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{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto:" align="center" |
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto:" align="center" |
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|+caption | '''Table of |
|+caption | '''Table of Spanish consonants'''<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Martínez-Celdrán et al|2003|p=255}}</ref> |
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! [[Dental consonant|Dental]] |
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]] |
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! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] |
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] |
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! |
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] |
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! [[Velar consonant|Velar]] |
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]] |
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! [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]] |
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|- align=center |
|- align=center |
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! [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] |
! [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] |
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| {{IPA|m}} |
| {{IPA|m}} |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
| |
| |
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| {{IPA|n}} |
| {{IPA|n}} |
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|{{IPA|ɲ}} |
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|{{IPA|(ŋ)}} |
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⚫ | |||
|{{IPA|(ɴ)}} |
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|- align=center |
|- align=center |
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! [[Stop consonant|Stop]] |
! [[Stop consonant|Stop]] |
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| colspan=2|{{IPA|t d}} |
| colspan=2|{{IPA|t d}} |
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| {{IPA|tʃ}} |
| {{IPA|tʃ (ɟʝ)}} |
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⚫ | |||
| {{IPA|k g}} |
| {{IPA|k g}} |
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|- align=center |
|- align=center |
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! [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]] |
! [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]] |
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| |
| |
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| {{IPA|f (v)}} |
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| |
| {{IPA|*θ (ð)}} |
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| {{IPA|s (z)}} |
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| rowspan=2 align=right|{{IPA|ʝ}} |
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⚫ | |||
| align=left| {{IPA|x}} |
| align=left| {{IPA|x}} |
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| {{IPA|(χ) |
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|- align=center |
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! [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]] |
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| align=right|({{IPA|β̞}}) |
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⚫ | |||
| align=right|({{IPA|ð̞}}) |
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⚫ | |||
| align=right|({{IPA|ɣ˕}}) |
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|- align=center |
|- align=center |
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! [[Trill consonant|Trill]] |
! [[Trill consonant|Trill]] |
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| {{IPA|r}} |
| {{IPA|r}} |
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⚫ | |||
|colspan=2| |
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|- align="center" |
|- align="center" |
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| {{IPA|ɾ}} |
| {{IPA|ɾ}} |
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|colspan=2| |
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|- align=center |
|- align=center |
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|{{IPA|l}} |
|{{IPA|l}} |
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| {{IPA|*ʎ}} |
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|} |
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===Phonetic notes=== |
===Phonetic notes=== |
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{{IPA|/t/}} and {{IPA|/d/}} are laminal denti-alveolar.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=257}}</ref> |
{{IPA|/t/}} and {{IPA|/d/}} are laminal denti-alveolar.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=257}}</ref><br /> |
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⚫ | {{IPA|/b/}}, {{IPA|/d/}}, and {{IPA|/g/}} are [[approximant consonant|approximants]] ({{IPA|[β̞]}}, {{IPA|[ð̞]}}, {{IPA|[ɣ˕]}}; hereafter represented without the undertack) in all places except after a pause, a [[nasal consonant]] or, in the case of {{IPA|/d/}}, after a [[lateral consonant]]; in such contexts they are voiced plosives. {{IPA|[ð̞]}} in final position is often elided, or weakened.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=257}}</ref><br /> |
