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==Components== |
==Components== |
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<!--Deleted image removed: [[Image:SIBIS IMG.png|thumb|alt=A cartoon centipede reads books and types on a laptop.|The ''Self Injurious Behavior Inhibiting System''.]]--> |
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There are two models of SIBIS. The simpler model consists of an [[electrode]] and a radio transmitter wrapped around the arm or leg using [[Velcro]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bostonmagazine.com/2008/06/the-shocking-truth/ | title=The Shocking Truth | work=Boston Magazine | date=July 2008 | accessdate=3 September 2015 | author=Kix, Paul}}</ref> |
There are two models of SIBIS. The simpler model consists of an [[electrode]] and a radio transmitter wrapped around the arm or leg using [[Velcro]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bostonmagazine.com/2008/06/the-shocking-truth/ | title=The Shocking Truth | work=Boston Magazine | date=July 2008 | accessdate=3 September 2015 | author=Kix, Paul}}</ref> |
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When a child administers a blow to the head, the SIBIS device is used to recognize the self-injurious behavior. This is possible because the SIBIS device is composed of two wirelessly connected parts: the "sensor module" and the "stimulus module".<ref name="patent"/> The [[impact monitor]] serves to both detect an impact to the head and to protect the head from the damage that the impact could potentially incur. The sensor module is placed on either the body part receiving the impact (such as the head) or on the body part delivering the impact (such as the arm or knee). Wherever it is placed, the sensor module senses the impact of the blow and sends out an electrical signal. This electrical signal triggers the stimulus module, allowing for the aversive stimulation, the shock, to be delivered. |
When a child administers a blow to the head, the SIBIS device is used to recognize the self-injurious behavior. This is possible because the SIBIS device is composed of two wirelessly connected parts: the "sensor module" and the "stimulus module".<ref name="patent"/> The [[impact monitor]] serves to both detect an impact to the head and to protect the head from the damage that the impact could potentially incur. The sensor module is placed on either the body part receiving the impact (such as the head) or on the body part delivering the impact (such as the arm or knee). Wherever it is placed, the sensor module senses the impact of the blow and sends out an electrical signal. This electrical signal triggers the stimulus module, allowing for the aversive stimulation, the shock, to be delivered. |
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===Specifications=== |
===Specifications=== |
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SIBIS is designed to reduce SIB by immediately delivering [[positive punishment]] when head-directed SIB occurs. Only 5 cm × 3 cm × 1 cm in size,<ref name="Linscheid">Linscheid, T.R., Iwata, B.A., Ricketts, R.W., Williams, D.E., & Griffin, J.C. (1990). Clinical evaluation of the self-injurious behavior inhibiting system (SIBIS). Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 23, 53–78. {{doi|10.1901/jaba.1990.23-53}}</ref> the stimulus module delivers an 85 V electrical shock at 3.5 mA of current to the subject each time the patient strikes his or her head sufficiently hard enough to register on the velocity impact detector.<ref name= "Salvy">Salvy, S., Mulick, J., Butter, E., Bartlett, R.K., & Linscheid, T.R. (2004). Contingent electric shock (SIBIS) and a conditioned punisher eliminate severe head banging in a preschool child. Behavioral Interventions, 19, 59–72. {{doi|10.1002/bin.157}}</ref> The delivered shock is designed not to be very painful, but rather an uncomfortable response to the SIB. The impact detector of the apparatus can be adjusted, allowing for the reduction of punishment over time |
SIBIS is designed to reduce SIB by immediately delivering [[positive punishment]] when head-directed SIB occurs. Only 5 cm × 3 cm × 1 cm in size,<ref name="Linscheid">Linscheid, T.R., Iwata, B.A., Ricketts, R.W., Williams, D.E., & Griffin, J.C. (1990). Clinical evaluation of the self-injurious behavior inhibiting system (SIBIS). Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 23, 53–78. {{doi|10.1901/jaba.1990.23-53}}</ref> the stimulus module delivers an 85 V electrical shock at 3.5 mA of current to the subject each time the patient strikes his or her head sufficiently hard enough to register on the velocity impact detector.<ref name= "Salvy">Salvy, S., Mulick, J., Butter, E., Bartlett, R.K., & Linscheid, T.R. (2004). Contingent electric shock (SIBIS) and a conditioned punisher eliminate severe head banging in a preschool child. Behavioral Interventions, 19, 59–72. {{doi|10.1002/bin.157}}</ref> The delivered shock is designed not to be very painful, but rather an uncomfortable response to the SIB. The impact detector of the apparatus can be adjusted, allowing for the reduction of punishment over time and the eventual dismissal of the apparatus from the child's punishment schedule.<ref name=Linscheid /> |
