York]], and demarcates part of the [[Canada–United States border|international boundary]] between [[Canada]] and the [[United States]]. It also provides the foundation for the commercial [[St. Lawrence Seaway]]. |
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The St. Lawrence River has been named the best bass fishery in the world by Bassmaster Magazine’s 100 Best Bass Lakes in 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-08 |title=St. Lawrence River named best bass fishery |url=https://www.informnny.com/abc50-now/st-lawrence-river-named-best-bass-fishery/ |access-date=2023-04-16 |website=WWTI - InformNNY.com |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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==Names== |
==Names== |
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The river has been called a variety of names by local [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]]. Beginning in the 16th century, French explorers visited what is now Canada and gave the river names such as the ''Grand fleuve de [[Hochelaga (village)|Hochelaga]]'' and the ''Grande rivière de Canada''<ref name="topo"/>, where ''fleuve'' and ''rivière'' are two [[French language|French]] words, now nuanced, for "river". |
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⚫ | The river's present name has been used since 1604 when it was recorded on a map by [[Samuel de Champlain]]<ref name="topo">{{cite web |title=Fleuve Saint-Laurent |url=https://toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/ToposWeb/fiche.aspx?no_seq=121375 |website=Commission de toponymie Québec |publisher=Gouvernement du Québec |access-date=28 December 2021}}</ref> Champlain opted for the names ''Grande riviere de sainct Laurens'' and ''Fleuve sainct Laurens'' in his writings, supplanting the earlier names<ref name="topo"/>. In contemporary French, the name is rendered as the '''''fleuve Saint-Laurent'''''. The name ''Saint-Laurent'' (Saint Lawrence) was originally applied to the [[Gulf of Saint Lawrence|eponymous bay]] by [[Jacques Cartier]] upon his arrival into the region on the 10th of August [[Calendar of saints|feast day]] for [[Saint Lawrence]] in 1535.<ref name="topo"/> |
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Today, the river is still known by [[Indigenous peoples in Canada|Indigenous nations]] by a number of distinct names. [[Innu-aimun]], the language of [[Nitassinan]], refers to it as '''''Wepistukujaw Sipo'''''/'''''Wepìstùkwiyaht sīpu''''';<ref name="topo"/><ref name="Lozier">{{cite book |last1=Lozier |first1=Jean-François |title=Flesh Reborn: The Saint Lawrence Valley Mission Settlements through the Seventeenth Century |date=2018 |publisher=McGill-Queens University Press |location=Montréal |page=306 |isbn=9780773553989 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WKxuDwAAQBAJ&dq=Moliantegok+meaning&pg=PA306 |access-date=28 December 2021}}</ref> the [[Abenaki]] call it '''''Moliantegok'''''/'''''Moliantekw''''' ("Montréal River"),<ref name="topo"/> '''''Kchitegw'''''/'''''Ktsitekw'''''/'''''Gicitegw''''' ("Great River"),<ref name="Lozier"/> or '''''Oss8genaizibo'''''/'''''Ws8genaisibo'''''/'''''Wsogenaisibo''''' ("River of the Algonquins");<ref name="Lozier"/> the [[Mohawk people|Mohawk]] refer to it in [[Mohawk language|Kanienʼkéha]] as '''''Roiatatokenti''''', '''''Raoteniateara''''',<ref name="topo"/> '''''Ken’tarókwen''''',<ref>{{cite web |last1=Doolittle |first1=Benjamin |title=St. Lawrence (Upper river) |url=https://kanienkeha.net/places/lakes-and-rivers/ken-tarokwen/ |website=Kanienʼkéha Dictionary |date=25 August 2016 |access-date=28 December 2021}}</ref> or '''''Kaniatarowanénhne''''';<ref>{{cite web |last1=Doolittle |first1=Benjamin |title=St. Lawrence, USA & CA |url=https://kanienkeha.net/places/lakes-and-rivers/kaniatarowanenhne/ |website=Kanienʼkéha Dictionary |date=25 August 2016 |access-date=28 December 