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⚫ | {{IPA|/ʝ/}} is an approximant in all contexts except after a nasal, {{IPA|/l/}}, or a pause where it may be an [[affricate consonant|affricate]] ({{IPA|[ɟʝ]}}).<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=258}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Trager|1942|p=222}}</ref> The approximant allophone differs from non-syllabic {{IPA|/i/}} in a number of ways; it has a lower [[formant|F2]] amplitude, is longer, can only appear in the syllable onset (including word-initially, where non-syllabic {{IPA|/i/}} never appears), is a [[voiced palatal fricative|palatal fricative]] in emphatic pronunciations, and is unspecified for rounding (e.g. ''viuda'' {{IPA|[ˈbjuða]}} 'widow' vs ''ayuda'' {{IPA|[aˈʝʷuða]}} 'help').<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Martínez-Celdrán|2004|p=208}}</ref> The two also overlap in distribution after {{IPA|/l/}} and {{IPA|/n/}}: ''enyesa'' {{IPA|[ẽ̞ɲˈɟʝe̞sa]}} ('he plasters' or 'plaster' imp.) ''aniego'' {{IPA|[anˈje̞ɣo̞]}} ('flood').<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Trager|1942|p=222}}</ref> Although there is dialectal and ideolectal variation, speakers may also exhibit other near-minimal pairs like ''abyecto'' {{IPA|[aβ̞ˈʝe̞kto̞]}} ('abject') vs ''abierto'' {{IPA|[aβ̞ˈje̞ɾto̞]}} ('open').<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Saporta|1956|p=288}}</ref> <ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Bowen|Stockwell|1955|p=236}} cite the minimal pair ''ya visto'' {{IPA|[(ɟ)ʝa ˈβisto̞]}} ('I already dress') vs ''y ha visto'' {{IPA|[ja ˈβisto̞]}} ('and he has seen')</ref> {{Harvcoltxt|Alarcos Llorach|1950}}<ref>cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Saporta|1956|p=289}}</ref> postulates an archiphoneme /i/, {{IPA|[le̞i̯]}} ('law'), ''leyes'' {{IPA|[ˈle̞ʝe̞s]}} ('laws'), ''leí'' {{IPA|[le̞ˈi]}} ('I read' past tense), ''piel'' {{IPA|[pje̞l]}} ('skin'), ''cónyuge'' {{IPA|[ˈkõ̞ɲɟʝuxe̞]}} ('spouse').<br /> |
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⚫ | {{IPA|/b/}}, {{IPA|/d/}}, and {{IPA|/g/}} are [[approximant consonant|approximants]] ({{IPA|[β̞]}}, {{IPA|[ð̞]}}, {{IPA|[ɣ˕]}}; hereafter represented without the undertack) in all places except after a pause, a [[nasal consonant]] or, in the case of {{IPA|/d/}}, after a [[lateral consonant]]; in such contexts they are voiced plosives.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=257}}</ref> |
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⚫ | In a number of varieties, including some American ones, a process parallel to the one distinguishing non-syllabic {{IPA|/i/}} from consonantal {{IPA|/ʝ/}} occurs for non-syllabic {{IPA|/u/}} and a rare consonantal {{IPA|/w̝/}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Trager|1942|p=222}}</ref><ref>Generally {{IPA|/w̝/}} is {{IPA|[ɣʷ]}} though it may also be {{IPA|[βˠ]}} ({{Harvcoltxt|Ohala|Lorentz|1977|p=590}} citing {{Harvcoltxt|Navarro Tomás|1961}} and {{Harvcoltxt|Harris|1969}}).</ref> Near minimal pairs include ''deshuesar'' {{IPA|[de̞zw̝e̞ˈsaɾ]}} ('to bone') vs. ''desuello'' {{IPA|[de̞ˈzw̝e̞ʝo̞]}} ('skinning'), ''son huevos'' {{IPA|[ˈsõ̞ŋ ˈw̝e̞βo̞s]}} ('they are eggs') vs ''son nuevos'' {{IPA|[ˈsõ̞n ˈwe̞βo̞s]}} ('they are new'),<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Saporta|1956|p=289}}</ref> and ''huaca'' {{IPA|[ˈ(g)w̝aka]}} ('Indian grave') vs ''u oca'' {{IPA|[ˈwo̞ka]}} ('or goose').<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Bowen|Stockwell|1955|p=236}}</ref><br /> |
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{{IPA|/θ/}}, {{IPA|/s/}},<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=258}}</ref> and {{IPA|/f/}}<ref>http://www.uclm.es/profesorado/nmoreno/compren/material/2006apuntes_fonetica.pdf</ref> become voiced {{IPA|[ð]}}, {{IPA|[z]}}, {{IPA|[v]}} before voiced consonants as in ''jazmín'' ('Jasmine') {{IPA|[xaðˈmĩn]}}, ''rasgo'' ('feature') {{IPA|[ˈrazɣo̞]}}, and ''Afganistán'' {{IPA|[avɣãnisˈtãn]}}. While {{IPA|/s/}} becomes [[dental consonant|dental]] before denti-alveolar consonants, {{IPA|/θ/}} remains [[interdental consonant|interdental]] in all contexts.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=258}}</ref><br /> |
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⚫ | {{IPA|/ʝ/}} is an approximant in all contexts except after a nasal, {{IPA|/l/}}, or a pause where it may be an [[affricate consonant|affricate]] ({{IPA|[ɟʝ]}}).<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=258}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Trager|1942|p=222}}</ref> The approximant allophone differs from non-syllabic {{IPA|/i/}} in a number of ways; it has a lower [[formant|F2]] amplitude, is longer, can only appear in the syllable onset (including word-initially, where non-syllabic {{IPA|/i/}} never appears), is a [[voiced palatal fricative|palatal fricative]] in emphatic pronunciations, and is unspecified for rounding (e.g. ''viuda'' {{IPA|[ |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | In a number of varieties, including some American ones, a process parallel to the one distinguishing non-syllabic {{IPA|/i/}} from consonantal {{IPA|/ʝ/}} occurs for non-syllabic {{IPA|/u/}} and a rare consonantal {{IPA|/w̝/}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Trager|1942|p=222}}</ref><ref>Generally {{IPA|/w̝/}} is {{IPA|[ɣʷ]}} though it may also be {{IPA|[βˠ]}} ({{Harvcoltxt|Ohala|Lorentz|1977|p=590}} citing {{Harvcoltxt|Navarro Tomás|1961}} and {{Harvcoltxt|Harris|1969}}).</ref> Near minimal pairs include '' |
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{{IPA|/ |
Although there are only three nasal phonemes and two lateral ones, {{IPA|/l/}} and the [[nasal consonant]]s assimilate to the [[place of articulation]] of following consonants<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=258}}</ref> even across word boundaries.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Cressey|1978|p=61}}</ref> Nasals are only contrastive before vowels; for most speakers, only {{IPA|[n]}} appears before a pause, though in Caribbean and Andalusian varieties the nasal consonant can be omitted with a full nasalisation of the preceding vowel, or just turn it into a [[velar consonant]] {{IPA|[ŋ]}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|MacDonald|1989|p=219}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Lipski|1994|p=?}}</ref><br /> |
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Assimilatory allophones are shown in the following table: |
