Content deleted Content added
81.146.2.128 (talk) |
No edit summary Tag: Visual edit |
||
(6 intermediate revisions by 5 users not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{TAFI}} |
|||
{{Commons category|Cleaning sponges}} |
|||
[[File:Éponge type 3 (1).jpg|thumb|Artificial fiber sponge: [[Polyurethane]] sponge combined with scouring pad.]] |
[[File:Éponge type 3 (1).jpg|thumb|Artificial fiber sponge: [[Polyurethane]] sponge combined with scouring pad.]] |
||
[[File:Schwamm1.jpg|thumb|Animal fiber sponge: A Greek natural sponge.]] |
[[File:Schwamm1.jpg|thumb|Animal fiber sponge: A Greek natural sponge.]] |
||
Line 5: | Line 7: | ||
== Etymology == |
== Etymology == |
||
The word comes from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] word σπόγγος (''spoggos'').<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aalphabetic+letter%3D*s111%3Aentry+group%3D61%3Aentry%3Dspo%2Fggos|title=Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> |
|||
== |
== History == |
||
The first references of sponges being used for hygiene dates from the [[Ancient Greece]]. Competitors of the [[Ancient Olympic Games|Olympic Games]] bathed themselves with [[sea sponges]] soaked in olive oil or perfume before competing. In the book [[Odyssey|''Odyssey'']] from the Greek poet [[Homer]], the god [[Hephaestus]] cleans his cleans his hands, face and chest with a sea sponge; and the servants in the [[Odysseus]] palace also used sea sponges to clean the tables after the meals the [[suitors of Penelope]] had there. The Greek philosophers [[Aristotle]] and [[Plato]] have also mentioned sea sponges in scientific and historic contexts.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.seaspongecompany.com/pages/sea-sponge-history|title=The History of the Sea Sponge|last=Inc.|first=The Sea Sponge Company™|website=The Sea Sponge Company™ Inc.|access-date=2018-04-14}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kalymnos-shop.gr/en/blog/natural-sponges/natural-sea-sponges-and-sponge-diving-history|title=Natural Sea Sponges and sponge diving history|website=www.kalymnos-shop.gr|language=en|access-date=2018-04-14}}</ref> Ancient Greeks also used sea sponges tied to sticks and soaked in sea water as toilet paper.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mundoestranho.abril.com.br/historia/como-era-feita-a-higiene-bucal-antes-da-pasta-de-dente/|title=Como era feita a higiene bucal antes da pasta de dente?|work=Mundo Estranho|access-date=2018-04-14|language=pt-BR}}</ref> |
|||
Sponges are commonly made from [[cellulose]] wood fibers or foamed plastic polymers. Some [[sponge|natural sponges]] are still sold, with most now used either as body or facial sponges (bath sponges) or as tools for sponge painting. Bath sponges help cleanse the skin by scraping away the dead skin and washing away dirt.<ref>{{cite journal | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004484860700484X | doi=10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.06.010 | volume=271 | title=Development of a new protocol for testing bath sponge quality | journal=Aquaculture | pages=275–285}}</ref> |
|||
[[Ancient Rome|Ancient Romans]] also used sea sponges extensively for hygiene and other uses. The belief that sponges had therapeutical properties leaded to it be used in medicine for cleaning wounds and treating diseases.<ref name=":0" /> |
|||
Besides sponges formed from plastic polymers, the three other categories of widely available synthetic sponges are low-density polyether (known as non-absorbent sponges), PVA (a highly absorbent material for use in medicine<ref>{{cite journal | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022354915001999 | doi=10.1016/j.xphs.2015.11.043 | volume=105 | title=Sponge-Like Dressings Based on the Association of Chitosan and Sericin for the Treatment of Chronic Skin Ulcers. II. Loading of the Hemoderivative Platelet Lysate | journal=Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences | pages=1188–1195}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0144861716304179 | doi=10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.04.056 | volume=148 | title=Effect of starch on the mechanical and in vitro properties of collagen-hydroxyapatite sponges for applications in dentistry | journal=Carbohydrate Polymers | pages=78–85}}</ref>), and polyester. |
|||
Sea sponges where used as [[tampons]] by females throughout history and are still used as tampons as a cheaper and more eco-friendly alternative for regular ones.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://menstrualcupreviews.net/sea-sponge-menstrual-soft-tampons-product-reviews/|title=2017's Top 5 Sea Sponge Menstrual (Soft) Tampons {{!}} Reviews|website=menstrualcupreviews.net|language=en-US|access-date=2018-04-14}}</ref> However, researchers state that it is not recommended to use sea sponges as tampons, since they can contain dirt and microorganisms, especially if poorly sanitized.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://metro.co.uk/2016/05/20/why-you-shouldnt-use-sea-sponges-as-a-natural-alternative-to-tampons-5894193/|title=Why you shouldn't use sea sponges as a natural alternative to tampons|date=2016-05-20|work=Metro|access-date=2018-04-14|language=en-GB}}</ref> |
