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Mr. Information1409 (talk | contribs) For now, the Spanish East Indies and the Captaincy General of the Philippines were two different things. |
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{{merge to|Captaincy General of the Philippines|discuss=Talk:Captaincy General of the Philippines#Merge proposal|date=February 2024}} |
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{{Short description|Spanish colony from 1565 to 1901}} |
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{{Infobox former country |
{{Infobox former country |
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| conventional_long_name = Spanish East Indies |
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|native_name = {{lang|es|''Indias Orientales Españolas''}} |
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| native_name = {{native name|es|Indias orientales españolas|nocat=true}} |
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|conventional_long_name = Spanish East Indies |
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| image_map = Spanish East Asia (orthographic projection).svg |
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| image_map_caption = {{Legend|#366635|Spanish East Indies}} |
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|continent = Oceania |
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| image_flag = Flag of Spain (1785-1873 and 1875-1931).svg |
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| image_coat = Coat of Arms with the Badge of the Spanish East Indies.svg |
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| flag_type = [[Flag of Spain|Flag<br>(1843–1899)]] |
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| symbol = Coat of arms of Spain |
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|status_text = Colony of [[Spain]]<br /><small>(Territory of the [[Viceroyalty of New Spain]] from 1565 to 1821, and province of Spain from 1821 to 1899.)</small> |
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| status = Overseas Territories |
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| empire = Spanish Empire |
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| status_text = Colonies of the [[Spanish Empire]] |
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* Territories of [[New Spain]] (1565–1821) |
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|date_end = December 10 |
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| legislature = [[Cortes Generales]] |
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| year_start = 1565 |
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| era = [[Spanish Empire]] |
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| event_start = [[Miguel López de Legazpi|Legazpi]] colonizes [[Cebu City|Cebu]] |
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| date_start = 27 April |
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| event1 = [[Battle of San Salvador (1642)|Loss]] of [[Spanish Formosa]] |
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| date_event1 = 26 August 1642 |
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| event2 = [[Philippine Declaration of Independence|Philippine declaration of independence]] |
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| date_event2 = 12 June 1898 |
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| event3 = [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|United States annexation of the Philippines and Guam]] |
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| date_event3 = 10 December 1898<ref name="photos.state.gov">{{Cite web |url=https://photos.state.gov/libraries/164311/tratados_bilaterales/Insular%20Possessions%20Bevans%20623.pdf |title=United States–Spain Treaties in Force, January 1, 2009 |access-date=2017-06-25 |archive-date=2017-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209090244/http://photos.state.gov/libraries/164311/tratados_bilaterales/Insular%20Possessions%20Bevans%20623.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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|s3 = First Philippine Republic |
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| event4 = [[German–Spanish Treaty (1899)|Sale of the remaining islands to Germany]] |
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| date_event4 = 12 February 1899 |
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| event_end = [[Treaty of Washington (1900)|Remaining islands ceded to the United States]] |
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| date_end = 23 March |
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| year_end = 1901 |
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| p1 = New Spain |
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| s1 = Dutch Formosa{{!}}'''1642:'''<br />Dutch Formosa |
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| s2 = United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands{{!}}'''1898:'''<br />Military Government of the Philippine Islands |
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|flag_s2 = ChavacanoFlag.JPG |
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| s3 = Guam |
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| s4 = German New Guinea{{!}}'''1899:'''<br />German New Guinea |
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| today = {{plainlist| |
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* [[Philippines]] |
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* [[Guam]] |
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|flag = Flag of Spain |
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* [[Taiwan]] |
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|flag_type = Flag of Spain at end |
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* [[Palau]] |
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|image_flag = Flag of Spain (1785-1873 and 1875-1931).svg |
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* [[Northern Marianas Islands]] |
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|symbol = Coat of arms of Spain |
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* [[North Sulawesi]] |
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|symbol_type = Coat of arms at start |
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* [[Federated States of Micronesia]] |
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|image_coat = Lesser Royal Coat of Arms of Spain (c.1504-1580).svg |
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|image_map = Spanish Provinces in the Pacific.png |
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|image_map_caption = Map of the Spanish East Indies (19th century) |
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|capital = [[Cebu]] <br /> (1565-1571) <br /> [[Manila]] <br /> (1571-1898) <br /> [[Iloilo City|Iloilo]] <br /> (Aug. 13, 1898-Dec. 10, 1898) |
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|common_languages = [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and native languages. |
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|religion = Roman Catholicism |
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|stat_year1 = 1877<ref>[http://www.nscb.gov.ph/secstat/d_popn.asp Population of the Philippines Census Years 1799 to 2007]. ''National Statistical Coordination Board''.</ref> |
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|stat_area1 = 300000 |
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|stat_pop1 = 5567685 |
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|title_leader = [[List of Spanish monarchs|Monarch]] |
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|leader1 = [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]] |
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|year_leader1 = 1565-1598 |
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|leader2 = [[Alfonso XIII of Spain|Alfonso XIII]] |
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|year_leader2 = 1896-1898 |
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|title_deputy = [[Governor-General of the Philippines#List of Spanish governors-general|Governor-General]] |
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|deputy1 = [[Miguel López de Legazpi]] |
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|year_deputy1 = 1565-1572 |
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|deputy2 = [[Diego de los Ríos]] |
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|year_deputy2 = 1898 |
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|era = Spanish colonization |
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|currency = [[Philippine peso|Peso fuerte]] |
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}} |
}} |
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| official_languages = [[Spanish language|Spanish]] |
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{{History of the Philippines}} |
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| common_languages = [[Philippine languages]]<br>[[Micronesian languages]]<br>[[East Formosan languages]]<br>[[Philippine Hokkien|Hokkien]]{{efn|Among [[Sangley]] [[Chinese Filipino|Chinese]], some [[Chinese Filipino|Chinese]] [[Filipino Mestizo|Mestizo]]s (''[[Mestizos de Sangley]]''), and [[Han Taiwanese]] in [[Spanish Formosa]]}} |
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| religion = [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]] ([[state religion]]),<br /> [[Islam]], [[Philippine mythology|Philippine traditional religion]], [[Micronesian mythology|Micronesian traditional religion]], [[Religion in Taiwan|Taiwanese aboriginal traditional religion]], [[Chinese folk religion in Southeast Asia#Philippines|Overseas Chinese folk religion]] |
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| national_motto = ''[[Plus ultra (motto)|Plus Ultra]]''<br />"Further Beyond" |
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| national_anthem = ''[[Marcha Real]]''<br />"Royal March"<br />{{center|[[File:Marcha Real (1915).ogg]]}} |
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| stat_year1 = 1877<ref>[http://www.nscb.gov.ph/secstat/d_popn.asp Population of the Philippines Census Years 1799 to 2007] {{webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120704171010/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/secstat/d_popn.asp |date= 2012-07-04 }}. ''National Statistical Coordination Board''.</ref> |
