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====Denmark==== |
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{{Main|China-Denmark relations}} |
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{{See also|Chinese people in Denmark}} |
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|url=https://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-5800157|date=2014-05-27}}</ref><ref name=DF/>]] |
|url=https://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-5800157|date=2014-05-27}}</ref><ref name=DF/>]] |
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Danish and Chinese relations existed as early as the 19th century, specifically in 1870.{{sfn|Thunø|1998|pp. 37}} In the turn of the 20th century the Danish cruiser Valkyrien visited China carrying [[Prince Valdemar of Denmark]].{{sfn|Thunø|1998|pp. 117}} Relations in the countries reopened after the [[Chinese Civil War]] and by 1950 Denmark was one of the first nations to continue relations with China.{{sfn|Thunø|1998|pp. 86}} During the early age of [[Quantum Physics]], scientists such as [[Niels Bohr]], who read the [[Dao De Jing]] of [[Laozi]] and was inspired by the Wolffian-influenced works of [[Søren Kierkegaard]] from his book [[Stages on Life's Way]] helped influence his philosophy on atomic theory as well as the [[Principle of Complementarity]] he later developed in the 1920s.{{sfn|Thunø|1998|pp. 2}} After a visit in the 1930s, Bohr continued to welcome foreign exchange students and researchers from China into the [[University of Copenhagen]].{{sfn|Thunø|1998|pp. 32-33}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Embassy of the Kingdom of Denmark in Beijing|url=https://kina.um.dk/en/about-us/danish-representations-in-china/the-danish-embassy-in-beijing/}}</ref> By the 1960s, inspired by his father's passions, Aage Bohr followed his father and visited [[Rongbaozhai]] in China as well as began the return of more students and exchange programs that continues to this day.{{sfn|Thunø|1998|pp. 102}} Niels Bohr's statue at [[Niels Bohr Institute|his institute]] in the University of Copenhagen is shown bearing the Daoist and Ancient Chinese Yin and Yang symbol, while his statue can also be seen in universities in China, as a result of his popularity in both countries.{{sfn|Thunø|1998|pp. 99-100}} This has helped spearhead the relations between the two nations, especially in scientific and overall academic research.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Emilio Segrè Visual Archives|url=https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/photos/bohr-niels-h37}}</ref>{{sfn|Thunø|1998|pp. 12}} |
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In the 21st century, Chinese investments into Greenland have allowed for the [[China Communications Construction]] to help [[Greenland]] by providing for a response to the [[request for proposals]] from the [[Government of Greenland]] for the construction and operation of three airports in [[Nuuk]], [[Ilulissat]] and [[Qaqortoq]].{{sfn|Thunø|1998|pp. 28}}<ref name="d1">{{cite news |publisher=Sightline Media Group |title=How a potential Chinese-built airport in Greenland could be risky for a vital US Air Force base|first=Aaron|last=Mehta|url=https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2018/09/07/how-a-potential-chinese-built-airport-in-greenland-could-be-risky-for-a-vital-us-air-force-base/|date=September 7, 2018}}</ref> There are currently more negotiations among the two governments on possible agreements to be reached that would help in the infrastructure of Greenland.<ref name="d1"/>{{sfn|Thunø|1998|pp. 117}} As of the present, the partnership between the two nations promotes more than just cultural exchange, but also policies on [[climate change]] and investments in modern technology that would find environmentally friendly alternatives to different industrial sectors.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Foreign Ministers's Speech at Reception on The Occasion of The 60 Year Anniversary of The Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Between Denmark and China|url=https://um.dk/en/about-us/the-ministers/speeches-and-articles-by-former-ministers/speeches-and-articles-by-former-foreign-ministers/diplomatic-relations-between-denmark-and-china/|date=2010-05-11}}</ref> This cooperation has intensified with China and many nations in Europe over the past few years since more initiatives have been made to face [[global warming]], despite prevailing economic interests regarding [[oil]] and its surrounding industry. |
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=====Famous Danish Sinophiles===== |
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*[[Aage Bohr]], Danish physicist and son of [[Niels Bohr]] who visited [[People's Republic of China|China]] in 1962 on behalf of [[Niels Bohr Institute|his father's institute]] in order to initiate diplomatic relations with the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]], per the wishes of his father;<ref name=BohrandChina>{{Cite web|last=Aaserud|first=Finn|title=A Complementary Relationship: Niels Bohr and China*|url=https://www.nbarchive.dk/doc/Aaserud-confucius.pdf|date=2015}}</ref> Niels Bohr would pass away while Aage was in China, and Aage would take over the institute upon his return<ref name=BohrandChina/> |
*[[Aage Bohr]], Danish physicist and son of [[Niels Bohr]] who visited [[People's Republic of China|China]] in 1962 on behalf of [[Niels Bohr Institute|his father's institute]] in order to initiate diplomatic relations with the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]], per the wishes of his father;<ref name=BohrandChina>{{Cite web|last=Aaserud|first=Finn|title=A Complementary Relationship: Niels Bohr and China*|url=https://www.nbarchive.dk/doc/Aaserud-confucius.pdf|date=2015}}</ref> Niels Bohr would pass away while Aage was in China, and Aage would take over the institute upon his return<ref name=BohrandChina/> |
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*[[Niels Bohr]], Danish physicist and philosopher who used the [[Taoist]] concept of complementarity, which was introduced in the source book of the [[I Ching]], to discover [[Complementarity (physics)|Complementarity in Quantum Physics]] and lay the foundations for Quantum Mechanics; the [[Taijitu]] symbol of the [[Yin and Yang]], which he used in his Coat of Arms was also engraved on his statue at the [[University of Copenhagen]] and has been the main symbol of his philosophy that built the [[Copenhagen Interpretation|Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics]]<ref name=Paint/><ref name=DF>{{Cite book|last=Favrholdt|first=David|date=1992-01-01|title=Niels Bohr's Philosophical Background|url=https://www.royalacademy.dk/Publications/Low/709_Favrholdt,%20David.pdf|publisher=Munksgaard|page=39|isbn=978-8773042281}}</ref> |
*[[Niels Bohr]], Danish physicist and philosopher who used the [[Taoist]] concept of complementarity, which was introduced in the source book of the [[I Ching]], to discover [[Complementarity (physics)|Complementarity in Quantum Physics]] and lay the foundations for Quantum Mechanics; the [[Taijitu]] symbol of the [[Yin and Yang]], which he used in his Coat of Arms was also engraved on his statue at the [[University of Copenhagen]] and has been the main symbol of his philosophy that built the [[Copenhagen Interpretation|Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics]]<ref name=Paint/><ref name=DF>{{Cite book|last=Favrholdt|first=David|date=1992-01-01|title=Niels Bohr's Philosophical Background|url=https://www.royalacademy.dk/Publications/Low/709_Favrholdt,%20David.pdf|publisher=Munksgaard|page=39|isbn=978-8773042281}}</ref> |
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*[[Søren Kierkegaard|Michael Kierkegaard]], father of [[Søren Kierkegaard]] who followed the philosophy of the [[Neo-Confucianism|Neo-Confucian]] [[Christian Wolff]] through his work, Reasonable Thoughts concerning the Powers and the Proper Employment of the Human Understanding in Order to Know Truth, Imparted to Lovers of the Truth; Kierkegaard was also a self-made businessman who retired early to study Theology and Wolffian Philosophy<ref>{{Cite web|title=1813–1834|url=http://assets.press.princeton.edu/chapters/s7809.pdf|publisher=[[Princeton University|Princeton University Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kierkegaard|url=https://biography.yourdictionary.com/kierkegaard}}</ref> |
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*[[Søren Kierkegaard]], philosopher who followed his father's philosophy as the basis of his own as a child and later put these thoughts into writing his book, the Wolffian [[Stages on Life's Way]], as [[Christian Wolff]] was himself a self-proclaimed Neo-Confucian follower in the same manner as the philosopher [[Zhu Xi]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Christian Wolff and Neo-Confucianism: Relating with Ratio in Chinese Philosophy|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/56640863.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Janrut|first=Wachiraporn|title=Søren Kierkegaard exhibition opening in Beijing|url=https://scandasia.com/soren-kierkegaard-exhibition-in-beijing/|date=2013-06-27}}</ref> |
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====France==== |
====France==== |
Revision as of 03:46, 11 June 2021
A Sinophile is a person who demonstrates a strong interest for Chinese culture, Chinese language, Chinese history, or Chinese people.[2][3] It is also commonly used to describe those knowledgeable of Chinese history and culture (such as scholars and students), non-native Chinese language speakers, pro-Chinese politicians, and people perceived as having a strong interest in any of the above.
