Add engine image and Commons link, trim incoherent See also section |
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{{Short description|Chinese fighter turbofan engine}} |
{{Short description|Chinese fighter turbofan engine}} |
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{{about|a modern Chinese jet engine|the British WWII-era microwave relay system|Wireless Set Number 10}} |
{{about|a modern Chinese jet engine|the British WWII-era microwave relay system|Wireless Set Number 10}} |
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{{More citations needed|date=April 2010}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}} |
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}} |
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|caption= |
|caption= |
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{{Infobox |
{{Infobox aircraft engine |
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|type= [[Turbofan]] |
|type= [[Turbofan]] |
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|national origin = [[China|People's Republic of China]] |
|national origin = [[China|People's Republic of China]] |
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|status= In production<ref name="fisher_2015-05-27">{{cite web|last=Fisher|first=Richard|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/analysis-can-china-break-the-military-aircraft-engine-412424/|title=ANALYSIS: Can China break the military aircraft engine bottleneck?|date=27 May 2015|website=[[FlightGlobal]]|access-date=5 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610030637/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/analysis-can-china-break-the-military-aircraft-engine-412424/|archive-date=10 June 2015}}</ref> |
|status= In production<ref name="fisher_2015-05-27">{{cite web|last=Fisher|first=Richard|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/analysis-can-china-break-the-military-aircraft-engine-412424/|title=ANALYSIS: Can China break the military aircraft engine bottleneck?|date=27 May 2015|website=[[FlightGlobal]]|access-date=5 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610030637/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/analysis-can-china-break-the-military-aircraft-engine-412424/|archive-date=10 June 2015}}</ref> |
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|major applications= [[Chengdu J-10]]C<br/>[[Shenyang J-11B]]<br/>[[Shenyang J-15]]<br/>[[Shenyang J-16]]<br/>[[Chengdu J-20]] |
|major applications= [[Chengdu J-10]]C<br/>[[Shenyang J-11B]]<br/>[[Shenyang J-15]]<br/>[[Shenyang J-16]]<br/>[[Chengdu J-20]] |
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|number built = 300+ {{ |
|number built = 300+ {{as of|lc=x|May 2015}}<ref name="fisher_2015-05-27"/> |
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|program cost = |
|program cost = |
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|unit cost = |
|unit cost = |
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|developed from = |
|developed from = [[CFM International CFM56]] |
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|developed into = [[Shenyang WS-20]] |
|developed into = [[Shenyang WS-20]] |
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|variants with their own articles = |
|variants with their own articles = |
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==Development== |
==Development== |
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The WS-10 is derived from the [[CFM International CFM56|CFM56]] with the experience gained from the [[Woshan WS-6]] turbofan project, which was abandoned at the start of the 1980s.<ref name="janes_2010-01-26">{{cite web |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Aero-Engines/LM-WS10A-Tai-Hang-China.html |title=LM WS10A Tai Hang (China), Aero-engines – Turbofan |date=26 January 2010 |website=janes.com |publisher=Jane's Information Group |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218114020/http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Aero-Engines/LM-WS10A-Tai-Hang-China.html |archive-date=18 February 2010 |access-date=25 May 2015}}</ref> The WS-10 project was reportedly started by [[Deng Xiaoping]] in 1986 to produce an engine comparable to the [[Saturn AL-31]]. The work was given to the [[Shenyang Aeroengine Research Institute]] (606 Institute) of the [[Aviation Industry Corporation of China]] (AVIC).<ref name="iasc_2009-12-30">{{cite web |url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |title=October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace |last=Fisher |first=Richard |
The WS-10 is derived from the [[CFM International CFM56|CFM56]] with the experience gained from the [[Woshan WS-6]] turbofan project, which was abandoned at the start of the 1980s.<ref name="janes_2010-01-26">{{cite web |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Aero-Engines/LM-WS10A-Tai-Hang-China.html |title=LM WS10A Tai Hang (China), Aero-engines – Turbofan |date=26 January 2010 |website=janes.com |publisher=Jane's Information Group |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218114020/http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Aero-Engines/LM-WS10A-Tai-Hang-China.html |archive-date=18 February 2010 |access-date=25 May 2015}}</ref> The WS-10 project was reportedly started by [[Deng Xiaoping]] in 1986 to produce an engine comparable to the [[Saturn AL-31]]. The work was given to the [[Shenyang Aeroengine Research Institute]] (606 Institute) of the [[Aviation Industry Corporation of China]] (AVIC).<ref name="iasc_2009-12-30">{{cite web |url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |title=October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace |last=Fisher |first=Richard Jr. |date=30 December 2009 |publisher=[[International Assessment and Strategy Center]] |access-date=25 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813161423/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |archive-date=13 August 2015 }}</ref> Initial production models suffered quality issues from the early direct use of AL-31 control systems. Furthermore, [[Salyut Machine-Building Association|Salyut]] refused to sell the control system source code, forcing China to spend nearly 20 years developing its own code independently.<ref name="fisher_2015-05-27"/> An early version of the FADEC flew on an [[Shenyang J-8|J-8]]II in 2002.<ref name="fisher_2015-05-27"/> |