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| stat_area1 = 345155 |
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| stat_pop1 = 5,567,685 |
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| title_leader = [[List of Spanish monarchs|Monarch]] |
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| leader1 = [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]] |
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| year_leader1 = 1565–1598 (first) |
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| leader2 = [[Alfonso XIII]] |
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| year_leader2 = 1886–1898 (last) |
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| currency = [[Spanish dollar]], [[Spanish peseta]] |
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}} |
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The '''Spanish East Indies''' ({{lang-es|Indias orientales españolas|link=no}}) were the colonies of the [[Spanish Empire]] in [[Asia-Pacific|Asia and Oceania]] from 1565 to 1901, governed through the [[Captaincy General of the Philippines|captaincy general]] in [[Manila]] for the [[Monarchy of Spain|Spanish Crown]], initially reporting to [[Mexico City]], then [[Madrid]], then later directly reporting to [[Madrid]] after the [[Spanish American wars of independence|Spanish American Wars of Independence]]. |
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The [[king of Spain]] traditionally styled himself "King of the East and West Indies" ({{lang-es|Rey de las Indias Orientales y Occidentales|link=no}}). |
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The '''Spanish East Indies''' ({{lang-es|Indias Orientales Españolas}}) were the [[Spain|Spanish]] territories in [[Asia-Pacific]] between 1565 to 1898. With the seat of government in [[Manila]], they extended to the [[Philippine Islands]], [[Guam]] and the [[Mariana Islands]], the [[Caroline Islands]] ([[Palau]] and the [[Federated States of Micronesia]]), and for a period of time, [[Spanish Formosa|parts of Formosa]] ([[Taiwan]]), [[Sabah]], and parts of the [[Moluccas]]. From 1565 to 1821 these territories were part of the [[Viceroyalty of New Spain]] based in [[Mexico City]], and after Mexican independence they were ruled directly from [[Madrid]]. Following the [[Spanish-American War]] in 1898, most of the islands were occupied by the United States while the remaining territories were sold to Germany during the [[German-Spanish Treaty (1899)|German-Spanish Treaty]] of 1899. The [[Monarchy of Spain|King of Spain]] traditionally styled himself "King of the East and West Indies" (Rey de las Indias orientales y occidentales).<ref>The traditional formula is: "His/Her Majesty, Don/Doña [''name of reigning monarch''] by the grace of God King/Queen of Spain, King/Queen of Castile, of León, of Aragón, of the Two Sicilies, of Jerusalem, of Navarre, of Granada, of Seville, of Toledo, of Valencia, of Galicia, of Sardinia, of Córdoba, of Corsica, of Murcia, of Jaén, of the Algarves, of Algeciras, of Gibraltar, of the Canary Islands, of the East and West Indies, of the Islands and Mainland of the Ocean Sea; Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy, of Brabant, of Milan, of Athens and Neopatria; Count of Habsburg, of Flanders, of Tyrol, of Roussillon, and of Barcelona; Lord of Vizcaya and of Molina; Captain-General and Supreme Head of the Royal Armed Forces; Sovereign Grand-Master of the Order of the Golden Fleece and of the orders awarded by the Spanish state." These titles, of course, are not used by the current king, but are often given as honorary "historical" ones. The [[Spanish Constitution of 1978|current Constitution]] leaves the issue open and simply describes the King as the "King of Spain": "His title is King of Spain, and he may use the other titles appertaining to the Crown" (''Su título es el de Rey de España y podrá utilizar los demás que correspondan a la Corona''). Velde, François, "[http://heraldica.org/topics/royalty/royalstyle.htm#spain Royal Styles]," and the Royal Household of His Majesty the King, "[http://www.casareal.es/laCorona/laCorona-iden-idweb.html The Crown]." Consulted on 2008-08-15.</ref> |
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From 1565 to 1821 these territories, together with the [[Spanish West Indies]], were administered through the [[New Spain|Viceroyalty of New Spain]] based in [[Mexico City]]. After [[Declaration of Independence (Mexico)|independence]] of the [[First Mexican Empire|Mexican Empire]], Manila reported directly to Madrid. The territories ruled included present-day [[Philippines]], [[Guam]] and the [[Mariana Islands]], as well as [[Palau]], part of [[Micronesia]] and for a brief period [[Spanish Formosa|Northern Taiwan]] and parts of [[North Sulawesi]] and the [[North Maluku|Moluccas]] ([[Dutch East Indies]] (VOC)). [[Cebu City|Cebu]] was the first seat of government, which later transferred to [[Manila]]. |
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As a result of the [[Spanish–American War]] in 1898, the [[United States]] occupied the Philippines and Guam, while Spain sold other smaller islands to [[German Empire|Germany]] in the [[German–Spanish Treaty (1899)|German–Spanish Treaty of 1899]]. The few remaining islands were ceded to the United States when the [[Treaty of Washington (1900)|Treaty of Washington]] was ratified in 1901. |
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== History == |
== History == |
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{{main|History of |
{{main|Magellan Expedition|History of Guam|History of the Philippines (1565–1898)}} |
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=== Exploration and Settlement (1521–1643) === |
=== Exploration and Settlement (1521–1643) === |
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[[File:Reception of the Manila Galleon by the Chamorro in the Ladrones Islands, ca. 1590.jpg|left|thumb|300x300px|Reception of the [[Manila galleon]] by the [[Chamorro people|Chamorro]] in the [[Mariana Islands|Ladrones Islands]], [[Boxer Codex]] <small>(c. 1590)</small>]] |
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Spanish contact began on March 6, 1521, when the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] explorer [[Ferdinand Magellan]] reached the Mariana Islands. He named Guam "Isla de Ladrones" (Island of Thieves) because some of his supplies in the galleon Trinidad were stolen. Magellan's crew eventually left the island and reached the island of [[Homonhon]] in the Philippines on March 16, with only 150 crewmen. There, they met the indigenous peoples and were able to communicate with them because the Malayan interpreter, [[Enrique of Malacca]], could understand the natives' language. |
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With the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] guarding access to the [[Indian Ocean]] around [[Cape of Good Hope|the Cape]], a monopoly supported by [[papal bull]]s and the [[Treaty of Tordesillas]], Spanish contact with the [[Far East]] waited until the success of the 1519{{ndash}}1522 [[Ferdinand Magellan|Magellan]]{{ndash}}[[Juan Sebastián Elcano|Elcano]] [[Magellan Expedition|expedition]] that found a [[Strait of Magellan|Southwest Passage]] around [[South America]] into the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]]. The expedition reached the outskirts of the East Indies on 6 March 1521, sighting the [[Mariana Islands|Marianas]]. Upon reaching the [[Philippines]], Magellan was able to [[conversion to Catholicism|convert]] and ally with [[Rajah Humabon]], the [[raja (title)|Rajah]] of [[Rajahnate of Cebu|Cebu]] at that time, but died shortly thereafter in the [[Battle of Mactan]] while trying to shore up Humabon's control over nearby islands. When the expedition's new leaders refused to honor Magellan's will and [[manumission|free]] his [[Malay (ethnic group)|Malay]] [[slavery in Southeast Asia|slave]] [[Enrique of Malacca|Enrique]], Enrique{{mdash}}who also acted as their interpreter{{mdash}}was able to turn Humabon against them, provoking a massacre of the Spanish on 1 May. Consolidated onto the {{lang|es|[[Trinidad (ship)|Trinidad]]}} and the {{lang|es|[[Victoria (ship)|Victoria]]}}, the survivors were able to reach the [[city-state]] of [[Sultanate of Tidore|Tidore]] in the [[Spice Islands]] on 8 November. Its sultan [[Al-Mansur of Tidore|Al-Mansur]] promptly pledged his realm as Spain's vassal the next day,<ref>{{citation |last=Pigafetta |first=Antonio |author-link=Antonio Pigafetta |editor=Theodore J. Cachey Jr. |editor2=James Alexander Robertson |editor3=Carlo Amoretti |display-editors=1 |ref=CITEREFCachey1995 |date=1995 |title=The First Voyage around the World (1519–1522): An Account of Magellan's Expedition |location=Toronto |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=9781442692077 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n24NlWkm65sC }}.</ref> hoping to use them as a counterweight to Portuguese support of his rival [[Bayan Sirrullah]] of [[Sultanate of Ternate|Ternate]]. Within a year, he was joined in this by Yusuf, sultan of [[Sultanate of Jailolo|Jailolo]] on nearby [[Halmahera]]. In the event, though, Portuguese under Antonio de Brito forced Al-Mansur to surrender the Spaniards who had stayed in his realm and abjure any connection to Spain on 14 May 1522,<ref>{{citation |last=Pigafetta |first=Antonio |author-link=Antonio Pigafetta |page=[https://archive.org/details/magellansvoyagea02piga/page/218/mode/2up 218] |url=https://archive.org/details/magellansvoyagea02piga |title=Magellan's Voyage around the World |editor=James Alexander Robertson |ref=CITEREFRobertson1906 |date=1906 |volume=II |publisher=Arthur H. Clark Co. |location=[[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]] }}</ref> the {{lang|es|Victoria}} limped back to Spain to complete the first [[circumnavigation of the globe]] on September 6, the {{lang|es|Trinidad}} surrendered herself to De Brito to avoid starvation in November,<ref>{{citation |last=Torodash |first=Martin |contribution-url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/hahr/article/51/2/313/152610/Magellan-Historiography |contribution=Magellan Historiography |title=Hispanic American Historical Review |volume=51 |issue=2 |date=May 1971 |pages=313–335 |doi=10.1215/00182168-51.2.313 |location=[[Durham, North Carolina|Durham]] |publisher=Duke University Press |doi-access=free }}.</ref> and [[Charles I of Spain|Charles{{nbsp}}I]] signed away any of his interests in the East Indies for 350,000 [[Spanish ducat|ducats]] in the [[Capitulation of Zaragoza]] on 22 April 1529. |