Those with professional training and practice in the study of China are referred to as Sinologists.
Historical Development and Impact on Globalization
Definition and Context
The overall formal study of Chinese culture is referred to as Sinology. This formal study focuses on any aspect of traditional and modern Chinese culture and its history. However such study has already been conducted since the beginning of ancient history with trade and migration.[5] In general, the extreme interest of a person in Chinese culture is simply called Sinophilia. Overall, Chinese culture has proven to be invaluable in building the current globalized setting (globalization first began during the Han dynasty and the formation of the silk road) in the world.[6] Thus it can be said that the notion of Sinophilia is one of the oldest types of cultural interests, and the oldest extant type of deep cultural interest preexisting in the modern age.[7] Such influences have directly and indirectly impacted and built all the different fields in human society.[8]
It should be made known that the definition of interest in Chinese culture should be inclusive of the perception of modern Chinese. With over fifty different ethnicities, the concept of being culturally Chinese has assimilated and evolved over time. Since the first ancestors of Chinese migrated from the Yellow River, most of the succeeding ethnic groups have been sinicized or have influenced Han Chinese.[9] Some foreigners have inculcated their ethnic group's lifestyle into China over the years, and have thus claimed themselves to be rightful leaders in China. Many dynasties are of non-Han origin such as the Mongol Yuan Dynasty. However, modern scholars consider Kublai Khan to be Chinese of Mongol ethnicity rather than enforce mutually exclusive categories.[10] Using these concepts as well as Confucian notions of the mandate of heaven or right to rule, Chinese scholars have accepted these dynasties as Chinese dynasties, and interest in them as aspects of Sinophilia or Sinology.
Most of Chinese culture was widespread in Asia as well as parts of Africa before it reached Western Europe during the 17th century.[11] Exploration and voyages increased trade and thus allowed for more cultural exchange. Because of its similarities through its foundational influence on East Asian culture, many people interested in other cultures such as Japanese and Chinese tend to have interests which may also be similar with the interests of sinophiles have with Chinese culture. Thus, interests in one culture can create shared interests in another East Asian culture, which has been the case for Chinese culture with the growth of other East Asian nations such as Japan.[12] Chinese migrations around the world, or Huáqiáo have also rapidly influenced other cultures through mixing foreign cultures with that of Chinese traditions. Most overseas communities around the world have developed unique communities that maintain their Chinese heritage as well as adopting their newer local customs.[13] Furthermore, Chinese culture and interest in Chinese culture can be considered to be as ubiquitous as the intermixing of culture in a globalized setting, and is expected to grow as countries develop more means to exchange ideas and students or scholars.[14][15]
Fashion
Sinophilia could include Chinese fashion styles like traditional cultural Han Chinese clothing such as (Hanfu), and Manchu-influenced Chinese clothing, including the world-renowned (qipao) for women. During the 17th and 18th centuries, European fashion treasured Chinese design over other designs and considered anything made in china to be the pinnacle of quality material, which led to the introduction of chinoiserie or Chinese-inspired fashion (sometimes knock offs).[16] Many in Europe beginning the intellectuals and elites down to the working class frequently presented Chinese goods, books, and other desired items as gifts. Anything Chinese was regularly featured on all sorts of designs and other expressions of class status.[17] Plenty of hairstyles for men and women, including the wigs for both sexes followed the hairstyles used by Manchurians that featured queues and other artistic details.[17][18]
With the advent of modern globalization, traditional Chinese outfits have merged with modern culture and continue to be influential today. Examples include the persistent trend of qipaos for women. There have also been new introductions of Chinese traditional clothing or hanfu that has been reinstated into the country and grown into a trend for young adults. This survival of Chinese culture has outlasted the trends of the Cultural Revolution and has rapidly accelerated thanks to the booming economic influence and renewed interest in the development of China as a society.[19] The revival of Chinese fashion also presents a wider trend of the gradual return of powerful nations and economies to Asian countries. This was largely also affected by the growing rise in popularity of fellow East Asian neighbors including South Korean pop culture. Such an interest is only expected to grow through the proliferation of Chinese media interaction with the rest of the world, as well as through online applications such as social network sites.[20]
Finally, interest in Chinese fashion has also been largely shaped by globalized interaction while maintaining its sinicized roots.[21] Current global trends point to an increase in fashion that suits tastes in contemporary China, which would then largely impact the perception of fashion for the rest of the world. This is in large part due to the increase in conglomerates opening more headquarters and factories in China. Almost all of the top global fashion companies have already made significant headway into Chinese markets in order to gain the appeal of consumers.[22]
Inventions
Chinese inventions, such as paper, printing, gunpowder, and the compass were first invented in China and have been regarded as the four finest inventions by the west before knowledge of its Chinese origins were made known.[23] Another area of Chinese culture is cuisine and liquor, which was invented in China; notable types of liquor include Shaoxing wine and baijiu. Architecture which made heavy use of paintings employed the first use of axonometry that paved the way for modern engineering blueprints and artwork.[24] Medicine, such as the first vaccines[25] and anesthesia[26] were also highly valued by ancient foreign lands.[27] The Chinese, due to their long history have developed recognition for such inventions that some sinophiles such as Italian director Michelangelo Antonioni have mentioned in the narration of his documentary Chung Kuo, Cina that the Chinese essentially invented everything, including local Italian dishes such as fettuccine noodles.[28][29] Historically, most inventions were introduced via the Jesuit missions or other visits to the country by merchants such as Marco Polo. Much of the other routes that these inventions made its way to the rest of Europe and the world was through Arabic traders and artisans.[30] Due to the lack of direct means of communication at the time, many of the inventions indirectly developed into modern inventions in use today. Trade with Indian and Arabic merchants as well as Chinese voyages such as the maritime expedition of Zheng He have greatly introduced Chinese developments as well as largely spurred a large Chinese diaspora that still continues to this day.[31]
Science and Philosophy
Many sinophiles also tend to be drawn toward Chinese astrology and horoscopes, including Feng Shui in home designs, which have then been cited for its contributions to physics through its introduction of space-time; other aspects have also paved the way for other sciences such as modern psychology (ancient experimental psychology originated in China under the Confucian scholar named Lin Xie).[32] The history of China and folk religions, as well as internationally notable philosophies such as Daoism, Chan Buddhism, and especially Confucianism are also topics of Sinology that have been foundational in Western philosophy. There have also been hybrid philosophies that were influenced by Chinese and foreign philosophies such as Neo-Confucianism, Neo-Daoism, and New Confucianism among many others that have been heavily studied by internationally renowned scholars. Chan Buddhism is in many ways a combination of Daoist and Mahayana Buddhist thought from India.[33] Most of Chinese Science came from Confucian scholars who were polymaths. By the Song dynasty, Daoist alchemists and physicians influenced the Neo-Confucian scholars in conducting scientific research.[34]
Different periods including the Age of Enlightenment built on these different ancient schools of thought.[35] It was Confucianism that especially developed into a core thought that inspired scientific and political teachings in the West and the rest of the world. Confucian thought was also the state philosophy of China, and thus was important for its East Asian neighbors, such as Japan and its Bushido code.[36]