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The WS-10A, targeted for {{convert|130|kN}} of thrust,<ref name="iasc_2009-12-30"/> was already in development in 2002.<ref name="uscc_2003-10-07">{{cite web |url=http://www.uscc.gov/researchpapers/2000_2003/reports/mair1.htm |title=New Developments in Russia-China Military Relations: A Report on the August 19-23 2003 Moscow Aerospace Salon (MAKS) |last=Fisher |first=Richard D. |
The WS-10A, targeted for {{convert|130|kN}} of thrust,<ref name="iasc_2009-12-30"/> was already in development in 2002.<ref name="uscc_2003-10-07">{{cite web |url=http://www.uscc.gov/researchpapers/2000_2003/reports/mair1.htm |title=New Developments in Russia-China Military Relations: A Report on the August 19-23 2003 Moscow Aerospace Salon (MAKS) |last=Fisher |first=Richard D. Jr. |date=7 October 2003 |publisher=[[United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050112134811/http://www.uscc.gov/researchpapers/2000_2003/reports/mair1.htm |archive-date=12 January 2005 |access-date=25 May 2015}}</ref> In 2004, Russian sources familiar with project reported problems meeting the thrust target;<ref name="iasc_2004-12-13">{{cite web |url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.54/pub_detail.asp |title=Report on the 5th Airshow China: Zhuhai, PRC, November 1-7, 2004 |last=Fisher|first=Richard Jr.|date=13 December 2004|publisher=International Assessment and Strategy Center|access-date=2019-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050426144435/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.54/pub_detail.asp|archive-date=2005-04-26}}</ref> in 2005, they reported problems reducing the weight of the primary and secondary compressors, in addition to problems meeting thrust requirements.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.78/pub_detail.asp|title=Chinese Dimensions of the 2005 Moscow Aerospace Show|last=Fisher|first=Richard Jr.|date=12 September 2005|publisher=International Assessment and Strategy Center|access-date=25 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619174407/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.78/pub_detail.asp|archive-date=19 June 2015}}</ref> Engine testing on the J-11 had already started by 2004,<ref name="iasc_2004-12-13"/> and testing using one engine on the J-11 may have occurred as early as 2002.<ref name="uscc_2003-10-07"/> |
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A full-scale WS-10A engine was first seen at the 2008 [[China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition]].<ref name="iasc_2009-12-30"/> |
A full-scale WS-10A engine was first seen at the 2008 [[China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition]].<ref name="iasc_2009-12-30"/> |
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In 2009, Western media claim that the WS-10A approached the performance of the AL-31, but took much longer than the AL-31 to develop thrust.<ref name="csp-4_p37">{{harvnb|Saunders|Phillip C.|Wiseman|Joshua K.|p=37}}</ref> Furthermore, the engine reportedly only generated {{convert|110-125|kN}} of thrust.<ref name="iasc_2009-12-30"/> In April 2009, [[Lin Zuoming]], head of AVIC, reported that the engine's quality was unsatisfactory.<ref name="csp-4_p44">{{harvnb|Saunders|Phillip C.|Wiseman|Joshua K.|p=44}}</ref> In 2010, it was reported that reliability was also poor; the WS-10A lasted only 30 hours, while the AL-31 needed refurbishing after 400 hours.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pomfret|first=John|author-link=John Pomfret (journalist)|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/12/24/AR2010122403009.html |title=Military strength is eluding China|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=25 December 2010| |
In 2009, Western media claim that the WS-10A approached the performance of the AL-31, but took much longer than the AL-31 to develop thrust.<ref name="csp-4_p37">{{harvnb|Saunders|Phillip C.|Wiseman|Joshua K.|p=37}}</ref> Furthermore, the engine reportedly only generated {{convert|110-125|kN}} of thrust.<ref name="iasc_2009-12-30"/> In April 2009, [[Lin Zuoming]], head of AVIC, reported that the engine's quality was unsatisfactory.<ref name="csp-4_p44">{{harvnb|Saunders|Phillip C.|Wiseman|Joshua K.|p=44}}</ref> In 2010, it was reported that reliability was also poor; the WS-10A lasted only 30 hours, while the AL-31 needed refurbishing after 400 hours.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pomfret|first=John|author-link=John Pomfret (journalist)|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/12/24/AR2010122403009.html |title=Military strength is eluding China|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=25 December 2010|access-date=2019-07-03}}</ref> The quality problems encountered with the WS-10A reflected the state of the Chinese aerospace industry. AVIC initiated a general effort to improve quality control throughout its production chain in 2011.<ref name="chinasignpost_2011-06-27">{{cite web |url=http://www.chinasignpost.com/2011/06/26/jet-engine-development-in-china-indigenous-high-performance-turbofans-are-a-final-step-toward-fully-independent-fighter-production/ |title=Jet Engine Development in China: Indigenous high-performance turbofans are a final step toward fully independent fighter production |last1=Collins |first1=Gabe |last2=Erickson |first2=Andrew |date=26 June 2011 |website=China SignPost |access-date=25 May 2015}}</ref> |
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The WS-10A reportedly matured enough after 2009 to power the J-11B Block 02 aircraft.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Rupprecht|first=Andreas|title=China's 'Flanker' gains momentum. Shenyang J-11 update.|magazine=[[Combat Aircraft Monthly (magazine)|Combat Aircraft Monthly]]|date=December 2011|volume=12|issue=12|pages=40–42}}</ref> Production or performance issues may have prevented the WS-10A from powering the J-10B.<ref name="janes_2015-05-05">{{cite news|url=http://www.janes.com/article/47815/images-suggest-j-10bs-close-to-entering-chinese-service |title=Images suggest J-10Bs close to entering Chinese service |last=Fisher |first=Richard D. Jr. |date=12 January 2015 |work=Jane's Defence Weekly |access-date=2019-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113145927/http://www.janes.com/article/47815/images-suggest-j-10bs-close-to-entering-chinese-service|archive-date=2015-01-13}}</ref> In 2018, Chinese state media reported an increase in engine lifespan from 800 to 1,500 hours due to the increased heat resistance of new third-generation single-crystal turbine blades.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chan|first1=Minnie|title=Engine boost for China's J-15 fighter jets as Beijing tries to build up navy|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/2163126/engine-boost-chinas-j-15-fighter-jets-it-tries-build-navy|work=[[South China Morning Post]]|date=7 September 2018| |
