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{{short description|A canal intended to accommodate ships used on the oceans, seas, or lakes.}} |
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[[Image:Panama Canal Gatun Locks.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The [[Panama Canal]]]] |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}} |
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[[File:Panama Canal Gatun Locks.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The [[Panama Canal]], a shortcut from the Pacific Ocean to the Caribbean Sea, bypassing a circumnavigation of the Americas]] |
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[[File:SuezCanal-EO.JPG|thumb|right|250px|The [[Suez Canal]], a shortcut from the [[Mediterranean Sea]] to the [[Red Sea]], bypassing a circumnavigation of Africa]] |
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A '''ship canal''' is a [[canal]] especially intended to accommodate ships used on the oceans, seas, or lakes to which it is connected.<ref>{{cite book|title=Johnson's New Universal Cyclopædia|page=1660|authors=Frederick Augustus Porter Barnard, Arnold Guyot|publisher=A. J. Johnson & Company|year=1883|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HFpRAAAAYAAJ|access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> |
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⚫ | Ship canals may be specially constructed from the start to accommodate ships, or less frequently they may be enlarged barge canals |
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⚫ | Ship canals can be distinguished from barge canals, which intended to carry [[barge]]s and other vessels specifically designed for river and/or canal navigation. Because of the constraints of accommodating vessels capable of navigating large bodies of open water, a ship canal typically offers deeper water and higher bridge clearances than a barge canal of similar vessel length and width constraints.<ref>{{cite book|last=Finch|first=Roy|title=The Story of the New York State Canals|type=booklet|url=http://www.canals.ny.gov/history/finch_history_print.pdf|format=pdf|page=11|access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> |
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⚫ | Ship canals may be specially constructed from the start to accommodate ships, or less frequently they may be enlarged barge canals or ''canalized '' or [[channel (geography)|channelized rivers]]. There are no specific minimum dimensions for ship canals, with the size being largely dictated by the size of ships in use nearby at the time of construction or enlargement.<ref>{{cite book|page=317,320|date=11 November 1897|title=Engineering News and American Railway Journal|publisher=Engineering News Publishing Company|url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.e0000401679?urlappend=%3Bseq=380|access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> |
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# To create a shortcut and avoid lengthy detours. |
# To create a shortcut and avoid lengthy detours. |
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# To create a navigable shipping link between two land-locked seas or lakes. |
# To create a navigable shipping link between two land-locked seas or lakes. |
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# To provide inland cities with a direct shipping link to the sea. |
# To provide inland cities with a direct shipping link to the sea. |
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# To provide an economical alternative to other options. |
# To provide an economical alternative to other options. |
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==History== |
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Early canals were connected with natural rivers, either as short extensions or improvements to them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.canalmuseum.org.uk/history/ukcanals.htm| |
Early canals were connected with natural rivers, either as short extensions or improvements to them.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of canals in Great Britain |url=http://www.canalmuseum.org.uk/history/ukcanals.htm |access-date=30 October 2018 |website=www.canalmuseum.org.uk |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008231211/https://www.canalmuseum.org.uk/history/ukcanals.htm |archive-date=8 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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One of the first canals built was the [[Grand Canal of China]], which was developed over a long period starting in the 5th century BCE. |
One of the first canals built was the [[Grand Canal of China]], which was developed over a long period starting in the 5th century BCE. |
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In the modern era, canals in the |
In the modern era, canals in the United Kingdom are typically associated with the [[Duke of Bridgewater]], who hired the engineer [[James Brindley]] and had the first canal (the [[Bridgewater Canal]]) built that ran over a flowing river.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Canals 1750 to 1900 - History Learning Site |language=en-GB |work=History Learning Site |url=https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/britain-1700-to-1900/transport-1750-to-1900/canals-1750-to-1900/ |access-date=30 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030170352/https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/britain-1700-to-1900/transport-1750-to-1900/canals-1750-to-1900/ |archive-date=30 October 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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In the |