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Seeking to develop trade between the [[East Indies]] and the [[Americas]] across the Pacific Ocean, [[Antonio de Mendoza]] encouraged the exploration of these Asian territories and commissioned the expedition of his [[in-law]] [[Ruy López de Villalobos]] to the Philippines in 1542–1543. [[Miguel López de Legazpi]] set out from Mexico, and established the first Spanish settlement in the Philippines in 1565, which became the town of [[San Miguel, Cebu|San Miguel]] in present-day Cebu. That same year, another member of the expedition, [[Andrés de Urdaneta]], discovered a maritime route from the Philippines to Mexico, across the Pacific, leading to the important transpacific transport link of the [[Manila galleon|Manila-Acapulco Galleons]].[[File:Itinerario legazpi.jpg|thumb|left|Routes of early Spanish expeditions in the Philippines.|480x480px]]In 1571, exploiting a rivalry between the states of Tondo and Maynila, the later being a city-state established by Bruneian Muslim colonists, meant to supplant Tondo, the Spaniards captured Maynila and renamed it ''Manila'', a former satellite-state of the Brunei Sultanate and then Manila was made the seat of the Spanish [[Captaincy General of the Philippines]]. The Hindu [[Rajahnate of Butuan]] and the [[Kedatuan of Dapitan|Kedatuans of Dapitan]] and [[Kedatuan of Madja-as|Madja-as]] willingly joined the Spaniards to ally against their common Muslim rivals (Spain recently expelled the Muslims who invaded their homeland at the culmination of the [[Reconquista]]), Zamboanga was also taken from the [[Sultanate of Sulu]] via the efforts of Spanish and Peruvian soldiers<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |title=Second Book of the Second Part of the Conquests of the Filipinas Islands and Chronicle of the Religious of Our Father St. Augustine }}.</ref> and native allies as all these territories were incorporated into the Spanish East Indies. |
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[[File:Itinerario legazpi.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Routes of early Spanish expeditions in the Philippines.]] |
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The territories in Asia claimed by the Spanish crown was governed by the [[Viceroyalty of New Spain]] in [[Mexico City]]. Seeking to develop trade between the [[East Indies]] and the [[Americas]] across the Pacific Ocean, [[Antonio de Mendoza]] encouraged the exploration of Spain's new territories, as he commissioned the expedition of [[Ruy López de Villalobos]] to the Philippines in 1542-1543. [[Miguel López de Legazpi]] set out from Mexico, and established the first Spanish settlement in the Philippines in 1565, which became the town of [[San Miguel, Cebu|San Miguel]]. [[Andrés de Urdaneta]] discovered an efficient sailing route from the Philippines returning to Mexico. In 1570, the native city of [[Manila]] was conquered and trade links soon began in the [[Manila galleon|Manila-Acapulco Galleons]]. |
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The Philippines became the center of operations for further Spanish wars in Asia including the [[Castilian War]] against the Sultanate of Brunei, raids against the Ottoman protectorate of the Sultanate of Aceh, the brief conquests of the Sultanates of Tidor and Ternate as well as Spanish campaigns into [[Cambodian–Spanish War|Cambodia]] and Taiwan. These and other Asian territories claimed by the Spanish crown were to be governed from the Viceroyalty of New Spain in Mexico City. |
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The Manila-Acapulco galleons shipped products gathered from both Asia-Pacific and the Americas, such as silk, spice, silver, gold and other Asian-Pacific islander products to [[Mexico]]. Products brought from Asia-Pacific were sent to [[Veracruz]] and shipped to Spain and, via trading, to the rest of Europe. While Spanish-Mexican colonist brought with them Hispanic and indigenous Mexican customs, religion, languages, foods and cultural traditions to the Philippines, Guam and the Mariana Islands. |
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The Manila-Acapulco galleons shipped products gathered from both Asia-Pacific and the Americas, such as silk, spices, silver, gold and other Asian-Pacific islander products to Mexico. Products brought from Asia-Pacific were sent to [[Veracruz]] and shipped to Spain and, via trading, to the rest of Europe, while Spanish-Mexican navigators brought with them Hispanic and indigenous Mexican customs, religion, languages, foods, and cultural traditions to the Philippines, Guam, and the Mariana Islands. |
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In 1606, the Spaniards established some form of trade links with the [[Maluku Islands]] and remained until 1663. Contacts with [[Edo period|Japan]] were also established and [[Sebastián Vizcaíno]] was sent as ambassador in 1611, until Japan closed its trading post in 1630. On the north eastern coastal region of [[Taiwan]], the [[Spaniards]] built [[Fort Santo Domingo]] near [[Keelung]] in 1626 and a mission in [[Tamsui]] in 1628, which they occupied until 1642. Several Pacific islands were visited by Spanish ships in the 16th century, including [[New Guinea]] ([[Yñigo Ortiz de Retez]] in 1545), the [[Solomon Islands]] ([[Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa]] in 1568) and the [[Marquesas Islands]] ([[Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira]] in 1595), but they made no effort to trade with or colonize them. |
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In 1606, the Spanish established trade links with the [[Maluku Islands]], which continued until 1663. Contacts with [[Edo period|Japan]] were also established and [[Sebastián Vizcaíno]] was sent as ambassador in 1611, until Japan closed its trading post in 1630. In northeastern Taiwan, the Spaniards built [[Fort Santo Domingo]] near [[Keelung]] in 1626 and a mission in [[Tamsui]] in 1628, which they occupied until they lost in the [[Battle of San Salvador (1642)|Second Battle of San Salvador]]. Several Pacific islands were visited by Spanish ships in the 16th century, including [[New Guinea]] ([[Yñigo Ortiz de Retez]] in 1545), the [[Solomon Islands]] ([[Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa]] in 1568), and the [[Marquesas Islands]] ([[Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira]] in 1595), but they made no effort to trade with or colonize them. |
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In 1668, [[Diego Luis de San Vitores]] established the first mission in [[Guam]], [[Mariana Islands]]. |
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During the first half of the seventeenth century, there were a number of clashes with the Dutch in and around the Spanish East Indies as the Dutch expanded their interests in South East Asia. The most important of these were [[Battles of La Naval de Manila|a series of naval battles]] in 1646, when the local Spanish forces defeated a concerted effort of the Dutch to take control of the Philippines. |
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In 1762 British troops briefly [[Battle of Manila (1762)|captured the city of Manila]] during the [[Seven Years' War]]. However, they were unable to establish control over areas outside Manila. Through the efforts of the Spanish lieutenant governor, [[Simón de Anda y Salazar]], the remainder of the islands remained loyal to Spain. The British promised support for an uprising led by [[Diego Silang]] and his wife [[Gabriela Silang|Gabriela]] but the British force never materialized. Under the peace settlement Manila was exchanged, along with British-occupied [[Havana]], for [[Florida]] and [[Minorca]]. It was handed back to Spanish authorities in April 1764. |
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In 1668, [[Beatification|Blessed]] [[Diego Luis de San Vitores]] established the first mission on Guam, where he and Saint [[Pedro Calungsod]] were later martyred. |
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{{History of the Philippines}}In 1762, British troops [[Battle of Manila (1762)|captured Manila]] and held it for twenty months as well as making unsuccessful attempts to take control of Bulacan, Pampanga, and parts of Ilocos during the [[Seven Years' War]]. With an army made up mostly of local allied forces, the Spanish were able to [[British occupation of Manila| resist the British invasion]] and kept the British confined to Manila and nearby [[Cavite]]. Rebellions by local leaders at the instigation of the British, such as that of [[Diego Silang]] and his wife [[Gabriela Silang|Gabriela]], were crushed by the Spanish.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-20 |title=The British Conquest of Manila {{!}} Presidential Museum and Library |url=http://malacanang.gov.ph/the-british-conquest-of-manila/ |access-date=2022-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020114527/http://malacanang.gov.ph/the-british-conquest-of-manila/ |archive-date=2014-10-20 }}</ref> Under the peace settlement, Manila was exchanged, along with British-occupied [[Havana]], for [[Florida]] and [[Menorca]]. Manila was ceded back to Spanish authorities in April 1764. |
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== Colonial government == |
== Colonial government == |
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{{See also|Viceroyalty of New Spain|Captaincy General of the Philippines|Governor-General of the Philippines}} |
{{See also|Viceroyalty of New Spain|Captaincy General of the Philippines|Governor-General of the Philippines}} |
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[[File:EscoltaManila1899.jpg|thumb|[[Manila]], capital of the Spanish East Indies, 1899.|300x300px]] |
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The Seven Years' War prompted [[Charles III of Spain|Charles III]] to initiate [[Bourbon Reforms|extensive governmental reforms]] throughout the overseas possessions. An [[Intendant|Intendencia]] was established in Manila in 1784 to handle the government finances and to promote the economy. (The plan to introduce more Intendencias throughout the Philippines did not materialize.) In a similar vein, to promote innovation and education among the residents of the islands, Governor-General [[José Basco y Vargas]] established the [[Sociedad Económica de los Amigos del País|Economic Society of the Friends of the Country]]. |