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Although there are only three nasal phonemes and two lateral ones, {{IPA|/l/}} and the [[nasal consonant]]s assimilate to the [[place of articulation]] of following consonants<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=258}}</ref> even across word boundaries.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Cressey|1978|p=61}}</ref> Nasals are only contrastive before vowels; for most speakers, only {{IPA|[n]}} appears before a pause, though in Caribbean varieties this may instead be {{IPA|[ŋ]}} or on omitted nasal with nasalization of the preceding vowel.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|MacDonald|1989|p=219}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Lipski|1994|p=?}}</ref> Assimilatory allophones are shown in the following table: |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
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!gloss |
!gloss |
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|-align=center |
|-align=center |
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|ánfora || {{IPA|[ |
|ánfora || {{IPA|[ˈãɱfo̞ɾa]}} ||'amphora' ||style="background:#C0C0C0" colspan=3| |
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|-align=center |
|-align=center |
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| encía || {{IPA|[ |
| encía || {{IPA|[ẽ̞n̟ˈθia]}} || 'gum' || alzar || {{IPA|[al̟ˈθaɾ]}} || 'to raise' |
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|-align=center |
|-align=center |
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| antes || {{IPA|[ |
| antes || {{IPA|[ˈãn̪t̪e̞s]}} || 'before' || alto || {{IPA|[ˈal̪t̪o̞]}} || 'tall' |
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|-align=center |
|-align=center |
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|ancha || {{IPA|[ |
|ancha || {{IPA|[ˈãnʲtʃa]}} || 'wide' || colcha || {{IPA|[ˈko̞lʲtʃa]}} || 'quilt' |
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|-align=center |
|-align=center |
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|cónyuge || {{IPA|[ |
|cónyuge || {{IPA|[ˈkõ̞ɲɟʝuxe̞]}} || 'spouse'||style="background:#C0C0C0" colspan=3| |
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|-align=center |
|-align=center |
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|rincón || {{IPA|[ |
|rincón || {{IPA|[rĩŋˈkõ̞n]}} || 'corner' ||style="background:#C0C0C0" colspan=3| |
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|-align=center |
|-align=center |
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|enjuto || {{IPA|[ |
|enjuto || {{IPA|[ẽ̞ɴˈχut̪o̞]}} || 'dry' ||style="background:#C0C0C0" colspan=3| |
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|} |
|} |
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|-align=center |
|-align=center |
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![[Open vowel|Open]] |
![[Open vowel|Open]] |
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| || {{IPA| |
| || {{IPA|a}} || |
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|} |
|} |
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Spanish has five vowels {{IPA|/i/ / |
Spanish has five vowels {{IPA|/i/ /e̞/ /a/ /o̞/ /u/}}. The vowels {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/u/}} become {{IPA|[i̯]-[j]}} and {{IPA|[u̯]-[w]}} respectively, in diphpthongs and triphthongs.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=256}}</ref> <br /><br /> |
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In addition, Spanish has five [[allophone|allophonic]] nasal vowels {{IPA|[ĩ] [ẽ̞] [ã] [õ̞] [ũ]}}. |
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This phonetic nasalisation occurs when a vowel precedes a syllable final nasal, it might also occur when a vowel precedes any nasal in any position. The result of nasalising in Spanish does not elide the nasal consonants as it might happen in other languages. However in some dialects as Andalusian Spanish and Caribbean Spanish the nasal consonants are often dropped or [[velar|velarized]] {{IPA|[ŋ]}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=256}}Vowels nasalisation|http://elies.rediris.es/elies4/Cap5.htm#5.5.6.%20Vocales%20orales%20y%20nasales.</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|MacDonald|1989|p=219}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Lipski|1994|p=?}}</ref><br /> |
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Examples; ''cuento'' {{IPA|[ˈkwẽ̞n̪t̪o̞]}} ('story, tale'), ''tango'' {{IPA|[ˈt̪ãŋgo̞]}} ('tango'), ''influencia'' {{IPA|[ĩɱˈflwẽ̞n̟θja]}} ('influence'). |
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<br /><br /> |
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The five oral vowels occurs in both stressed and unstressed: |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
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|- |
|- |
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!colspan=3|Falling |
!colspan=3|Falling |
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|-align=center |
|-align=center |
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|{{IPA|/ |
|{{IPA|/e̞i̯/}} || rey || king |
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|-align=center |
|-align=center |
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|{{IPA|/ |
|{{IPA|/ai̯/}} || aire || air |
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|-align=center |
|-align=center |
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|{{IPA|/ |
|{{IPA|/o̞i̯/}} || hoy || today |
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|-align=center |
|-align=center |
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|{{IPA|/ |
|{{IPA|/e̞u̯/}} || neutro || neutral |
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|-align=center |
|-align=center |
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|{{IPA|/ |
|{{IPA|/au̯/}} || pausa || break |
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|-align=center |
|-align=center |
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|{{IPA|/ |
|{{IPA|/o̞u̯/}}<ref>{{IPA|/ou/}} occurs rarely; another example is the proper name ''Bousoño'' ({{Harvnb|Saporta|1956|p=290}}). </ref>|| bou || [[seine (fishing)|seine fishing]] |
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|-align=center |
|-align=center |
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!colspan=3|Rising |
!colspan=3|Rising |