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===Benefits of SIBIS=== |
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The SIBIS device is designed to have two main advantages: |
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Ringdahl and Falcomata (2009)<ref>{{cite book|last1=Matson|first1=Johnny L|last2=Andrasik|first2=Frank|last3=Matson|first3=Michael L|title=Treating Childhood Psychopathology and Developmental Disabilities|date=Dec 10, 2008|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-387-09529-5|pages=29-54|accessdate=24 October 2015}}</ref> described a study involving the treatment of self-injurious behavior (SIB) exhibited by individuals with developmental disabilities, including individuals under the age of 18. All participants had a long-standing history of SIB that had proven unmanageable and was severe in nature (i.e., caused significant tissue damage or put the individual at risk of tissue damage or death). Treatment included the contingent application of electric shock following occurrences of severe SIB using the SIBIS device. Although their SIB was chronic and resistant to treatment, immediate and pronounced reductions in SIB were observed for all participants. |
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# SIBIS allows for the delivery of the aversive stimulus immediately following the self-injurious behavior, with the intention of eliminating any third variable that might come into play, and |
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# SIBIS discourages a child from utilizing escapism and relieving himself or herself of the aversive task he or she is faced with.<ref name="Salvy"/> |
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SIBIS is designed with three strengths over other devices that use the delivery of an aversive stimulus: |
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# SIBIS immediately delivers an aversive stimulus contingent in head-directed self-injury, thus eliminating contact with other stimuli that may interfere with the contingency between self-injurious behavior and delivery the aversive stimulus, |
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# SIBIS is delivered by a device, rather than a therapist or other individual, which reduces the likelihood of that individual becoming a conditioned punisher, and |
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# SIBIS can prevent an individual from using self-injurious behavior to escape subjectively aversive tasks (e.g., academic or self-care tasks) that may have previously resulted in removal of the task contingent on self-injurt.<ref name="Salvy"/> |
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==Ethical debate== |
==Ethical debate== |
Revision as of 01:48, 24 October 2015
The Self-Injurious Behavior Inhibiting System (SIBIS) is an apparatus designed to reduce self-injurious behavior (SIB) directed at the head, such as banging the head against walls and other objects or hitting oneself in the head. Invented by Dr. Robert E. Fischell, Glen H. Fountain, and Charles M. Blackburn in 1984, the device is able to detect instances of head-directed SIB, and immediately delivers an aversive electric shock contingent on its occurrence.[1]
Components
There are two models of SIBIS. The simpler model consists of an electrode and a radio transmitter wrapped around the arm or leg using Velcro.[2] When a child administers a blow to the head, the SIBIS device is used to recognize the self-injurious behavior. This is possible because the SIBIS device is composed of two wirelessly connected parts: the "sensor module" and the "stimulus module".[1] The impact monitor serves to both detect an impact to the head and to protect the head from the damage that the impact could potentially incur. The sensor module is placed on either the body part receiving the impact (such as the head) or on the body part delivering the impact (such as the arm or knee). Wherever it is placed, the sensor module senses the impact of the blow and sends out an electrical signal. This electrical signal triggers the stimulus module, allowing for the aversive stimulation, the shock, to be delivered.