In the United States, the canal that brought about an age of canal building was the [[Erie Canal]]. It was a long-sought-after canal and connected the [[Great Lakes]] to the [[Hudson River]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Canal Era |url=http://www.ushistory.org/us/25a.asp |access-date=30 October 2018 |website=www.ushistory.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307205214/http://www.ushistory.org/us/25a.asp |archive-date=7 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> This canal initiated a half-century-long boom of canal building and brought about many new features that allowed canals to be used in different areas previously inaccessible to canals. These features include locks, which allow a ship to move between different altitudes, and [[puddling (civil engineering)|puddling]], which waterproofed the canal.<ref name=":0" /> |
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==Notable ship canals== |
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<center> |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" |
{| class="wikitable sortable" |
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|- |
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!Canal |
! Canal name |
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! Year<br>opened |
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!Length |
! Length |
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!Lock depth |
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! Maximum boat length<br>x [[Beam (nautical)|beam]] x [[Draft (hull)|draft]] (m) |
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!Dimensions |
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! Start point |
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!Location |
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! End point |
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!Notes |
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|- |
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| [[White |
| [[White Sea–Baltic Canal]] || 1933 || {{convert|227|km|mi|abbr=on}} || 443 x 47 x 4 || {{flag|Russia}}: [[Lake Onega]] || [[Baltic Sea]] in [[Saint Petersburg]] |
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*Opened in 1933, is partly a canalised river, partly an artificial canal, and partly some natural lakes. |
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*Shallow depth limits modern vessels from using the canal. |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Rhine-Main-Danube Canal]] || |
| [[Rhine-Main-Danube Canal]] || 1992 || {{convert|171|km|mi|abbr=on}} || 190 x 11 x 4 || {{flag|Germany}}: [[Main (river)|Main]] at [[Bamberg]] || [[Danube]] at [[Kelheim]] |
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*Opened in 1992, links the large rivers [[Rhine]] and [[Danube]], and thus also the [[North Sea]] and the [[Black Sea]]. |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Suez Canal]] || {{convert|193. |
| [[Suez Canal]] || 1869 || {{convert|193.3|km|mi|abbr=on}} || Unlimited x 78 x 20 || {{flag|Egypt}}: [[Port Said]] || [[Port Tewfik]] |
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*Opened in 1869, links the [[Mediterranean Sea]] to the [[Red Sea]]. |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Volga-Don Canal]] || |
| [[Volga-Don Canal]] || 1952 || {{convert|101|km|mi|abbr=on}} || 141 x 17 x 4 || {{flag|Russia}}: [[Volgograd]] || [[Tsimlyansk Reservoir]] |
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*Opened in 1952, connects the [[Black Sea|Black]], [[Azov Sea|Azov]], and [[Caspian Sea]]s. |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Kiel Canal]] || |
| [[Kiel Canal]] || 1895 || {{convert|98|km|mi|abbr=on}} || 310 x 42 x 14 || {{flag|Germany}}: [[Brunsbüttel]] || [[Kiel]] |
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*Opened in 1895. Shortens the passage between the [[North Sea]] and the [[Baltic Sea]]. |
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|- |
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| [[Houston Ship Channel]] || {{convert|80|km|mi|abbr=on}} || |
| [[Houston Ship Channel]] || 1914 || {{convert|80|km|mi|abbr=on}} || 80 x 161 x 14 || {{flag|United States}}: [[Houston]] || [[Gulf of Mexico]] |
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*Connects [[Houston|Houston, Texas]] to the [[Gulf of Mexico]]. |
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| [[Panama Canal]] || |
| [[Panama Canal]] || 1914 || {{convert|77|km|mi|abbr=on}} || 366 x 49 x 15 || {{flag|Panama}}: [[Caribbean Sea]] || [[Pacific Ocean]] |
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*Opened in 1914 with two sets of locks; larger third set opened in 2016. |
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*Links the [[Caribbean Sea]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]], creating a shortcut. |
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| [[Danube-Black Sea Canal]] || {{convert|64.4|km|mi|abbr=on}} || |
| [[Danube-Black Sea Canal]] || 1984 || {{convert|64.4|km|mi|abbr=on}} || 138 x 17 x 6 || {{flag|Romania}}: [[Danube]] at [[Cernavodă]] || [[Black Sea]] at [[Agigea]] |
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*Opened in 1984. Links the [[Danube]] to the [[Black Sea]]. |
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| [[Manchester Ship Canal]] || |
| [[Manchester Ship Canal]] || 1894 || {{convert|58|km|mi|abbr=on}} || 183 x 20 x 9 || {{flag|United Kingdom}}: [[Eastham, Merseyside|Eastham Locks]] || [[Salford Quays]] |
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*Opened in 1894. Links the inland city of [[Manchester]] to [[Irish Sea]]. |
