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{{For|the academic journal titled ''Sexual Abuse''|Sexual Abuse (journal)}} |
{{For|the academic journal titled ''Sexual Abuse''|Sexual Abuse (journal)}} |
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{{redir|Sex abuse|self-inflicted unhealthy sexual behavior|Sexual addiction}} |
{{redir|Sex abuse|self-inflicted unhealthy sexual behavior|Sexual addiction}} |
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{{Short description|Abusive sexual behavior by one person upon another}} |
{{Short description|Abusive sexual behavior by one person upon another}} |
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{{Sex and the Law}} |
{{Sex and the Law}} |
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'''Sexual abuse''' or '''sex abuse''', also referred to as '''molestation''', is abusive [[sexual behavior]] by one person upon another. It is often perpetrated using force or by taking advantage of another.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sexual abuse|url=http://www.apa.org/topics/sexual-abuse/index.aspx|website=American Psychological Association|publisher=2018 American Psychological Association|access-date=28 January 2018}}</ref> |
'''Sexual abuse''' or '''sex abuse''', also referred to as '''molestation''', is abusive [[sexual behavior]] by one person upon another. It is often perpetrated using force or by taking advantage of another.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sexual abuse|url=http://www.apa.org/topics/sexual-abuse/index.aspx|website=American Psychological Association|publisher=2018 American Psychological Association|access-date=28 January 2018|archive-date=2 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202181808/https://www.apa.org/topics/sexual-abuse/index.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> Molestation usually refers to an instance of sexual assault against a small child, whereas sexual abuse is a term used for a persistent pattern of sexual assaults.<ref name="Manly, Stewart & Finaldi 2021">{{cite web |title=Child Molestation vs. Sexual Abuse |website=Manly, Stewart & Finaldi |date=2021-05-24 |url=https://www.manlystewart.com/child-molestation-vs-sexual-abuse/ |access-date=2022-07-04}}</ref> The offender is referred to as a '''sexual abuser''' or (often [[pejorative]]ly) '''molester'''.<ref name='asb'>{{cite journal|title=Peer commentaries on Green (2002) and Schmidt (2002)|journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior|year=2002|volume=31|issue=6|pages=479–503|quote=Child molester is a pejorative term applied to both the pedophile and incest offender.|doi=10.1023/A:1020603214218|s2cid=102340546}}</ref> The term also covers any behavior by an adult or older adolescent towards a child to [[Sexual stimulation|stimulate]] any of the involved sexually. The use of a child, or other individuals younger than the [[age of consent]], for sexual stimulation is referred to as [[child sexual abuse]] or [[statutory rape]]. [[Live streaming sexual abuse]] involves trafficking and coerced sexual acts and or [[rape]] in real time on webcam.<ref>{{citation|last1=Brown|first1=Rick|last2= Napier|first2=Sarah|last3= Smith|first3=Russell G|title=Australians who view live streaming of child sexual abuse: An analysis of financial transactions|publisher=Australian Institute of Criminology|year=2020|isbn=9781925304336}} pp. 1–4.</ref><ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/04/08/828827926/child-sex-abuse-livestreams-increase-during-coronavirus-lockdowns|title=Child Sex Abuse Livestreams Increase During Coronavirus Lockdowns|date=April 8, 2020|website=NPR|access-date=May 15, 2020|archive-date=May 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515220525/https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/04/08/828827926/child-sex-abuse-livestreams-increase-during-coronavirus-lockdowns|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="reuters1">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-trafficking-children/philippines-child-slavery-survivors-fight-to-heal-scars-of-abuse-idUSKBN1H400E|title=Philippines child slavery survivors fight to heal scars of abuse|newspaper=Reuters|date=April 8, 2020|access-date=May 15, 2020|archive-date=March 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328033023/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-trafficking-children/philippines-child-slavery-survivors-fight-to-heal-scars-of-abuse-idUSKBN1H400E|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="police1">{{cite web|url=https://www.ceop.police.uk/Safety-Centre/what-is-online-child-sexual-abuse/|title=What is Online Child Sexual Abuse and Exploitation?|date=2020|website=NCA|access-date=2020-05-15|archive-date=2020-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426111855/https://www.ceop.police.uk/Safety-Centre/what-is-online-child-sexual-abuse/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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==Victims== |
==Victims== |
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===Spouses=== |
===Spouses=== |
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{{See also|Domestic violence|Marital rape}} |
{{See also|Domestic violence|Marital rape}} |
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Spousal sexual abuse is a form of [[domestic violence]]. When the abuse involves threats of unwanted sexual contact or forced sex by a woman's husband or ex-husband, it may constitute [[rape]], depending on the jurisdiction, and may also constitute an assault.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Patricia|first1=Mahoney|title=The Wife Rape Fact Sheet|url=https://mainweb-v.musc.edu/vawprevention/research/wiferape.shtml|website=National Violence Against Women Prevention Research Center|publisher=National Violence Against Women Prevention Research Center|access-date=28 January 2018}}</ref> |
Spousal sexual abuse is a form of [[domestic violence]]. When the abuse involves threats of unwanted sexual contact or forced sex by a woman's husband or ex-husband, it may constitute [[rape]], depending on the jurisdiction, and may also constitute an assault.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Patricia|first1=Mahoney|title=The Wife Rape Fact Sheet|url=https://mainweb-v.musc.edu/vawprevention/research/wiferape.shtml|website=National Violence Against Women Prevention Research Center|publisher=National Violence Against Women Prevention Research Center|access-date=28 January 2018|archive-date=29 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429041147/https://mainweb-v.musc.edu/vawprevention/research/wiferape.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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==={{anchor|Child sexual abuse}} Children=== |