Some other aspects of Chinese philosophy that have developed in modern times have also been extremely influential on a global scale. They include the Politics of China, which involve concepts such as socialism with Chinese characteristics, Maoism, Dengism, the Three Principles of the People, and the one country, two systems concept have been well received by economists and different heads of state.[37] [38] The Belt and Road Initiative has become a particularly notable aspect of Chinese interests in contemporary times.[39] It has been deemed the largest infrastructure project in the history of mankind and has brought nations to seek investments from China as well as the development of economic partnerships.[40]
Other cultures have even adopted Chinese philosophy, especially Confucianism, and have imprinted ancient Chinese thought in the formation of their republics. An example is in the United States Revolution, when the founding fathers used Confucian thought in order to distinguish their nation as a cultural melting pot different from the European old world. Such influences can be seen in the pediment design of the roof of the US Supreme Court which features Confucius as the sole philosopher together joining other representatives of the ancient law such as the prophet Moses.[41] Other influences can be seen in the introduction of a meritocracy in democratic republics around the world, which shows the influence of Confucianism by way of Western Enlightenment philosophes.[42]
Arts and Recreation
There are also many other types of Chinese art and literature that are topics of interest for many sinophiles since the Renaissance.[43] These Chinese arts encompass poetry, literature, music, calligraphy, and cinema (as China was the origin of the first camera obscura and the first prototypical cinematic story[44]), as well as traditional forms of theatrical entertainment such as xiangsheng and operas that are frequently referenced in Western operas.[45] During the 18th century most plays centered in France were largely influenced by the work of dramatists such as Voltaire, who followed Confucius and frequently referenced Chinese cultural inclinations in his stories. Such works later inspired future theatre genres including modern operas.[46]
Chinese paintings were also extremely popular in architecture and home design. Most European homes at the time frequently featured Chinese motifs of a sort. Such patronage in this form of art paved the way for Rococo art and paintings. The largest patron at the time was King Louis XIV in France, as well as other royal families and political officials.[47] Some patrons and artists included Madame de Pompadour and Francois Boucher.[48] The height of Sinophilia in Europe peaked during the two centuries between the Age of Exploration and the Industrial Revolution, otherwise called the Age of Enlightenment, which lasted the entire 17th and 18th centuries.[49] However much interest has revived after certain periods, including the late 20th century to early 21st century with the predominance of Chinese manufacturing in the production of almost all products in the global market.[50]
Characters, the language (and varieties such as Mandarin, Cantonese, Minnan Chinese, etc...) are also areas of interest for sinophiles, especially diplomats, linguists, and polylinguists. Interest in Chinese characters and literature was also significant in developing Western and other international literature. The interest in calligraphy, in particular sprouted from a lack of artwork based on phonetic script, which the logographic Chinese script could provide with only one or a few characters.[51] Modern or modernist literature also developed largely in Northern Europe with poets such as Ezra Pound encouraging adaptations and studies in Ancient Chinese poetry and novels, as well as Chinese calligraphy.[52] Even languages had evolved due to exposure to Chinese cultural practices. In Italy, the common phrase for a toast is Chin chin, which derived from the Chinese expression of Qǐngqǐng, meaning "please, please".[53] Sports and recreation including the prototype of modern football or Cuju as well as Kung Fu or its more apt label Wushu, are also very popular topics of interest.[54] Kung fu, in particular, represents a lifestyle of meditation and sport, while wushu, which is the specific name of the art of combat, was the foundation in creating modern martial arts (mixed martial arts, Krav Maga, etc...).[55] In 2008, the hosting of the Beijing Olympics has also renewed interest in China or Sinophilia, as well as receive praise for its presentation which features Chinese history and aspects of its traditional and modern culture. Furthermore, the victory of the Chinese in the gold medal tally has also given renewed attention to its status as a world superpower, and has enticed more investments from companies abroad and vice-versa, as well as increased opportunities for Chinese students to study abroad.[56][57] Due to the fast growth of the economy of China, and its huge population that is largely affected by its overseas community, there has been a rapid increase in scholars of Sinology and sinophiles, as well as a blossoming growth in Mandarin Chinese speakers and Chinese teachers.[58][59]
Notable Sinophiles
Europe
Albania
- Enver Hoxha, leader of the communist Albanian Party of Labor; considered the People's Republic of China to be Albania's primary ally
Austria
- Wolfgang Pauli, German physicist who developed an intuitive philosophy after being treated by Carl Jung in 1932 which introduced symmetry and harmony to his later discoveries such as his general Pauli Exclusion Principle in 1940[60]
- Michael Prochazka, Austrian sinologist and economist who heads the Austrian Service Abroad
Belgium
- Philippe Couplet, Belgian Jesuit author of the Confucius Sinarum Philosophus that heavily inspired the trend toward Sinophilia in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries[61]
- Ferdinand Verbiest, Belgian Jesuit missionary to the Kangxi emperor of the Qing Dynasty and inventor of the first automobile as a gift to the emperor[62]
- Hergé, cartoonist and creator of Tintin whose magnum opus, The Blue Lotus volume was heavily based on China from Zhang Chongren's interviews[63][64]
Denmark
Danish and Chinese relations existed as early as the 19th century, specifically in 1870.[67] In the turn of the 20th century the Danish cruiser Valkyrien visited China carrying Prince Valdemar of Denmark.[68] Relations in the countries reopened after the Chinese Civil War and by 1950 Denmark was one of the first nations to continue relations with China.[69] During the early age of Quantum Physics, scientists such as Niels Bohr, who read the Dao De Jing of Laozi and was inspired by the Wolffian-influenced works of Søren Kierkegaard from his book Stages on Life's Way helped influence his philosophy on atomic theory as well as the Principle of Complementarity he later developed in the 1920s.[70] After a visit in the 1930s, Bohr continued to welcome foreign exchange students and researchers from China into the University of Copenhagen.[71][72] By the 1960s, inspired by his father's passions, Aage Bohr followed his father and visited Rongbaozhai in China as well as began the return of more students and exchange programs that continues to this day.[73] Niels Bohr's statue at his institute in the University of Copenhagen is shown bearing the Daoist and Ancient Chinese Yin and Yang symbol, while his statue can also be seen in universities in China, as a result of his popularity in both countries.[74] This has helped spearhead the relations between the two nations, especially in scientific and overall academic research.[75][76]
In the 21st century, Chinese investments into Greenland have allowed for the China Communications Construction to help Greenland by providing for a response to the request for proposals from the Government of Greenland for the construction and operation of three airports in Nuuk, Ilulissat and Qaqortoq.[77][78] There are currently more negotiations among the two governments on possible agreements to be reached that would help in the infrastructure of Greenland.[78][68] As of the present, the partnership between the two nations promotes more than just cultural exchange, but also policies on climate change and investments in modern technology that would find environmentally friendly alternatives to different industrial sectors.[79] This cooperation has intensified with China and many nations in Europe over the past few years since more initiatives have been made to face global warming, despite prevailing economic interests regarding oil and its surrounding industry.
