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{{Shia Islam}} |
{{Shia Islam}} |
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According to the [[Library of Congress]], [[Pew Research Center]], [[Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies|Oxford University]], [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] [[The World Factbook|World Factbook]], [[United States Department of State|U.S. State Department]] and many others, [[Shia Islam|Shi'as]] make up |
According to the [[Library of Congress]], [[Pew Research Center]], [[Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies|Oxford University]], [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] [[The World Factbook|World Factbook]], [[United States Department of State|U.S. State Department]] and many others, [[Shia Islam|Shi'as]] make up to 10-20%<ref name="PRC">{{cite web |url= http://pewforum.org/Muslim/Mapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population%286%29.aspx |title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World’s Muslim Population |accessdate=2010-08-24 |work=[[Pew Research Center]] |publisher= |date=October 7, 2009}}</ref><ref name="PRCPDF">{{Cite book |url=http://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf |title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population |editor-last=Miller |editor-first=Tracy |date=October 2009 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |format=PDF |accessdate=2010-08-28}}</ref><ref name="Oxford">{{cite web |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1809?_hi=1&_pos=1 |title=Pakistan, Islam in |accessdate=2010-08-29 |work=[[Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies]] |quote=''Approximately 97 percent of Pakistanis are Muslim. The majority are Sunnis following the Hanafi school of Islamic law. Between 10 and 15 percent are Shiis, mostly Twelvers.'' |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=}}</ref><ref name="State">{{cite web |url=http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108505.htm |title=Pakistan - International Religious Freedom Report 2008 |quote=''The majority of Muslims in the country are Sunni, with a Shi'a minority ranging between 10 to 20 percent.'' |work=[[United States Department of State]] |publisher= |accessdate=2010-08-28}}</ref><ref name="CIA">{{cite web |url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html?countryName=Pakistan&countryCode=pk®ionCode=sas&#pk |title=Religions: Muslim 95% (Sunni 75%, Shia 20%), other (includes Christian and Hindu) 5% |accessdate=2010-08-24 |work=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |publisher=[[The World Factbook]] on Pakistan|date=2010}}</ref> of the total [[Muslim]] population of [[Pakistan]]. The total number of Shias in Pakistan is approximately 17 million<ref name="PRC"/> to as high as 30 million according to [[Vali Nasr]].<ref name="CC">{{cite web |url= http://www.cceia.org/resources/transcripts/5400.html |title=The Shia Revival: How Conflicts within Islam Will Shape the Future |accessdate=2010-08-24 |work=Vali Nasr, Joanne J. Myers |quote=''Iran always had been a Shia country, the largest one, with about 60 million population. Pakistan is the second-largest Shia country in the world, with about 30 million population.'' |date=October 18, 2006}}</ref> [[Globalization|Globally]], [[Shia Islam]] is represented by 10-20%<ref name="BritShia">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/540503/Shiite |title=Shīʿite |work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |quote=''Shīʿites have come to account for roughly [[decile|one-tenth]] of the Muslim population worldwide.'' |date=2010 |accessdate=2010-08-25}}</ref><ref name="PRC"/><ref name="PRCPDF">{{Cite book |url=http://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf |title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population |editor=Tracy Miller |year=2009 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |format=PDF |accessdate=2010-08-25}}</ref><ref name="CIA">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |title=Religions |accessdate=2010-08-25 |work=[[CIA]] |publisher=[[The World Factbook]] |date=2010}}</ref> of the total [[Muslim]] population, while as much as 90% or [[decile|nine-tenths]] is composed of [[Sunni Islam]].<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web |url= http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/574006/Sunnite |title=Sunnite |work=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |quote=''They numbered about 900 million in the late 20th century and constituted [[decile|nine-tenths]] of all the adherents of Islām.'' |date=2010 |accessdate=2010-08-24}}</ref> |
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== History == |
== History == |
Revision as of 07:12, 2 September 2010
Part of a series on Shia Islam |
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Shia Islam portal |
According to the Library of Congress, Pew Research Center, Oxford University, CIA World Factbook, U.S. State Department and many others, Shi'as make up to 10-20%[1][2][3][4][5] of the total Muslim population of Pakistan. The total number of Shias in Pakistan is approximately 17 million[1] to as high as 30 million according to Vali Nasr.[6] Globally, Shia Islam is represented by 10-20%[7][1][2][5] of the total Muslim population, while as much as 90% or nine-tenths is composed of Sunni Islam.[8]
History
It is unknown when the Shia community first established itself in what is now the state of Pakistan or the Indian subcontinent. The region that is now Pakistan has been conquered and ruled mostly by Sunni empires, such as the Ghaznavids, Ghurids, Timurid, Mughals, Durrani, and others.