The WS-10A reportedly matured enough after 2009 to power the twin-engined J-11B Block 02 aircraft.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Rupprecht|first=Andreas|title=China's 'Flanker' gains momentum. Shenyang J-11 update.|magazine=[[Combat Aircraft Monthly (magazine)|Combat Aircraft Monthly]]|date=December 2011|volume=12|issue=12|pages=40–42}}</ref> Production or performance issues may have prevented the WS-10A from powering the single-engined J-10B.<ref name="janes_2015-05-05">{{cite news|url=http://www.janes.com/article/47815/images-suggest-j-10bs-close-to-entering-chinese-service |title=Images suggest J-10Bs close to entering Chinese service |last=Fisher |first=Richard D. Jr. |date=12 January 2015 |work=Jane's Defence Weekly |access-date=2019-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113145927/http://www.janes.com/article/47815/images-suggest-j-10bs-close-to-entering-chinese-service|archive-date=2015-01-13}}</ref> In 2018, Chinese state media reported an increase in engine lifespan from 800 to 1,500 hours due to the increased heat resistance of new third-generation single-crystal turbine blades.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chan|first1=Minnie|title=Engine boost for China's J-15 fighter jets as Beijing tries to build up navy|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/2163126/engine-boost-chinas-j-15-fighter-jets-it-tries-build-navy|work=[[South China Morning Post]]|date=7 September 2018|access-date=26 June 2020}}</ref> |
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In March 2020, Chinese state media released a video showing a WS-10B-powered J-10C; aircraft markings suggest it was part of the fourth batch of J-10Cs for the PLAAF.<ref name="janes_2020-03-05">{{cite web |last1=Ju |first1=Juan |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/images-suggest-china-has-begun-fitting-indigenous-ws10-engine-into-j-10c-fighters |title=Images suggest China has begun fitting indigenous WS10 engine into J-10C fighters |date=5 March 2020 |website=Janes |access-date=20 September 2020}}</ref> |
In March 2020, Chinese state media released a video showing a WS-10B-powered J-10C; aircraft markings suggest it was part of the fourth batch of J-10Cs for the PLAAF.<ref name="janes_2020-03-05">{{cite web |last1=Ju |first1=Juan |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/images-suggest-china-has-begun-fitting-indigenous-ws10-engine-into-j-10c-fighters |title=Images suggest China has begun fitting indigenous WS10 engine into J-10C fighters |date=5 March 2020 |website=Janes |access-date=20 September 2020}}</ref> |
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The WS-10 has also powered various versions of the [[Chengdu J-20]]. The WS-10B reportedly powered [[low rate initial production]] aircraft in 2015,<ref name="sae.org">{{cite web |last1=Kucinski |first1=William |title=J-10B fighter aircraft debuts Chinese thrust vectoring technology |url=https://www.sae.org/news/2018/11/j-10b-fighter-aircraft-debuts-chinese-thrust-vectoring-technology-at-2018-china-international-aviation--aerospace-exhibition |date=7 November 2018 |access-date=25 September 2020}}</ref> and was used as an interim engine before the adoption of the AL-31.<ref name=DefPost13Jan2021/><ref name="scmp_2021-01_homegrown">{{cite news |last1=Chan |first1=Minnie |title=China's next-gen J-20 stealth fighter jettisons Russian engine in favour of home-grown technology |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3116826/chinas-next-gen-j-20-stealth-fighter-jettisons-russian-engine |work=South China Morning Post |date=8 January 2021 |access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> In 2019, the [[Xian WS-15]] – the J-20's intended engine – failed trials, leading to the decision to replace the AL-31 with the WS-10C as the interim engine; reportedly, the AL-31 was unacceptable because Russia refused to sell additional engines unless China also bought the [[Sukhoi Su-35]] as well.<ref name="scmp_2021-01_homegrown"/> Testing was underway by November 2020.<ref name="fg_bigleagues">{{cite news |last=Waldron |first=Greg |title=Chinese airpower reaches for the big leagues in 2021 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/chinese-airpower-reaches-for-the-big-leagues-in-2021/141314.article |work=[[FlightGlobal]]|date=17 December 2020 |access-date=14 January 2021}}</ref> In June 2021, Chinese media confirmed that the WS-10C was powering operational J-20As.<ref name="mwm_ws10c">{{cite web|url=https://militarywatchmagazine.com/article/j-20-new-engines-northern-command |title=Chinese Media Confirms First J-20 Stealth Fighter Unit With New Engines Assigned to Northern Theatre Command |website=militarywatchmagazine |date=20 June 2021 }}</ref> In January 2022, it was reported that J-20's powered by the WS-10C would be upgraded with TVC.<ref name="chan_ws10c_tvc_refit">{{cite web |last1=Chan |first1=Minnie |title=China to start upgrading J-20 fighter engines in bid to close gap with US F-22 |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3163986/china-start-upgrading-j-20-fighter-engines-bid-close-gap-us-f?module=inline&pgtype=article |website=South China Morning Post |date=20 January 2022 |access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> |
The WS-10 has also powered various versions of the [[Chengdu J-20]]. The WS-10B reportedly powered [[low rate initial production]] aircraft in 2015,<ref name="sae.org">{{cite web |last1=Kucinski |first1=William |title=J-10B fighter aircraft debuts Chinese thrust vectoring technology |url=https://www.sae.org/news/2018/11/j-10b-fighter-aircraft-debuts-chinese-thrust-vectoring-technology-at-2018-china-international-aviation--aerospace-exhibition |date=7 November 2018 |access-date=25 September 2020}}</ref> and was used as an interim engine before the adoption of the AL-31.<ref name=DefPost13Jan2021/><ref name="scmp_2021-01_homegrown">{{cite news |last1=Chan |first1=Minnie |title=China's next-gen J-20 stealth fighter jettisons Russian engine in favour of home-grown technology |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3116826/chinas-next-gen-j-20-stealth-fighter-jettisons-russian-engine |work=South China Morning Post |date=8 January 2021 |access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> In 2019, the [[Xian WS-15]] – the J-20's intended engine – failed trials, leading to the decision to replace the AL-31 with the WS-10C as the interim engine; reportedly, the AL-31 was unacceptable because Russia refused to sell additional engines unless China also bought the [[Sukhoi Su-35]] as well.