2021}}</ref> the [[Tuscarora people|Tuscarora]] call it '''''Kahnawáˀkye''''' or '''''Kaniatarowanenneh''''' ("Big Water Current");<ref>Rudes, B. Tuscarora English Dictionary Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999</ref> the [[Algonquin people|Algonquins (or Omàmiwininiwak)]] call it "the Walking Path" or '''''Magtogoek'''''<ref name="topo"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Toussaint |first1=Jean-Patrick |title=Il était une fois un fleuve... et nous. |url=https://www.sciencepresse.qc.ca/blogue/2014/06/17/etait-fois-fleuve-nous |website=Agence Science-Presse |language=French |access-date=28 December 2021}}</ref> or '''''Kitcikanii sipi''''', the "Large Water River";<ref name="Lozier"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cuoq |first1=Jean André |title=Lexique de la langue algonquine |date=1886 |publisher=J. Chapleau |location=Montréal |url=https://archive.org/details/lexiquedelalang00cuoq |access-date=28 December 2021 |language=French}}</ref> the [[Huron-Wendat Nation|Huron-Wendat]]s refer to it as '''''Lada8anna''''' or '''''Laooendaooena''''';<ref name="Lozier"/> and, the [[Atikamekw]] of [[Nitaskinan]] refer to it as '''''[[:atj:Micta sipi|Micta sipi]]''''' ("Huge River"). |
Today, the river is still known by [[Indigenous peoples in Canada|Indigenous nations]] by a number of distinct names. [[Innu-aimun]], the language of [[Nitassinan]], refers to it as '''''Wepistukujaw Sipo'''''/'''''Wepìstùkwiyaht sīpu''''';<ref name="topo"/><ref name="Lozier">{{cite book |last1=Lozier |first1=Jean-François |title=Flesh Reborn: The Saint Lawrence Valley Mission Settlements through the Seventeenth Century |date=2018 |publisher=McGill-Queens University Press |location=Montréal |page=306 |isbn=9780773553989 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WKxuDwAAQBAJ&dq=Moliantegok+meaning&pg=PA306 |access-date=28 December 2021}}</ref> the [[Abenaki]] call it '''''Moliantegok'''''/'''''Moliantekw''''' ("Montréal River"),<ref name="topo"/> '''''Kchitegw'''''/'''''Ktsitekw'''''/'''''Gicitegw''''' ("Great River"),<ref name="Lozier"/> or '''''Oss8genaizibo'''''/'''''Ws8genaisibo'''''/'''''Wsogenaisibo''''' ("River of the Algonquins");<ref name="Lozier"/> the [[Mohawk people|Mohawk]] refer to it in [[Mohawk language|Kanienʼkéha]] as '''''Roiatatokenti''''', '''''Raoteniateara''''',<ref name="topo"/> '''''Ken’tarókwen''''',<ref>{{cite web |last1=Doolittle |first1=Benjamin |title=St. Lawrence (Upper river) |url=https://kanienkeha.net/places/lakes-and-rivers/ken-tarokwen/ |website=Kanienʼkéha Dictionary |date=25 August 2016 |access-date=28 December 2021}}</ref> or '''''Kaniatarowanénhne''''';<ref>{{cite web |last1=Doolittle |first1=Benjamin |title=St. Lawrence, USA & CA |url=https://kanienkeha.net/places/lakes-and-rivers/kaniatarowanenhne/ |website=Kanienʼkéha Dictionary |date=25 August 2016 |access-date=28 December 2021}}</ref> the [[Tuscarora people|Tuscarora]] call it '''''Kahnawáˀkye''''' or '''''Kaniatarowanenneh''''' ("Big Water Current");<ref>Rudes, B. Tuscarora English Dictionary Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999</ref> the [[Algonquin people|Algonquins (or Omàmiwininiwak)]] call it "the Walking Path" or '''''Magtogoek'''''<ref name="topo"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Toussaint |first1=Jean-Patrick |title=Il était une fois un fleuve... et nous. |url=https://www.sciencepresse.qc.ca/blogue/2014/06/17/etait-fois-fleuve-nous |website=Agence Science-Presse |language=French |access-date=28 December 2021}}</ref> or '''''Kitcikanii sipi''''', the "Large Water River";<ref name="Lozier"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cuoq |first1=Jean André |title=Lexique de la langue algonquine |date=1886 |publisher=J. Chapleau |location=Montréal |url=https://archive.org/details/lexiquedelalang00cuoq |access-date=28 December 2021 |language=French}}</ref> the [[Huron-Wendat Nation|Huron-Wendat]]s refer to it as '''''Lada8anna''''' or '''''Laooendaooena''''';<ref name="Lozier"/> and, the [[Atikamekw]] of [[Nitaskinan]] refer to it as '''''[[:atj:Micta sipi|Micta sipi]]''''' ("Huge River"). |