Famous Danish Sinophiles
- Aage Bohr, Danish physicist and son of Niels Bohr who visited China in 1962 on behalf of his father's institute in order to initiate diplomatic relations with the Chinese Academy of Sciences, per the wishes of his father;[80] Niels Bohr would pass away while Aage was in China, and Aage would take over the institute upon his return[80]
- Niels Bohr, Danish physicist and philosopher who used the Taoist concept of complementarity, which was introduced in the source book of the I Ching, to discover Complementarity in Quantum Physics and lay the foundations for Quantum Mechanics; the Taijitu symbol of the Yin and Yang, which he used in his Coat of Arms was also engraved on his statue at the University of Copenhagen and has been the main symbol of his philosophy that built the Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics[65][66]
- Michael Kierkegaard, father of Søren Kierkegaard who followed the philosophy of the Neo-Confucian Christian Wolff through his work, Reasonable Thoughts concerning the Powers and the Proper Employment of the Human Understanding in Order to Know Truth, Imparted to Lovers of the Truth; Kierkegaard was also a self-made businessman who retired early to study Theology and Wolffian Philosophy[81][82]
- Søren Kierkegaard, philosopher who followed his father's philosophy as the basis of his own as a child and later put these thoughts into writing his book, the Wolffian Stages on Life's Way, as Christian Wolff was himself a self-proclaimed Neo-Confucian follower in the same manner as the philosopher Zhu Xi[83][84]
France
China and France were the first nations to begin formal relations between European and East Asian nations.[85] The reigning monarch Louis XIV instituted formal relations with the Kangxi Emperor by way of the Jesuit missions he helped finance. It was also in Paris were many Latin and French translations of Confucian texts as well as other Chinese philosophical and literary works were being printed, including the first translation of the Analects. Beyond interest in China, the high regard for its culture at the time was also particularly important to the government as it would serve as a symbol of French power and control over its European neighbors. Thus Louis XIV could be able to practice soft power over the region.[86] This was were Chinoiserie was created and helped influence the type of fashion that was introduced in France and exported throughout Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries.[87] The French Revolution also coincided in the same century and was led by Western Confucians such as the sinophile playwright Voltaire. Voltaire was the leading dramatist at the time and frequently wrote Confucian plays as a means to challenge authority and point to Imperial China as a beacon for good governance in Europe and the rest of the world.[88] The interest in China among the French has varied from the economic advantages of open relations that are very strong today, to its artistic and cultural aspects. It can be seen that this strong interest still clearly persists today, particularly among French locals and expatriates.[89] Such interest also helped promote the exchange of Chinese students, as well as a growing number of foreign Chinese born and raised in France due to the widespread Chinese diaspora around the globe, which started around the 18th century under Louis XIV.[90]
With the continued relations of the two countries through modern globalization and increasing trade, a plethora of investments have been used by both nations that has helped both economies at present. Sinophiles tend to heavily employ cultural exports in order to expand their influence and their own interest in Chinese as well as their own culture in relation to its global standing with foreign nations like China. Institutes were created to promote interest in China among the French such as the Institut Chinois de Lyon (1921-1951).[91]
Famous French Sinophiles
- Francois Boucher, French Rococo artist who popularized the Rococo movement and also became the foremost champion of Chinoiserie motifs, an embellished form of art inspired by Chinese design, which was actually supposed to be minimalistic rather than extravagant like most European art[92]
- Joachim Bouvet, French Jesuit missionary during the reign of King Louis XIV of France who shared letters on China with Gottfried Leibniz that inspired Leibniz's research[93]
- Jean-Luc Godard, French director and self-proclaimed Maoist who directed the communist films La Chinoise, which showed the change of perception of Godard and his criticism of modern western and American capitalism[94]
- Louis XIV, French king who initiated formal exchanges between Western Europe and China during the Qing Dynasty; known for developing his sense of fashion using Chinoiserie design;[95] funded the publication of translations of Confucian texts under the title, Confucius Sinarum Philosophus'[96][97]
- Madame de Pompadour, Marquise of Pompadour[disambiguation needed] and maîtresse-en-titre of King Louis XIV who was the chief patron of the Chinese-inspired Rococo style in gardens, sculpture, and paintings, and was passionate about porcelain art that she funded a porcelain manufactory in Sèvres; also was patron to Francois Boucher[98]
- François Quesnay, French economist who created the study of economics that Adam Smith would later develop in his book, The Wealth of Nations
- Guillaume Jacques, French sinologist
- Michel Soymié, French sinologist
- Voltaire, French philosopher and poet who admired Confucius in his political essays and believed his philosophy should be the model of an ideal government in Europe; Voltaire wrote about China during a time when Europe underwent an Age of Enlightenment and turned to Chinese culture as their source of inspiration in building a new culture[99][100]
Germany
Germany became a nation much later after its previous existence as the state of Prussia and the Holy Roman Empire earlier. Nevertheless, the frequent number of German missionaries paved the way for plenty of cultural exchange. Academics such as the philosopher Gottfried Leibniz became heavily involved in the cultural exchange of the two nations. Germany has also in turn helped China through its own philosophical views on politics.[101] As of the present, both China and Germany maintain its scientific and academic cultural exchange through its large-scale trading relationship that persists to the present day.[102]
Famous German Sinophiles
- Johann Adam Schall von Bell (湯若望), German Jesuit and astronomer; spent most of his life as a missionary in China and became an adviser to the Shunzhi Emperor of the Qing dynasty
- Martin Heidegger, attempted to translate the Dao De Jing with Paul Xiao; may have been more deeply influenced by Daoist thought[103]
- Britta Heidemann, German Olympic champion fencer, studied Asia studies and is fluent in Chinese
- Athanasius Kircher, German Jesuit who wrote the China Illustrata in 1667, which was influential to the young Gottfried Leibniz
- Berthold Laufer, German sinologist
- Gottfried Leibniz, German polymath who was fascinated with the Chinese language as a model for his Characteristica Universalis, Confucius and the Confucian commentary to the I Ching, a book that inspired him to publish the first modern work on Binary and consequently, modern Symbolic Logic; Leibniz's last work was a study on Chinese spirituality in relation to Theology[104][105]
- John Rabe, German Nazi Party member who saved thousands of Chinese civilians during the Second Sino-Japanese War
- Hans von Seeckt, German military officer who served as one of Chiang Kai-shek's military advisers during the Chinese Civil War
- Friedrich Schiller, German poet whose famous work, "The Proverbs of Confucius", discusses aphorisms by the philosopher, of which the line "Only wholeness leads to clarity" became Niels Bohr's favorite saying since his youth
- Helmut Schmidt, former Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany; numerous visits to China both officially and in private, wrote several books about China; befriended former Premier of the PRC Zhu Rongji and ethnic-Chinese Singaporean leader Lee Kuan Yew
- Gerhard Schröder, former Chancellor of Germany; visited China six times, was the first Western politician to travel to Beijing and apologize after NATO jets had bombed the Chinese Embassy in Belgrade in 1999 and also pressed for the lifting of the EU arms embargo on China
- Richard Wilhelm, German sinologist and missionary who was known for translating the I Ching that influenced Carl Jung, The Secret of the Golden Flower, and other ancient Chinese works
- Christian Wolff, Neo-Confucian philosopher who paved the way for Immanuel Kant; Kant originally practiced Wolffian rationalism until his critical years in the 1760s[106]
Ireland
- Des Bishop, Irish-American comedian; spent a year in China learning Chinese and performing comedy in both Chinese and English
- Sean Hurley, Irish sinologist who worked with the British Customs Service in Shanghai
Italy
Though Italy as a nation only became a united republic towards the latter part of the 19th century or in 1861, many ancestors of today's Italians in Ancient Rome had discussed of a similar civilization existing the other end of Eurasia or the known world.[107] Later in the 13th century, Marco Polo traveled to China and through his narration of his voyages opened a new age of trade and interest in China that inspired future voyagers such as Christopher Colombus.[108] Marco Polo's voyage came a few decades after learning of Giovanni da Pian del Carpine's visit to the medieval Chinese Yuan's northernmost region in Mongolia.[109] Later on paper making became a popular industry in Italy as well as silk making due to the Silk Road.[110] The Jesuit missions that also were sent under the orders of the Catholic Church have brought notable missionaries such as Matteo Ricci, among many others.