<ref name="scmp_2021-01_homegrown"/> Testing was underway by November 2020.<ref name="fg_bigleagues">{{cite news |last=Waldron |first=Greg |title=Chinese airpower reaches for the big leagues in 2021 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/chinese-airpower-reaches-for-the-big-leagues-in-2021/141314.article |work=[[FlightGlobal]]|date=17 December 2020 |access-date=14 January 2021}}</ref> In June 2021, Chinese media confirmed that the WS-10C was powering operational J-20As.<ref name="mwm_ws10c">{{cite web|url=https://militarywatchmagazine.com/article/j-20-new-engines-northern-command |title=Chinese Media Confirms First J-20 Stealth Fighter Unit With New Engines Assigned to Northern Theatre Command |website=militarywatchmagazine |date=20 June 2021 }}</ref> In January 2022, it was reported that J-20's powered by the WS-10C would be upgraded with TVC.<ref name="chan_ws10c_tvc_refit">{{cite web |last1=Chan |first1=Minnie |title=China to start upgrading J-20 fighter engines in bid to close gap with US F-22 |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3163986/china-start-upgrading-j-20-fighter-engines-bid-close-gap-us-f?module=inline&pgtype=article |website=South China Morning Post |date=20 January 2022 |access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> |
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The original WS-10A has a thrust-to-weight ratio of 7.5, the improved WS-10B is rated approximately 9.0, while the WS-10C is capable of 9.5 or higher — adequate for the Chengdu J-20 to be capable of supercruise.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://breakingdefense.com/2023/07/china-j20-fighter-engine-ws15/ |title=China's J-20 fighter seems to have a new homegrown engine, after years of struggle |website=Breaking Defense |date=18 July 2023 |first=Reuben |last=Johnson }}</ref> |
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⚫ | In November 2022, a production [[Shenyang J-15]] powered by the WS-10, possible the WS-10B, appeared in Chinese media.<ref name="j15">{{cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/chinas-j-15-naval-jet-appears-with-indigenous-ws-10-engines |title=China's J-15 naval jet appears with indigenous WS-10 engines |website=Janes |date=25 November 2022 |first1=Akhil |last1=Kadidal |first2=Prasobh |last2=Narayanan }}</ref> It was the last indigenous Chinese combat aircraft to replace the AL-31;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.defensenews.com/air/2022/11/28/footage-shows-domestic-engine-on-chinas-j-15-fighter-jet/ |title=Footage shows domestic engine on |
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⚫ | In November 2022, a production [[Shenyang J-15]] powered by the WS-10, possible the WS-10B, appeared in Chinese media.<ref name="j15">{{cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/chinas-j-15-naval-jet-appears-with-indigenous-ws-10-engines |title=China's J-15 naval jet appears with indigenous WS-10 engines |website=Janes |date=25 November 2022 |first1=Akhil |last1=Kadidal |first2=Prasobh |last2=Narayanan }}</ref> It was the last indigenous Chinese combat aircraft to replace the AL-31;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.defensenews.com/air/2022/11/28/footage-shows-domestic-engine-on-chinas-j-15-fighter-jet/ |title=Footage shows domestic engine on China's J-15 fighter jet |website=Defense News |date=28 November 2021 |first=Mike |last=Yeo }}</ref> possibly due to [[Navalised aircraft|navalisation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/chinas-j-15-naval-fighter-is-now-powered-by-locally-made-engines |title=China's J-15 Naval Fighter Is Now Powered By Locally Made Engines |website=The Drive |date=23 November 2022 |first=Thomas |last=Newdick }}</ref> According to Chinese observers, compared to the AL-31 the WS-10 had superior safety, reliability, and service life, aspects which are magnified by the constraints of carrier aviation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3200888/chinese-flying-shark-j-15-naval-fighter-jets-look-set-ditch-russian-engines |title=Chinese 'Flying Shark' J-15 naval fighter jets look set to ditch Russian engines |website=South China Morning Post |date=24 November 2022 |first=Amber |last=Wang}}</ref> The replacement reflected continuing improvements in China's aviation engine industry.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/pentagon-observes-progress-with-chinese-fighter-engines/151161.article |title=Pentagon observes progress with Chinese fighter engines |website=Flight Global |first=Greg |last=Waldron }}</ref> |
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===WS-20 (WS-188)=== |
===WS-20 (WS-188)=== |
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{{main|Shenyang WS-20}} |
{{main|Shenyang WS-20}} |
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The Shenyang WS-20 (WS-188) is a high-bypass engine,<ref name="janes_2015-05-05"/> reportedly producing 13.8 tons of thrust.<ref name="janes_2014-09-04"/> It is believed to be based on the core of the WS-10A.<ref name="iasc_2009-12-30"/><ref name="popsci_2015-02-20">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.popsci.com/chinas-new-more-powerful-aircraft-engine-ws-20-takes-sky |title=China's most powerful aircraft engine ever takes to the sky: Presenting the WS-20 |last1=Lin |first1=Jeffrey |last2=Singer |first2=P.W. | |
The Shenyang WS-20 (WS-188) is a high-bypass engine,<ref name="janes_2015-05-05"/> reportedly producing 13.8 tons of thrust.<ref name="janes_2014-09-04"/> It is believed to be based on the core of the WS-10A.<ref name="iasc_2009-12-30"/><ref name="popsci_2015-02-20">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.popsci.com/chinas-new-more-powerful-aircraft-engine-ws-20-takes-sky |title=China's most powerful aircraft engine ever takes to the sky: Presenting the WS-20 |last1=Lin |first1=Jeffrey |last2=Singer |first2=P.W. |author-link2=P. W. Singer|date=20 February 2015 |magazine=[[Popular Science]] |access-date=25 May 2015 }}</ref> |