Specifications
SIBIS is designed to reduce SIB by immediately delivering positive punishment when head-directed SIB occurs. Only 5 cm × 3 cm × 1 cm in size,[3] the stimulus module delivers an 85 V electrical shock at 3.5 mA of current to the subject each time the patient strikes his or her head sufficiently hard enough to register on the velocity impact detector.[4] The delivered shock is designed not to be very painful, but rather an uncomfortable response to the SIB. The impact detector of the apparatus can be adjusted, allowing for the reduction of punishment over time and the eventual dismissal of the apparatus from the child's punishment schedule.[3]
Benefits of SIBIS
Ringdahl and Falcomata (2009)[5] described a study involving the treatment of self-injurious behavior (SIB) exhibited by individuals with developmental disabilities, including individuals under the age of 18. All participants had a long-standing history of SIB that had proven unmanageable and was severe in nature (i.e., caused significant tissue damage or put the individual at risk of tissue damage or death). Treatment included the contingent application of electric shock following occurrences of severe SIB using the SIBIS device. Although their SIB was chronic and resistant to treatment, immediate and pronounced reductions in SIB were observed for all participants.
SIBIS is designed with three strengths over other devices that use the delivery of an aversive stimulus:
- SIBIS immediately delivers an aversive stimulus contingent in head-directed self-injury, thus eliminating contact with other stimuli that may interfere with the contingency between self-injurious behavior and delivery the aversive stimulus,
- SIBIS is delivered by a device, rather than a therapist or other individual, which reduces the likelihood of that individual becoming a conditioned punisher, and
- SIBIS can prevent an individual from using self-injurious behavior to escape subjectively aversive tasks (e.g., academic or self-care tasks) that may have previously resulted in removal of the task contingent on self-injurt.[4]
Ethical debate
The utilization of SIBIS is controversial, thus making it the center of ethical debates. Dr. Brian A. Iwata refers to SIBIS as a “default technology."[6] More specifically, Dr. Iwata states that default technology is a last resort to behavior modification after all other methods have been exhausted. Moreover, it is strongly advised that SIBIS should only be used after a full functional analysis of the problem behavior has been completed.
Though the American Psychological Association and the National Association of School Psychologists have attempted to direct school psychologists in the administration of behavioral treatment, the use of SIBIS has proven to be a very controversial topic in the public school system.[7] Those that oppose the SIBIS device as a form of treatment in a school setting claim the shock delivered to the subject qualifies as corporal punishment. However, researchers claim that aversive therapy adheres to a systematic treatment plan that is carefully constructed to diminish the dangerous, and sometimes even life-threatening, actions exhibited by children with self-injurious behavior.[7] The researchers claim that corporal punishment, unlike an aversive stimulus treatment plan, uses the administration of pain as a "disciplinary action" in order to punish an unwanted behavior.
Schools in some states, such as Michigan, have found SIBIS to be lawful and have allowed its use within the classroom setting.[7] Three stipulations are met, however:
- The participant, or the participant's parents, must be fully aware as to what he or she is consenting and the implications it may incur.
- The participant, or the participant's parents, must be competent and capable of making decisions regarding his or her health.
- The participant, or the participant's parents, must voluntarily consent to the treatment method without coercion or intimidation.
See also
- Aversives as part of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)
- Operant conditioning
- Judge Rotenberg Educational Center
References
- ^ a b http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/4440160/description.html
- ^ Kix, Paul (July 2008). "The Shocking Truth". Boston Magazine. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
- ^ a b Linscheid, T.R., Iwata, B.A., Ricketts, R.W., Williams, D.E., & Griffin, J.C. (1990). Clinical evaluation of the self-injurious behavior inhibiting system (SIBIS). Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 23, 53–78. doi:10.1901/jaba.1990.23-53
- ^ a b Salvy, S., Mulick, J., Butter, E., Bartlett, R.K., & Linscheid, T.R. (2004). Contingent electric shock (SIBIS) and a conditioned punisher eliminate severe head banging in a preschool child. Behavioral Interventions, 19, 59–72. doi:10.1002/bin.157
- ^ Matson, Johnny L; Andrasik, Frank; Matson, Michael L (Dec 10, 2008). Treating Childhood Psychopathology and Developmental Disabilities. New York, NY: Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 29–54. ISBN 978-0-387-09529-5.
{{cite book}}
:|access-date=
requires|url=
(help) - ^ Iwata, Brian A. (1988). The development and adoption of controversial default technologies. The Behavior Analyst/MABA, 11.2, 149-157.
- ^ a b c Jacob-Timm, S. (1996). Ethical and legal issues associated with the use of aversives in the public schools: The SIBIS controversy. School Psychology Review, 25(2), 184–199. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com.lp.hscl.ufl.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1996-00658-004&site=ehost-live