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|-align=center |
|-align=center |
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|{{IPA|/ |
|{{IPA|/je̞/}} || tierra || earth |
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|-align=center |
|-align=center |
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|{{IPA|/ja/}} || hacia || towards |
|{{IPA|/ja/}} || hacia || towards |
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|-align=center |
|-align=center |
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|{{IPA|/ |
|{{IPA|/jo̞/}} || radio || radio |
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|-align=center |
|-align=center |
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|{{IPA|/ju/}} || viuda || widow |
|{{IPA|/ju/}} || viuda || widow |
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|{{IPA|/wi/}} || fuimos || we went |
|{{IPA|/wi/}} || fuimos || we went |
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|-align=center |
|-align=center |
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|{{IPA|/ |
|{{IPA|/we̞/}} || fuego || fire |
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|-align=center |
|-align=center |
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|{{IPA|/wa/}} || cuadro || picture |
|{{IPA|/wa/}} || cuadro || picture |
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|-align=center |
|-align=center |
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|{{IPA|/ |
|{{IPA|/wo̞/}} || cuota || quota |
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|} |
|} |
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Spanish also has six falling [[diphthong]]s and eight rising diphthongs. In addition, during fast speech, sequences of vowels in hiatus become diphthongs wherein one becomes non-syllabic (unless they are the same vowel, in which case they fuse together) as in ''poeta'' {{IPA|[ |
Spanish also has six falling [[diphthong]]s and eight rising diphthongs. In addition, during fast speech, sequences of vowels in hiatus become diphthongs wherein one becomes non-syllabic (unless they are the same vowel, in which case they fuse together) as in ''poeta'' {{IPA|[ˈpo̞̯e̞ta]}} ('poet') and ''maestro'' {{IPA|[ˈmae̞̯stɾo]}} ('teacher').<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=256-257}}</ref><br /> |
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Spanish also possesses [[triphthong]]s like {{IPA|/we̞i̯/}} and, in dialects that use a second person plural conjugation, {{IPA|/jai̯/}}, {{IPA|/je̞i̯/}}, and {{IPA|/wai̯/}} (e.g. ''buey'', 'ox'; ''cambiáis'', 'you change'; ''cambiéis'', '(that) you may change'; and ''averiguáis'', 'you ascertain').<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Saporta|1956|p=290}}</ref><br /><br /> |
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Non-syllabic {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/o/}}, and {{IPA|/a/}} can be reduced to {{IPA|[ʝ]}}, {{IPA|[w̝]}} and complete elision, respectively, as in ''beatitud'' {{IPA|[bʝat̪it̪uð̞]}} ('beatitude'), ''línea'' {{IPA|[ˈlin̞ʝa]}} ('line'), ''héroe'' {{IPA|[ˈe̞ɾw̝e̞]}} ('hero'), ''poetisa'' {{IPA|[pw̝e̞ˈtisa]}} ('poetess'), and ''ahorita'' {{IPA|[o̞ˈɾi̪t̪a]}} ('right away'). The frequency (though not the presence) of this phenomenon differs amongst dialects, with a number having it occur rarely and others exhibiting it always.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt| Bowen|Stockwell|1955|p=237}}</ref> |
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⚫ | |||
An epenthetic {{IPA|[e̞]}} is inserted before word-initial {{IPA|/s/}} + consonant. e.g ''escribir'' ('to write') but ''transcribir'' ('to transcribe').<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Cressey|1978|p=86}}</ref> |
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===Stress=== |
===Stress=== |
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In some dialects, {{IPA|/s/}} may become the approximant {{IPA|[ɹ]}} in the syllable coda (''doscientos'': {{IPA|[do̞'''ɹ'''ˈθje̞nto̞s]}} 'two hundred').<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Recasens|2004|p=436}} citing {{Harvcoltxt|Fougeron|1999}} and {{Harvcoltxt|Browman|Goldstein|1995}}</ref> In many places it debuccalizes to {{IPA|[h]}} in final position (''niños''), or before another consonant (''fósforo'') - in other words, the change occurs in the [[Syllable coda|coda]] position in a syllable. In the Colombian Caribe, [[gemination]] may occur before {{IPA|/k/}} or {{IPA|/f/}} consonants (''pescado'': {{IPA|[pe̞ˈkːaðo̞]}} or {{IPA|[pe̞ˈkːao̞]}}, ''fósforo'': {{IPA|[ˈfo̞fːo̞ro̞]}}).{{Fact|date=January 2008}} |
In some dialects, {{IPA|/s/}} may become the approximant {{IPA|[ɹ]}} in the syllable coda (''doscientos'': {{IPA|[do̞'''ɹ'''ˈθje̞nto̞s]}} 'two hundred').<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Recasens|2004|p=436}} citing {{Harvcoltxt|Fougeron|1999}} and {{Harvcoltxt|Browman|Goldstein|1995}}</ref> In many places it debuccalizes to {{IPA|[h]}} in final position (''niños''), or before another consonant (''fósforo'') - in other words, the change occurs in the [[Syllable coda|coda]] position in a syllable. In the Colombian Caribe, [[gemination]] may occur before {{IPA|/k/}} or {{IPA|/f/}} consonants (''pescado'': {{IPA|[pe̞ˈkːaðo̞]}} or {{IPA|[pe̞ˈkːao̞]}}, ''fósforo'': {{IPA|[ˈfo̞fːo̞ro̞]}}).{{Fact|date=January 2008}} |
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From an autosegmental point of view, the {{IPA|/s/}} phoneme in Madrid is defined only by its ''voiceless'' and ''fricative'' features. This means that the point of articulation is not defined and is determined from the sounds following it in the word or sentence. Thus in Madrid the following realizations are found: {{IPA|/peskado/}} → {{IPA|[pe̞xkao̞]}} and {{IPA|/fosforo/}} → {{IPA|[fo̞fːo̞ro̞]}}). In parts of southern Spain, the only feature defined for {{IPA|/s/}} appears to be ''voiceless'';<ref>[http://jotamartin.byethost33.com/alpi_aspira_e.php Isogloss map for ''s aspiration'' in the Iberian Peninsula]</ref> it may lose its oral articulation entirely to become {{IPA|[h]}}) or even a geminate with the following consonant ({{IPA|[o̞βihpo̞]}} or {{IPA|[o̞βipːo̞]}} from {{IPA|/obispo/}} 'bishop'). |