==={{anchor|Child sexual abuse}} Children=== |
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{{Main|Child sexual abuse}} |
{{Main|Child sexual abuse}} |
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Child sexual abuse is a form of [[child abuse]] in which a child is abused for the sexual gratification of an adult or older adolescent.<ref name=medline2008>{{cite web|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childsexualabuse.html |title=Child Sexual Abuse |work=Medline Plus|date |
Child sexual abuse is a form of [[child abuse]] in which a child is abused for the sexual gratification of an adult or older adolescent.<ref name=medline2008>{{cite web |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childsexualabuse.html |title=Child Sexual Abuse |work=Medline Plus |date=2008-04-02 |publisher=U.S. National Library of Medicine |access-date=2016-05-08 |archive-date=2013-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205001005/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childsexualabuse.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="APA Guidelines">{{cite journal | author1 = Committee on Professional Practice and Standards (COPPS) | author2 = Board of Professional Affairs (BPA) | author3 = American Psychological Association (APA) | author-link1 = American Psychological Association | author4 = Catherine Acuff | author5 = Steven Bisbing | author6 = Michael Gottlieb | author7 = Lisa Grossman | author8 = Jody Porter | author9 = Richard Reichbart | author10 = Steven Sparta | author11 = C. Eugene Walker | date = August 1999 | title = Guidelines for Psychological Evaluations in Child Protection Matters | volume = 54 | issue = 8 | pages = 586–593 | doi = 10.1037/0003-066X.54.8.586 | journal = American Psychologist | url = http://www.apa.org/practice/childprotection.html | access-date = 2008-05-07 | quote = '''Abuse, sexual (child)''': generally defined as contacts between a child and an adult or other person significantly older or in a position of power or control over the child, '''where the child is being used for sexual stimulation of the adult or other person'''. | pmid = 10453704 | archive-date = 2008-04-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080422025317/http://www.apa.org/practice/childprotection.html | url-status = live }} |
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*{{cite web |title=Guidelines for psychological evaluations in child protection matters |url=http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=main.doiLanding&uid=1999-03403-007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111214191441/http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=main.doiLanding&uid=1999-03403-007 |archive-date=2011-12-14 |website=APA PsycNET |date=7 May 2008}}</ref> It includes direct [[Human sexual activity|sexual contact]], the adult or otherwise older person engaging indecent exposure (of the genitals, female nipples, etc.) to a child with intent to gratify their own sexual desires or to intimidate or groom the child, asking or pressuring a child to engage in sexual activities, displaying [[pornography]] to a child, or using a child to produce child pornography.<ref name=medline2008/><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Martin | first1 = J. | last2 = Anderson | first2 = J. | last3 = Romans | first3 = S. | year = 1993 | last4 = Mullen | first4 = P | last5 = O'Shea | first5 = M | title = Asking about child sexual abuse: methodological implications of a two-stage survey | journal = Child Abuse and Neglect | volume = 17 | issue = 3| pages = 383–392 | pmid = 8330225 | doi=10.1016/0145-2134(93)90061-9}}</ref><ref name=nspcc>[http://www.nspcc.org.uk/helpandadvice/whatchildabuse/sexualabuse/sexualabuse_wda36370.html Child sexual abuse definition] from the [[NSPCC]]</ref> |
*{{cite web |title=Guidelines for psychological evaluations in child protection matters |url=http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=main.doiLanding&uid=1999-03403-007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111214191441/http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=main.doiLanding&uid=1999-03403-007 |archive-date=2011-12-14 |website=APA PsycNET |date=7 May 2008 }}</ref> It includes direct [[Human sexual activity|sexual contact]], the adult or otherwise older person engaging indecent exposure (of the genitals, female nipples, etc.) to a child with intent to gratify their own sexual desires or to intimidate or groom the child, asking or pressuring a child to engage in sexual activities, displaying [[pornography]] to a child, or using a child to produce child pornography.<ref name=medline2008/><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Martin | first1 = J. | last2 = Anderson | first2 = J. | last3 = Romans | first3 = S. | year = 1993 | last4 = Mullen | first4 = P | last5 = O'Shea | first5 = M | title = Asking about child sexual abuse: methodological implications of a two-stage survey | journal = Child Abuse and Neglect | volume = 17 | issue = 3| pages = 383–392 | pmid = 8330225 | doi=10.1016/0145-2134(93)90061-9}}</ref><ref name=nspcc>[http://www.nspcc.org.uk/helpandadvice/whatchildabuse/sexualabuse/sexualabuse_wda36370.html Child sexual abuse definition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213140423/http://www.nspcc.org.uk/helpandadvice/whatchildabuse/sexualabuse/sexualabuse_wda36370.html |date=2010-02-13 }} from the [[NSPCC]]</ref> |
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Effects of child sexual abuse include shame, [[self-blame]],<ref>{{cite journal |author1 = Whiffen, V. E. |author2 =MacIntosh, H. B. | year = 2005 | title = Mediators of the link between childhood sexual abuse and emotional distress: a critical review | journal = Trauma, Violence, & Abuse | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 24–39 | doi=10.1177/1524838004272543|pmid =15574671 |citeseerx =10.1.1.331.7436 |s2cid =10627203 }}</ref> [[major depressive disorder|depression]], [[anxiety]], [[post-traumatic stress disorder]], [[self-esteem]] issues, [[sexual dysfunction]], [[chronic pelvic pain]], addiction, [[self-injury]], [[suicidal ideation]], [[borderline personality disorder]], and propensity to [[re-victimization]] in adulthood.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Maniglio, R. | year = 2009 | title = The impact of child sexual abuse on health: A systematic review of reviews | journal = Clinical Psychology Review | volume = 29 | issue = 7 | pages = 647–657 | doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2009.08.003| pmid = 19733950 }}</ref> Child sexual abuse is a risk factor for attempting suicide.