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The Shenyang WS-20 is believed to be intended for the [[Xi'an Y-20|Y-20]] strategic airlifter.<ref name="janes_2014-09-04">{{cite news|url=http://www.janes.com/article/42708/china-s-y-20-enters-second-phase-of-testing |title=China's Y-20 'enters second phase of testing' |last=Fisher |first=Richard D. Jr. |date=4 September 2014 |work=Jane's Defence Weekly |access-date=2019-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905070847/http://www.janes.com/article/42708/china-s-y-20-enters-second-phase-of-testing|archive-date=2014-09-05}}</ref> |
The Shenyang WS-20 is believed to be intended for the [[Xi'an Y-20|Y-20]] strategic airlifter.<ref name="janes_2014-09-04">{{cite news|url=http://www.janes.com/article/42708/china-s-y-20-enters-second-phase-of-testing |title=China's Y-20 'enters second phase of testing' |last=Fisher |first=Richard D. Jr. |date=4 September 2014 |work=Jane's Defence Weekly |access-date=2019-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905070847/http://www.janes.com/article/42708/china-s-y-20-enters-second-phase-of-testing|archive-date=2014-09-05}}</ref> |
||
===Thrust vectoring=== |
===Thrust vectoring=== |
||
A testbed J-10B powered by a WS-10 with [[thrust vectoring]] (TVC) – called "WS-10B-3" by Jamie Hunter – was demonstrated at the 2018 China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition.<ref name="thedrive_2020-07-20">{{cite web |last1=Hunter |first1=Jamie |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/34990/chinas-enhanced-j-20b-stealth-fighter-may-arrive-soon-heres-what-it-could-include |title=China's Enhanced J-20B Stealth Fighter May Arrive Soon, Here's What It Could Include |website=The Drive |date=20 July 2020 |access-date=25 September 2020}}</ref> The TVC nozzle uses actuator-assisted moving petals, similar in concept to [[General Electric]]'s axisymmetric vectoring exhaust nozzle (AVEN) and [[Pratt & Whitney]]'s pitch-yaw balance beam nozzle (PYBBN).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.janes.com/article/76804/image-suggests-china-may-be-testing-thrust-vectoring-engine-on-j-10-fighter |title=Image suggests China may be testing thrust-vectoring engine on J-10 fighter |last=Tate |first=Andrew |work=Jane's Defence Weekly |date=5 January 2018 | |
A testbed J-10B powered by a WS-10 with [[thrust vectoring]] (TVC) – called "WS-10B-3" by Jamie Hunter – was demonstrated at the 2018 China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition.<ref name="thedrive_2020-07-20">{{cite web |last1=Hunter |first1=Jamie |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/34990/chinas-enhanced-j-20b-stealth-fighter-may-arrive-soon-heres-what-it-could-include |title=China's Enhanced J-20B Stealth Fighter May Arrive Soon, Here's What It Could Include |website=The Drive |date=20 July 2020 |access-date=25 September 2020}}</ref> The TVC nozzle uses actuator-assisted moving petals, similar in concept to [[General Electric]]'s axisymmetric vectoring exhaust nozzle (AVEN) and [[Pratt & Whitney]]'s pitch-yaw balance beam nozzle (PYBBN).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.janes.com/article/76804/image-suggests-china-may-be-testing-thrust-vectoring-engine-on-j-10-fighter |title=Image suggests China may be testing thrust-vectoring engine on J-10 fighter |last=Tate |first=Andrew |work=Jane's Defence Weekly |date=5 January 2018 |access-date=2019-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111215829/https://www.janes.com/article/76804/image-suggests-china-may-be-testing-thrust-vectoring-engine-on-j-10-fighter|archive-date=2018-11-11}}</ref> |
||
==Variants== |
==Variants== |
||
* '''WS-10''' – base variant |
* '''WS-10''' – base variant |
||
* '''WS-10A''' – improved variant with FADEC;<ref name="iasc_2009-12-30"/> advertised to have {{convert|120-140|kN}} thrust.<ref name="fisher_2015-05-27"/> |
* '''WS-10A''' – improved variant with FADEC;<ref name="iasc_2009-12-30"/> advertised to have {{convert|120-140|kN}} thrust.<ref name="fisher_2015-05-27"/> |
||
* '''WS-10B''' – improved variant with greater reliability and thrust; based on the WS-10A,<ref name="scmp_ws10b">{{cite news|title=Why China's first stealth fighter was rushed into service with inferior engines|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2130718/why-chinas-first-stealth-fighter-was-rushed-service |last=Chan|first=Minnie |work=[[South China Morning Post]]|date=10 February 2018| |
* '''WS-10B''' – improved variant with greater reliability and thrust; based on the WS-10A,<ref name="scmp_ws10b">{{cite news|title=Why China's first stealth fighter was rushed into service with inferior engines|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2130718/why-chinas-first-stealth-fighter-was-rushed-service |last=Chan|first=Minnie |work=[[South China Morning Post]]|date=10 February 2018|access-date=2019-07-03}}</ref> with thrust reported as {{convert|135|kN}} by Janes in 2020<ref name="j15" /> and {{convert|144|kN}} by Chinese media.<ref>{{cite AV media |title=空军新型战机歼-10C战斗值班,深圳卫视咋报道 |type=Television production |language=zh |url=https://weibo.com/tv/show/1034:f8c7d3af747314b2609ce17f1b2e3c42?from=old_pc_videoshow |access-date=23 November 2022 |time=3:38 |publisher=Shenzhen TV News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://k.sina.com.cn/article_6454419930_180b6a1da00100e3h0.html?from=mil |title=假如歼-10,换装"涡扇-15",会不会更厉害? |website=Sina News |date=3 February 2023 }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=December 2022}} |
||
* '''WS-10H''' – Naval variant equipped on two [[Shenyang J-15]] prototypes. Limited to testing.<ref name="j15" |
* '''WS-10H''' – Naval variant equipped on two [[Shenyang J-15]] prototypes. Limited to testing.<ref name="j15"/> |
||
* '''WS-10B-3''' – TVC variant<ref name="thedrive_2020-07-20"/> |
* '''WS-10B-3''' – TVC variant<ref name="thedrive_2020-07-20"/> |
||
* '''WS-10C''' – "Updated"<ref name="fg_bigleagues"/> variant with stealthier serrated exhaust feathers and improved thrust of {{convert|142|kN}}.<ref name="janes_zhuhai21">{{cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/airshow-china-2021-chinese-air-force-displays-j-20a-powered-by-domestic-engines |title=Airshow China 2021: Chinese air force displays J-20A powered by domestic engines |website=Janes |date=29 September 2021 |first1=Andreas |last1=Rupprecht |first2=Alessandra |last2=Giovanzanti}}</ref> |
* '''WS-10C''' – "Updated"<ref name="fg_bigleagues"/> variant with stealthier serrated exhaust feathers and improved thrust of {{convert|142|kN}}.<ref name="janes_zhuhai21">{{cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/airshow-china-2021-chinese-air-force-displays-j-20a-powered-by-domestic-engines |title=Airshow China 2021: Chinese air force displays J-20A powered by domestic engines |website=Janes |date=29 September 2021 |first1=Andreas |last1=Rupprecht |first2=Alessandra |last2=Giovanzanti}}</ref> |