|||
Polyester sponges can be subdivided into a variety of types, some of which are reticulated (artificially broken-in) for ease of use. One type, double-blown polyester, has a high water-retention ability approaching or equaling that of PVA sponges, but with visible pores and more diverse uses.{{Citation needed|date=November 2016}} |
|||
Moreover, in the [[New Testament]], a Roman soldier offers [[Jesus Christ]] a sponge soaked in vinegar wine on the tip of his spear (some versions say staff) for Jesus to drink during his [[Crucifixion of Jesus|crucifixion]], as an act of mockery.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+27:48&version=NIV|title=Bible Gateway passage: Matthew 27:48 - New International Version|website=Bible Gateway|access-date=2018-04-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.kansascity.com/living/religion/article438813/Was-the-act-by-the-Roman-soldier-of-placing-a-sponge-on-the-tip-of-his-spear-dipping-it-in-gall-and-offering-it-to-Jesus-on-the-cross-an-act-of-mercy-or-mockery.html|title=Was the act by the Roman soldier of placing a sponge on the tip of his spear, dipping it in gall and offering it to Jesus on the cross an act of mercy or mockery?|work=kansascity|access-date=2018-04-14|language=en}}</ref> |
|||
Synthetic sponges where made possible to be manufactured only after the invention of [[polyester]] in 1941 and the commercial production of [[polyurethane foam]] in 1952.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vortex-power.com/eng/home2.html|title=Polyurethane Foam Kitchen Sponge. History of Origin — Vortex Power|website=www.vortex-power.com|access-date=2018-04-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.whatispolyester.com/history.html|title=History of Polyester {{!}} What is Polyester|website=www.whatispolyester.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-04-14}}</ref> |
|||
==Material== |
|||
Synthetic and man-made sponges can be made of polyester, polyurethane or vegetal cellulose. Polyurethane is used in polyester sponges for their [[Scouring pad|abrasive side]]. Polyester sponges are more common for dish washing and are usually soft and yellow (although they can have other colors, too).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.corazzi.com/pulizia-domestic/dom-converters/sponge-scourers/polyester-sponge-and-cellulose-sponge/|title=Polyester sponge and Cellulose sponge|last=S.r.l.|first=Corazzi Fibre|website=www.corazzi.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-04-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.par-group.co.uk/rubber-and-polyurethane/polyurethane-engineering/polyurethane-sponge-dynathane/|title=Polyurethane Sponge - Dynathane {{!}} PAR Group|website=www.par-group.co.uk|access-date=2018-04-14}}</ref> |
|||
Vegetal cellulose sponges made of [[wood fiber]] are more used for bathing and skin cleaning, and are usually more tough and more expensive than polyester sponges, and are also considered more eco-friendly than polyester sponges as their are [[biodegradable]] and made of natural materials.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mnn.com/your-home/at-home/questions/whats-the-difference-between-cellulose-sponges-and-those-other-kitchen-s|title=What's the difference between cellulose sponges and those other kitchen sponges?|last=Hickman|first=Matt|date=2017-08-21|website=Mother Nature Network|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-04-14}}</ref> |
|||
==Harboring bacteria== |
==Harboring bacteria== |
||
Line 20: | Line 31: | ||
===Cleaning=== |
===Cleaning=== |
||
Several methods have been used to clean sponges. Studies have investigated the use of the [[microwave oven|microwave]] to clean non-metallic domestic sponges that have been thoroughly moistened. A 2006 study found that microwaving wet sponges for two minutes (at 1000 watt power) killed 99% of [[coliform]]s, ''[[E. coli]]'', and [[MS2 phage]]s, but ''[[Bacillus cereus]]'' spores required four minutes.<ref>{{cite journal | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956713513003745 | doi=10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.07.026 | volume=35 | title=Hygiene in the home kitchen: Changes in behaviour and impact of key microbiological hazard control measures | journal=Food Control | pages=392–400}}</ref> After some fires were caused by people trying to replicate the results at home, the study's author urged people to make sure their sponges were wet.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/6293735.stm "Microwave 'sterilisers' warning"]. 24 January 2007. BBC News.</ref> A 2009 study showed that the microwave and the [[dishwasher]] were both effective ways to clean domestic sponges.<ref>{{cite journal | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956713513003745 | doi=10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.07.026 | volume=35 | title=Hygiene in the home kitchen: Changes in behaviour and impact of key microbiological hazard control measures | journal=Food Control | pages=392–400}}</ref> |