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The Seven Years' War prompted [[Charles III of Spain|Charles III]] to initiate [[Bourbon Reforms|extensive governmental reforms]] throughout the overseas possessions. An ''[[Intendant#Spanish monarchy|intendencia]]'' was established in Manila in 1784 to handle the government finances and to promote the economy. (The plan to introduce more intendencias throughout the Philippines did not materialize.) In a similar vein, to promote innovation and education among the residents of the islands, {{anchor|basco}}Governor-General [[José Basco y Vargas]] established the [[Sociedad Económica de los Amigos del País|Economic Society of the Friends of the Country]]. |
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For over 256 years, the Spanish East Indies were governed by a governor-captain general, and an [[Audiencia Real|audiencia]]. |
For over 256 years, the Spanish East Indies were governed by a governor-captain general, and an [[Audiencia Real|audiencia]]. All economic matters of the Philippines were managed by the Viceroyalty of New Spain, located in Mexico. Because the eastward route was more widely used for military purposes, in addition to commerce that included the [[Manila galleon|Manila-Acapulco galleon]] trade, most government correspondence went through Mexico, rather than directly to Spain (with the exception of a short period at the end of the 18th century). |
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In 1821 the New Spanish Viceroyalty collapsed following the [[Mexican War of Independence]], which resulted in the [[First Mexican Empire]]. All control of the Spanish East Indies government was then transferred to |
In 1821, the New Spanish Viceroyalty collapsed following the [[Mexican War of Independence]], which resulted in the [[First Mexican Empire]]. All control of the Spanish East Indies government was then transferred to Madrid, until the United States annexed most Spanish territories in the Asia-Pacific region after the [[Spanish–American War]] of 1898. |
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=== The Audiencia and Captaincy General === |
=== The Audiencia and Captaincy General === |
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{{Main|Captaincy General of the Philippines|Real Audiencia of Manila}} |
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In 1574 the [[Captaincy General of the Philippines]] was created as a dependency of the [[Viceroyalty of New Spain]]. The [[Real Audiencia of Manila]] was created on 5 May 1583 and established in 1584 as the highest tribunal of the [[Spanish Empire]] in the East Indies, that had the Governor-General of the Philippines as its ''ex officio'' highest judge. Both institutions were created by Royal Decree from [[Philip II of Spain|King Felipe II]] |
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In 1574 the [[Captaincy General of the Philippines]] was created as a dependency of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. The Real Audiencia of Manila was created on 5 May 1583 and the first session was held on 15 June 1584<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cunningham |first=Charles Henry |title=The Audiencia in the Spanish Colonies as Illustrated by the Audiencia of Manila (1583–1800) |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/41443/pg41443-images.html.utf8 |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=www.gutenberg.org |language=en}}</ref> as the highest tribunal of the Spanish Empire in the East Indies, that had the Governor-General of the Philippines as its ''ex officio'' highest judge. Both institutions were created by the Royal Decree of [[Philip II of Spain|King Felipe II]]. |
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Law XI (Audiencia y Chancillería Real de Manila en las Filipinas) of Title XV (De las Audiencias y Chancillerias Reales de las Indias) of Book II of the ''Recopilación de [[Laws of the Indies|Leyes de las Indias]]'' of 1680—which compiles the original decree and the one of |
Law XI (Audiencia y Chancillería Real de Manila en las Filipinas) of Title XV (De las Audiencias y Chancillerias Reales de las Indias) of Book II of the ''Recopilación de [[Laws of the Indies|Leyes de los Reynos de las Indias]]'' of 1680—which compiles the original decree and the one of 25 May 1596—describes the limits and functions of the Audiencia and its president.<ref name="leyesii" /> |
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<blockquote>"In the city of Manila on the Island of Luzon, Head of the Philippines, shall reside another Royal Audiencia and Chancellery of ours, with a president, who shall be governor and captain general; |
<blockquote>"In the city of Manila on the Island of Luzon, Head of the Philippines, shall reside another Royal Audiencia and Chancellery of ours, with a president, who shall be governor and captain general; four judges of [[Private law|civil cases]] [''oidores''], who will also be judges of [[Criminal law|criminal cases]] [''alcaldes del crimen'']; a crown attorney [''fiscal'']; a bailiff [''alguacil mayor'']; a lieutenant of the Gran Chancellor; and the other necessary ministers and officials; and which shall have for district said Island of Luzon, and the rest of the Philippines, the [[Taiwan|Archipelago of China]], and its [[Asia|Mainland]], discovered and to be discovered. And we order that the governor and captain general of said Islands and Provinces, and president of their Royal Audiencia, have exclusively the superior government of the entire district of said Audiencia in war and peace, and shall make provisions and favors in our Royal Name, which in conformity to the laws of this Compilation and the rest of the [[Crown of Castile|Kingdoms of Castile]] and the instructions and powers that We shall grant, he should and can do; and in gubernatorial matters and cases that shall arise, that are of importance, said president-governor should consult on them with the judges of said Audiencia, so that they give their consultive opinions, and having heard them, he should provide the most convenient to the service of God and ours and the peace and tranquility of said Province and Republic".</blockquote> |
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=== Territories === |
=== Territories === |
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[[File:Hispanoasia 1.JPG|thumbnail|450px|The [[Spanish Empire]]'s ''"Islas Filipínas, Marianas y Carolinas"'' under the Spanish East Indies Captaincy General based in [[Manila]] and other formerly planned and former possessions and adjacent islands. 1858, Fragment.]] |
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The Spanish East Indies came to be defined as: |
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[[File:Islas Marianas Palaos y Carolinas.JPG|thumb|1888 map showing the Spanish East Indies, including Palau Islands (map without Philippines)|300x300px]] |
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* Las Islas Filipinas (today the Republic of the Philippines): Manila, Luzon, the Visayas, Palawan, Balambangan Island, Northern Mindanao, Zamboanga, Basilan, Jolo, Palmas Islands, including isolated outposts in [[Keelung]], Taiwan, and in the islands of Gilolo, [[Ternate]], and [[Tidore]] in the Maluku Islands and [[Manado]] in Northern part of Sulawesi (formerly Celebes). |
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The Spanish East Indies came to be defined as:{{citation needed|date=October 2016}} |
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* Las Islas Filipinas (today the Republic of the Philippines): Manila, [[Luzon]], the Visayas, Palawan, Balambangan Island, Northern Mindanao, Zamboanga, Basilan, Jolo, Palmas Islands, Spratly Islands; including isolated outposts in [[Keelung]], Taiwan, and in the islands of Gilolo, [[Ternate]], and [[Tidore]] in the Maluku Islands and [[Manado]] in Northern part of Sulawesi (formerly Celebes). |
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* [[Caroline Islands|Islas Carolinas]] (the [[Federated States of Micronesia]]) |
* [[Caroline Islands|Islas Carolinas]] (the [[Federated States of Micronesia]]) |
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* [[Mariana Islands|Islas Marianas]] ([[Northern Mariana Islands|Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands]] and the United States [[Guam|Territory of Guam]]) |
* [[Mariana Islands|Islas Marianas]] ([[Northern Mariana Islands|Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands]] and the United States [[Guam|Territory of Guam]]) |
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* [[Palau|Islas |
* [[Palau|Islas Palaos]] (Republic of Palau) |
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[[File:A Hydrographical and Chorographical Chart of the Philippine Islands WDL10089.png|thumb|upright=1.35|[[Velarde map|The Murillo Velarde Map]] (''Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas Dedicada al Rey Nuestro Señor por el Mariscal d. Campo D. Fernando Valdes Tamon Cavallº del Orden de Santiago de Govor. Y Capn''), (Manila, 1734)|300x300px]]The timeline of the territories ruled by Spain included:{{citation needed|date=November 2022}} |
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* the [[Captaincy General of the Philippines]] (1565–1898) (now the [[Philippines]]). |
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The Spanish used several names that are not currently used. Gran Moluccas (Great Molluccas) for the island of Mindanao and Nueva Castilla (New Castile) for [[Luzon]]. |
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* [[Palau]] (1574–1899). |
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* the [[Mariana Islands|Marianas]] (1667–1898 or 1899) (now [[Guam]] and [[Northern Mariana Islands]]). |
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* the [[Caroline Islands|Carolines]] (Nuevas Filipinas) (1686–1899) (now the [[Federated States of Micronesia]]). |
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* parts of [[Spanish Formosa|Formosa]] (now [[Taiwan]]) (1626–1642). |
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* parts of [[Sulawesi]] (Celebes) and of the Moluccas ([[Maluku Islands]]) (1580–1663) (now parts of [[Indonesia]]). |