||
* '''WS-10G''' – thrust vectoring variant<ref name="csp-4_p45">{{harvnb|Saunders|Phillip C.|Wiseman|Joshua K.|p=45}}</ref> generating {{convert|152-155|kN}} of thrust during testing;<ref name="iasc_2009-12-30"/> intended for the [[Chengdu J-20]]<ref name="csp-4_p45"/> |
* '''WS-10G''' – thrust vectoring variant<ref name="csp-4_p45">{{harvnb|Saunders|Phillip C.|Wiseman|Joshua K.|p=45}}</ref> generating {{convert|152-155|kN}} of thrust during testing;<ref name="iasc_2009-12-30"/> intended for the [[Chengdu J-20]]<ref name="csp-4_p45"/> |
||
* '''[[Shenyang WS-20|WS-20]]''' – high-bypass derivative for the Y-20 transport; {{convert|138|kN}} of thrust<ref name="janes_2014-09-04"/> |
* '''[[Shenyang WS-20|WS-20]]''' – high-bypass derivative for the Y-20 transport; {{convert|138|kN}} of thrust<ref name="janes_2014-09-04"/> |
||
* '''QD70''' – 7MW class [[gas turbine]] engine developed from WS-10 for industrial & naval applications<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cn1n.com/sci/air/20171018/2210189348.htm |title=涡轴-16发动机与法国合作用于武直10,QD70燃气轮机技术优势明显 |website=cn1n.com |date=18 October 2017| |
* '''QD70''' – 7MW class [[gas turbine]] engine developed from WS-10 for industrial & naval applications<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cn1n.com/sci/air/20171018/2210189348.htm |title=涡轴-16发动机与法国合作用于武直10,QD70燃气轮机技术优势明显 |website=cn1n.com |date=18 October 2017|access-date=2019-07-03|language=zh}}</ref> |
||
==Applications== |
==Applications== |
||
[[File:J-16 Авиадартс2021.jpg|thumb|J-16 with WS-10 engines taking off]] |
|||
;WS-10 |
;WS-10 |
||
*[[Shenyang J-8]]II (test)<ref name="fisher_2015-05-27"/> |
*[[Shenyang J-8]]II (test)<ref name="fisher_2015-05-27"/> |
||
Line 77: | Line 79: | ||
*[[Chengdu J-10]]B (test)<ref name="janes_2015-05-05"/> |
*[[Chengdu J-10]]B (test)<ref name="janes_2015-05-05"/> |
||
*[[Shenyang J-11]]B<ref name="janes_2014-08-26">{{cite news|url=http://www.janes.com/article/42322/chinese-j-11bh-aggressive-with-usn-p-8a-says-dod |title=Chinese J-11BH 'aggressive' with USN P-8A, says DoD |last=Fisher |first=Richard D. Jr. |date=26 August 2014 |work=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]] |access-date=2019-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827123724/http://www.janes.com/article/42322/chinese-j-11bh-aggressive-with-usn-p-8a-says-dod|archive-date=2014-08-27}}</ref> |
*[[Shenyang J-11]]B<ref name="janes_2014-08-26">{{cite news|url=http://www.janes.com/article/42322/chinese-j-11bh-aggressive-with-usn-p-8a-says-dod |title=Chinese J-11BH 'aggressive' with USN P-8A, says DoD |last=Fisher |first=Richard D. Jr. |date=26 August 2014 |work=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]] |access-date=2019-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827123724/http://www.janes.com/article/42322/chinese-j-11bh-aggressive-with-usn-p-8a-says-dod|archive-date=2014-08-27}}</ref> |
||
*[[Shenyang J-15]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/chinas-j-15-naval-jet-appears-with-indigenous-ws-10-engines | title=China's J-15 naval jet appears with indigenous WS-10 engines }}</ref><ref name="fisher_2015-05-27"/> |
|||
*[[Shenyang J-15]] (prototype)<ref name="fisher_2015-05-27"/> |
|||
*[[Shenyang J-16]]<ref name="fisher_2015-05-27"/> |
*[[Shenyang J-16]]<ref name="fisher_2015-05-27"/> |
||
;WS-10B |
;WS-10B |
||
*Chengdu J-10C<ref name="janes_2020-03-05"/><ref>{{cite web|title= China's J-10 comes of age with indigenous engine |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/chinas-j-10-comes-of-age-with-indigenous-engine/143852.article#toggle |website=flight global |date=21 May 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29567/China___s_J_10C_Fighter_jet_with_Domestic_WS_10_Taihang_Engine_Enters_Air_Force_Service#.YVsk1p30mUk |title=China's J-10C Fighter jet with Domestic WS-10 Taihang Engine Enters Air Force Service |website=defenseworld |date=14 May 2021 }}</ref> |
*Chengdu J-10C<ref name="janes_2020-03-05"/><ref>{{cite web|title= China's J-10 comes of age with indigenous engine |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/chinas-j-10-comes-of-age-with-indigenous-engine/143852.article#toggle |website=flight global |date=21 May 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29567/China___s_J_10C_Fighter_jet_with_Domestic_WS_10_Taihang_Engine_Enters_Air_Force_Service#.YVsk1p30mUk |title=China's J-10C Fighter jet with Domestic WS-10 Taihang Engine Enters Air Force Service |website=defenseworld |date=14 May 2021 }}</ref> |
||
*[[Shenyang J-16]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.yzzk.com/article/details/中華天地/2022-47/1668657342100/珠海航展逆市高飛%E3%80%80軍事肌肉秀展現信心 |title=珠海航展逆市高飛 軍事肌肉秀展現信心 (黃東)|author=黃東 |date=2022-11-18 |publisher=亞洲週刊|language=zh-hant | |
*[[Shenyang J-16]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.yzzk.com/article/details/中華天地/2022-47/1668657342100/珠海航展逆市高飛%E3%80%80軍事肌肉秀展現信心 |title=珠海航展逆市高飛 軍事肌肉秀展現信心 (黃東)|author=黃東 |date=2022-11-18 |publisher=亞洲週刊|language=zh-hant |access-date=2022-11-23}}</ref> |
||
*[[Chengdu J-20]] ([[low rate initial production]] aircraft)<ref name="sae.org"/> |
*[[Chengdu J-20]] ([[low rate initial production]] aircraft)<ref name="sae.org"/> |
||
;WS-10B-3 |
;WS-10B-3 |
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{{AVIC Aero Products}} |
{{AVIC Aero Products}} |
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{{People's Republic of China military aeroengines}} |
{{People's Republic of China military aeroengines}} |
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{{Aeroengine-specs}} |
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[[Category:1990s turbofan engines]] |
[[Category:1990s turbofan engines]] |
Latest revision as of 19:39, 26 January 2024
WS-10 | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Type | Turbofan |
National origin | People's Republic of China |
Manufacturer | Shenyang Liming Aircraft Engine Company |
Designer | Shenyang Aeroengine Research Institute |
First run | 1990s |
Major applications | Chengdu J-10C Shenyang J-11B Shenyang J-15 Shenyang J-16 Chengdu J-20 |
Status | In production[1] |
Number built | 300+ as of May 2015[1] |
Developed from | CFM International CFM56 |
Developed into | Shenyang WS-20 |
The Shenyang WS-10 (Chinese: 涡扇-10; pinyin: Wōshàn-10; lit. 'turbofan-10'), codename Taihang, is a turbofan engine designed and built by the People's Republic of China.