Italian culture has been heavily influenced by Chinese culture since the Renaissance, with engineer Leonardo Da Vinci sketching versions of the popular bamboo-copter when he devised some flying machines.[111] Beyond technology, the sciences, arts, and even cuisine have been greatly influenced due to interest in the Chinese way of life. The oldest pasta was found 4,000 years ago in China, and moved to Italy through Arabian excursions and the introduction of durum wheat, a prime ingredient that existed after their arrival into the south of Italy.[112] Their word for cheers or cin cin, is the main phrase they use, and it has seen a rise during the post-Covid-19 reopening of the country to tourists.[113]
At present the cultural exchange as also become an economic partnership, as the Belt and Road Initiative has greatly affected Italy. Routes to Palermo and other remote areas between each urban area have greatly expanded during the 2010s decade.[114]
Famous Italian Sinophiles
- Michelangelo Antonioni, Italian director and Maoist who made a documentary about China in 1972 called Chung Kuo, Cina
- Bernardo Bertolucci, Italian director known for directing the film The Last Emperor which tells the story of the last Emperor of China, Puyi
- Christopher Columbus, Explorer who was inspired by the Chinese travels of Marco Polo and always carried a copy of Polo's travels during his voyages, as he dreamed of one day meeting the successor to the Chinese emperor Kublai Khan[115]
- Giuseppe Conte, Italian Prime Minister and adcocate of the Belt and Road Initiative that represents Chinese global expansion and trade networks
- Leonardo Da Vinci, Italian painter and engineer whose engineering works revealed a particular interest in flight, inspired by an ancient Chinese toy and precursor to modern aircraft called the bamboo-copter, as mentioned in his sketches[116]
- Federico Fellini, Italian director who consulted the I Ching and became a Jungian artist beginning late 1960 after therapy, which can be symbolized in his fantasies such as 8 1/2[117]
- Lorenzo Magalotti, Philosopher who met with Jesuit missionaries from China and introduced the mainstream Italian word for cheers called cin cin, which he wrote in his book entitled, Report on China[118]
- Marco Polo (simplified Chinese: 马可·波罗; traditional Chinese: 馬可·波羅), Venetian merchant and traveler; wrote about his travels in Yuan China; became an imperial official
- Giacomo Puccini, opera composer whose magnum opus, Turandot heavily features Chinese instrumentation and internationally acclaimed Chinese songs presented through operatic aesthetics[119]
- Matteo Ricci (simplified Chinese: 利玛窦; traditional Chinese: 利瑪竇), Jesuit priest who spent decades in the imperial court of the Ming[120]
Netherlands
- J.J.L. Duyvendak, Dutch sinologist
- J. J. M. de Groot, Dutch sinologist
- Robert van Gulik, Dutch sinologist
- Hans van de Ven, Dutch sinologist
Norway
- Johan Galtung, mathematician, sociologist, and the founder of the discipline of peace and conflict studies, who praised Chinese rewriting of concepts of an "open society" and "democracy" as well as China's flexibility with diplomacy
- Henry Henne, Norwegian sinologist
Portugal
- Alvaro Semedo, Jesuit missionary in China who introduced the famous Nestorial Stele to Europe[121]
- Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, Portuguese president who expressed strong interest in Chinese president Xi Jinping's One Belt, One Road Initiative, which would bring plenty of investments into Portuguese industries[122]
Russia
Being neighbors, Russia and China have maintained a relationship that has only strengthened since the Cold War.[123] The two nations maintain a strong relationship with Vladimir Putin and the Communist Party of China.[124] The two exercise immense economic control and have used their alliance to maintain a large influence over the Asian-Pacific and Eurasian region.[125][126][127][128] The two nations have also maintained a military alliance as the two have some of the largest military forces in the world. Cultural exchange such as Confucianism and the large [[overseas Chinese community in Russia have helped bridge the gap between the two cultures.[129] The internal reforms of both countries in recent years since Mao Zedong and the Soviet Union have also involved close collaboration between the two nations.[130]
One of the recent projects is the Belt and Road Initiative by China.[131] Being the largest infrastructure project in history, Russia has decided to join in this nexus of trade routes that would open the Eurasian country to both Eastern and North Atlantic countries.[132] It would also improve the steady relationship of the two countries economically and politically.[133]
Famous Russian Sinophiles
- Leo Tolstoy, Russian writer widely considered one of the world's greatest novelists[134]
- Dmitri Mendeleev, Russian chemist and inventor[134]
- Faina Chiang Fang-liang, former First Lady of the Republic of China and wife of Chiang Ching-kuo
- Vladimir Putin, Russian president[135]
- Israel Epstein, Jewish journalist born in Warsaw (then under control of the Russian Empire) and member of the Communist Party of China.
- Yevgeny Kychanov, Russian sinologist
Serbia
- Aleksandar Vučić, Serbian president
Spain
As early as the 16th century to 17th century, the earliest cultural exchange between the [Far East]] with a Western European nation was the Manila galleon trade, the first modern globalized exchange since the Age of Discovery.[136] With the compass being introduced by Arab traders from China, European excursions became common around this period. Chinese goods such as silk were traded in markets in Acapulco and Manila during this period. Through out the 18th and 19th centuries, trade ports in China have been established to continue trade relations between the nations. Multiple means of travel and the large Chinese diaspora, have also increased the influx of immigrants into Spain and spread Chinese culture at a more prevalent rate since then.[137] The Jesuit missions that began after founder St. Francis Xavier ventured into China have also induced plenty of European appearances at the Chinese imperial court and even made high ranking positions out of Europeans under the rule of Qing Dynasty emperors.[138] At present, the Belt and Road initiative and other causes have allied the countries in their trade partnerships.[139]
As of the present China has become one of the top trading partners of Spain. The popularity of mobile phone applications such as Tiktok and other brands like Huawei have already been introduced in Spain way before many other European countries.[140] The popularity of the Tiktok app in particularly has seen impressive growth in Europe during the 2010s. During the Covid-19 pandemic Spain has opened its borders to vaccinated tourists and welcomed Sinovac vaccines as well as maintained its strong relations since the pandemic lockdown.[141][142]
Famous Spanish Sinophiles
- Juan Antonio Samaranch, Spanish sports administrator. Has a memorial dedicated to him in Tianjin.