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The Spanish used several names that are not currently used. Gran Moluca (Great Molluccas) for the island of Mindanao and Nueva Castilla (New Castile) for Luzon. |
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Because Spanish interest in the region was primarily focused on its use as a base for trade with East Asia, direct Spanish control over the area expanded slowly. The [[Batanes |
Because Spanish interest in the region was primarily focused on its use as a base for trade with East Asia, direct Spanish control over the area expanded slowly. The [[Batanes]] Islands were conquered in the 18th century by [[José Basco y Vargas|José Basco]]. The highlands of Luzon remained outside Spanish control until the early 19th century, and the southernmost tip of [[Palawan]], not until the late 1890s. The rest of [[Mindanao]] ([[Caesarea Karoli]])—aside from outposts in Northern Mindanao, [[Zamboanga City|Zamboanga]], [[Cotabato City|Cotabato]], and the islands of [[Basilan]] and [[Jolo]], the rest was nominally under Spanish control, recognizing Spanish rule, but left to administer their own affairs, as in the cases of the [[Sulu Sultanate|Sulu]], and the [[Sultanate of Maguindanao|Maguindanao]] sultanates, as well as a number of other [[Lumad]] tribes not affiliated with either. Similarly, Palau and the vast majority of the Caroline Islands were not governed by Spanish missions until the early 19th century. |
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== Cultural influence in the former Spanish East Indies == |
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== Spanish cultural influence == |
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=== Hispanic === |
=== Hispanic === |
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{{main| |
{{main|Spanish influence on Filipino culture}} |
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Spain's influence on its former |
Spain's influence on its former territories in Asia-Pacific is significant to this day. The majority of the people of the Philippines, Guam and the Mariana Islands belong to the [[Catholic Church|Catholic faith]] which was introduced by Spanish missionaries in the 16th and 17th centuries. A large part of the population in these countries were forced to use [[Alphabetical Catalog of Surnames|Spanish names]] and surnames, many of which are still in use. Also, because of the introduction of new tools, products, crops and technology by Spaniards and Mexicans in the three centuries of colonial rule, many Spanish loanwords entered the native languages of these countries. Art forms such as music, architecture and fashion also have much Spanish influence. The national cuisines of these countries also have a few Mexican and Spanish elements. |
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=== Filipino === |
=== Filipino === |
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A sizeable proportion of the current population of the Northern Marianas Islands ( |
A sizeable proportion of the current population of the Northern Marianas Islands (45–55%) and Guam (30–45%), as well as that of Palau (15–25%) is of Filipino descent. Some of the local peoples in the previously stated territories also use Filipino names and surnames (one example is the surname Pangelinan, which comes from the Filipino surname Pangilinan). The current [[Chamorro people|Chamorro]] population is believed to be partly of Filipino descent, both because of the historic links between Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands and the Philippines during Spanish rule, and currently through different waves of migration.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Díaz Arenas |first1=Rafael |title=Memorias históricas y estadísticas de Filipinas y particularmente de la grande isla de Luzon |date=1830 |publisher=Publicado por Imprenta del Diario de Manila}}</ref> The cuisines of Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and Palau are also heavily influenced by Filipino cuisine, with dishes like [[Pancit]], [[Lumpia]], [[Kelaguen]], [[Halo-halo]] and [[Okoy]] being the most noticeable. |
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== See also == |
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{{Portal|Philippines|Spain|Taiwan}} |
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* [[Spanish Filipino]] |
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* [[Dutch East Indies]] |
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* [[Captaincy General of the Philippines]] |
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* [[Spanish American wars of independence]] |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{reflist}} |
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{{Reflist|refs= |
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<ref name="leyesii">{{cite book |
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|editor1-last = de León Pinelo |
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|editor1-first = Antonio Rodríguez |
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|editor1-link = Antonio de León Pinelo |
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|editor2-last = de Solórzano Pereira |
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|editor2-first = Juan |
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|editor2-link = :es:Juan de Solórzano Pereira |
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|title = Recopilación de Leyes de los Reynos de las Indias |
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|language = Spanish |
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|url = http://www.congreso.gob.pe/ntley/libroIndia.asp?wLibro=Segundo |
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|format = pdf |
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|volume = Libro Segundo |
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|year = 1680 |
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|quote = '''Títulos''': '''i''' De las leyes, provisiones, cedulas, y ordenanças Reales. '''ii''' Del Consejo Real, y Iunta de Guerra de Indias. '''iii''' Del Presidente, y los del Consejo Real de las Indias. '''iv''' De el Gran Chanciller, y Registrador de las Indias, y su Teniente en el Consejo. '''v''' Del Fiscal de el Consejo Real de las Indias. '''vi''' De los Secretarios de el Consejo Real de las Indias. '''vii''' Del Tesorero general [receptor] de el Consejo Real de las Indias. '''viii''' Del Alguazil mayor del Consejo Real de las Indias. '''ix''' De los Relatores de el Consejo Real de las Indias. '''x''' Del Escrivano de Camara del Consejo Real de las Indias. '''xi''' De los Contadores del Consejo Real de Indias. '''xii''' De el Coronista mayor del Consejo Real de las Indias. '''xiii''' De el Cosmografo, y Catedratico de Matematicas de el Consejo Real de las Indias. '''xiv''' De los Alguaziles, Avogados, Procuradores, Porteros, Tassador, y los demás Oficiales del Consejo Real de las Indias. '''xv''' De las Audiencias, y Chancillerias Reales de las Indias. '''xvi''' De los Presidentes, y Oidores de las Audiencias, y Chancillerias Reales de las Indias. '''xvii''' De los Alcaldes del Crimen de las Audiencias de Lima y Mexico. '''xviii''' De los Fiscales de las Audiencias, y Chancillerias Reales de las Indias. '''xix''' De los Iuzgados de Provincia de los Oidores, y Alcaldes de el Crimen de las Audiencias, y Chancillerias Reales de las Indias. '''xx''' De los Alguaziles mayores de las Audiencias. '''xxi''' De los Tenientes de Gran Chanciller de las Audiencias, y Chancillerias Reales de las Indias. '''xxii''' De los Relatores de la Audiencias, y Chancillerias Reales de las Indias. '''xxiii''' De los Escrivanos de Camara de las Audiencias Reales de la Indias. '''xxiv''' De los Avogados de las Audiencias, y Chancillerias Reales de las Indias. '''xxv''' De los Receptores, y penas de Camara, gastos de Estrados, y Iusticia, y Obras pia de las Audiencias y chancillerias Reales de las Indias. '''xxvi''' De los Tassadores, y Repartidores de las Audiencias, y Chancillerias Reales de las Indias. '''xxvii''' De los Receptores ordinarios, y su Repartidor de las Audiencias, y Chancillerias Reales de las Indias. '''xxviii''' De los Procuradores de las Audiencias, y Chancillerias Reales de las Indias. '''xxix''' De los Interpretes. '''xxx''' De los Porteros, y otros Oficiales de las Audiencias, y Chancillerias Reales de las Indias. '''xxxi''' De los Oidores, Visitadores ordinarios de los distritos de Audiencias, y Chancillerias Reales de las Indias. '''xxxii''' Del Iuzgado de bienes de difuntos, y su administracion, y cuenta en las Indias, Armadas, y Vageles. '''xxxiii''' De las informaciones, y pareceres de servicios. '''xxxiv''' De los Visitadores generales, y particulares. |
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|name-list-style = amp |
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|access-date = 2014-11-08 |
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|archive-date = 2011-05-27 |
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|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110527032638/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/ntley/libroIndia.asp?wLibro=Segundo |
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|url-status = dead |
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}}</ref> |
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}} |
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== Notes == |
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{{notelist-la}} |
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== Bibliography == |
== Bibliography == |
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* {{cite book |
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* Cunningham, Charles Henry. ''The Audiencia in the Spanish Colonies as Illustrated by the Audiencia of Manila (1583–1800)''. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1919. |
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| last = Cunningham |
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* Phelan, John Leddy. ''The Hispanization of the Philippines: Spanish Aims and Filipino Responses, 1565-1700''. Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 1959. |
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| first = Charles Henry |
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| author-link = |
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| editor1-first = H Morse |