From an autosegmental point of view, the {{IPA|/s/}} phoneme in Madrid is defined only by its ''voiceless'' and ''fricative'' features. This means that the point of articulation is not defined and is determined from the sounds following it in the word or sentence. Thus in Madrid the following realizations are found: {{IPA|/peskado/}} → {{IPA|[pe̞xkao̞]}} and {{IPA|/fosforo/}} → {{IPA|[fo̞fːo̞ro̞]}}). In parts of southern Spain, the only feature defined for {{IPA|/s/}} appears to be ''voiceless'';<ref>[http://jotamartin.byethost33.com/alpi_aspira_e.php Isogloss map for ''s aspiration'' in the Iberian Peninsula]</ref> it may lose its oral articulation entirely to become {{IPA|[h]}}) or even a geminate with the following consonant ({{IPA|[o̞βihpo̞]}} or {{IPA|[o̞βipːo̞]}} from {{IPA|/obispo/}} 'bishop'). |
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<ref>{{http://usuarios.lycos.es/sergiopalomo/Recursos/andaluz.htmIn|http://www.aunaocio.com/zonaweb/joberbel/pagina24283.htm#EL%20ANDALUZ.}}</ref> |
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⚫ | |||
Eastern [[Andalusian Spanish]] and [[Murcian Spanish]], also featured but will less degree of lowering vowels in Western [[Andalusian Spanish]], [[Argentinian Spanish]], [[Chilean Spanish]], and [[Caribbean Spanish]] word-final {{IPA|/s/}} and {{IPA|/x/}} (phonetically {{IPA|[h]}}) regularly weaken; lowering, or opening, the preceding vowel: |
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⚫ | |||
: {{IPA|/ |
: {{IPA|/is/}} → {{IPA|[ɪ]}} e.g. ''mis'' {{IPA|[mɪ]}} ('my' pl.) |
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: {{IPA|/ |
: {{IPA|/e̞s/}} → {{IPA|[ɛ]}} e.g. ''mes'' {{IPA|[mɛ]}} ('month') |
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: {{IPA|/ |
: {{IPA|/as/}} → {{IPA|[ɑ]}} e.g. ''más'' {{IPA|[mɑ]}} ('plus') |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
These vowels are distinguishable, mainly in Eastern [[Andalusian Spanish]] and [[Murcian Spanish]]. So speakers of these dialects clearly differenciate meanings of words with close and open vowels (plural forms will always be with [[low vowel|lower vowels]]; {{IPA|[ɪ]}}, {{IPA|[ɛ]}}, {{IPA|[ɔ]}}, {{IPA|[ʊ]}} and "a" will be a [[back vowel]] {{IPA|[ɑ]}}, differentiating from singular forms that are [[high vowel|higher vowels]]; {{IPA|[i]}}, {{IPA|[e̞]}}, {{IPA|[o̞]}}, {{IPA|[u]}}, and "a" is [[front vowel]] {{IPA|[a]}}: |
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: mi {{IPA|[mi]}} - mis {{IPA|[mɪ]}} ('my' sing. and 'my' pl.) |
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: nube {{IPA|[ˈnuβ̞e̞]}} - nubes {{IPA|[ˈnuβ̞ɛ]}} ('cloud' and 'clouds') |
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: casa {{IPA|[ˈkasa]}} - casas {{IPA|[ˈkasɑ]}} ('house' and 'houses') |
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: mercado {{IPA|[me̞ɾˈka(ð̞)o̞]}} - mercados {{IPA|[me̞ɾˈka(ð̞)ɔ]}} ('market' and 'markets') |
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: tribu {{IPA|[ˈtɾiβ̞u]}} - tribus {{IPA|[ˈtɾiβ̞ʊ]}} ('tribe' and 'tribes') |
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In Eastern [[Andalusian Spanish]] and [[Murcian Spanish]] [[vowel harmony]] takes place in many occasions, ''lejos'' ('far') is {{IPA|[ˈlɛhɔ]}}, ''tenéis'' ('you all have') is {{IPA|[tɛˈnɛi]}} and ''tréboles'' ('clovers') is {{IPA|[ˈtɾɛβ̞ɔlɛ]}} or {{IPA|[ˈtɾɛβ̞o̞lɛ]}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Lloret|2007|p=24-25}}</ref> |
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In Standard Castilian, voiced obstruents are devoiced before a pause as in {{IPA|[se̞ð̥]}} ('thirst').<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Wetsels|Mascaró|2001|p=224}} citing {{Harvcoltxt|Navarro Tomás|1961}}</ref> |
In Standard Castilian, voiced obstruents are devoiced before a pause as in {{IPA|[se̞ð̥]}} ('thirst').<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Wetsels|Mascaró|2001|p=224}} citing {{Harvcoltxt|Navarro Tomás|1961}}</ref> |
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}} |
}} |
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*{{Vowels nasalisation |
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|Deparment of Spanish Philology. |
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|Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona. |
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http://elies.rediris.es/elies4/Cap5.htm#5.5.6.%20Vocales%20orales%20y%20nasales. |
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}} |
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http://elies.rediris.es/elies4/Cap5.htm#5.5.6.%20Vocales%20orales%20y%20nasales. |
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*{{Vowels opening |
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http://usuarios.lycos.es/sergiopalomo/Recursos/andaluz.htmIn |
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http://www.aunaocio.com/zonaweb/joberbel/pagina24283.htm#EL%20ANDALUZ.}}< |
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==Further reading== |
==Further reading== |
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* {{cite book |
* {{cite book |
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| year=2001 |
| year=2001 |
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| ISBN=1-57473-018-5}} |
| ISBN=1-57473-018-5}} |
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==External links== |
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*[http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=semiconsonante ''Semiconsonante'' – DRAE] |
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*[http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=semivocal ''Semivocal'' – DRAE] |
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{{Language phonologies}} |
{{Language phonologies}} |
Revision as of 20:07, 19 June 2008
- For assistance in making phonetic transcriptions of Spanish for Wikipedia articles, see Help:IPA chart for Spanish.
