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{{flagicon|ROC}} [[Liu Wenhui]]<br> |
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{{flagicon|ROC}} [[Ma Xiao]]<br> |
{{flagicon|ROC}} [[Ma Xiao]]<br> |
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{{flagicon|ROC}} [[Ma Zhanhai]] |
{{flagicon|ROC}} [[Ma Zhanhai]]{{KIA}}<br> |
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| commander2 = {{flagicon|Tibet}} [[13th Dalai Lama]]<br> |
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Revision as of 01:07, 21 July 2010
Sino-Tibetan War | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
Republic of China National Revolutionary Army |
Tibetan Army | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Chiang Kai-shek |
13th Dalai Lama | ||||||
Strength | |||||||
National Revolutionary Army composed of | Tibetan troops | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
Heavy casulties |
The Sino-Tibetan War occurred in 1930–1932 when the Tibetan army under the 13th Dalai Lama invaded Xikang and Yushu in Qinghai in a dispute over monasteries. The Ma clique warlord Ma Bufang secretly sent a telegram to the Sichuan warlord Liu Wenhui, and the leader of the Republic of China Chiang Kaishek, suggesting a joint attack on the Tibetan forces. Their armies rapidly overran and defeated the Tibetan forces.
Conflict
Skirmishes had occurred between Tibetan and Chinese troops in Xikang since 1930. Liu Wenhui's army fought against Tibetan forces. Kuomintang muslim official Tang Kesan, was sent to negotiate for an end to the fighting. Ma Xiao was a muslim brigade commander in Liu Wenhui's army.[1]
Qinghai Tibet War
When the ceasefire negotiated by Tang failed, Tibet expanded the war, attempting to capture parts of southern Qinghai province, following a dispute over a monastery in Yushu in Qinghai in 1932. Ma Bufang's army overran the Tibetan armies and recaptured several counties in Xikang province. Shiqu, Dengke, and other counties were seized from the Tibetans.[2][3][4] Ma Bufang's army was entirely compsed of Muslims. The tibetans were pushed back to the other side of the Jinsha river.[5][6] The Qinghai army recaptured counties that had fallen into the hands of the Tibetan army since 1919. The victory on the part of the Qinghai army threatened the supply lines to the Tibetan forces in Garze and Xinlong. As a result, this part of the Tibetan army was forced to withdraw. In 1932 Liu in cooperation with the Qinghai army, sent out a brigade, to attack the Tibetan troops in Garze and Xinlong, eventually occupying them, Dege and other counties east of the Jinshajiang River. Ma and Liu warned Tibetan officials not to dare cross the Jinsha river again.[7] Several Tibetan generals surrendered, and were demoted by the Dalai Lama.[8] By August, the Tibetans lost so much land to Liu Wenhui and Ma Bufang's forces that the Dalai Lama telegraphed the British government of India for assistance. British pressure led to Nanjing to declare a ceasefire.[9] Separate truces were signed by Ma and Liu with the Tibetans in 1933, ending the fighting.[10][11][12]
The Chinese government and Ma Bufang accused the British of supplying weapons and arms to the Tibetans throughout the war.
See also
References
- ^ Hanzhang Ya, Ya Hanzhang (1991). The biographies of the Dalai Lamas. Foreign Languages Press. p. 352, 355. ISBN 0835122662. Retrieved 2010-6-28.
{{cite book}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
(help); More than one of|pages=
and|page=
specified (help) - ^ Jiawei Wang, Nimajianzan (1997). The historical status of China's Tibet. 五洲传播出版社. p. 150. ISBN 7801133048. Retrieved 2010-6-28.
{{cite book}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
(help); More than one of|pages=
and|page=
specified (help) - ^ Hanzhang Ya, Ya Hanzhang (1991). The biographies of the Dalai Lamas. Foreign Languages Press. p. 352, 355. ISBN 0835122662. Retrieved 2010-6-28.
{{cite book}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
(help); More than one of|pages=
and|page=
specified (help) - ^ B. R. Deepak (2005). India & China, 1904-2004: a century of peace and conflict. Manak Publications. p. 82. ISBN 8178271125. Retrieved 2010-6-28.
{{cite book}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
(help); More than one of|pages=
and|page=
specified (help) - ^ International Association for Tibetan Studies. Seminar, Lawrence Epstein (2002). Khams pa histories: visions of people, place and authority : PIATS 2000, Tibetan studies, proceedings of the 9th Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Leiden 2000. BRILL. p. 66. ISBN 9004124233. Retrieved 2010-6-28.
{{cite book}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
(help); More than one of|pages=
and|page=
specified (help) - ^ Gray Tuttle (2005). Tibetan Buddhists in the making of modern China. Columbia University Press. p. 172. ISBN 0231134460. Retrieved 2010-6-28.
{{cite book}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
(help); More than one of|pages=
and|page=
specified (help) - ^ Xiaoyuan Liu (2004). Frontier passages: ethnopolitics and the rise of Chinese communism, 1921-1945. Stanford University Press. p. 89. ISBN 0804749604. Retrieved 2010-6-28.
{{cite book}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
(help); More than one of|pages=
and|page=
specified (help) - ^ K. Dhondup (1986). The water-bird and other years: a history of the Thirteenth Dalai Lama and after. Rangwang Publishers. p. 60. Retrieved 2010-6-28.
{{cite book}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
(help) - ^ Richardson, Hugh E. (1984). Tibet and its History. 2nd Edition, pp. 134-136. Shambhala Publications, Boston. ISBN 0-87773-376-7 (pbk).
- ^ Oriental Society of Australia (2000). The Journal of the Oriental Society of Australia, Volumes 31-34. Oriental Society of Australia. p. 35, 37. Retrieved 2010-6-28.
{{cite book}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
(help) - ^ Michael Gervers, Wayne Schlepp, Joint Centre for Asia Pacific Studies (1998). Historical themes and current change in Central and Inner Asia: papers presented at the Central and Inner Asian Seminar, University of Toronto, April 25-26, 1997, Volume 1997. Joint Centre for Asia Pacific Studies. p. 73, 74, 76. ISBN 189529634X. Retrieved 2010-6-28.
{{cite book}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
(help); More than one of|pages=
and|page=
specified (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Wars and Conflicts Between Tibet and China