Chinese media reported 266 engines were manufactured from 2010 to 2012 for the J-11 program.[2] Unofficial estimates placed production at more than 300 units by May 2015.[1]
Description
The WS-10A is advertised as an engine with 120–140 kilonewtons (27,000–31,000 lbf) thrust.[1] It has full authority digital engine control (FADEC).[3]
Development
The WS-10 is derived from the CFM56 with the experience gained from the Woshan WS-6 turbofan project, which was abandoned at the start of the 1980s.[4] The WS-10 project was reportedly started by Deng Xiaoping in 1986 to produce an engine comparable to the Saturn AL-31. The work was given to the Shenyang Aeroengine Research Institute (606 Institute) of the Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC).[3] Initial production models suffered quality issues from the early direct use of AL-31 control systems. Furthermore, Salyut refused to sell the control system source code, forcing China to spend nearly 20 years developing its own code independently.[1] An early version of the FADEC flew on an J-8II in 2002.[1]
The WS-10A, targeted for 130 kilonewtons (29,000 lbf) of thrust,[3] was already in development in 2002.[5] In 2004, Russian sources familiar with project reported problems meeting the thrust target;[6] in 2005, they reported problems reducing the weight of the primary and secondary compressors, in addition to problems meeting thrust requirements.[7] Engine testing on the J-11 had already started by 2004,[6] and testing using one engine on the J-11 may have occurred as early as 2002.[5]
A full-scale WS-10A engine was first seen at the 2008 China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition.[3]
In 2009, Western media claim that the WS-10A approached the performance of the AL-31, but took much longer than the AL-31 to develop thrust.[8] Furthermore, the engine reportedly only generated 110–125 kilonewtons (25,000–28,000 lbf) of thrust.[3] In April 2009, Lin Zuoming, head of AVIC, reported that the engine's quality was unsatisfactory.[9] In 2010, it was reported that reliability was also poor; the WS-10A lasted only 30 hours, while the AL-31 needed refurbishing after 400 hours.[10] The quality problems encountered with the WS-10A reflected the state of the Chinese aerospace industry. AVIC initiated a general effort to improve quality control throughout its production chain in 2011.[11]
The WS-10A reportedly matured enough after 2009 to power the twin-engined J-11B Block 02 aircraft.[12] Production or performance issues may have prevented the WS-10A from powering the single-engined J-10B.[13] In 2018, Chinese state media reported an increase in engine lifespan from 800 to 1,500 hours due to the increased heat resistance of new third-generation single-crystal turbine blades.[14]
In March 2020, Chinese state media released a video showing a WS-10B-powered J-10C; aircraft markings suggest it was part of the fourth batch of J-10Cs for the PLAAF.[15]
The WS-10 has also powered various versions of the Chengdu J-20. The WS-10B reportedly powered low rate initial production aircraft in 2015,[16] and was used as an interim engine before the adoption of the AL-31.[17][18] In 2019, the Xian WS-15 – the J-20's intended engine – failed trials, leading to the decision to replace the AL-31 with the WS-10C as the interim engine; reportedly, the AL-31 was unacceptable because Russia refused to sell additional engines unless China also bought the Sukhoi Su-35 as well.[18] Testing was underway by November 2020.[19] In June 2021, Chinese media confirmed that the WS-10C was powering operational J-20As.[20] In January 2022, it was reported that J-20's powered by the WS-10C would be upgraded with TVC.[21]
The original WS-10A has a thrust-to-weight ratio of 7.5, the improved WS-10B is rated approximately 9.0, while the WS-10C is capable of 9.5 or higher — adequate for the Chengdu J-20 to be capable of supercruise.[22]
In November 2022, a production Shenyang J-15 powered by the WS-10, possible the WS-10B, appeared in Chinese media.[23] It was the last indigenous Chinese combat aircraft to replace the AL-31;[24] possibly due to navalisation.[25] According to Chinese observers, compared to the AL-31 the WS-10 had superior safety, reliability, and service life, aspects which are magnified by the constraints of carrier aviation.[26] The replacement reflected continuing improvements in China's aviation engine industry.[27]
WS-20 (WS-188)
The Shenyang WS-20 (WS-188) is a high-bypass engine,[13] reportedly producing 13.8 tons of thrust.[28] It is believed to be based on the core of the WS-10A.[3][29]
The Shenyang WS-20 is believed to be intended for the Y-20 strategic airlifter.[28]
Thrust vectoring
A testbed J-10B powered by a WS-10 with thrust vectoring (TVC) – called "WS-10B-3" by Jamie Hunter – was demonstrated at the 2018 China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition.[30] The TVC nozzle uses actuator-assisted moving petals, similar in concept to General Electric's axisymmetric vectoring exhaust nozzle (AVEN) and Pratt & Whitney's pitch-yaw balance beam nozzle (PYBBN).[31]
Variants
- WS-10 – base variant
- WS-10A – improved variant with FADEC;[3] advertised to have 120–140 kilonewtons (27,000–31,000 lbf) thrust.[1]
- WS-10B – improved variant with greater reliability and thrust; based on the WS-10A,[32] with thrust reported as 135 kilonewtons (30,000 lbf) by Janes in 2020[23] and 144 kilonewtons (32,000 lbf) by Chinese media.[33][34][better source needed]
- WS-10H – Naval variant equipped on two Shenyang J-15 prototypes. Limited to testing.[23]
- WS-10B-3 – TVC variant[30]