<ref>{{cite journal |author = Maniglio, R. | year = 2011 | title = The role of child sexual abuse in the etiology of suicide and non-suicidal self-injury | journal = Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica | volume = 124 | issue = 1 | pages = 30–41 | doi=10.1111/j.1600-0447.2010.01612.x| pmid = 20946202 | s2cid = 35525949 }}</ref> Additionally, some studies have shown childhood sexual abuse to be a risk factor of the perpetration of intimate partner violence in men.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Teitelman | first1 = AM | last2 = Bellamy | first2 = SL | last3 = Jemmott | first3 = JB III | last4 = Icard | first4 = L | last5 = O'Leary | first5 = A | last6 = Ali | first6 = S | last7 = Ngwane | first7 = Z | last8 = Makiwane | first8 = M | year = 2017 | title = Childhood sexual abuse and sociodemographic factors prospectively associated with intimate partner violence perpetration among South African heterosexual men | journal = Annals of Behavioral Medicine | volume = 51 | issue = 2| pages = 170–178 | doi = 10.1007/s12160-016-9836-2 | pmid = 27844325 | pmc = 6200456 }}</ref> Much of the harm caused to victims becomes apparent years after the abuse happens. With specific regard to addiction, a study by Reiger et al. supports previous findings that adverse life events increase sensitivity to drug rewards and bolster drug reward signaling by exposing an association between heightened limbic response to cocaine cues.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Regier | first1 = PS | last2 = Monge | first2 = ZA | last3 = Franklin | first3 = TR | last4 = Wetherill | first4 = RR | last5 = Teitelman | first5 = AM | last6 = Jagannathan | first6 = K | display-authors = etal | year = 2017 | title = Emotional, physical and sexual abuse are associated with a heightened limbic response to cocaine cues | journal = Addiction Biology | volume = 22 | issue = 6| pages = 1768–177 | doi = 10.1111/adb.12445 | pmc = 5767126 | pmid = 27654662 }}</ref> |
Effects of child sexual abuse include shame, [[self-blame]],<ref>{{cite journal |author1 = Whiffen, V. E. |author2 =MacIntosh, H. B. | year = 2005 | title = Mediators of the link between childhood sexual abuse and emotional distress: a critical review | journal = Trauma, Violence, & Abuse | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 24–39 | doi=10.1177/1524838004272543|pmid =15574671 |citeseerx =10.1.1.331.7436 |s2cid =10627203 }}</ref> [[major depressive disorder|depression]], [[anxiety]], [[post-traumatic stress disorder]], [[self-esteem]] issues, [[sexual dysfunction]], [[chronic pelvic pain]], addiction, [[self-injury]], [[suicidal ideation]], [[borderline personality disorder]], and propensity to [[re-victimization]] in adulthood.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Maniglio, R. | year = 2009 | title = The impact of child sexual abuse on health: A systematic review of reviews | journal = Clinical Psychology Review | volume = 29 | issue = 7 | pages = 647–657 | doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2009.08.003| pmid = 19733950 }}</ref> Child sexual abuse is a risk factor for attempting suicide.<ref>{{cite journal |author = Maniglio, R. | year = 2011 | title = The role of child sexual abuse in the etiology of suicide and non-suicidal self-injury | journal = Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica | volume = 124 | issue = 1 | pages = 30–41 | doi=10.1111/j.1600-0447.2010.01612.x| pmid = 20946202 | s2cid = 35525949 }}</ref> Additionally, some studies have shown childhood sexual abuse to be a risk factor of the perpetration of intimate partner violence in men.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Teitelman | first1 = AM | last2 = Bellamy | first2 = SL | last3 = Jemmott | first3 = JB III | last4 = Icard | first4 = L | last5 = O'Leary | first5 = A | last6 = Ali | first6 = S | last7 = Ngwane | first7 = Z | last8 = Makiwane | first8 = M | year = 2017 | title = Childhood sexual abuse and sociodemographic factors prospectively associated with intimate partner violence perpetration among South African heterosexual men | journal = Annals of Behavioral Medicine | volume = 51 | issue = 2| pages = 170–178 | doi = 10.1007/s12160-016-9836-2 | pmid = 27844325 | pmc = 6200456 }}</ref> Much of the harm caused to victims becomes apparent years after the abuse happens. With specific regard to addiction, a study by Reiger et al. supports previous findings that adverse life events increase sensitivity to drug rewards and bolster drug reward signaling by exposing an association between heightened limbic response to cocaine cues.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Regier | first1 = PS | last2 = Monge | first2 = ZA | last3 = Franklin | first3 = TR | last4 = Wetherill | first4 = RR | last5 = Teitelman | first5 = AM | last6 = Jagannathan | first6 = K | display-authors = etal | year = 2017 | title = Emotional, physical and sexual abuse are associated with a heightened limbic response to cocaine cues | journal = Addiction Biology | volume = 22 | issue = 6| pages = 1768–177 | doi = 10.1111/adb.12445 | pmc = 5767126 | pmid = 27654662 }}</ref> |
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Sexual abuse by a family member is a form of [[incest]], which can result in severe long-term [[psychological trauma]], especially in the case of parental incest.<ref name=Courtois>{{cite book|title=Healing the Incest Wound: Adult Survivors in Therapy|url=https://archive.org/details/healingincestwou00cour|url-access=registration|last= Courtois|first=Christine A.|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|page=[https://archive.org/details/healingincestwou00cour/page/208 208]|year=1988|isbn= 978-0-393-31356-7}}</ref> |
Sexual abuse by a family member is a form of [[incest]], which can result in severe long-term [[psychological trauma]], especially in the case of parental incest.<ref name=Courtois>{{cite book|title=Healing the Incest Wound: Adult Survivors in Therapy|url=https://archive.org/details/healingincestwou00cour|url-access=registration|last= Courtois|first=Christine A.|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|page=[https://archive.org/details/healingincestwou00cour/page/208 208]|year=1988|isbn= 978-0-393-31356-7}}</ref> |