Several methods have been used to clean sponges. Studies have investigated the use of the [[microwave oven|microwave]] to clean non-metallic domestic sponges that have been thoroughly moistened. A 2006 study found that microwaving wet sponges for two minutes (at 1000 watt power) killed 99% of [[coliform]]s, ''[[E. coli]]'', and [[MS2 phage]]s, but ''[[Bacillus cereus]]'' spores required four minutes.<ref>{{cite journal | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956713513003745 | doi=10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.07.026 | volume=35 | title=Hygiene in the home kitchen: Changes in behaviour and impact of key microbiological hazard control measures | journal=Food Control | pages=392–400}}</ref> After some fires were caused by people trying to replicate the results at home, the study's author urged people to make sure their sponges were wet.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/6293735.stm "Microwave 'sterilisers' warning"]. 24 January 2007. BBC News.</ref> A 2009 study showed that the microwave and the [[dishwasher]] were both effective ways to clean domestic sponges.<ref>{{cite journal | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956713513003745 | doi=10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.07.026 | volume=35 | title=Hygiene in the home kitchen: Changes in behaviour and impact of key microbiological hazard control measures | journal=Food Control | pages=392–400}}</ref> |
||
== In economy == |
|||
[[Caribbean]] and [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] developing countries are the largest sponge exporters, whereas the largest importers are developed [[Europe|European]] and [[North-America|North-American]] countries. [[Tunisia]] is the world's main sponge exporter, exporting 90% of its sponge production. [[France]] is the main importer, being supplied by Tunisia, but France's sponge demand has fallen in recent years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/003/AC286E/AC286E04.htm|title=SPONGES: WORLD PRODUCTION AND MARKETS|website=www.fao.org|access-date=2018-04-14}}</ref> |
|||
{| class="wikitable" |
|||
|+Main sponge exporters (in tonnes exported) |
|||
!Exporters |
|||
!1981 |
|||
!1982 |
|||
!1983 |
|||
!1984 |
|||
!1985 |
|||
!1986 |
|||
|- |
|||
|Tunisia |
|||
|74t |
|||
|71t |
|||
|84t |
|||
|81t |
|||
|91t |
|||
|88t |
|||
|- |
|||
|Cuba |
|||
|36t |
|||
|33t |
|||
|38t |
|||
|33t |
|||
|41t |
|||
|41t |
|||
|- |
|||
|France |
|||
|25t |
|||
|26t |
|||
|33t |
|||
|31t |
|||
|35t |
|||
|30t |
|||
|- |
|||
|Greece |
|||
|32t |
|||
|42t |
|||
|36t |
|||
|27t |
|||
|32t |
|||
|22t |
|||
|- |
|||
|Bahamas |
|||
| - |
|||
|8t |
|||
|21t |
|||
|8t |
|||
|3t |
|||
|14t |
|||
|- |
|||
|Turkey |
|||
|11t |
|||
|8t |
|||
|7 |
|||
|8 |
|||
|1 |
|||
|1 |
|||
|- |
|||
|Egypt |
|||
|5t |
|||
|4t |
|||
|4 |
|||
|2 |
|||
|4 |
|||
|8 |
|||
|- |
|||
|Japan |
|||
| - |
|||
|6t |
|||
|4 |
|||
|1 |
|||
|1 |
|||
|6 |
|||
|- |
|||
|Phillipines |
|||
|9t |
|||
|4t |
|||
|5 |
|||
|6 |
|||
|6 |
|||
|4t |
|||
|- |
|||
|Libya |
|||
| - |
|||
| - |
|||
| - |
|||
|6 |
|||
|3 |
|||
| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|'''TOTAL''' |
|||
|'''192t''' |
|||
|'''202t''' |
|||
|'''232t''' |
|||
|'''213t''' |
|||
|'''245t''' |
|||
|'''225t''' |
|||
|} |
|||
==Gallery== |
==Gallery== |
||
<gallery mode=packed> |
<gallery mode="packed"> |
||
File:Chania - Markthalle - Schwämme.jpg|Natural sponges for sale in [[Crete]] |
File:Chania - Markthalle - Schwämme.jpg|Natural sponges for sale in [[Crete]] |
||
Image:Luffa sponge.png|Plant fiber sponge: A [[luffa]] sponge whose coarse texture helps with [[skin]] scrubbing and exfoliation |
Image:Luffa sponge.png|Plant fiber sponge: A [[luffa]] sponge whose coarse texture helps with [[skin]] scrubbing and exfoliation |
||
Line 36: | Line 148: | ||
*[[Ethylene-vinyl acetate]] – material that craft foam is made from ethylene-vinyl and acetate |
*[[Ethylene-vinyl acetate]] – material that craft foam is made from ethylene-vinyl and acetate |
||
*''[[Luffa aegyptiaca]]'' |
*''[[Luffa aegyptiaca]]'' |
||
*[[Scouring pad]] |
|||
*[[Sponge|Sponge (animal)]] |
|||
*[[Sponge metal]] |
*[[Sponge metal]] |
||
==References== |
==References== |
||
{{Commons category|Cleaning sponges}} |
|||
{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
||