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The '''[[Captaincy General]] of the Philippines''' was an administrative district in Spanish colonial times. It encompassed the modern country of the Philippines and associated Spanish [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] possessions comprising the Spanish East Indies. It was founded in 1565 with the first permanent Spanish settlements, and for centuries was ruled under the [[Viceroyalty of New Spain]] (Mexico). However, in 1821, Mexico gained its independence, and the Spanish crown took direct control and the area was given provincial status. |
The '''[[Captaincy General]] of the Philippines''' was an administrative district in Spanish colonial times. It encompassed the modern country of the Philippines and associated Spanish [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] possessions comprising the Spanish East Indies. It was founded in 1565 with the first permanent Spanish settlements, and for centuries was ruled under the [[Viceroyalty of New Spain]] (Mexico). However, in 1821, Mexico gained its independence, and the Spanish crown took direct control and the area was given provincial status. |
Revision as of 05:00, 18 November 2007
Spanish East Indies Indias Orientales | |||||||||||||||
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1565–1898 | |||||||||||||||
![]() Location of Spanish East Indies in the Pacific | |||||||||||||||
Status | Colony of Spain (Part of New Spain until 1821) | ||||||||||||||
Capital | Manila (Cebu until 1595, Bacolor 1762-1763, Iloilo 1898) | ||||||||||||||
Common languages | Spanish (official), Austronesian languages, Spanish creoles | ||||||||||||||
Religion | Roman Catholicism | ||||||||||||||
Monarch | |||||||||||||||
• 1565-1598 | Philip II | ||||||||||||||
• 1896-1898 | Alfonso XIII | ||||||||||||||
Governor-General | |||||||||||||||
• 1565-1572 | Miguel López de Legazpi | ||||||||||||||
• 1898 | Diego de los Ríos | ||||||||||||||
Historical era | Spanish colonization | ||||||||||||||
April 27 1565 | |||||||||||||||
December 10 1898 | |||||||||||||||
Currency | Peso fuerte | ||||||||||||||
ISO 3166 code | PH | ||||||||||||||
|
Spanish East Indies was a term used to describe Spanish possessions in the East Indies, the "Capitanía General de las Filipinas". Primarily, it is used to describe Las Islas Filipinas (Eng.: The Philippine Islands): the Philippines and its dependencies (the Marianas, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, and Palau). Following the Spanish-American War in 1898, most of the islands including the Philippines and Guam, were occupied by the United States while the rest were sold to Germany. However, the kings of Spain (including the current monarch) still continued to use the title "King of the Spanish East Indies" as part of their traditional values.
Extent
The Spanish East Indies formerly included the present-day nations of the Philippines, Federated States of Micronesia, the Marshall Islands, Palau, as well as the American territories of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands.
History
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ferdinand_Magellan.jpg/220px-Ferdinand_Magellan.jpg)
Exploration and Settlement (1521–1643)
Spanish contact began on March 6, 1521, when Ferdinand Magellan reached the Marianas Islands. He initially named Guam the "Island of Sails" because his crew saw a lot of sailboats there. However, it was renamed to "Ladrones Island" because a lot of small boats of the ship Trinidad were stolen there. Magellan's crew eventually left the island and reached the island of Homonhon in the Philippines on March 16, with only 150 crewmen. There, they met the native peoples and were able to communicate with them because the Malayan interpreter, Enrique of Malacca, could understand the natives' language.
Seeking to develop trade between the East Indies and the Americas across the Pacific Ocean, Antonio de Mendoza encouraged the exploration of Spain's new territories, as he commissioned the expedition of Ruy López de Villalobos to the Philippines in 1542-1543. Miguel López de Legazpi established the first Spanish settlement in the Philippines in 1565, which became the town of San Miguel. Andrés de Urdaneta discovered an efficient sailing route from the Philippines returning to Mexico. In 1570, the native city of Manila was conquered and trade links soon began in the Manila-Acapulco Galleons.