With Imam al Husain ibn Ali becoming the revered personality in Indian subcontinent not only for the Shias and Sunnis but also from non Muslim communities especially the Hindus of North India, that's apparent from members of Hindu community's participation in commemoration ceremonies of martyrdom of Imam Husain ibn Ali every year on the day of Ashura. It has been believed that prior to his martyrdom Imam Husain ibn Ali the grandson of Prophet Muhammed expressed his desire to go towards Al Hind or present day Pakistan and India.
In their Account many historians write that Husain ibn Ali and the Commander of the enemy forces, Umar ibn Saad met before the Battle of Karbala at night and talked together for a long time. After that meeting Umar ibn Saad sent a letter to the Governor of Kufa, Ubayd-Allah ibn Ziyad in which he wrote that Husain ibn Ali has suggested that he go to ‘one of the border outposts’ of the rapidly expanding Muslim empire as a way of resolving conflict. Other traditions named Border Outpost as Al Hind or present day India & Pakistan. Even though Husain ibn Ali himself was not able to go to Sub-continent, some of the Shia did emigrate there for various reasons, including those who came as refugees whom Umayyads and Abbasids persecution. These refugees brought with them rituals which kept alive the remembrance of Karbala and their Shia Identity.[9]
While Shi'a Muslims have found a refuge in Sub-continent, tensions between them Sunnis has resulted in the creation in recent years of Shi'a-specific organizations. Shias in Pakistan and India also faced persecution by some Mughal Emperors which resulted in martyrdom of great Shia Scholar Qazi Nurullah Shustari also known as Shaheed-e-Thaalis that means the third Martyr. Many Nawabs and Tipu Sultan of Mysore, were among the famous Shias who were rulers in Indian subcontinent present day Pakistan and India.[10]
It has been believed that in seventh century few ladies from the household of Prophet Mohammad after Battle of Karbala came in Punjab province which is now a part of Pakistan. One of the prominent of them was Ruqayyah bint Ali, the daughter of Ali bin Abi Talib through his wife Ummul Banin, Ruqayyah bint Ali was the sister of Abbas ibn Ali and wife of Muslim ibn Aqeel. Still her shrine in Lahore, Punjab of Pakistan, is visited by people all around and she is referred as Bibi Pak Daman.
Political Influence
Pakistan is the only Sunni majority country where Shias have been elected to top offices and played an important part in the country's Independence, history and nation building. The founder of Pakistan Muhammed Ali Jinnah, Muhammad Ali Bogra, Khawaja Nazimuddin and their families were Shia Muslims, and so are the Bhuttos, Asif Ali Zardari, Haidar Abbas Rizvi, Syeda Abida Hussain, Syed Fakhar Imam, Faisal Saleh Hayat, Fahmida Mirza, Zulfiqar Mirza and several other top ranking Pakistani Politicians and Generals such as Mushaf Ali Mir, Yahya Khan, Musa Khan and Iskander Mirza.
While in past few decades, to address the legal needs and political support of the Shi'a population in Pakistan organization like Tehrik-e-Jafaria Pakistan & ISO were formed, while Sipah-e-Muhammad Pakistan a Shia militant group was formed to deter the militancy against Shias by Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan a Sunni Deobandi militant group. Although the Sunni and Shia Muslims usually coexist peacefully, sectarian violence occurs sporadically by radical groups.