- Juan González de Mendoza, Spanish sinologist
- St. Francis Xavier, Jesuit founder and first missionary who visited East Asia in the hopes of achieving his goal of spreading Christianity to China[143]
Sweden
- Johan Gunnar Andersson, sinologist
- Bernhard Karlgren (t高本漢 s高本汉), sinologist
Switzerland
- Liam Bates, performer, television host and adventurer
- Gabriele Gaggini (Chinese: 刘家俊), medicine, biomedical science student at Fribourg University, from Lugano, Ticino
- Herman Hesse, novelist whose magnum opus "Siddhartha" was based on his meetings with Dr. Carl Jung which involved discussions on Chinese philosophy
- Carl Gustav Jung, psychologist who formalized philosophical thought in modern psychology; father of modern psychometrics and the I Ching-inspired theory of Synchronicity[60]
- Ueli Maurer, president of Switzerland who made important deals with China
- Léopold de Saussure, Swiss sinologist
United Kingdom
- Sir David Akers-Jones (t鍾逸傑爵士 s钟逸杰爵士), former administrator of Hong Kong and advisor to the Chinese government
- Derek Bryan, British diplomat and sinologist
- Aurora Carlson, British television presenter
- Joseph Edkins, British sinologist who considered paper to be one of the four great inventions, and added it to philosopher Francis Bacon's three great inventions in history (printing, compass, gunpowder), all of which originated in China and spread to the West via Arabic traders[145]
- Herbert Giles, British diplomat, Chinese professor at Cambridge, and sinologist who formalized the Wade-Giles system
- Boris Johnson, British prime minister and self-proclaimed sinophile who supported the People's Republic of China for their environmental advocacies[146]
- Reginald Johnston, British diplomat who served as Commissioner of Weihaiwei and personal tutor to Puyi, the last Emperor of China; later wrote about his travels and experiences in the Forbidden City, the world's largest palace
- Eric Liddell, Scottish rugby player; Olympic track and field athlete who won a gold medal that inspired the film Chariots of Fire and was portrayed by the actor Ian Charleson; missionary in China who was born and raised in Tianjin and lived during the Second Sino-Japanese War
- Gavin Menzies, renowned British historian and former submarine commander who wrote about Chinese history as well as European history
- John Milne, English geologist and seismologist who read the story of Zhang Heng's seismometer while in China and was inspired to invent the modern seismograph in Japan[148]
- Robert Morrison (t馬禮遜/摩理臣), Scottish missionary
- Joseph Needham (t李約瑟 s李约瑟), British biochemist best known for his works on the history of Chinese science[149]
- Daniel Newham, British performer working in China
- Alexander Pope, poet who most admired the teaching of Confucius through his readings of Christian Wolff[144]
- Bertrand Russell, British philosopher who stayed in China for a year and praised Taoist thought, claiming that the Chinese were the only people who valued wisdom more than rubies, and unlike industrialized Western nations found pleasure in philosophical discourse and leisure[147][150]
- Thomas Francis Wade, British diplomat and sinologist who first devised his romanization system, which became the Wade-Giles system; He was the first to become a professor of Chinese at Cambridge University
- Andrew West (魏安), British sinologist and software developer
- Stephen Wootton Bushell, British sinologist
East Asia
Japan
Japan has historically been influenced by China in the core of its culture.[151] From its language and Chinese characters, to its adoption of Neo-Confucianism as state philosophy and its foundational importance to creating bushido, Japan has always been culturally very similar and deeply interested in Chinese culture.[152][153] Beyond Confucianism, Buddhism as well as Daoism were also brought to Japan through missionaries and have shaped Japanese religious and philosophical practices.[154][155] Under the shogunate period of Ieyasu Tokugawa, much of Confucian thought was taught and help in the government structure of the country.[156] At that point, Japanese culture was already influenced by the revolutionary creation of the Taika Reforms taken from the ancient Tang Dynasty.[157] The reforms were wide-scale political changes that brought an end to the rule of former emperor and instituted a new dynasty that build a legal code similar to that of the Tang legal code.[158] The further proliferation of Chinese culture on Japanese society was immense. From clothing, to cuisine, science, philosophy, literature, music and theatre such as kabuki, all the way to the economy, significant interest in Chinese culture has persisted in its relevance for a long time.[159][160]
Much of the modern relationship heavily relies on China's rise as the dominant manufacturing country in the world, with most goods and materials being made and manufactured in China.[161][162] During the modernization of Japan in the Meiji restoration, tycoon Eiichi Shibusawa, left from his roots as a samurai to help construct Japan's modern economic framework.[163] Shibusawa promoted Confucian thought and merged it with European capitalism in modernizing Japan's economy.[164] The last few decades have seen improving relations between the two countries and their governments since their war as part of Pacific War.[165] As two of the largest economies in the world, Japan has heavily expressed interest in the investments and initiative of China in the Belt and Road Initiative that would allow multiple infrastructure improvements around Japan and connect it to China and the rest of the world, especially in terms of trade.[166] The usage of modern technology such as bullet trains, which are extremely prevalent in the renowned subway systems of both nations, have allowed for the rise and advancement of more trade and investment between the two nations.[167] The Chinese diaspora in Japan and growing number of Chinese tourists in general have also helped bridge the gap between the two neighboring countries.[168]
Famous Japanese Sinophiles
- Konoe Atsumaro, Japanese politician, journalist, and noble; father of prime minister Konoe Fumimaro[169]
- Hanaoka Seishu, Japanese inventor of modern anaesthesia who admired the work of the original Chinese inventor of anaesthesia, the physician Hua Tuo[170]
- Date Junnosuke, Japanese noble, descendant of Date Masamune, Chinese warlord during 1930s-1940s. Naturalized as a Chinese.
- Banri Kaieda, Japanese politician, also a Classical Chinese poet.
- Taky Kimura, Japanese-American martial artist who taught Bruce Lee's Jeet Kune Do teachings
- Toshiro Mifune, Japanese actor born and raised in China who spoke fluent Chinese
- Hayao Miyazaki, Japanese animator from Studio Ghibli known for films such as Spirited Away
- Hayward Nishioka, Japanese-American Judo champion in the Pan-American games who was one of the highest ranking judoka worldwide
- Sanzō Nosaka, Japanese politician and one of the founding members of the Japanese Communist Party.
- Eiichi Shibusawa, Japanese industrialist and father of the Japanese economy who credits Confucius for his economic contributions[171]
- Yu Suzuki, Creator of the Shenmue (莎木) games.