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| editor1-last = Stephens |
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| editor1-link = H. Morse Stephens |
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| editor2-first = Herbert E |
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| editor2-last = Bolton |
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| editor2-link = Herbert E. Bolton |
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| title = The Audiencia in the Spanish Colonies as illustrated by the Audiencia of Manila (1583–1800) |
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| year = 1919 |
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| publisher = [[University of California Press]] |
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| series = Publications in History |
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| url = http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/41443 |
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| format = Project Gutenberg |
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| location = Berkeley |
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| oclc = 19679822 |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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| last1 = Phelan |
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| first1 = John Leddy |
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| title = The Hispanization of the Philippines: Spanish Aims and Filipino Responses, 1565–1700 |
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| publisher = University of Wisconsin Press |
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| location = Madison |
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| year = 1959 |
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| asin = B0007DMLSE |
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}} |
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== External links == |
== External links == |
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{{Commons category|Spanish East Indies}} |
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{{Portal|Spain|Philippines|Micronesia|New Spain}} |
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* [http://www.aeep.es/ Web oficial Asociación Española de Estudios del Pacífico] |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070811005519/http://www.aeep.es/ Web oficial Asociación Española de Estudios del Pacífico]<!-- the organization still seems to exist but this webpage is not working --> (archived 11 August 2007) |
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* [http://countrystudies.us/philippines/4.htm Philippine "The Early Spanish Period"] |
* [http://countrystudies.us/philippines/4.htm Philippine "The Early Spanish Period"] |
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* [http://www.seasite.niu.edu/ |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071001215334/http://www.seasite.niu.edu/tagalog/Tagalog_Homepage99/impacts_of_spanish_rule_in_the_p.htm The Impact of Spanish Rule in the Philippines] (archived 1 October 2007) |
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* [http://www. |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121103071923/http://www.guam-online.com/history/history.htm Guam History and Culture] (archived 3 November 2012) |
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* [http://www.guam-online.com/history/history.htm Guam History and Culture] |
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* [http://www.buenosairespe.com.ar/phils/history.htm Filipinas] |
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{{ |
{{Spanish Empire}} |
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[[Category:Spanish East Indies| ]]<!---cat. sort placement---> |
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{{Spanish America}} |
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[[Category:Former Spanish colonies]] |
[[Category:Former Spanish colonies]] |
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[[Category:Former colonies in Asia]] |
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[[Category:Former colonies in Oceania]] |
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[[Category:New Spain]] |
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[[Category:History of the Philippines (1565–1898)]] |
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[[Category:European colonisation in Asia]] |
[[Category:European colonisation in Asia]] |
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[[Category:European colonisation in Oceania]] |
[[Category:European colonisation in Oceania]] |
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[[Category:New Spain]] |
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[[Category:Spanish colonial period in the Philippines| ]] |
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[[Category:States and territories established in 1565]] |
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[[Category:1899 disestablishments]] |
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[[Category:Former countries in Philippine history]] |
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[[Category:History of the Philippines]] |
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[[Category:History of the Federated States of Micronesia]] |
[[Category:History of the Federated States of Micronesia]] |
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[[Category:History of Guam]] |
[[Category:History of Guam]] |
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[[Category:History of the Marshall Islands]] |
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[[Category:History of the Northern Mariana Islands]] |
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[[Category:History of Palau]] |
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[[Category:History of Taiwan]] |
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[[Category:Maritime Southeast Asia]] |
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[[Category:16th century in the Spanish East Indies| ]] |
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[[ca:Índies Orientals Espanyoles]] |
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[[Category:States and territories established in 1565]] |
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[[fr:Indes orientales espagnoles]] |
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[[Category:1565 establishments in the Spanish East Indies]] |
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[[it:Indie orientali spagnole]] |
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[[Category:16th-century establishments in Oceania]] |
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[[la:Indiae Orientales Hispanicae]] |
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[[Category:1821 disestablishments in New Spain]] |
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[[pl:Hiszpańskie Indie Wschodnie]] |
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Revision as of 05:05, 27 April 2024
The Spanish East Indies (Spanish: Indias orientales españolas) were the colonies of the Spanish Empire in Asia and Oceania from 1565 to 1901, governed through the captaincy general in Manila for the Spanish Crown, initially reporting to Mexico City, then Madrid, then later directly reporting to Madrid after the Spanish American Wars of Independence.
The king of Spain traditionally styled himself "King of the East and West Indies" (Spanish: Rey de las Indias Orientales y Occidentales).
From 1565 to 1821 these territories, together with the Spanish West Indies, were administered through the Viceroyalty of New Spain based in Mexico City. After independence of the Mexican Empire, Manila reported directly to Madrid. The territories ruled included present-day Philippines, Guam and the Mariana Islands, as well as Palau, part of Micronesia and for a brief period Northern Taiwan and parts of North Sulawesi and the Moluccas (Dutch East Indies (VOC)). Cebu was the first seat of government, which later transferred to Manila.
As a result of the Spanish–American War in 1898, the United States occupied the Philippines and Guam, while Spain sold other smaller islands to Germany in the German–Spanish Treaty of 1899. The few remaining islands were ceded to the United States when the Treaty of Washington was ratified in 1901.
History
Exploration and Settlement (1521–1643)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Reception_of_the_Manila_Galleon_by_the_Chamorro_in_the_Ladrones_Islands%2C_ca._1590.jpg/300px-Reception_of_the_Manila_Galleon_by_the_Chamorro_in_the_Ladrones_Islands%2C_ca._1590.jpg)
With the Portuguese guarding access to the Indian Ocean around the Cape, a monopoly supported by papal bulls and the Treaty of Tordesillas, Spanish contact with the Far East waited until the success of the 1519–1522 Magellan–Elcano expedition that found a Southwest Passage around South America into the Pacific. The expedition reached the outskirts of the East Indies on 6 March 1521, sighting the Marianas. Upon reaching the Philippines, Magellan was able to convert and ally with Rajah Humabon, the Rajah of Cebu at that time, but died shortly thereafter in the Battle of Mactan while trying to shore up Humabon's control over nearby islands. When the expedition's new leaders refused to honor Magellan's will and free his Malay slave Enrique, Enrique—who also acted as their interpreter—was able to turn Humabon against them, provoking a massacre of the Spanish on 1 May. Consolidated onto the Trinidad and the Victoria, the survivors were able to reach the city-state of Tidore in the Spice Islands on 8 November. Its sultan Al-Mansur promptly pledged his realm as Spain's vassal the next day,[3] hoping to use them as a counterweight to Portuguese support of his rival Bayan Sirrullah of Ternate. Within a year, he was joined in this by Yusuf, sultan of Jailolo on nearby Halmahera. In the event, though, Portuguese under Antonio de Brito forced Al-Mansur to surrender the Spaniards who had stayed in his realm and abjure any connection to Spain on 14 May 1522,[4] the Victoria limped back to Spain to complete the first circumnavigation of the globe on September 6, the Trinidad surrendered herself to De Brito to avoid starvation in November,[5] and Charles I signed away any of his interests in the East Indies for 350,000 ducats in the Capitulation of Zaragoza on 22 April 1529.