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Globally, approximately 18–19% of women and 8% of men [[self-report study|disclose]] being sexually abused during their childhood.<ref name="stolt">{{cite journal | author1 = Stoltenborgh, M. | author2 = van IJzendoorn, M. H. | author3 = Euser, E. M. | author4 = Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. | year = 2011 | title = A global perspective on child sexual abuse: meta-analysis of prevalence around the world | journal = Child Maltreatment | volume = 16 | issue = 2 | pages = 79–101 | doi = 10.1177/1077559511403920| pmid = 21511741 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.1029.9752 | s2cid = 30813632 }}</ref><ref name="pereda">{{cite journal |author1 = Pereda, N. |author2 =Guilera, G. |author3 =Forns, M. |author4 =Gómez-Benito, J. | year = 2009 | title = The prevalence of child sexual abuse in community and student samples: A meta-analysis | journal = Clinical Psychology Review | volume = 29 | issue = 4 | pages = 328–338 | doi = 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.02.007|pmid =19371992 |hdl =2445/27746 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> The gender gap may be caused by higher victimization of girls, lower willingness of men to disclose abuse, or both.<ref name="stolt" /> Most sexual abuse offenders are acquainted with their victims; approximately 30% are relatives of the child, most often fathers, uncles or cousins; around 60% are other acquaintances such as friends of the family, babysitters, or neighbors; strangers are the offenders in approximately 10% of child sexual abuse cases. Most child sexual abuse is committed by men; women commit approximately 14% of offenses reported against boys and 6% of offenses reported against girls.<ref name=Whealin>{{cite web|url=http://www.ptsd.va.gov/public/pages/child-sexual-abuse.asp |title=Child Sexual Abuse |author=Whealin, Julia Whealin |publisher=National Center for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, US Department of Veterans Affairs |date=2007-05-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090730101002/http://www.ptsd.va.gov/public/pages/child-sexual-abuse.asp |archive-date=2009-07-30 }}</ref> Child sexual abuse offenders are not [[pedophile]]s unless they have a primary or exclusive sexual interest in prepubescent children.<ref>{{cite book |author = Seto, Michael | year = 2008 | title = Pedophilia and Sexual Offending Against Children | location = Washington, DC | publisher = American Psychological Association | page = vii}}</ref> |
Globally, approximately 18–19% of women and 8% of men [[self-report study|disclose]] being sexually abused during their childhood.<ref name="stolt">{{cite journal | author1 = Stoltenborgh, M. | author2 = van IJzendoorn, M. H. | author3 = Euser, E. M. | author4 = Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. | year = 2011 | title = A global perspective on child sexual abuse: meta-analysis of prevalence around the world | journal = Child Maltreatment | volume = 16 | issue = 2 | pages = 79–101 | doi = 10.1177/1077559511403920| pmid = 21511741 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.1029.9752 | s2cid = 30813632 }}</ref><ref name="pereda">{{cite journal |author1 = Pereda, N. |author2 =Guilera, G. |author3 =Forns, M. |author4 =Gómez-Benito, J. | year = 2009 | title = The prevalence of child sexual abuse in community and student samples: A meta-analysis | journal = Clinical Psychology Review | volume = 29 | issue = 4 | pages = 328–338 | doi = 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.02.007|pmid =19371992 |hdl =2445/27746 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> The gender gap may be caused by higher victimization of girls, lower willingness of men to disclose abuse, or both.<ref name="stolt" /> Most sexual abuse offenders are acquainted with their victims; approximately 30% are relatives of the child, most often fathers, uncles or cousins; around 60% are other acquaintances such as friends of the family, babysitters, or neighbors; strangers are the offenders in approximately 10% of child sexual abuse cases. Most child sexual abuse is committed by men; women commit approximately 14% of offenses reported against boys and 6% of offenses reported against girls.<ref name=Whealin>{{cite web|url=http://www.ptsd.va.gov/public/pages/child-sexual-abuse.asp |title=Child Sexual Abuse |author=Whealin, Julia Whealin |publisher=National Center for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, US Department of Veterans Affairs |date=2007-05-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090730101002/http://www.ptsd.va.gov/public/pages/child-sexual-abuse.asp |archive-date=2009-07-30 }}</ref> Child sexual abuse offenders are not [[pedophile]]s unless they have a primary or exclusive sexual interest in prepubescent children.<ref>{{cite book |author = Seto, Michael | year = 2008 | title = Pedophilia and Sexual Offending Against Children | location = Washington, DC | publisher = American Psychological Association | page = vii}}</ref> |
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===Elderly and people with dementia=== |
===Elderly and people with dementia=== |
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Elderly people, especially those with dementia, can be at risk of abuse. There were over 6,000 "safeguarding concerns and alerts" at UK care homes from 2013 to 2015. These included alleged inappropriate touching and worse allegations. Offenders were most often other residents but staff also offended. It is suspected some care homes may deliberately overlook these offenses.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37416483 Sex crimes against the elderly - are they being ignored?] ''[[BBC]]''</ref> |
Elderly people, especially those with dementia, can be at risk of abuse. There were over 6,000 "safeguarding concerns and alerts" at UK care homes from 2013 to 2015. These included alleged inappropriate touching and worse allegations. Offenders were most often other residents but staff also offended. It is suspected some care homes may deliberately overlook these offenses.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37416483 Sex crimes against the elderly - are they being ignored?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106184301/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37416483 |date=2018-11-06 }} ''[[BBC]]''</ref> |
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===People in poverty=== |
===People in poverty=== |
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People in [[poverty]], including those from [[developing countries]], are vulnerable to [[forced prostitution]],<ref name=autogenerated11>{{cite web|url=https://www.mmtimes.com/news/myanmar-officials-blame-human-trafficking-poverty-unemployment.html|title=Myanmar officials blame human trafficking on poverty, unemployment|date=September 7, 2018|website=Myanmar Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/64043/poverty-causes-trafficking-to-china-says-report/|title=Poverty Causes Trafficking to China, Says Report|date=September 1, 2016|website=Khmer Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.caritas.org/2017/11/poverty-and-conflict-in-myanmar-fuel-human-trafficking/|title=POVERTY AND CONFLICT IN MYANMAR FUEL HUMAN TRAFFICKING|website=Caritas|date=23 November 2017 |