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==Geography== |
==Geography== |
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[[File:000730 15a 3545 2367 fleuve I Orleans.jpg|left|thumb|upright=1.3|St. Lawrence River, passage of the couriers of the Transat from [[Quebec City|Quebec]] to Saint-Malo 200]] |
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[[File:Ile St Quentin 021.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.3|Cross commemorating the one laid by [[Jacques Cartier|Jacques-Cartier]] on October 7, 1535, [[Trois-Rivières]]]] |
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[[File:Champlain Sea.png|thumb|upright=1.3|The Champlain Sea]] |
[[File:Champlain Sea.png|thumb|upright=1.3|The Champlain Sea]] |
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The St. Lawrence River runs {{convert|3058|km|mi|sigfig=4|lk=on}} from the farthest headwater to the mouth and {{convert|1197|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} from the outflow of Lake Ontario. These numbers include the estuary; without the estuary, the length from Lake Ontario is c. 500 km (c. 300 mi). The farthest headwater is the [[North River (Minnesota)|North River]] in the [[Mesabi Range]] at [[Hibbing]], Minnesota. Its drainage area, which includes the Great Lakes, the world's largest system of freshwater lakes, is {{convert|1344200|km2|sqmi|1|sigfig=5}}, of which {{convert|839200|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=on|sigfig=4}} is in Canada and {{convert|505000|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=on|sigfig=4}} is in the United States. The basin covers parts of [[Ontario]] and [[Quebec]] in Canada, parts of [[Minnesota]], [[Wisconsin]], [[Illinois]], [[Indiana]], [[Ohio]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[Vermont]], and nearly the entirety of the state of [[Michigan]] in the United States. The average discharge below the [[Saguenay River]] is {{convert|16800|m3/s|cuft/s}}. At Quebec City, it is {{convert|12101|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}. The average discharge at the river's source, the outflow of Lake Ontario, is {{convert|7410|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}.<ref name="BenkeCushing2005"/> |
The St. Lawrence River runs {{convert|3058|km|mi|sigfig=4|lk=on}} from the farthest headwater to the mouth and {{convert|1197|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} from the outflow of Lake Ontario. These numbers include the estuary; without the estuary, the length from Lake Ontario is c. 500 km (c. 300 mi). The farthest headwater is the [[North River (Minnesota)|North River]] in the [[Mesabi Range]] at [[Hibbing]], Minnesota. Its drainage area, which includes the Great Lakes, the world's largest system of freshwater lakes, is {{convert|1344200|km2|sqmi|1|sigfig=5}}, of which {{convert|839200|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=on|sigfig=4}} is in Canada and {{convert|505000|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=on|sigfig=4}} is in the United States. The basin covers parts of [[Ontario]] and [[Quebec]] in Canada, parts of [[Minnesota]], [[Wisconsin]], [[Illinois]], [[Indiana]], [[Ohio]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[Vermont]], and nearly the entirety of the state of [[Michigan]] in the United States. The average discharge below the [[Saguenay River]] is {{convert|16800|m3/s|cuft/s}}. At Quebec City, it is {{convert|12101|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}. The average discharge at the river's source, the outflow of Lake Ontario, is {{convert|7410|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}.<ref name="BenkeCushing2005"/> |