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| [[Welland Canal]] || {{convert|43.4|km|mi|abbr=on}} || |
| [[Welland Canal]] || 1932 || {{convert|43.4|km|mi|abbr=on}} || 226 x 24 x 8 || {{flag|Canada}}: [[Lake Ontario]] at [[Port Weller]] || [[Lake Erie]] at [[Port Colborne]] |
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*Opened on August 6, 1932. Links [[Lake Erie]] to [[Lake Ontario]] and is part of the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]]. |
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| [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]] || |
| [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]] || 1959 || {{convert|600|km|mi|abbr=on}} || 226 x 24 x 8 || {{flag|United States}}: [[Port Colborne]] || {{flag|Canada}}: [[Montreal]] |
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*Links [[Montreal]] with [[Lake Superior]]. |
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|} |
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</center> |
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==Navigability== |
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The standard used in the [[European Union]] for classifying the navigability of inland waterways is the ''European Agreement on Main Inland Waterways of International Importance (AGN)'' of 1996, adopted by The Inland Transport Committee of the |
The standard used in the [[European Union]] for classifying the navigability of inland waterways is the ''European Agreement on Main Inland Waterways of International Importance (AGN)'' of 1996, adopted by The Inland Transport Committee of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE), which defines the following classes:<ref name="agn-classes">{{Cite journal |title=European Agreement on the main Inland Waterways of international importance (AGN) |url=http://untreaty.un.org/unts/144078_158780/9/5/2638.pdf |publisher=United Nations |volume=2072, I-35939 |page=343 |access-date=30 November 2008}}{{Dead link|date=May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UNECE Homepage |url=http://www.unece.org/info/ece-homepage.html |access-date=15 June 2020 |website=www.unece.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515122842/http://www.unece.org/info/ece-homepage.html |archive-date=15 May 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
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!Class || Tonnage (t) ||Draught (m)||Length (m)|| Width (m)||Air |
!Class || Tonnage (t) ||Draught (m)||Length (m)|| Width (m)||Air draught (m)||Description |
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|Class III || 1,000 || || || || || |
|Class III || 1,000 || || || || || |
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|- |
|- |
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|Class IV || 1,000–1,500 || 2.5 || 80–85 || 9.5 || 5.2–7.0 || Johann Welker<ref name="agn-classes"/> |
|Class IV || 1,000–1,500 || 2.5 || 80–85 || 9.5 || 5.2–7.0 || Johann Welker<ref name="agn-classes" /> |
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|- |
|- |
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|Class Va || 1,500–3,000 || 2.5–2.8 || 95–110 || 11.4 || 5.2–7.0–9.1 || Large Rhine<ref name="agn-classes"/> |
|Class Va || 1,500–3,000 || 2.5–2.8 || 95–110 || 11.4 || 5.2–7.0–9.1 || Large Rhine<ref name="agn-classes" /> |
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|- |
|- |
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|Class VIb || 6,400–12,000 || 3.9 || 140 || 15 || 9.1 || <ref name="agn-classes"/> |
|Class VIb || 6,400–12,000 || 3.9 || 140 || 15 || 9.1 || <ref name="agn-classes" /> |
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|- |
|- |
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|Class VII || 14,500–27,000 || 2.5–4.5 || 275–285 || 33.0–34.2 || 9.1 || <ref name="agn-classes"/> |
|Class VII || 14,500–27,000 || 2.5–4.5 || 275–285 || 33.0–34.2 || 9.1 || <ref name="agn-classes" /> |
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|} |
|} |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{Portal|Geography|Transport}} |
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{{ |
{{Div col}} |
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*[[Canal]] |
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*[[Glossary of nautical terms]] |
* [[Glossary of nautical terms]] |
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*[[Great Lakes Waterway]] |
* [[Great Lakes Waterway]] |
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*[[Lake freighter]] |
* [[Lake freighter]] |
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*[[Merchant vessel]] |
* [[Merchant vessel]] |
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*[[Navigability]] |
* [[Navigability]] |
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*[[Ship transport]] |
* [[Ship transport]] |
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*[[Watercraft]] |
* [[Watercraft]] |
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*[[Waterway]] |
* [[Waterway]] |
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{{ |
{{Div col end}} |
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<!-- please keep entries in alphabetical order --> |
<!-- please keep entries in alphabetical order --> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{ |
{{Reflist}} |
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==External links== |
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{{Wikipedia books|Ship canals}} |
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*{{Commons category-inline|Canals}} |
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{{commons|Canal}} |
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[[Category:Coastal construction]] |
[[Category:Coastal construction]] |