People in [[poverty]], including those from [[developing countries]], are vulnerable to [[forced prostitution]],<ref name=autogenerated11>{{cite web|url=https://www.mmtimes.com/news/myanmar-officials-blame-human-trafficking-poverty-unemployment.html|title=Myanmar officials blame human trafficking on poverty, unemployment|date=September 7, 2018|website=Myanmar Times|access-date=May 15, 2020|archive-date=March 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324150737/https://www.mmtimes.com/news/myanmar-officials-blame-human-trafficking-poverty-unemployment.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/64043/poverty-causes-trafficking-to-china-says-report/|title=Poverty Causes Trafficking to China, Says Report|date=September 1, 2016|website=Khmer Times|access-date=May 15, 2020|archive-date=July 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704004249/https://www.khmertimeskh.com/64043/poverty-causes-trafficking-to-china-says-report/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.caritas.org/2017/11/poverty-and-conflict-in-myanmar-fuel-human-trafficking/|title=POVERTY AND CONFLICT IN MYANMAR FUEL HUMAN TRAFFICKING|website=Caritas|date=23 November 2017|access-date=15 May 2020|archive-date=24 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324153115/https://www.caritas.org/2017/11/poverty-and-conflict-in-myanmar-fuel-human-trafficking/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[live streaming sexual abuse]],<ref name="autogenerated2"/><ref name="reuters1"/><ref name="police1"/> and other forms of molestation. Victims who come from families in poverty often have less connections, power, protection, and education about [[sex crimes]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/10/chinas-bride-trafficking-problem/|title=China's Bride Trafficking Problem|date=October 30, 2019|website=The Diplomat|access-date=May 15, 2020|archive-date=December 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205043318/https://thediplomat.com/2019/10/chinas-bride-trafficking-problem/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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=== Minorities === |
=== Minorities === |
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{{Globalize|article|USA|2name=the United States|date=October 2015}} |
{{Globalize|article|USA|2name=the United States|date=October 2015}} |
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Sexual abuse is a problem in some minority communities. In 2007, a number of Hispanic victims were included in the settlement of a massive [[Sexual abuse scandal in the Catholic archdiocese of Los Angeles|sexual abuse case involving the Los Angeles archdiocese of the Catholic Church]].<ref> |
Sexual abuse is a problem in some minority communities. In 2007, a number of Hispanic victims were included in the settlement of a massive [[Sexual abuse scandal in the Catholic archdiocese of Los Angeles|sexual abuse case involving the Los Angeles archdiocese of the Catholic Church]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=12098261|title=Catholic Sex Abuse Hits Home for Latinos|website=NPR.org |access-date=2018-04-02|archive-date=2018-05-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507085620/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=12098261|url-status=live}}</ref> A qualitative study by Kim et al. discusses the experiences of sexual abuse in the US population of Mexican immigrant women, citing immigration, acculturation, and several other social elements as risk factors for abuse.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kim | first1 = T | last2 = Draucker | first2 = CB | last3 = Bradway | first3 = C | last4 = Grisso | first4 = JA | last5 = Sommers | first5 = MS | year = 2017 | title = Somos Hermanas Del Mismo Dolor (We Are Sisters of the Same Pain): intimate partner sexual violence narratives among Mexican immigrant women in the United States | journal = Violence Against Women | volume = 23 | issue = 5| pages = 623–642 | doi = 10.1177/1077801216646224 | pmid = 27130923 | s2cid = 43738091 }}</ref> |
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==Treatment== |
==Treatment== |
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==Prevention== |
==Prevention== |
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Child sexual abuse prevention programmes were developed in the United States of America during the 1970s and originally delivered to children. Programmes delivered to parents were developed in the 1980s and took the form of one-off meetings, two to three hours long.<ref name="Babatsikos">{{cite journal | last=Babatsikos | first=Georgia | title=Parents' knowledge, attitudes and practices about preventing child sexual abuse: a literature review | journal=Child Abuse Review | volume=19 | issue=2 | year=2010 | issn=0952-9136 | doi=10.1002/car.1102 | pages=107–129}}</ref><ref name="Hébert">{{cite journal | last1=Hébert | first1=Martine | last2=Lavoie | first2=Francine | last3=Parent | first3=Nathalie | title=An Assessment of Outcomes Following Parents' Participation in a Child Abuse Prevention Program | journal=Violence and Victims | volume=17 | issue=3 | date=2002-06-01 | issn=0886-6708 | doi=10.1891/vivi.17.3.355.33664 | pages=355–372 | pmid=12102058| s2cid=33445782 }}</ref><ref name="Wurtele Moreno Kenny">{{cite journal | last1=Wurtele | first1=Sandy K. |author-link1=Sandy K. Wurtele | last2=Moreno | first2=Tasha | last3=Kenny | first3=Maureen C. | title=Evaluation of a Sexual Abuse Prevention Workshop for Parents of Young Children | journal=Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma | volume=1 | issue=4 | year=2008 | issn=1936-1521 | doi=10.1080/19361520802505768 | pages=331–340| s2cid=146651342 }}</ref><ref name="Wurtele Kenny 2010 pp. 130–152">{{cite journal | last1=Wurtele | first1=Sandy K. | last2=Kenny | first2=Maureen C. | title=Partnering with parents to prevent childhood sexual abuse | journal=Child Abuse Review | volume=19 | issue=2 | year=2010 | issn=0952-9136 | doi=10.1002/car.1112 | pages=130–152}}</ref><ref>{{ |