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The St. Lawrence River includes [[Lake Saint-Louis]] south of Montreal, [[Lake Saint Francis (Canada)|Lake Saint Francis]] at [[Salaberry-de-Valleyfield]] and [[Lac Saint-Pierre]] east of Montreal. It encompasses four [[archipelago]]es: the [[Thousand Islands]] chain near [[Alexandria Bay, New York]] and [[Kingston, Ontario]]; the [[Hochelaga Archipelago]], including the [[Island of Montreal]] and [[Île Jésus]] ([[Laval, Quebec|Laval]]); the Lake St. Pierre Archipelago (classified a biosphere world reserve by the UNESCO in 2000)<ref>[http://www.pleinairalacarte.com/qc/monteregie/lac-saint-pierre-et-son-archipel.html Lac Saint-Pierre et son archipel]. Pleinairalacarte.com (2008-11-07). Retrieved 2013-07-12.</ref> and the smaller [[Mingan Archipelago]]. Other islands include Île d'Orléans near Quebec City and [[Anticosti Island]] north of the [[Gaspé Peninsula|Gaspé]]. It is the second longest river in Canada. |
The St. Lawrence River includes [[Lake Saint-Louis]] south of Montreal, [[Lake Saint Francis (Canada)|Lake Saint Francis]] at [[Salaberry-de-Valleyfield]] and [[Lac Saint-Pierre]] east of Montreal. It encompasses four [[archipelago]]es: the [[Thousand Islands]] chain near [[Alexandria Bay, New York]] and [[Kingston, Ontario]]; the [[Hochelaga Archipelago]], including the [[Island of Montreal]] and [[Île Jésus]] ([[Laval, Quebec|Laval]]); the Lake St. Pierre Archipelago (classified a biosphere world reserve by the UNESCO in 2000)<ref>[http://www.pleinairalacarte.com/qc/monteregie/lac-saint-pierre-et-son-archipel.html Lac Saint-Pierre et son archipel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402102145/http://www.pleinairalacarte.com/qc/monteregie/lac-saint-pierre-et-son-archipel.html |date=2 April 2015 }}. Pleinairalacarte.com (2008-11-07). Retrieved 2013-07-12.</ref> and the smaller [[Mingan Archipelago]]. Other islands include Île d'Orléans near Quebec City and [[Anticosti Island]] north of the [[Gaspé Peninsula|Gaspé]]. It is the second longest river in Canada. |
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[[Lake Champlain]] and the [[Ottawa River|Ottawa]], [[Richelieu River|Richelieu]], [[Saint-Maurice River|Saint-Maurice]], [[Saint-Francois River|Saint-François]], [[Chaudière River|Chaudière]] and Saguenay rivers drain into the St. Lawrence. |
[[Lake Champlain]] and the [[Ottawa River|Ottawa]], [[Richelieu River|Richelieu]], [[Saint-Maurice River|Saint-Maurice]], [[Saint-Francois River|Saint-François]], [[Chaudière River|Chaudière]] and Saguenay rivers drain into the St. Lawrence. |
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Because of the virtually impassable [[Lachine Rapids]], the St. Lawrence was once continuously navigable only as far as Montreal. Opened in 1825, the [[Lachine Canal]] was the first to allow ships to pass the rapids. An extensive system of canals and locks, known as the [[St. Lawrence Seaway]], was officially opened on 26 June 1959 by [[Elizabeth II]] (representing Canada) and President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] (representing the United States). The Seaway (including the [[Welland Canal]]) now permits ocean-going vessels to pass all the way to [[Lake Superior]]. |
Because of the virtually impassable [[Lachine Rapids]], the St. Lawrence was once continuously navigable only as far as Montreal. Opened in 1825, the [[Lachine Canal]] was the first to allow ships to pass the rapids. An extensive system of canals and locks, known as the [[St. Lawrence Seaway]], was officially opened on 26 June 1959 by [[Elizabeth II]] (representing Canada) and President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] (representing the United States). The Seaway (including the [[Welland Canal]]) now permits ocean-going vessels to pass all the way to [[Lake Superior]]. |