This article is about the phonology of the Spanish language. It deals with current phonology and phonetics as well as with historical developments thereof, including geographical variants (for details, see the articles on History of the Spanish language and Spanish dialects and varieties).
Spanish has many allophones, so it is important here to distinguish phonemes (written in slashes / /) and corresponding allophones (written in brackets [ ]).
Consonants
Bilabial | Labio- dental |
Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | ɱ | n | ɲ | (ŋ) | (ɴ) | |
Stop | p b | t d | tʃ (ɟʝ) | k g | |||
Fricative | f (v) | *θ (ð) | s (z) | ʝ | x | (χ) | |
Approximant | (β̞) | (ð̞) | (ɣ˕) | ||||
Trill | r | ||||||
Tap | ɾ | ||||||
Lateral | l | *ʎ |
Phonetic notes
/t/ and /d/ are laminal denti-alveolar.[2]
/b/, /d/, and /g/ are approximants ([β̞], [ð̞], [ɣ˕]; hereafter represented without the undertack) in all places except after a pause, a nasal consonant or, in the case of /d/, after a lateral consonant; in such contexts they are voiced plosives. [ð̞] in final position is often elided, or weakened.[3]
/ʝ/ is an approximant in all contexts except after a nasal, /l/, or a pause where it may be an affricate ([ɟʝ]).[4][5] The approximant allophone differs from non-syllabic /i/ in a number of ways; it has a lower F2 amplitude, is longer, can only appear in the syllable onset (including word-initially, where non-syllabic /i/ never appears), is a palatal fricative in emphatic pronunciations, and is unspecified for rounding (e.g. viuda [ˈbjuða] 'widow' vs ayuda [aˈʝʷuða] 'help').[6] The two also overlap in distribution after /l/ and /n/: enyesa [ẽ̞ɲˈɟʝe̞sa] ('he plasters' or 'plaster' imp.) aniego [anˈje̞ɣo̞] ('flood').[7] Although there is dialectal and ideolectal variation, speakers may also exhibit other near-minimal pairs like abyecto [aβ̞ˈʝe̞kto̞] ('abject') vs abierto [aβ̞ˈje̞ɾto̞] ('open').[8] [9] Alarcos Llorach (1950)[10] postulates an archiphoneme /i/, [le̞i̯] ('law'), leyes [ˈle̞ʝe̞s] ('laws'), leí [le̞ˈi] ('I read' past tense), piel [pje̞l] ('skin'), cónyuge [ˈkõ̞ɲɟʝuxe̞] ('spouse').
In a number of varieties, including some American ones, a process parallel to the one distinguishing non-syllabic /i/ from consonantal /ʝ/ occurs for non-syllabic /u/ and a rare consonantal /w̝/.[11][12] Near minimal pairs include deshuesar [de̞zw̝e̞ˈsaɾ] ('to bone') vs. desuello [de̞ˈzw̝e̞ʝo̞] ('skinning'), son huevos [ˈsõ̞ŋ ˈw̝e̞βo̞s] ('they are eggs') vs son nuevos [ˈsõ̞n ˈwe̞βo̞s] ('they are new'),[13] and huaca [ˈ(g)w̝aka] ('Indian grave') vs u oca [ˈwo̞ka] ('or goose').[14]
/θ/, /s/,[15] and /f/[16] become voiced [ð], [z], [v] before voiced consonants as in jazmín ('Jasmine') [xaðˈmĩn], rasgo ('feature') [ˈrazɣo̞], and Afganistán [avɣãnisˈtãn]. While /s/ becomes dental before denti-alveolar consonants, /θ/ remains interdental in all contexts.[17]
The phonema/x/ may be pronounced uvular [χ] before /u/ (including when /u/ is in the syllable onset as [w]).[18]
Although there are only three nasal phonemes and two lateral ones, /l/ and the nasal consonants assimilate to the place of articulation of following consonants[19] even across word boundaries.[20] Nasals are only contrastive before vowels; for most speakers, only [n] appears before a pause, though in Caribbean and Andalusian varieties the nasal consonant can be omitted with a full nasalisation of the preceding vowel, or just turn it into a velar consonant [ŋ].[21][22]
Assimilatory allophones are shown in the following table:
nasal | lateral | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
word | IPA | gloss | word | IPA | gloss |
ánfora | [ˈãɱfo̞ɾa] | 'amphora' | |||
encía | [ẽ̞n̟ˈθia] | 'gum' | alzar | [al̟ˈθaɾ] | 'to raise' |
antes | [ˈãn̪t̪e̞s] | 'before' | alto | [ˈal̪t̪o̞] | 'tall' |
ancha | [ˈãnʲtʃa] | 'wide' | colcha | [ˈko̞lʲtʃa] | 'quilt' |
cónyuge | [ˈkõ̞ɲɟʝuxe̞] | 'spouse' | |||
rincón | [rĩŋˈkõ̞n] | 'corner' | |||
enjuto | [ẽ̞ɴˈχut̪o̞] | 'dry' |
Likewise, the alveolar trill and alveolar tap contrast intervocalically but are otherwise in complementary distribution with the trill appearing in the word onset and after /l/, /n/, or /s/ and the tap being usual elsewhere.[23]
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | u | |
Mid | e̞ | o̞ | |
Open | a |
Spanish has five vowels /i/ /e̞/ /a/ /o̞/ /u/. The vowels /i/ and /u/ become [i̯]-[j] and [u̯]-[w] respectively, in diphpthongs and triphthongs.[24]
In addition, Spanish has five allophonic nasal vowels [ĩ] [ẽ̞] [ã] [õ̞] [ũ].
