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{{expert needed|Linguistics|talk=History_of_spewllng|reason=This article lacks a scholarly explanation of the phenomenon and its history on a global scale, spanning many cultures, languages, and writing systems, both past and present|date=November 2013}} |
{{expert needed|Linguistics|talk=History_of_spewllng|reason=This article lacks a scholarly explanation of the phenomenon and its history on a global scale, spanning many cultures, languages, and writing systems, both past and present|date=November 2013}} |
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{{Reading}} |
{{Reading}} |
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'''Spelling''' is the combination of [[alphabet|alphabetic]] [[Grapheme|letters]] to form a written word. It is a [[linguistic]] process of [[Phonemic orthography|correct writing]] with the necessary [[Letter (alphabet)|letters]] and [[diacritic]]s present in a [[reading comprehension|comprehensible]], usually [[standardization|standardized]] order. While a part of a language's [[orthography]], not all languages have purely phonemic alphabets. Standardized spelling is a [[linguistic prescription|prescriptive]] element. |
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'''Spelling''' is a [[linguistic]] process of [[phonemic orthography]] (correct writing) with the necessary [[Letter (alphabet)|letters]] and [[diacritic]]s present in a [[reading comprehension|comprehensible]] order, usually with some degree of [[standardization]]; it is "the conventions which determine how the [[grapheme]]s of a writing system are used to write a language".<ref>Coulmas, F. (1996), The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems, Oxford:Blackwells</ref> In another words it is interpretation of speech sound (phoneme) into writing (grapheme). Spelling is one of the elements of [[orthography]], and highly standardized spelling is a [[linguistic prescription|prescriptive]] element. |
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Spellings originated as [[transcription (linguistics)|transcription]]s of the sounds of [[speech|spoken]] language according to the [[alphabetic principle]]. They remain largely reflective of the sounds, although [[phonemic orthography|fully phonemic spelling]] is an ideal that most languages' orthographies only approximate, some more closely than others. This is true for various reasons, including that pronunciation changes over time in all languages, yet spellings as visual norms may resist change. In addition, words from other languages may be adopted without being adapted to the spelling system, and different meanings of a word or [[homophone]]s may be deliberately spelled in different ways to differentiate them visually. |
Spellings originated as [[transcription (linguistics)|transcription]]s of the sounds of [[speech|spoken]] language according to the [[alphabetic principle]]. They remain largely reflective of the sounds, although [[phonemic orthography|fully phonemic spelling]] is an ideal that most languages' orthographies only approximate, some more closely than others. This is true for various reasons, including that pronunciation changes over time in all languages, yet spellings as visual norms may resist change. In addition, words from other languages may be adopted without being adapted to the spelling system, and different meanings of a word or [[homophone]]s may be deliberately spelled in different ways to differentiate them visually. |
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==Spelling standards and conventions== |
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Uniformity in the spelling of words is one of the features of a [[standard language]] in modern times, and [[official language]]s usually have standard spellings. However, this is a relatively recent development linked to the compiling of dictionaries, the founding of national academies and other institutions of language maintenance, including widespread [[education]] and [[literacy]], and often doesn't apply to [[minority language|minority]] and [[regional language]]s. |
Uniformity in the spelling of words is one of the features of a [[standard language]] in modern times, and [[official language]]s usually have standard spellings. However, this is a relatively recent development linked to the compiling of dictionaries, the founding of national academies and other institutions of language maintenance, including widespread [[education]] and [[literacy]], and often doesn't apply to [[minority language|minority]] and [[regional language]]s. |
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Examples include: |
Examples include: |
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* [[German orthography reform of 1996]] |
* [[German orthography reform of 1996]] |
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* [[Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement of 1990|Portuguese spelling reform]] |
* [[Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement of 1990|Portuguese spelling reform]] |
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* [[Reforms of French orthography#Rectifications of 1990|French ''rectifications orthographiques'']] of 1990. |
* [[Reforms of French orthography#Rectifications of 1990|French ''rectifications orthographiques'']] of 1990. |
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[[English-language spelling reform]] proposals have been regularly made since the 16th century, but have made little impact apart from a few spellings preferred by [[Noah Webster]] having contributed to [[American and British English spelling differences]]. |
[[English-language spelling reform]] proposals have been regularly made since the 16th century, but have made little impact apart from a few spellings preferred by [[Noah Webster]] having contributed to [[American and British English spelling differences]]. |
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==Methodology== |
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===Learning=== |
===Learning=== |
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Learning proper spelling by rote is a traditional element of elementary education and divergence from standard spelling is often perceived as an indicator of low intelligence, [[illiteracy]], or [[Social class|lower class]] standing.<ref>[http://www.capitalcentury.com/1992.html 1992: Gaffe with an 'e' at the end, by Paul Mickle / The Trentonian]</ref> |
Learning proper spelling by rote is a traditional element of elementary education and divergence from standard spelling is often perceived as an indicator of low intelligence, [[illiteracy]], or [[Social class|lower class]] standing.<ref>[http://www.capitalcentury.com/1992.html 1992: Gaffe with an 'e' at the end, by Paul Mickle / The Trentonian]</ref> |
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[[Image:misspelling.purchase.arp.500pix.jpg|thumb|right|A misspelling of ''purchased'' on a service station sign.]] |
[[Image:misspelling.purchase.arp.500pix.jpg|thumb|right|A misspelling of ''purchased'' on a service station sign.]] |
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While some words admit multiple spellings, some |
While some words admit multiple spellings, some are not considered standard, and thus are misspellings. A misspelled word can be a series of letters that represents no correctly spelled word of the same language at all (such as "liek" for "like") or a correct spelling of another word (such as writing "here" when one means "hear", or "no" when one means "know"). Misspellings of the latter type can easily make their way into printed material because they are not caught by simple computerized [[spell checker]]s. |