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[[File:A bend in the St. Lawrence, Quebec (I0006891).tif|alt=The St. Lawrence River with land depicted on both sides. There is a canoe and a boat on the river and birds flying over the river.|thumb|A watercolour painting by [[Elizabeth Simcoe]] created [ |
[[File:A bend in the St. Lawrence, Quebec (I0006891).tif|alt=The St. Lawrence River with land depicted on both sides. There is a canoe and a boat on the river and birds flying over the river.|thumb|A watercolour painting by [[Elizabeth Simcoe]] created [{{Circa|1792}}] depicting a bend in the St. Lawrence River, Quebec from the [[c:Category:Images from Archives of Ontario - F 47 Simcoe family fonds|Simcoe Family fonds]] held at the Archives of Ontario.]] |
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During the [[World War II|Second World War]], the [[Battle of the St. Lawrence]] involved submarine and anti-submarine actions throughout the lower St. Lawrence River and the entire [[Gulf of St. Lawrence]], [[Strait of Belle Isle]] and [[Cabot Strait]] from May to October 1942, September 1943, and again in October and November 1944. During this time, German [[U-boat]]s sank several merchant marine ships and three Canadian warships. |
During the [[World War II|Second World War]], the [[Battle of the St. Lawrence]] involved submarine and anti-submarine actions throughout the lower St. Lawrence River and the entire [[Gulf of St. Lawrence]], [[Strait of Belle Isle]] and [[Cabot Strait]] from May to October 1942, September 1943, and again in October and November 1944. During this time, German [[U-boat]]s sank several merchant marine ships and three Canadian warships. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{Portal|Geography|Canada}} |
{{Portal|Rivers|Geography|Canada}} |
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{{columns-list|colwidth=30em| |
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em| |
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*[[Gulf of St. Lawrence]] |
*[[Gulf of St. Lawrence]] |
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050831065022/http://www.readingstlawrencecounty.com/ Annotated Bibliography on St. Lawrence County and Northern New York region.] |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050831065022/http://www.readingstlawrencecounty.com/ Annotated Bibliography on St. Lawrence County and Northern New York region.] |
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*[http://www.islrbc.org International St. Lawrence River Board of Control] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723220909/http://www.islrbc.org/ |date=23 July 2013 }} |
*[http://www.islrbc.org International St. Lawrence River Board of Control] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723220909/http://www.islrbc.org/ |date=23 July 2013 }} |
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*[http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/st-lawrence-river/ Saint Lawrence River from ''The Canadian Encyclopedia''] |
*[http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/st-lawrence-river/ Saint Lawrence River from ''The Canadian Encyclopedia''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921050033/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/st-lawrence-river/ |date=21 September 2017 }} |
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*[http://www.abaycams.com/abaycams.asp?startPage=abaycams_river_vacations_restaurant_boating.asp St. Lawrence River Cam] |
*[http://www.abaycams.com/abaycams.asp?startPage=abaycams_river_vacations_restaurant_boating.asp St. Lawrence River Cam] |
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*[http://www.nfb.ca/film/St_Lawrence_Stairway_to_the_Sea/ Watch the Jacques Cousteau documentary, ''St. Lawrence: Stairway to the Sea''] |
*[http://www.nfb.ca/film/St_Lawrence_Stairway_to_the_Sea/ Watch the Jacques Cousteau documentary, ''St. Lawrence: Stairway to the Sea''] |