- Ieyasu Tokugawa, neo-Confucian and founder of the Tokugawa shogunate who used Confucian thought to establish the Bushido, which is now regarded as the traditional code of Japanese people since the time of the samurai[172]
- Naitō Torajirō, Japanese Historian and Sinologist, A leading historian in the history of East Asia and Ancient China
- Akira Toriyama, Manga artist and creator of Dragon Ball, which was a retelling of the Chinese novel, Journey to the West
North Korea
- Jang Song-taek,[173] executed uncle of Kim Jong-un
- Kim Il Sung, founder of North Korea and former member of the Communist Party of China who lived in Northern China to fight the Imperial Japanese army during the Second Sino-Japanese War[174]
- Kim Jong-nam, assassinated half-brother of Kim Jong-un[175]
South Korea
- Choe Chiwon, Ancient Korean poet from Gyeongju, a city now based in South Korea; studied poetry in China and in Ancient Korea's National Confucian Academy
- Kim Gu, Statesman who read classical Chinese texts as a child
Mongolia
- Zanabazar, Mongolian sculptor and religious figure who negotiated the Khalkha submission to the Qing, and was the spiritual mentor for the Kangxi Emperor
Tibet region, Pre-Qing China
- Songsten Gampo, Tibetan king who was married to the Chinese Princess Wencheng, which brought peace between Tang China and Tibet.
- Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme, Tibetan senior official who served as a Lieutenant General of the People's Liberation Army
- Thubten Choekyi Nyima, 9th Panchen Lama of Tibet
North America
Canada
- Dr. Norman Bethune (白求恩), Canadian physician and surgeon who trained the medics of the Eighth Route Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War.
- Morris Cohen, Jewish-Canadian soldier and adventurer; aide-de-camp to the Chinese leader Sun Yat-sen
- Joshua A. Fogel, Canadian and American sinologist who specialises in modern Chinese history
- Mark Roswell (大山), Ottawa native; currently a CCTV personality and celebrity in China
- Jean Chrétien, Canadian politician and the 20th Prime Minister of Canada; was known to be a Sinophile and an admirer of the People's Republic of China
- Jan Wong, Canadian journalist and author of Chinese descent, who wrote her bestseller Red China Blues
United States
China and the United States currently carry a bilateral relationship that has been described as the most important relationship of the 21st century.[176][177][178] The economic ties of two of the biggest economic superpowers allows for a delicate balance of soft power in their relationship in order to carefully maintain order in the global economy.[179]
As early as the American Revolution, founding fathers such as Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Paine wrote of Eastern wisdom, particularly the political teachings of Confucianism as a means to differentiate their identity from that of the British.[180] As a result of this particular interest, which first developed in Europe during the Enlightenment and spread to the rest of the world, much of the American constitution carries precepts that mirror ancient Chinese meritocracies of the time.[181] By the 19th and 20th centuries, Chinese arrived in large numbers to help build American railroads, and later in the 1940s, loose immigration laws paved the way for a new wave of Chinese-Americans that promoted cultural exchange.[182]
By the 1960s, a huge interest in Eastern culture, particularly East Asian culture became very prevalent. Multiple protests from younger generations on the perpetual declaration of wars by the United States government prompted many to renounce their military support and brought a new meaning to patriotism.[183] Many advocated eastern philosophical teachings of peaceful resistance, such as those found in the Yijing or Book of Changes. Among the famous celebrities to espouse for peaceful actions were iconoclastic figures of the time such as the Yijing advocate Bob Dylan and the Chan Buddhist Allen Ginsberg.[184] Other Chinese-Americans such as Bruce Lee became stars in both Hong Kong and the United States, and help fight stereotypes of Chinese in the Western countries allied with NATO while becoming very popular in Hong Kong cinema.[185] By the 1980s and 1990s, the dominant influence of the trifecta of Chinese film movements including the Hong Kong New Wave, New Taiwanese Cinema, and fifth generation mainland Chinese filmmakers allowed the independent cinema and artistic culture of the United States to be rejuvenated with young filmmakers influenced by Asian cinema bridging the gap between the two distinct countries.[186][187] With renewed diplomatic relations that began in the early 1970s, American presidents have frequently prioritized visits to China and vice-versa, maintaining the status of their relations as well as furthering their economic strategic goals.[188][189]
Famous American Sinophiles
- Pearl S. Buck (t賽珍珠 s赛珍珠), writer and novelist
- Anson Burlingame, lawyer, legislator and diplomat; appointed in 1861 to be the United States minister to China
- George H.W. Bush, President of the United States and envoy to China, who as president allowed China to maintain its most favored nation status that eventually led to China's inclusion to the World Trade Organization
- Michael Chang, tennis player and the youngest winner of a major championship at age 17.
- Bob Dylan, musician who was most influenced by the I Ching during his work in the 1960s and claimed it to be a fantastic source of poetry[191][192]
- Benjamin Franklin, polymath, statesman; used Confucius's Analects to create his thirteen virtues of life[193][194]
- Allen Ginsberg, Beat poet who claimed his philosophical inspiration was due to Zhuangzi, Laozi, and Confucius[195][196]
- Ai Hua, television personality, frequent guest on programs on China Central Television
- Thomas Jefferson, polymath and President of the United States who studied the teachings of the Shijing and emulated to be like the Prince of Wei from the book; he also claimed two Chinese Classics in his personal list of the finest works of literature to his friend James Madison[197][198]
- Henry Kissinger, former secretary of state, frequently visited China since the 1970s[199]
- R. L. Kuhn, corporate strategist, investment banker, and intellectual; situated in the pro-China segment of the intellectual community; closely knows many Chinese political leaders
- Owen Lattimore, author, educator, and scholar; served as an adviser, but later a critic, of Chiang Kai-shek, and a proponent to what some consider a precursor of China's cultural and legislative autonomy policies with autonomous regions in the People's Republic of China
- Homer Lea, military advisory and general in the army of Sun Yat-sen during the Boxer Rebellion
- Yo-Yo Ma, Grammy winning musician of Chinese descent
- Stephon Marbury, former NBA star basketball player who joined the Beijing Ducks and has expressed affinity for the country.[200][201]
- Huey Newton, social activist who was deeply influenced by Maoism and described his time in China as a "psychological liberation", praising Chinese contemporary society throughout his works[202]
- Richard M. Nixon, President of the United States who directed Kissinger and the government in opening relations with China in 1972[199]
- Thomas Paine, American writer who was inspired by Confucianism[203]
- Ezra Pound, Confucian modernist poet and literary critic; he is one of the most influential poets in history[204]
- Paul Robeson, baritone singer; film and stage actor; peace and civil rights activist; All-American football athlete; was fluent in Chinese, and compared the struggle of the Chinese to that of the black people in the United States