This phonetic nasalisation occurs when a vowel precedes a syllable final nasal, it might also occur when a vowel precedes any nasal in any position. The result of nasalising in Spanish does not elide the nasal consonants as it might happen in other languages. However in some dialects as Andalusian Spanish and Caribbean Spanish the nasal consonants are often dropped or velarized [ŋ].[25][26][27]
Examples; cuento [ˈkwẽ̞n̪t̪o̞] ('story, tale'), tango [ˈt̪ãŋgo̞] ('tango'), influencia [ĩɱˈflwẽ̞n̟θja] ('influence').
The five oral vowels occurs in both stressed and unstressed:
stressed | unstressed | ||
---|---|---|---|
piso | 'I step' | pisó | 's/he stepped |
peso | 'I weigh' | pesó | 's/he weighed' |
paso | 'I pass' | pasó | 's/he passed' |
poso | 'I pose' | posó | 's/he posed' |
pujo | 'I bid' (present tense) | pujó | 's/he bid' (past tense) |
IPA | Example | Meaning |
---|---|---|
Falling | ||
/e̞i̯/ | rey | king |
/ai̯/ | aire | air |
/o̞i̯/ | hoy | today |
/e̞u̯/ | neutro | neutral |
/au̯/ | pausa | break |
/o̞u̯/[29] | bou | seine fishing |
Rising | ||
/je̞/ | tierra | earth |
/ja/ | hacia | towards |
/jo̞/ | radio | radio |
/ju/ | viuda | widow |
/wi/ | fuimos | we went |
/we̞/ | fuego | fire |
/wa/ | cuadro | picture |
/wo̞/ | cuota | quota |
Spanish also has six falling diphthongs and eight rising diphthongs. In addition, during fast speech, sequences of vowels in hiatus become diphthongs wherein one becomes non-syllabic (unless they are the same vowel, in which case they fuse together) as in poeta [ˈpo̞̯e̞ta] ('poet') and maestro [ˈmae̞̯stɾo] ('teacher').[30]
Spanish also possesses triphthongs like /we̞i̯/ and, in dialects that use a second person plural conjugation, /jai̯/, /je̞i̯/, and /wai̯/ (e.g. buey, 'ox'; cambiáis, 'you change'; cambiéis, '(that) you may change'; and averiguáis, 'you ascertain').[31]
Non-syllabic /e/, /o/, and /a/ can be reduced to [ʝ], [w̝] and complete elision, respectively, as in beatitud [bʝat̪it̪uð̞] ('beatitude'), línea [ˈlin̞ʝa] ('line'), héroe [ˈe̞ɾw̝e̞] ('hero'), poetisa [pw̝e̞ˈtisa] ('poetess'), and ahorita [o̞ˈɾi̪t̪a] ('right away'). The frequency (though not the presence) of this phenomenon differs amongst dialects, with a number having it occur rarely and others exhibiting it always.[32]
Stress
Spanish is a syllable-timed language, so each syllable has the same duration regardless of stress.[33][34] Stress most often occurs on any of the last three syllables of a word, with some rare exceptions at the fourth last. The tendencies of stress assignment are as follows:[35]
- In words ending in vowels and /s/, stress most often falls on the penultimate syllable.
- In words ending in all other consonants, the stress more often falls on the ultimate syllable.
- Preantepenultimate stress occurs rarely and only in words like guardándoselos ('saving them for him/her') where a clitic follows certain verbal forms.
In addition to the many exceptions to these tendencies, there are numerous minimal pairs which contrast solely on stress such as sábana ('sheet') and sabana ('savannah'), as well as límite ('boundary'), limite ('[that] he/she limits') and limité ('I limited').
Phonological stress may be marked orthographically with an acute accent (ácido, distinción, etc). This is done according to the mandatory stress rules of Spanish orthography which are similar to the tendencies above (differing with words like distinción) and are defined so as to unequivocally indicate where the stress lies in a given written word. An acute accent may also be used to differentiate homophones (such as té for 'tea' and te for 'you').
Phonotactics
Spanish syllable structure is (C)(L|R)V(C)(S) with a maximal example being the first syllable of transporte.
Dialectal variation
One notable dialectal feature is the merging of /ʝ/ and /ʎ/ into one phoneme (yeísmo); in metropolitan areas of the Iberian Peninsula, /ʎ/ simply loses its laterality and in some South American countries, they are both realized as [ʒ].[36] Other dialectal variations include /x/ → [h] and the merging of /θ/ and /s/ in areas of Andalusia, Canary Islands, and Latin America (see ceceo for more information).[37]
/s/ is also the subject of some variation; in most of Spain, it is apicoalveolar while it is laminal in Andalusia, Canary Islands, and Latin America.[38] In some dialects, /s/ may become the approximant [ɹ] in the syllable coda (doscientos: [do̞ɹˈθje̞nto̞s] 'two hundred').[39] In many places it debuccalizes to [h] in final position (niños), or before another consonant (fósforo) - in other words, the change occurs in the coda position in a syllable. In the Colombian Caribe, gemination may occur before /k/ or /f/ consonants (pescado: [pe̞ˈkːaðo̞] or [pe̞ˈkːao̞], fósforo: [ˈfo̞fːo̞ro̞]).[citation needed]
From an autosegmental point of view, the /s/ phoneme in Madrid is defined only by its voiceless and fricative features. This means that the point of articulation is not defined and is determined from the sounds following it in the word or sentence. Thus in Madrid the following realizations are found: /peskado/ → [pe̞xkao̞] and /fosforo/ → [fo̞fːo̞ro̞]). In parts of southern Spain, the only feature defined for /s/ appears to be voiceless;[40] it may lose its oral articulation entirely to become [h]) or even a geminate with the following consonant ([o̞βihpo̞] or [o̞βipːo̞] from /obispo/ 'bishop'). [41] Eastern Andalusian Spanish and Murcian Spanish, also featured but will less degree of lowering vowels in Western Andalusian Spanish, Argentinian Spanish, Chilean Spanish, and Caribbean Spanish word-final /s/ and /x/ (phonetically [h]) regularly weaken; lowering, or opening, the preceding vowel:
- /is/ → [ɪ] e.g. mis [mɪ] ('my' pl.)