Seeking to develop trade between the East Indies and the Americas across the Pacific Ocean, Antonio de Mendoza encouraged the exploration of these Asian territories and commissioned the expedition of his in-law Ruy López de Villalobos to the Philippines in 1542–1543. Miguel López de Legazpi set out from Mexico, and established the first Spanish settlement in the Philippines in 1565, which became the town of San Miguel in present-day Cebu. That same year, another member of the expedition, Andrés de Urdaneta, discovered a maritime route from the Philippines to Mexico, across the Pacific, leading to the important transpacific transport link of the Manila-Acapulco Galleons.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Itinerario_legazpi.jpg/220px-Itinerario_legazpi.jpg)
In 1571, exploiting a rivalry between the states of Tondo and Maynila, the later being a city-state established by Bruneian Muslim colonists, meant to supplant Tondo, the Spaniards captured Maynila and renamed it Manila, a former satellite-state of the Brunei Sultanate and then Manila was made the seat of the Spanish Captaincy General of the Philippines. The Hindu Rajahnate of Butuan and the Kedatuans of Dapitan and Madja-as willingly joined the Spaniards to ally against their common Muslim rivals (Spain recently expelled the Muslims who invaded their homeland at the culmination of the Reconquista), Zamboanga was also taken from the Sultanate of Sulu via the efforts of Spanish and Peruvian soldiers[6] and native allies as all these territories were incorporated into the Spanish East Indies.
The Philippines became the center of operations for further Spanish wars in Asia including the Castilian War against the Sultanate of Brunei, raids against the Ottoman protectorate of the Sultanate of Aceh, the brief conquests of the Sultanates of Tidor and Ternate as well as Spanish campaigns into Cambodia and Taiwan. These and other Asian territories claimed by the Spanish crown were to be governed from the Viceroyalty of New Spain in Mexico City.
The Manila-Acapulco galleons shipped products gathered from both Asia-Pacific and the Americas, such as silk, spices, silver, gold and other Asian-Pacific islander products to Mexico. Products brought from Asia-Pacific were sent to Veracruz and shipped to Spain and, via trading, to the rest of Europe, while Spanish-Mexican navigators brought with them Hispanic and indigenous Mexican customs, religion, languages, foods, and cultural traditions to the Philippines, Guam, and the Mariana Islands.
In 1606, the Spanish established trade links with the Maluku Islands, which continued until 1663. Contacts with Japan were also established and Sebastián Vizcaíno was sent as ambassador in 1611, until Japan closed its trading post in 1630. In northeastern Taiwan, the Spaniards built Fort Santo Domingo near Keelung in 1626 and a mission in Tamsui in 1628, which they occupied until they lost in the Second Battle of San Salvador. Several Pacific islands were visited by Spanish ships in the 16th century, including New Guinea (Yñigo Ortiz de Retez in 1545), the Solomon Islands (Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa in 1568), and the Marquesas Islands (Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira in 1595), but they made no effort to trade with or colonize them.
During the first half of the seventeenth century, there were a number of clashes with the Dutch in and around the Spanish East Indies as the Dutch expanded their interests in South East Asia. The most important of these were a series of naval battles in 1646, when the local Spanish forces defeated a concerted effort of the Dutch to take control of the Philippines.
In 1668, Blessed Diego Luis de San Vitores established the first mission on Guam, where he and Saint Pedro Calungsod were later martyred.
History of the Philippines |
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In 1762, British troops captured Manila and held it for twenty months as well as making unsuccessful attempts to take control of Bulacan, Pampanga, and parts of Ilocos during the Seven Years' War. With an army made up mostly of local allied forces, the Spanish were able to resist the British invasion and kept the British confined to Manila and nearby Cavite. Rebellions by local leaders at the instigation of the British, such as that of Diego Silang and his wife Gabriela, were crushed by the Spanish.[7] Under the peace settlement, Manila was exchanged, along with British-occupied Havana, for Florida and Menorca. Manila was ceded back to Spanish authorities in April 1764.
Colonial government
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The Seven Years' War prompted Charles III to initiate extensive governmental reforms throughout the overseas possessions. An intendencia was established in Manila in 1784 to handle the government finances and to promote the economy. (The plan to introduce more intendencias throughout the Philippines did not materialize.) In a similar vein, to promote innovation and education among the residents of the islands, Governor-General José Basco y Vargas established the Economic Society of the Friends of the Country.
For over 256 years, the Spanish East Indies were governed by a governor-captain general, and an audiencia. All economic matters of the Philippines were managed by the Viceroyalty of New Spain, located in Mexico. Because the eastward route was more widely used for military purposes, in addition to commerce that included the Manila-Acapulco galleon trade, most government correspondence went through Mexico, rather than directly to Spain (with the exception of a short period at the end of the 18th century).
In 1821, the New Spanish Viceroyalty collapsed following the Mexican War of Independence, which resulted in the First Mexican Empire. All control of the Spanish East Indies government was then transferred to Madrid, until the United States annexed most Spanish territories in the Asia-Pacific region after the Spanish–American War of 1898.
The Audiencia and Captaincy General
In 1574 the Captaincy General of the Philippines was created as a dependency of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. The Real Audiencia of Manila was created on 5 May 1583 and the first session was held on 15 June 1584[8] as the highest tribunal of the Spanish Empire in the East Indies, that had the Governor-General of the Philippines as its ex officio highest judge. Both institutions were created by the Royal Decree of King Felipe II.
Law XI (Audiencia y Chancillería Real de Manila en las Filipinas) of Title XV (De las Audiencias y Chancillerias Reales de las Indias) of Book II of the Recopilación de Leyes de los Reynos de las Indias of 1680—which compiles the original decree and the one of 25 May 1596—describes the limits and functions of the Audiencia and its president.[9]
"In the city of Manila on the Island of Luzon, Head of the Philippines, shall reside another Royal Audiencia and Chancellery of ours, with a president, who shall be governor and captain general; four judges of civil cases [oidores], who will also be judges of criminal cases [alcaldes del crimen]; a crown attorney [fiscal]; a bailiff [alguacil mayor]; a lieutenant of the Gran Chancellor; and the other necessary ministers and officials; and which shall have for district said Island of Luzon, and the rest of the Philippines, the Archipelago of China, and its Mainland, discovered and to be discovered. And we order that the governor and captain general of said Islands and Provinces, and president of their Royal Audiencia, have exclusively the superior government of the entire district of said Audiencia in war and peace, and shall make provisions and favors in our Royal Name, which in conformity to the laws of this Compilation and the rest of the Kingdoms of Castile and the instructions and powers that We shall grant, he should and can do; and in gubernatorial matters and cases that shall arise, that are of importance, said president-governor should consult on them with the judges of said Audiencia, so that they give their consultive opinions, and having heard them, he should provide the most convenient to the service of God and ours and the peace and tranquility of said Province and Republic".
Territories
The Spanish East Indies came to be defined as:[citation needed]
- Las Islas Filipinas (today the Republic of the Philippines): Manila, Luzon, the Visayas, Palawan, Balambangan Island, Northern Mindanao, Zamboanga, Basilan, Jolo, Palmas Islands, Spratly Islands; including isolated outposts in Keelung, Taiwan, and in the islands of Gilolo, Ternate, and Tidore in the Maluku Islands and Manado in Northern part of Sulawesi (formerly Celebes).
- Islas Carolinas (the Federated States of Micronesia)
- Islas Marianas (Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands and the United States Territory of Guam)
- Islas Palaos (Republic of Palau)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/A_Hydrographical_and_Chorographical_Chart_of_the_Philippine_Islands_WDL10089.png/300px-A_Hydrographical_and_Chorographical_Chart_of_the_Philippine_Islands_WDL10089.png)
The timeline of the territories ruled by Spain included:[citation needed]
- the Captaincy General of the Philippines (1565–1898) (now the Philippines).
- Palau (1574–1899).
- the Marianas (1667–1898 or 1899) (now Guam and Northern Mariana Islands).