Child sexual abuse prevention programmes were developed in the United States of America during the 1970s and originally delivered to children. Programmes delivered to parents were developed in the 1980s and took the form of one-off meetings, two to three hours long.<ref name="Babatsikos">{{cite journal | last=Babatsikos | first=Georgia | title=Parents' knowledge, attitudes and practices about preventing child sexual abuse: a literature review | journal=Child Abuse Review | volume=19 | issue=2 | year=2010 | issn=0952-9136 | doi=10.1002/car.1102 | pages=107–129}}</ref><ref name="Hébert">{{cite journal | last1=Hébert | first1=Martine | last2=Lavoie | first2=Francine | last3=Parent | first3=Nathalie | title=An Assessment of Outcomes Following Parents' Participation in a Child Abuse Prevention Program | journal=Violence and Victims | volume=17 | issue=3 | date=2002-06-01 | issn=0886-6708 | doi=10.1891/vivi.17.3.355.33664 | pages=355–372 | pmid=12102058| s2cid=33445782 }}</ref><ref name="Wurtele Moreno Kenny">{{cite journal | last1=Wurtele | first1=Sandy K. |author-link1=Sandy K. Wurtele | last2=Moreno | first2=Tasha | last3=Kenny | first3=Maureen C. | title=Evaluation of a Sexual Abuse Prevention Workshop for Parents of Young Children | journal=Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma | volume=1 | issue=4 | year=2008 | issn=1936-1521 | doi=10.1080/19361520802505768 | pages=331–340| s2cid=146651342 }}</ref><ref name="Wurtele Kenny 2010 pp. 130–152">{{cite journal | last1=Wurtele | first1=Sandy K. | last2=Kenny | first2=Maureen C. | title=Partnering with parents to prevent childhood sexual abuse | journal=Child Abuse Review | volume=19 | issue=2 | year=2010 | issn=0952-9136 | doi=10.1002/car.1112 | pages=130–152}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://library.nspcc.org.uk/HeritageScripts/Hapi.dll/filetransfer/2018FourStepsToThePreventionOfCSAInTheHome.pdf?CookieCheck=43313.725224213&filename=AA58F75CEDE68892A73FB681FE246B8371684F102152F0AA780A14959D3BCE5767137B3B2A935011CBAEC3068664FF681AA6D2524E357BAB96C006752CCD756759AD77BD1E389823A55CFAAE74B2EE64F46C611AD1724BE1AC500B025490CCB1CD8D9D26B00674E723A731951BB13FBE2976BA14838E6BBB09A4FA52BE735F27D92CBFED7FA6CFFA88BC073F0228EAA69F4D1FE158D846D5D4DD33F8F3466703AC49AD67CE927D87622D067280EF2A231A479B85D0572EF2AABC4480&DataSetName=LIVEDATA|title=Four Steps to the Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse in the Home|last=Williams|first=Mike|date=2018|website=NSPCC|access-date=2018-08-01|archive-date=2020-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819085626/https://heritagescripts/Hapi.dll/filetransfer/2018FourStepsToThePreventionOfCSAInTheHome.pdf?CookieCheck=44062.4153686921&filename=AA58F75CEDE68892A73FB681FE246B8371684F102152F0AA780A14959D3BCE5767137B3B2A935011CBAEC3068664FF681AA6D2524E357BAB96C006752CCD756759AD77BD1E389823A55CFAAE74B2EE64F46C611AD1724BE1AC500B025490CCB1CD8D9D26B00674E723A731951BB13FBE2976BA14838E6BBB09A4FA52BE735F27D92CBFED7FA6CFFA88BC073F0228EAA69F4D1FE158D846D5D4DD33F8F3466703AC49AD67CE927D87622D067280EF2A231A479B85D0572EF2AABC4480&DataSetName=LIVEDATA|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://library.nspcc.org.uk/HeritageScripts/Hapi.dll/filetransfer/2018WorkingWithACommunityToPreventCSAInTheHome.pdf?filename=AA58F75CEDE68892A73FB681FE246B8371684F102152F0AA780A14959D3BCE5767137B3B2A935011CBAEC3068664FF681AA6D2524E357BAB96C006752CCD756759AD77BD1E389823A55CFAAE74B2EE64F46C611AD1724BE1AC500B025490CCB1CD8D9D26B00674E723A731951BB13FBE2976BA14838E6BBB09A4EB52B96A653DDB0BA5CD78B3E4F0B5A317270E32E79B9F7322E26DEE69E8F9DA1AD4D57D6203CA56A4641A004820ECE9E3EB4F712C3FED9F46CEBCE377C14C55CB2FBCFD7942&DataSetName=LIVEDATA|title=Working with a community to prevent child sexual abuse in the home|last=Williams|first=Mike|date=2018|website=NSPCC|access-date=1 August 2018|archive-date=19 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819085626/https://heritagescripts/Hapi.dll/filetransfer/2018WorkingWithACommunityToPreventCSAInTheHome.pdf?CookieCheck=44062.415370162&filename=AA58F75CEDE68892A73FB681FE246B8371684F102152F0AA780A14959D3BCE5767137B3B2A935011CBAEC3068664FF681AA6D2524E357BAB96C006752CCD756759AD77BD1E389823A55CFAAE74B2EE64F46C611AD1724BE1AC500B025490CCB1CD8D9D26B00674E723A731951BB13FBE2976BA14838E6BBB09A4EB52B96A653DDB0BA5CD78B3E4F0B5A317270E32E79B9F7322E26DEE69E8F9DA1AD4D57D6203CA56A4641A004820ECE9E3EB4F712C3FED9F46CEBCE377C14C55CB2FBCFD7942&DataSetName=LIVEDATA|url-status=live}}</ref> In the last 15 years, web-based programmes have been developed. |
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== Survivor == |
== Survivor == |
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[[Sexual misconduct]] can occur where one person uses a position of authority to compel another person to engage in an otherwise unwanted sexual activity. For example, [[sexual harassment]] in the workplace might involve an employee being coerced into a sexual situation out of fear of being dismissed. [[Sexual harassment in education]] might involve a student submitting to the sexual advances of a person in authority in fear of being punished, for example by being given a failing grade. |
[[Sexual misconduct]] can occur where one person uses a position of authority to compel another person to engage in an otherwise unwanted sexual activity. For example, [[sexual harassment]] in the workplace might involve an employee being coerced into a sexual situation out of fear of being dismissed. [[Sexual harassment in education]] might involve a student submitting to the sexual advances of a person in authority in fear of being punished, for example by being given a failing grade. |
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Several sexual abuse scandals have involved [[Religious abuse|abuse of religious authority]] and often cover-up among non-abusers, including cases in the [[Southern Baptist Convention]],<ref> |
Several sexual abuse scandals have involved [[Religious abuse|abuse of religious authority]] and often cover-up among non-abusers, including cases in the [[Southern Baptist Convention]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stopbaptistpredators.org/index.htm|title=StopBaptistPredators.org|website=stopbaptistpredators.org|access-date=2010-01-18|archive-date=2021-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123043912/http://stopbaptistpredators.org/index.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Catholic sex abuse cases|Catholic Church]], [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopalian]] religion,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.reformation.com/CSA/episcopalianabuse.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214134233/http://www.reformation.com/CSA/episcopalianabuse.html|url-status=dead|title=Episcopalian Ministers|archivedate=February 14, 2010}}</ref> [[Islam]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Joe Murphy |url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/politics/baroness-warsi-some-pakistani-men-think-young-white-girls-are-fair-game-for-sex-abuse-7766319.html |title=Baroness Warsi: Some Pakistani men think young white girls are "fair game" for sex abuse - Politics - News - Evening Standard |publisher=Thisislondon.co.uk |date=2012-05-18 |access-date=2012-06-02 |archive-date=2012-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606093049/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/politics/baroness-warsi-some-pakistani-men-think-young-white-girls-are-fair-game-for-sex-abuse-7766319.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Jehovah's Witnesses and child sex abuse|Jehovah's Witnesses]], [[Lutheran]] church,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.reformation.com/CSA/lutheranabuse.