- Martin Scorsese, director who stated that the films, The Horse Thief and A Borrowed Life were the first and third best films of the 1990s respectively,[205] and whose only Oscar best picture The Departed is a remake of the Hong Kong film Infernal Affairs;[206] directed the historical Tibetan film Kundun[207][208]
- John S. Service, diplomat and "China Hand"; born in Chengdu; was persecuted by McCarthyism due to his pro-China views, which also included sympathies with Chinese socialism[209][210]
- Cordwainer Smith, godson of Sun Yat-sen
- David Stern, NBA commissioner who dreamed to create strong relations by promoting cultural exchanges and providing opportunities for Chinese players in the NBA, as well as popularize basketball in the country[211]
- Anna Louise Strong, journalist and peace activist who lived in China[212]
- Quentin Tarantino, director who heavily promoted Chinese cinema and whose first film, Reservoir Dogs is inspired by the Hong Kong New Wave film movement[213][214]
- George Washington, US president who loved planting and spent his retirement tilling his fields studying Chinese soy and other agricultural products and methods; he also styled his hair to have a queue similar to the Manchurian Chinese style during the Qing dynasty[215][216]
- Wu-Tang Clan, rap group from New York; their songs contain many Chinese cultural themes
- Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook founder and fluent Mandarin Chinese speaker who has ventured to make Facebook legalized in China and met President Xi Jinping to actualize his dream[217]
Oceania
Australia
- Colin Mackerras, Australian sinologist and expert in the fields of Peking opera and Chinese national minorities
- Edwin Maher, New Zealand-born Australian journalist who appeared as a news reader for CCTV-9 following a long career on Australian TV. He retired in 2017.[218]
- Kevin Rudd, the 26th Prime Minister of Australia (2007–2010, 2013); majored in Chinese language and history[219]
- Jim Bacon, 41st Premier of Tasmania; a frequent visitor of China and was awarded an honorary citizenship of China
- Shaoquett Moselmane, a member of the Legislative Council of New South Wales; was suspended from the Labor Party for alleged links to the Communist Party of China.[220][221]
- Terence Tao, UCLA mathematics professor and Fields medalist of Chinese descent who set the record with the highest confirmable IQ ever recorded[222]
New Zealand
- Rewi Alley, political activist from New Zealand who was a member of the Communist Party of China
South America
Brazil
- Pepe Escobar, roving correspondent for the Asia Times; covers US foreign policy, Latin American, Middle Eastern, Asian, and especially Chinese affairs
- Paulo Freire, Brazilian Marxist educator and philosopher; praised progressive aspects in Chinese education during the Cultural Revolution
Ecuador
- Rafael Correa, Ecuadorian President and economist whose foreign policies include socioeconomic cooperation with the People's Republic of China with regards to finance and industry, trade and resource development of oil and hydroelectricity, and infrastructure
South Asia
India
- Batuo, Buddhabhadra or Batuo founded the Shaolin Monastery in China
- Dwarkanath Kotnis, Indian doctor dispatched to China during the Second Sino-Japanese War[223]
- Yukteshwar Kumar, Indian sinologist
- Gautama Siddha, Astronomer born and raised in China who introduced Indian numerals to China
Pakistan
- Imran Khan Niazi, Prime minister of Pakistan[224][225][226]
Southeast Asia
Cambodia
- Norodom Sihanouk, Cambodian king who sought refuge in China
Philippines
- Jose Rizal, Chinese-Filipino revolutionary and polymath who worked as an ophthalmologist in Hong Kong
- Diosdado Macapagal, President of the Philippines and poet who wrote in Chinese, Filipino, and other languages
- Rodrigo Duterte, President of the Philippines[227][228]
Thailand
- Sirindhorn, Thai princess who studied Chinese
Vietnam
- Gia Long, Emperor of Vietnam
- Minh Mạng, Emperor of Vietnam
- Hoàng Văn Hoan, Vietnamese politician from the Communist Party of Vietnam. Defected to China during the Sino-Vietnamese War.
West Asia
Turkey
- 'Ali Akbar Khata'i, Turkish traveller and writer who travelled to China
- Ekrem İmamoğlu, the current mayor of Istanbul, promotes good relations between China and Turkey[229]
Africa
Zimbabwe
- Robert Mugabe, former Zimbabwean president
- Emmerson Mnangagwa, current Zimbabwean president, admirer of Deng Xiaoping's economic policies
See also
- Chinoiserie
- Taiwanese Wave
- List of sinologists
- Asiaphile
- Japanophile
- Francophile
- Russophile
- Indophile
- Anglophile
- Germanophile
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Further reading
- Cabanne, Perre (1988), L'Art Classique et le Baroque, Paris: Larousse, ISBN 978-2-03-583324-2
- Chan, Shelly, The Overseas Chinese (huaqiao) Project: Nation, Culture, and Race in Modern China, 1890-1966, California, USA: University of California, Santa Cruz
- D'Agostino, Peter (1978), Alpha, Trans, Chung, a Photographic Model: Semiotics, Film, and Interpretation, Michigan, USA: University of Michigan, ISBN 978-0-9179-8609-3
- Eerdmans, Emily Classic English Design and Antiques: Period Styles and Furniture; The Hyde Park Antiques Collection (Rizzoli International Publications, 2006 ISBN 978-0-8478-2863-0)
- Ginzburg, Carlos; Biasiori, Lucio (2018), A Historical Approach to Casuistry: Norms and Exceptions in a Comparative Perspective, Italy: Bloomsbury Publishing, ISBN 978-1-3500-0677-5
- Guy, Basil, The French Image of China Before and After Voltaire, Michigan, USA: Liverpool University Press, ISBN 978-1-8003-4458-7 – via University of Michigan
- Hong, Liu (2006), The Chinese Overseas, Volume 1, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 978-0-4153-3858-5
- Liu Jung-en, tr., in Six Yüan Plays (Penguin Books, 1972, ISBN 978-0-14-044262-5)
- Mungello, David E., The Great Encounter of China and the West, 1500-1800, Texas: Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 978-0-7425-3815-3
- Maxwell, Neville (June 2007), "How the Sino-Russian Boundary Conflict Was Finally Settled: From Nerchinsk 1689 to Vladivostok 2005 via Zhenbao Island 1969", in Iwashita, Akihiro (ed.), Eager Eyes Fixed on Eurasia (PDF), 21st Century COE Program Slavic Eurasian Studies, Sapporo: Slavic Research Center, Hokkaido University, pp. 47–72, retrieved 18 January 2009
- Nitobé, Inazo (2018), Bushido: The Soul of Japan, ISBN 978-1-3655-0895-0
- Oldmeadow, Harry (2004), Journeys East: 20th Century Western Encounters with Eastern Religious Traditions, World Wisdom, Inc, ISBN 0-941532-57-7
- Sagers, John. "Shibusawa Eiichi and the Merger of Confucianism and Capitalism in Modern Japan", in Education about Asia, Ann Arbor, MI: Association for Asian Studies, Winter 2014.
- Sagers, John H. "Purposeful Preservation of Shibusawa Eiichi’s Legacy." Confucian Capitalism (Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2018) pp. 217–234.
- Sagers, John H. "Shibusawa Eiichi, Dai Ichi Bank, and the Spirit of Japanese Capitalism, 1860–1930". Shashi 3, no. 1 (2014). doi:10.5195/shashi.2014.24. online
- Stele, Philip (2002), Ancient China, Southwater, ISBN 978-1-8421-5616-2
- Suryadinata, Leo (2007), Chinese diaspora since Admiral Zheng He : With Special Reference to Maritime Asia, Singapore: Chinese Heritage Center, ISBN 978-9-8105-7967-8
- Thunø, Mette (1998), "Chinese in Denmark", in Benton, Gregor; Pieke, Frank N. (eds.), The Chinese in Europe, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan, pp. 168–196, ISBN 0-312-17526-4
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Thunø, Mette (2000), "The Chinese Family and Economic Achievement: the Case of Chinese Migrants in Denmark", in Ang See, Teresita (ed.), Intercultural Relations, Cultural Transformation, and Identity: The Ethnic Chinese, Manila: Kaisa Heritage Center, pp. 67–88, ISBN 971-8857-21-4