- the Carolines (Nuevas Filipinas) (1686–1899) (now the Federated States of Micronesia).
- parts of Formosa (now Taiwan) (1626–1642).
- parts of Sulawesi (Celebes) and of the Moluccas (Maluku Islands) (1580–1663) (now parts of Indonesia).
The Spanish used several names that are not currently used. Gran Moluca (Great Molluccas) for the island of Mindanao and Nueva Castilla (New Castile) for Luzon.
Because Spanish interest in the region was primarily focused on its use as a base for trade with East Asia, direct Spanish control over the area expanded slowly. The Batanes Islands were conquered in the 18th century by José Basco. The highlands of Luzon remained outside Spanish control until the early 19th century, and the southernmost tip of Palawan, not until the late 1890s. The rest of Mindanao (Caesarea Karoli)—aside from outposts in Northern Mindanao, Zamboanga, Cotabato, and the islands of Basilan and Jolo, the rest was nominally under Spanish control, recognizing Spanish rule, but left to administer their own affairs, as in the cases of the Sulu, and the Maguindanao sultanates, as well as a number of other Lumad tribes not affiliated with either. Similarly, Palau and the vast majority of the Caroline Islands were not governed by Spanish missions until the early 19th century.
Cultural influence in the former Spanish East Indies
Hispanic
Spain's influence on its former territories in Asia-Pacific is significant to this day. The majority of the people of the Philippines, Guam and the Mariana Islands belong to the Catholic faith which was introduced by Spanish missionaries in the 16th and 17th centuries. A large part of the population in these countries were forced to use Spanish names and surnames, many of which are still in use. Also, because of the introduction of new tools, products, crops and technology by Spaniards and Mexicans in the three centuries of colonial rule, many Spanish loanwords entered the native languages of these countries. Art forms such as music, architecture and fashion also have much Spanish influence. The national cuisines of these countries also have a few Mexican and Spanish elements.
Filipino
A sizeable proportion of the current population of the Northern Marianas Islands (45–55%) and Guam (30–45%), as well as that of Palau (15–25%) is of Filipino descent. Some of the local peoples in the previously stated territories also use Filipino names and surnames (one example is the surname Pangelinan, which comes from the Filipino surname Pangilinan). The current Chamorro population is believed to be partly of Filipino descent, both because of the historic links between Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands and the Philippines during Spanish rule, and currently through different waves of migration.[10] The cuisines of Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and Palau are also heavily influenced by Filipino cuisine, with dishes like Pancit, Lumpia, Kelaguen, Halo-halo and Okoy being the most noticeable.
See also
- Spanish Filipino
- Dutch East Indies
- Captaincy General of the Philippines
- Spanish American wars of independence
References
- ^ "United States–Spain Treaties in Force, January 1, 2009" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-02-09. Retrieved 2017-06-25.
- ^ Population of the Philippines Census Years 1799 to 2007 Archived 2012-07-04 at the Wayback Machine. National Statistical Coordination Board.
- ^ Pigafetta, Antonio (1995), Theodore J. Cachey Jr.; et al. (eds.), The First Voyage around the World (1519–1522): An Account of Magellan's Expedition, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, ISBN 9781442692077.
- ^ Pigafetta, Antonio (1906), James Alexander Robertson (ed.), Magellan's Voyage around the World, vol. II, Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark Co., p. 218
- ^ Torodash, Martin (May 1971), "Magellan Historiography", Hispanic American Historical Review, vol. 51, Durham: Duke University Press, pp. 313–335, doi:10.1215/00182168-51.2.313.
- ^ Second Book of the Second Part of the Conquests of the Filipinas Islands and Chronicle of the Religious of Our Father St. Augustine.
- ^ "The British Conquest of Manila | Presidential Museum and Library". 2014-10-20. Archived from the original on 2014-10-20. Retrieved 2022-11-16.
- ^ Cunningham, Charles Henry. "The Audiencia in the Spanish Colonies as Illustrated by the Audiencia of Manila (1583–1800)". www.gutenberg.org. Retrieved 2022-11-16.
- ^ de León Pinelo, Antonio Rodríguez & de Solórzano Pereira, Juan [in Spanish], eds. (1680). Recopilación de Leyes de los Reynos de las Indias (in Spanish). Vol. Libro Segundo. Archived from the original (pdf) on 2011-05-27. Retrieved 2014-11-08.
Títulos: i De las leyes, provisiones, cedulas, y ordenanças Reales. ii Del Consejo Real, y Iunta de Guerra de Indias. iii Del Presidente, y los del Consejo Real de las Indias. iv De el Gran Chanciller, y Registrador de las Indias, y su Teniente en el Consejo. v Del Fiscal de el Consejo Real de las Indias. vi De los Secretarios de el Consejo Real de las Indias. vii Del Tesorero general [receptor] de el Consejo Real de las Indias. viii Del Alguazil mayor del Consejo Real de las Indias. ix De los Relatores de el Consejo Real de las Indias. x Del Escrivano de Camara del Consejo Real de las Indias. xi De los Contadores del Consejo Real de Indias. xii De el Coronista mayor del Consejo Real de las Indias. xiii De el Cosmografo, y Catedratico de Matematicas de el Consejo Real de las Indias. xiv De los Alguaziles, Avogados, Procuradores, Porteros, Tassador, y los demás Oficiales del Consejo Real de las Indias. xv De las Audiencias, y Chancillerias Reales de las Indias. xvi De los Presidentes, y Oidores de las Audiencias, y Chancillerias Reales de las Indias. xvii De los Alcaldes del Crimen de las Audiencias de Lima y Mexico. xviii De los Fiscales de las Audiencias, y Chancillerias Reales de las Indias. xix De los Iuzgados de Provincia de los Oidores, y Alcaldes de el Crimen de las Audiencias, y Chancillerias Reales de las Indias. xx De los Alguaziles mayores de las Audiencias. xxi De los Tenientes de Gran Chanciller de las Audiencias, y Chancillerias Reales de las Indias. xxii De los Relatores de la Audiencias, y Chancillerias Reales de las Indias. xxiii De los Escrivanos de Camara de las Audiencias Reales de la Indias. xxiv De los Avogados de las Audiencias, y Chancillerias Reales de las Indias. xxv De los Receptores, y penas de Camara, gastos de Estrados, y Iusticia, y Obras pia de las Audiencias y chancillerias Reales de las Indias. xxvi De los Tassadores, y Repartidores de las Audiencias, y Chancillerias Reales de las Indias. xxvii De los Receptores ordinarios, y su Repartidor de las Audiencias, y Chancillerias Reales de las Indias. xxviii De los Procuradores de las Audiencias, y Chancillerias Reales de las Indias. xxix De los Interpretes. xxx De los Porteros, y otros Oficiales de las Audiencias, y Chancillerias Reales de las Indias. xxxi De los Oidores, Visitadores ordinarios de los distritos de Audiencias, y Chancillerias Reales de las Indias. xxxii Del Iuzgado de bienes de difuntos, y su administracion, y cuenta en las Indias, Armadas, y Vageles. xxxiii De las informaciones, y pareceres de servicios. xxxiv De los Visitadores generales, y particulares.
- ^ Díaz Arenas, Rafael (1830). Memorias históricas y estadísticas de Filipinas y particularmente de la grande isla de Luzon. Publicado por Imprenta del Diario de Manila.
Notes
- ^ Among Sangley Chinese, some Chinese Mestizos (Mestizos de Sangley), and Han Taiwanese in Spanish Formosa
Bibliography
- Cunningham, Charles Henry (1919). Stephens, H Morse; Bolton, Herbert E (eds.). The Audiencia in the Spanish Colonies as illustrated by the Audiencia of Manila (1583–1800) (Project Gutenberg). Publications in History. Berkeley: University of California Press. OCLC 19679822.
- Phelan, John Leddy (1959). The Hispanization of the Philippines: Spanish Aims and Filipino Responses, 1565–1700. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. ASIN B0007DMLSE.
External links
- Web oficial Asociación Española de Estudios del Pacífico (archived 11 August 2007)
- Philippine "The Early Spanish Period"
- The Impact of Spanish Rule in the Philippines (archived 1 October 2007)
- Guam History and Culture (archived 3 November 2012)