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Misspellings may be due to either [[typo|typing error]]s (e.g. the transposition error ''[[teh]]'' for ''the''), or lack of knowledge of the correct spelling. Whether or not a word is misspelled may depend on context, as is the case with American / British English distinctions. Misspelling can also be a matter of opinion when variant spellings are accepted by some and not by others. For example, "miniscule" (for "minuscule") is a misspelling to many,<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/miniscule "miniscule"], ''Merriam Webster's Online Dictionary''; states that this spelling is "widely regarded as an error"</ref> and yet it is listed as an acceptable variant in some dictionaries.<ref>[http://www.bartleby.com/61/69/M0316900.html "miniscule"], ''The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language''</ref><ref>[http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=minuscule*1+0&dict=a "miniscule"], ''Cambridge Dictionary of American English''</ref> |
Misspellings may be due to either [[typo|typing error]]s (e.g. the transposition error ''[[teh]]'' for ''the''), or lack of knowledge of the correct spelling. Whether or not a word is misspelled may depend on context, as is the case with American / British English distinctions. Misspelling can also be a matter of opinion when variant spellings are accepted by some and not by others. For example, "miniscule" (for "minuscule") is a misspelling to many,<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/miniscule "miniscule"], ''Merriam Webster's Online Dictionary''; states that this spelling is "widely regarded as an error"</ref> and yet it is listed as an acceptable variant in some dictionaries.<ref>[http://www.bartleby.com/61/69/M0316900.html "miniscule"], ''The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language''</ref><ref>[http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=minuscule*1+0&dict=a "miniscule"], ''Cambridge Dictionary of American English''</ref> |
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A well-known Internet scam involves the registration of [[domain names]] that are deliberate misspellings of well-known corporate names in order to mislead or defraud. The practice is commonly known as "[[typosquatting]]".<ref>[http://www.rivkinradler.com/rivkinradler/Publications/newformat/200409Lewis.shtml "Typosquatters Act May Apply to Misspelling Domain Names to Mislead Surfers"], Shari Claire Lewis, ''New York Law Journal'', September 15, 2004</ref> |
A well-known Internet scam involves the registration of [[domain names]] that are deliberate misspellings of well-known corporate names in order to mislead or defraud. The practice is commonly known as "[[typosquatting]]".<ref>[http://www.rivkinradler.com/rivkinradler/Publications/newformat/200409Lewis.shtml "Typosquatters Act May Apply to Misspelling Domain Names to Mislead Surfers"], Shari Claire Lewis, ''New York Law Journal'', September 15, 2004</ref> |
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===Notable English misspellings in history=== |
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* [[Cleveland, Ohio]] – the leader of the crew that surveyed the town's territory was General [[Moses Cleaveland]], and the region was named in his honor; reportedly the town's first newspaper, the ''Cleveland Advertiser'', could not fit the town's name in its masthead without removing the first "a" from the name.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=OxuzT2E6Hm8C&pg=PA138 ''Ohio'', p. 138], Victoria Sherrow, Marshall Cavendish, 2008</ref> |
* [[Cleveland, Ohio]] – the leader of the crew that surveyed the town's territory was General [[Moses Cleaveland]], and the region was named in his honor; reportedly the town's first newspaper, the ''Cleveland Advertiser'', could not fit the town's name in its masthead without removing the first "a" from the name.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=OxuzT2E6Hm8C&pg=PA138 ''Ohio'', p. 138], Victoria Sherrow, Marshall Cavendish, 2008</ref> |
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* [[Google]] – accidental misspelling of [[googol]].<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/qi/5157798/QI-Quite-Interesting-facts-about-100.html QI: Quite Interesting facts about 100], ''telegraph.co.uk''</ref> According to Google's vice president, as quoted on a [[BBC]] ''[[The Money Programme]]'' documentary, January 2006, the founders – noted for their poor spelling – registered Google as a trademark and web address before someone pointed out that it was not correct. |
* [[Google]] – accidental misspelling of [[googol]].<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/qi/5157798/QI-Quite-Interesting-facts-about-100.html QI: Quite Interesting facts about 100], ''telegraph.co.uk''</ref> According to Google's vice president, as quoted on a [[BBC]] ''[[The Money Programme]]'' documentary, January 2006, the founders – noted for their poor spelling – registered Google as a trademark and web address before someone pointed out that it was not correct. |
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* [[Ovaltine]], a popular bedtime drink in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] and [[Australia]], came about because someone misspelled the original name ''Ovomaltine'' on the trademark documentation.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} |
* [[Ovaltine]], a popular bedtime drink in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] and [[Australia]], came about because someone misspelled the original name ''Ovomaltine'' on the trademark documentation.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} |
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* Referer – common misspelling of the word referrer. It is so common, in fact, that it made it into the official specification of HTTP – the communication protocol of the World Wide Web – and has, therefore, become the standard industry spelling when discussing [[HTTP referer]]s.<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/referer referer – Definitions from Dictionary.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
* Referer – common misspelling of the word referrer. It is so common, in fact, that it made it into the official specification of HTTP – the communication protocol of the World Wide Web – and has, therefore, become the standard industry spelling when discussing [[HTTP referer]]s.<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/referer referer – Definitions from Dictionary.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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*Ford, O.T. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20170103141950/http://the-stewardship.org/research/blte.htm BASIC LINGUISTICS OF ENGLISH]''. The Stewardship Project. (Concept of spelling) |
*Ford, O.T. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20170103141950/http://the-stewardship.org/research/blte.htm BASIC LINGUISTICS OF ENGLISH]''. The Stewardship Project. (Concept of spelling) |
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[[Category:Spelling |
[[Category:Spelling]] |
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[[Category:Orthography]] |
[[Category:Orthography]] |