- WS-10C – "Updated"[19] variant with stealthier serrated exhaust feathers and improved thrust of 142 kilonewtons (32,000 lbf).[35]
- WS-10G – thrust vectoring variant[36] generating 152–155 kilonewtons (34,000–35,000 lbf) of thrust during testing;[3] intended for the Chengdu J-20[36]
- WS-20 – high-bypass derivative for the Y-20 transport; 138 kilonewtons (31,000 lbf) of thrust[28]
- QD70 – 7MW class gas turbine engine developed from WS-10 for industrial & naval applications[37]
Applications
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/J-16_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%812021.jpg/220px-J-16_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%812021.jpg)
- WS-10
- Shenyang J-8II (test)[1]
- WS-10A
- WS-10B
- Chengdu J-10C[15][40][41]
- Shenyang J-16[42]
- Chengdu J-20 (low rate initial production aircraft)[16]
- WS-10B-3
- WS-10C
Specifications (WS-10A)
General characteristics
- Type: Afterburning turbofan
- Length:
- Diameter:
- Dry weight:
Components
- Compressor:
- Combustors: annular
Performance
- Maximum thrust: 120–140 kilonewtons (27,000–31,000 lbf)
See also
Related development
Comparable engines
Related lists
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Fisher, Richard (27 May 2015). "ANALYSIS: Can China break the military aircraft engine bottleneck?". FlightGlobal. Archived from the original on 10 June 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
- ^ "美称中国近三年内共生产约266台太行发动机". mil.news.sina.com.cn (in Chinese). 20 December 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Fisher, Richard Jr. (30 December 2009). "October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace". International Assessment and Strategy Center. Archived from the original on 13 August 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
- ^ "LM WS10A Tai Hang (China), Aero-engines – Turbofan". janes.com. Jane's Information Group. 26 January 2010. Archived from the original on 18 February 2010. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
- ^ a b Fisher, Richard D. Jr. (7 October 2003). "New Developments in Russia-China Military Relations: A Report on the August 19-23 2003 Moscow Aerospace Salon (MAKS)". United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission. Archived from the original on 12 January 2005. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
- ^ a b Fisher, Richard Jr. (13 December 2004). "Report on the 5th Airshow China: Zhuhai, PRC, November 1-7, 2004". International Assessment and Strategy Center. Archived from the original on 26 April 2005. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
- ^ Fisher, Richard Jr. (12 September 2005). "Chinese Dimensions of the 2005 Moscow Aerospace Show". International Assessment and Strategy Center. Archived from the original on 19 June 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
- ^ Saunders et al., p. 37
- ^ Saunders et al., p. 44
- ^ Pomfret, John (25 December 2010). "Military strength is eluding China". The Washington Post. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
- ^ Collins, Gabe; Erickson, Andrew (26 June 2011). "Jet Engine Development in China: Indigenous high-performance turbofans are a final step toward fully independent fighter production". China SignPost. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
- ^ Rupprecht, Andreas (December 2011). "China's 'Flanker' gains momentum. Shenyang J-11 update". Combat Aircraft Monthly. Vol. 12, no. 12. pp. 40–42.
- ^ a b c Fisher, Richard D. Jr. (12 January 2015). "Images suggest J-10Bs close to entering Chinese service". Jane's Defence Weekly. Archived from the original on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
- ^ Chan, Minnie (7 September 2018). "Engine boost for China's J-15 fighter jets as Beijing tries to build up navy". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
- ^ a b Ju, Juan (5 March 2020). "Images suggest China has begun fitting indigenous WS10 engine into J-10C fighters". Janes. Retrieved 20 September 2020.
- ^ a b Kucinski, William (7 November 2018). "J-10B fighter aircraft debuts Chinese thrust vectoring technology". Retrieved 25 September 2020.
- ^ a b Singh Bisht, Inder (13 January 2021). "Chinese to Replace Russian J-20 Fighter Engine with Domestic Version". The Defense Post.
- ^ a b Chan, Minnie (8 January 2021). "China's next-gen J-20 stealth fighter jettisons Russian engine in favour of home-grown technology". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
- ^ a b Waldron, Greg (17 December 2020). "Chinese airpower reaches for the big leagues in 2021". FlightGlobal. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
- ^ "Chinese Media Confirms First J-20 Stealth Fighter Unit With New Engines Assigned to Northern Theatre Command". militarywatchmagazine. 20 June 2021.
- ^ Chan, Minnie (20 January 2022). "China to start upgrading J-20 fighter engines in bid to close gap with US F-22". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
- ^ Johnson, Reuben (18 July 2023). "China's J-20 fighter seems to have a new homegrown engine, after years of struggle". Breaking Defense.
- ^ a b c Kadidal, Akhil; Narayanan, Prasobh (25 November 2022). "China's J-15 naval jet appears with indigenous WS-10 engines". Janes.
- ^ Yeo, Mike (28 November 2021). "Footage shows domestic engine on China's J-15 fighter jet". Defense News.
- ^ Newdick, Thomas (23 November 2022). "China's J-15 Naval Fighter Is Now Powered By Locally Made Engines". The Drive.
- ^ Wang, Amber (24 November 2022). "Chinese 'Flying Shark' J-15 naval fighter jets look set to ditch Russian engines". South China Morning Post.
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