When General Zia ul-Haq, the former military ruler of Pakistan, introduced new laws to make Zakat deductions mandatory for every Muslim during the 1980s, Tehrik-e-Jafaria held a large public demonstration in Islamabad to compel the government to exempt the Shia Muslim community from this law. This protest resulted in the ‘Islamabad Agreement’ in which the government agreed to introduce a separate syllabus for Shia students in public schools, as well as exempt the Shia community from the Zakat law, since Shia consider Zakat should to be paid to the needy rather than corrupt Sunni government. According to one senior Pakistani journalist who witnessed these events, Iranian leader Ayatollah Khomeini played an important role in this agreement being reached, and he sought assurances from General Zia al-Haq that Shia demands would be met. A message from Ayatollah Khomeini was also read out to the Shia protesters in Islamabad in which he called for them to keep up their spirits.[11][12]
Pakistan Shia communities
Pakistani Shia community is spread across the country, mainly in Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the capital Islamabad. Pakistan hosts a number of distinct Shia communities, including the Turis and Bangash Pashtun tribes, Qizilbash, Hazaras, Baltis, Shias of Padhrar, Khojas, Bohris and others.
While the majority of Shia community comprises of local ethnic groups like the Punjabis, Sindhis, Muhajirs, Kashmiris and few Pashtuns and Balochis. There are also many Shias of Persian-Arab descent. Pakistani Shia community also has some who claim to be Sayyids.
Divisions within the Shia sect
Although the overwhelming majority of Pakistani Shia Muslims belong to Ithna 'ashariyah school, there are significant minorities of Nizari Ismailis (Agha Khanis) and the smaller Mustaali Dawoodi Bohra and Sulaimani Bohra branches.
The Shia Ithna 'ashariyah school has its own Masjids and Hussainias. Mustaali Dawoodi Bohra and Sulaimani Bohra also have their own Masjids. While the Nizari Khoja Ismailis pray in Jama'at Khanas.
Notable Shia Pakistani personalities
Religion
- Grand Ayatollah Muhammad Hussain Najafi -
- Ayatollah Allama Hussain Bakhsh Jarra -
- Ayatollah Mohammad Ishaq Al-Fayyad -
- Ayatollah Hassan Raza Ghadeeri -
- Ayatollah Muhammad Yar Shah -
- Ayatollah Bashir al-Najafi -
- Ayatollah Syed Ali Naqi Naqvi Qumi -
- Maulana Ziauddin Rizvi -
- Allama Irfan Abidi -
- Maulana Muhammad Mustafa Jauhar -
- Allama Talib Jauhri -
- Allamah Rasheed Turabi -
- Allama Hassan Turabi -
- Maulana Zameer Naqvi -
- Allama Aga Syed Haider Rizvi -
- Allama Arif Hussain Hussaini -
- Nadeem Sarwar -
- Hassan Sadiq -
- Ali Ausat Zaidi
- Tatheer Hussain Zaidi
- Syed Safdar Hussain Naqvi
Politicians & Diplomats
- Muhammed Ali Jinnah
- Fatima Jinnah
- Muhammad Ali Bogra
- Khawaja Nazimuddin
- Haidar Abbas Rizvi
- Asif Ali Zardari
- Yahya Khan
- Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
- Nusrat Bhutto
- Benazir Bhutto
- Murtaza Bhutto
- Shahnawaz Bhutto
- Fahmida Mirza
- Zulfiqar Mirza
- Faisal Saleh Hayat
- Syed Faisal Raza Abidi
- Syed Fakhar Imam
- Syeda Abida Hussain
- Agha Hilaly
- Hussain Ali Yousafi
- Pyar Ali Allana
- Agha Shahi
- Syed Babar Ali
- Hussain Haroon
- Lady Abdullah Haroon
- Farzana Raja
- Ali Nawaz Shah Rizvi
- Ali Qutab Shah Rizvi
Military Officer & Generals
Musicians
- Mehdi Hassan