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100110040936/http://www.reformation.com/CSA/lutheranabuse.html|url-status=dead|title=Lutheran abuse|archivedate=January 10, 2010}}</ref> [[Methodist]] Church,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.reformation.com/CSA/methodistabuse.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625045228/http://www.reformation.com/CSA/methodistabuse.html|url-status=dead|title=Methodist abuse|archivedate=June 25, 2009}}</ref> [[Anabaptist/Mennonite Church sexual misconduct cases|Anabaptist/Mennonite Church]], [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Anderson|first=Lavina|title=Case Reports of the Mormon Alliance Volume 1|year=1995|isbn=978-0-10-878835-2}}</ref> the [[Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints]], [[Orthodox Judaism]],<ref>[https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=99913807 Abuse Scandal Plagues Hasidic Jews In Brooklyn] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411111529/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=99913807 |date=2018-04-11 }} by Barbara Bradley Hagerty. ''All Things Considered'', National Public Radio. 2 February 2009.</ref> other branches of [[Judaism]],<ref>{{cite book|editor1-first=Neustein|editor1-last=Amy|title=Tempest in the Temple: Jewish Communities and Child Sex Scandals|series=Brandeis Series in American Jewish History, Culture, and Life|year=2009|publisher=Brandeis University Press|location=Waltham, Massachusetts|isbn=978-1-58465-671-5}}</ref> various buddhist schools such as [[Zen]] and [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Oppenheimer |first1=Mark |date=2014-12-18 |title=The Zen Predator of the Upper East Side |work=The Atlantic |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2014/12/the-zen-predator-of-the-upper-east-side/383831/ |access-date=3 March 2019 |archive-date=2019-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304105305/https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2014/12/the-zen-predator-of-the-upper-east-side/383831/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Corder |first1=Mike |date=2018-09-14 |title=Dalai Lama Meets Alleged Victims of Abuse by Buddhist Gurus |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-09-14/dalai-lama-meets-alleged-victims-of-abuse-by-buddhist-gurus |access-date=4 March 2019 |work=US News |archive-date=2021-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416075105/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-09-14/dalai-lama-meets-alleged-victims-of-abuse-by-buddhist-gurus |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Marsh |first=Sarah |date=5 March 2018 |website=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/05/buddhist-group-admits-sexual-abuse-by-teachers |title=Buddhist group admits sexual abuse by teachers |access-date=1 May 2021 |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416092002/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/05/buddhist-group-admits-sexual-abuse-by-teachers |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sperry |first1=Rod Meade |last2=Atwood |first2=Haleigh |url=https://www.lionsroar.com/against-the-stream-to-investigate-allegations-of-sexual-misconduct-by-founding-teacher-noah-levine/ |title=Against the Stream to investigate allegations of sexual misconduct by Noah Levine; results expected within a month |date=2018-03-30 |website=Lion's Roar |access-date=2019-01-21 |archive-date=2018-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022163537/https://www.lionsroar.com/against-the-stream-to-investigate-allegations-of-sexual-misconduct-by-founding-teacher-noah-levine/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sexual abuse by yoga gurus|Yoga classes]],<ref name="Indian Express 2018">{{cite news |title=International Yoga Day: 5 yoga gurus who were accused of sexual assault |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/international-yoga-day-yoga-gurus-who-were-accused-of-sexual-assault-5226474/ |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |date=21 June 2018 |access-date=1 May 2021 |archive-date=1 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501044934/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/international-yoga-day-yoga-gurus-who-were-accused-of-sexual-assault-5226474/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and various [[cult]]s. |
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In October 2020, a powerful member of the [[United Arab Emirates]]' royal family, [[Nahyan bin Mubarak Al Nahyan]] was accused of exploiting his authority by a British citizen, Caitlin McNamara, who was working on [[Abu Dhabi]] [[Hay Festival]]. On February 14 that year, the UAE's Minister of Tolerance called McNamara for a dinner at his villa on private island and sexually abused the woman, who was organizing the literary festival for the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/sheikh-accused-of-serious-sexual-assault-on-hay-festival-curator-z2znhl78g|title=Gulf minister of tolerance in 'sex assault' on Hay books festival worker|access-date=17 October 2020|website=The Times}}</ref> |
In October 2020, a powerful member of the [[United Arab Emirates]]' royal family, [[Nahyan bin Mubarak Al Nahyan]] was accused of exploiting his authority by a British citizen, Caitlin McNamara, who was working on [[Abu Dhabi]] [[Hay Festival]]. On February 14 that year, the UAE's Minister of Tolerance called McNamara for a dinner at his villa on private island and sexually abused the woman, who was organizing the literary festival for the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/sheikh-accused-of-serious-sexual-assault-on-hay-festival-curator-z2znhl78g|title=Gulf minister of tolerance in 'sex assault' on Hay books festival worker|access-date=17 October 2020|website=The Times|archive-date=17 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017191327/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/sheikh-accused-of-serious-sexual-assault-on-hay-festival-curator-z2znhl78g|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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==Animals== |
==Animals== |
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{{main|Sexual coercion among animals}} |
{{main|Sexual coercion among animals}} |
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Sexual abuse has been identified among animals as well; for example, among the [[Adélie Penguin|Adélie penguins]].<ref name="GD2012">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jun/09/sex-depravity-penguins-scott-antarctic |title='Sexual depravity' of penguins that Antarctic scientist dared not reveal |newspaper=Guardian.co.uk |date=9 June 2012 |first=Robin |last=McKie}}</ref> |