The Manila-Acapulco galleons shipped products gathered from both Asia-Pacific and the Americas, such as silk, spice, silver, gold and other Asian products to Mexico. Products brought from Asia-Pacific were sent to Veracruz and shipped to Spain and, via trading, to the rest of Europe. While Spanish-Mexican colonist brought with them Spanish or indigenous Mexican customs, religion, languages, foods and cultural traditions to the Philippines, Guam and the Mariana Islands.
In 1606, Spanish and allied forces established forts and trading posts in Ternate and Tidore (Maluku Islands) (Moluccas in eastern Indonesia), and remained until 1663. Contacts with Japan were established and Sebastián Vizcaíno was sent as ambassador in 1611. On the north coast of Taiwan, the Spaniards, Mexicans, Filipinos and other allies built Fort Santo Domingo near Keelung in 1626 and a mission in Tan-shui (1628), which they occupied until 1642 when they were driven out by a Dutch-led force. Some Pacific islands were visited by Spanish ships in the 16th century, but they made no effort to trade with or colonize them, including New Guinea (by Yñigo Ortiz de Retez in 1545), Solomon Islands (by Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa in 1568) and Marquesas Islands (by Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira in 1595).
Great educational institutions were founded: The Colegio de San Ildefonso (1595) at Cebu City and the University of Santo Tomas (1611) at Manila.
The last Spanish Habsburgs (1643–1713)
In 1668, Diego Luis de San Vitores established the first mission in the Mariana Islands (now Guam).
The trade with Siam and Cochinchina were increased, sending mercury, saltpeter and other mineral products.
The Bourbon Reforms (1713–1898)
Spanish rule in the Philippines was briefly interrupted in 1762, when British troops invaded the capital Manila. Later, Governor-General José Basco y Vargas established the Economic Society of Friends of the Country.
Government
The Spanish East Indies were governed from Mexico City in the Viceroyalty of New Spain until Mexican independence on September 27, 1821. After which, the territory became a province of Spain. The province was governed from Manila, which was the seat of government of the Spanish governor-general, while the Religious orders were governed from Cebu City.
Captaincy General (1565-1821)
The Captaincy General of the Philippines was an administrative district in Spanish colonial times. It encompassed the modern country of the Philippines and associated Spanish Pacific possessions comprising the Spanish East Indies. It was founded in 1565 with the first permanent Spanish settlements, and for centuries was ruled under the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Mexico). However, in 1821, Mexico gained its independence, and the Spanish crown took direct control and the area was given provincial status.
Following the Spanish-American War, several parts of the Spanish East Indies were ceded to other countries. One example of such is the cession of the Caroline Islands to Germany.
Cultural Influence
Spanish/Hispanic
Spain's influence on her former colonies in Asia/Pacific is undebatable, and to this day, the majority of the people of the Philippines, Guam, Marianas Islands and Palau belong to the Roman Catholic faith. These nations also exhibits a small minority of native people descendance from Spaniard and Mexican settlers, known as mestizos, who form a tiny percentage of the populations.
Filipino
Spanish political prisoners (primarily Filipino revolutionaries) were deported to both Guam and the Marianas Islands. This caused the native Chamorros bloodline and their culture to become strongly influenced by the Filipinos. Currently, the Chamorro, are of mixed Micronesian, Spanish, and Filipino blood, and three in ten Guamanians have a direct Filipino ancestor. The Chamorro language have also been affected which caused it to have word cognates with languages found in the Philippines.
In Palau, 16% of the population is composed of Filipinos, most of whom are primarily descendants of exiled political prisoners. Filipinos also constitute the majority in the Northern Mariana Islands, and the second most numerous ethnic group in both Guam and Palau, and a minority in the Caroline Islands.
While Palau and the Marianas Islands were heavily affected by Filipino culture, the Marshall Islands and Federated States of Micronesia remained relatively unaffected.
Terms
The Spaniards named several places in the islands that are not currently used. Examples of such are Gran Moluccas (Great Molluccas) for Mindanao, Nueva Castilla (New Castile) for Luzon, and Nueva Filipinas (New Philippines) for the Caroline Islands.
See also
External links
- Web oficial Asociación Española de Estudios del Pacífico
- Philippine "The Early Spanish Period"
- The Impact of Spanish Rule in the Philippines
- History > The Spanish Colony
- Guam History and Culture
- Filipinas