- Amanat Ali Khan
- Shafqat Amanat Ali Khan
- Amjad Amanat Ali Khan
- Asad Amanat Ali Khan
- Zohaib Hassan
- Sajjad Ali
- Hadiqa Kiani
- Waqar Ali
- Ali Haider
- Ustad Hamid Ali Khan
- Noori
Artists, Actors & Poets
- Mustafa Zaidi
- Afsar Madad Naqvi
- Iqbal Mehdi
- Qaem Amrohvi
- Rais Amrohvi
- Rehan Azmi
- Sadequain
- Jon Elia
- Josh Malihabadi
- Reema Khan
- Rehan Azmi
- Shafi Muhammad Shah
- Rahat Kazmi
- Sahira Kazmi
- Syed Musa Raza
- Sadia Imam
- Juggan Kazim
- Iman Ali
- Abid Ali
- Syed Ishrat Abbas
- Somy Ali
- Sajid Hassan
- Talat Hussain
- Hasan Abidi
- Hasan Rizvi (Shakeb Jalali)
- Sonya Rizvi (Sonya Jehan)
Academia, Architect & Scientists
- Husain Mohammad Jafri
- Samad Rizvi
- Athar Ali (scientist)
- Pervez Hoodbhoy
- Asad Ali Abidi
- Agha Shahi
- Razi Abedi
- Nayyar Ali Zaidi
- Naveed Zaidi
- Kalbe Razi Naqvi
- Syed Tanzeem Hussain Naqvi
- Samad Rizvi
Writers
Press & Journalism
Business and Banking
- Agha Hasan Abedi
- Saddaruddin Hashwani
- Asif Ali Zardari
- Syed Wajid Ali
- Syed Babar Ali
- Hameed Haroon
- Ali Zaidi
- Arif Naqvi
Sports
- Ashar Zaidi
- Mesam Zaidi
- Zulqarnain Zaidi
- Ali Naqvi
- Ali Hussain Rizvi
- Asif Iqbal Rizvi
- Naushad Ali Rizvi
- Meesaq Rizvi
Others
See also
References
- ^ a b c "Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population". Pew Research Center. October 7, 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-24.
- ^ a b Miller, Tracy, ed. (October 2009). Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population (PDF). Pew Research Center. Retrieved 2010-08-28. Cite error: The named reference "PRCPDF" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ "Pakistan, Islam in". Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
Approximately 97 percent of Pakistanis are Muslim. The majority are Sunnis following the Hanafi school of Islamic law. Between 10 and 15 percent are Shiis, mostly Twelvers.
- ^ "Pakistan - International Religious Freedom Report 2008". United States Department of State. Retrieved 2010-08-28.
The majority of Muslims in the country are Sunni, with a Shi'a minority ranging between 10 to 20 percent.
- ^ a b "Religions: Muslim 95% (Sunni 75%, Shia 20%), other (includes Christian and Hindu) 5%". Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook on Pakistan. 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-24. Cite error: The named reference "CIA" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ "The Shia Revival: How Conflicts within Islam Will Shape the Future". Vali Nasr, Joanne J. Myers. October 18, 2006. Retrieved 2010-08-24.
Iran always had been a Shia country, the largest one, with about 60 million population. Pakistan is the second-largest Shia country in the world, with about 30 million population.
- ^ "Shīʿite". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
Shīʿites have come to account for roughly one-tenth of the Muslim population worldwide.
- ^ "Sunnite". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-24.
They numbered about 900 million in the late 20th century and constituted nine-tenths of all the adherents of Islām.
- ^ Toby Howarth. The Twelver Shi'a as a Muslim Minority in India: Pulpit of Tears Chapter From Karbala to India, page 07
- ^ BBC News - Mughal Empire (1500s, 1600s)
- ^ http://www.ezsoftech.com/akram/shiasunniunity.asp
- ^ http://www.aawsat.com/english/news.asp?section=3&id=16368