Sexual abuse has been identified among animals as well; for example, among the [[Adélie Penguin|Adélie penguins]].<ref name="GD2012">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jun/09/sex-depravity-penguins-scott-antarctic |title='Sexual depravity' of penguins that Antarctic scientist dared not reveal |newspaper=Guardian.co.uk |date=9 June 2012 |first=Robin |last=McKie |access-date=17 December 2016 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225080445/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jun/09/sex-depravity-penguins-scott-antarctic |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist|colwidth=30em}} |
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{{Reflist}} |
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==Further reading== |
==Further reading== |
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⚫ | |||
* Sorenson, Susan B. (1997). ''Violence and Sexual Abuse at Home: Current Issues in Spousal Battering and Child Maltreatment'', New York: Haworth Press. {{ISBN|1-56024-681-2}}. |
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*{{cite book |last=Baur |first=Susan |title=The Intimate Hour: Love and Sex in Psychotherapy |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Co |publication-place=Boston |date=1997 |isbn=0-395-82284-X |oclc=679319405 |url=https://archive.org/details/intimatehourlove00baur |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive |ref=none}} |
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* Leigh Ann Reynolds. [http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED416651&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=ED416651 "People with Mental Retardation & Sexual Abuse. The Arc Q & A"], Arc National Headquarters, 1997 |
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*{{cite book |last=Geffner |first=Robert |last2=Sorenson |first2=Susan B. |author2-link=Susan Sorenson |last3=Lundberg-Love |first3=Paula K. |title=Violence and Sexual Abuse at Home: Current Issues in Spousal Battering and Child Maltreatment |publication-place=New York |date=1997 |isbn=978-1-317-76465-6 |oclc=868068041 |url=https://archive.org/details/violencesexualab00unkn |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive |ref=none}} |
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⚫ | |||
*{{cite web |last=Reynolds |first=Leigh Ann |title=People with Mental Retardation & Sexual Abuse. the Arc Q & A |publisher=Arc National Headquarters |year=1997 |oclc=967115355 |url=https://thearc.org/wp-content/uploads/forchapters/Sexual%20Violence.pdf |id={{ERIC|ED416651}} |ref=none}} |
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* Sobsey, D. (1994). ''Violence and Abuse in the Lives of People With Disabilities: The End of Silent Acceptance?'' Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. {{ISBN|978-1-55766-148-7}} |
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*{{cite book |last=Sobsey |first=Richard |title=Violence and Abuse in the Lives of People With Disabilities: The End of Silent Acceptance? |publisher=P.H. Brooks Pub. Co |publication-place=Baltimore |date=1994 |isbn=1-55766-148-0 |oclc=621974642 |url=https://archive.org/details/violenceabuseinl0000sobs |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive |ref=none}} |
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* Sobsey D. and [[Varnhagen, C.]] (1989). "Sexual abuse and exploitation of people with disabilities: Toward Prevention and Treatment". In M. Csapo and L. Gougen (Eds) ''Special Education Across Canada'' (pp. 199–218). Vancouver Centre for Human Developmental Research |
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*{{cite book |last=Sobsey |first=Richard |last2=Varnhagen |first2=Connie |author2-link=Connie Varnhagen |chapter=Sexual abuse and exploitation of people with disabilities: Toward Prevention and Treatment |editor-last=Csapo |editor-first=Marg |editor-last2=Goguen |editor-first2=Leonard |title=Special Education across Canada: issues and concerns for the '90s |publisher=Centre for Human Development and Research |publication-place=Vancouver |date=1989 |isbn=0-919291-25-2 |oclc=22539921 |pages=199–218) |ref=none}} |
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* Valenti-Hien, D. and Schwartz, L. (1995). "The sexual abuse interview for those with developmental disabilities". James Stanfield Company, Santa Barbara: California. |
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*{{cite book |last=Valenti-Hein |first=Denise |first2=Linda D |last2=Schwartz |title=Sexual Abuse Interview for those With Developmental Disabilities |year=1995 |oclc=4769388904 |publisher=James Stanfield Company |publication-place=Santa Barbara, CA, US |ref=none}} |
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* Baur, Susan (1997), ''The Intimate Hour: Love and Sex in Psychotherapy''. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin Co. viii, 309 p. {{ISBN|0-395-82284-X}} |
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* Walker |
*{{cite book |last=Walker |first=Evelyn |last2=Young |first2=Perry Deane |author2-link=Perry Deane Young |title=A Killing Cure |publisher=H. Holt |publication-place=New York |date=1986 |isbn=0-03-069906-1 |oclc=572278511 |url=https://archive.org/details/killingcure00walk/mode/2up?view=theater |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive |ref=none |quote=One Woman's True Account of Sexual and Drug Abuse and Near Death at the Hands of Her Psychiatrist}} |
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* White-Davis, Donna (2009). ''Lovers in the Time of Plague''. |
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== External links == |
== External links == |
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{{Commons category}} |
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* [https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childsexualabuse.html Child Sexual Abuse] at the [[National Institutes of Health]] |
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* {{Cite web |title=Child Sexual Abuse |website=MedlinePlus |url=https://medlineplus.gov/childsexualabuse.html |ref=none}} |
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{{Sex}} |
{{Sex}} |
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{{Sexual ethics}} |
{{Sexual ethics}} |
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{{Sexual abuse}} |
{{Sexual abuse}} |
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{{ |
{{Abuse}} |
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{{Sexual abuse in the Roman Catholic Church}} |
{{Sexual abuse in the Roman Catholic Church}} |
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{{Consequences of external causes}} |
{{Consequences of external causes}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
{{Authority control}} |
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