- /e̞s/ → [ɛ] e.g. mes [mɛ] ('month')
- /as/ → [ɑ] e.g. más [mɑ] ('plus')
- /o̞s/ → [ɔ] e.g. tos [tɔ] ('cough')
- /us/ → [ʊ] e.g. tus [tʊ] ('your' pl.)
These vowels are distinguishable, mainly in Eastern Andalusian Spanish and Murcian Spanish. So speakers of these dialects clearly differenciate meanings of words with close and open vowels (plural forms will always be with lower vowels; [ɪ], [ɛ], [ɔ], [ʊ] and "a" will be a back vowel [ɑ], differentiating from singular forms that are higher vowels; [i], [e̞], [o̞], [u], and "a" is front vowel [a]:
- mi [mi] - mis [mɪ] ('my' sing. and 'my' pl.)
- nube [ˈnuβ̞e̞] - nubes [ˈnuβ̞ɛ] ('cloud' and 'clouds')
- casa [ˈkasa] - casas [ˈkasɑ] ('house' and 'houses')
- mercado [me̞ɾˈka(ð̞)o̞] - mercados [me̞ɾˈka(ð̞)ɔ] ('market' and 'markets')
- tribu [ˈtɾiβ̞u] - tribus [ˈtɾiβ̞ʊ] ('tribe' and 'tribes')
In Eastern Andalusian Spanish and Murcian Spanish vowel harmony takes place in many occasions, lejos ('far') is [ˈlɛhɔ], tenéis ('you all have') is [tɛˈnɛi] and tréboles ('clovers') is [ˈtɾɛβ̞ɔlɛ] or [ˈtɾɛβ̞o̞lɛ].[42]
In Standard Castilian, voiced obstruents are devoiced before a pause as in [se̞ð̥] ('thirst').[43]
See also
- History of the Spanish language
- List of phonetics topics
- Spanish dialects and varieties
- Spanish vocabulary
Notes
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán et al (2003:255)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:257)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:257)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258)
- ^ Trager (1942:222)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán (2004:208)
- ^ Trager (1942:222)
- ^ Saporta (1956:288)
- ^ Bowen & Stockwell (1955:236) cite the minimal pair ya visto [(ɟ)ʝa ˈβisto̞] ('I already dress') vs y ha visto [ja ˈβisto̞] ('and he has seen')
- ^ cited in Saporta (1956:289)
- ^ Trager (1942:222)
- ^ Generally /w̝/ is [ɣʷ] though it may also be [βˠ] (Ohala & Lorentz (1977:590) citing Navarro Tomás (1961) and Harris (1969) ).
- ^ Saporta (1956:289)
- ^ Bowen & Stockwell (1955:236)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258)
- ^ http://www.uclm.es/profesorado/nmoreno/compren/material/2006apuntes_fonetica.pdf
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258)
- ^ Cressey (1978:61)
- ^ MacDonald (1989:219)
- ^ Lipski (1994:?)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:256)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:256) Vowels nasalisation|http://elies.rediris.es/elies4/Cap5.htm#5.5.6.%20Vocales%20orales%20y%20nasales.
- ^ MacDonald (1989:219)
- ^ Lipski (1994:?)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:256)
- ^ /ou/ occurs rarely; another example is the proper name Bousoño (Saporta 1956, p. 290 ).
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:256-257)
- ^ Saporta (1956:290)
- ^ Bowen & Stockwell (1955:237)
- ^ Cressey (1978:152)
- ^ Abercrombie (1967:98)
- ^ Eddington (2000:96)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258)
- ^ Recasens (2004:436) citing Fougeron (1999) and Browman & Goldstein (1995)
- ^ Isogloss map for s aspiration in the Iberian Peninsula
- ^ Template:Http://usuarios.lycos.es/sergiopalomo/Recursos/andaluz.htmIn
- ^ Lloret (2007:24-25)
- ^ Wetsels & Mascaró (2001:224) citing Navarro Tomás (1961)
References
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- Template:Vowels nasalisation
http://elies.rediris.es/elies4/Cap5.htm#5.5.6.%20Vocales%20orales%20y%20nasales.
- {{Vowels opening
http://usuarios.lycos.es/sergiopalomo/Recursos/andaluz.htmIn http://www.aunaocio.com/zonaweb/joberbel/pagina24283.htm#EL%20ANDALUZ.}}<
Further reading
- Hammond, Robert M. (2001). The Sounds of Spanish: Analysis and Application. Somerville, Massachusetts: Cascadilla Press. ISBN 1-57473-018-5.