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The region is partially controlled by [[Puntland]] and Somaliland.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Puntland Speaker visiting Badhan district |url=https://www.somalidispatch.com/latest-news/the-puntland-speaker-visiting-badhan-district/ |access-date=14 June 2021 |publisher=Somali Dispatch |date=2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mahmood |first1=Omar |title=Overlapping claims by Somaliland and Puntland: The case of Sool and Sanaag |journal=Institute for Security Studies |date=2019 |page=13 |url=https://issafrica.s3.amazonaws.com/site/uploads/ear27.pdf |access-date=29 May 2021}}</ref> The later disputes the [[Harti]] inhabited parts of region while the later claims the entire region based on the [[British Somaliland]] boundaries. |
The region is partially controlled by [[Puntland]] and Somaliland.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Puntland Speaker visiting Badhan district |url=https://www.somalidispatch.com/latest-news/the-puntland-speaker-visiting-badhan-district/ |access-date=14 June 2021 |publisher=Somali Dispatch |date=2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mahmood |first1=Omar |title=Overlapping claims by Somaliland and Puntland: The case of Sool and Sanaag |journal=Institute for Security Studies |date=2019 |page=13 |url=https://issafrica.s3.amazonaws.com/site/uploads/ear27.pdf |access-date=29 May 2021}}</ref> The later disputes the [[Harti]] inhabited parts of region while the later claims the entire region based on the [[British Somaliland]] boundaries. |
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==Territorial dispute== |
==Territorial dispute== |
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[[Image:Sambalaxx.jpg|thumb|right|Camel in [[Cal Madow|Almadow Forest]]]] |
[[Image:Sambalaxx.jpg|thumb|right|Camel in [[Cal Madow|Almadow Forest]]]] |
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{{main|Somaliland-Puntland dispute}} |
{{main|Somaliland-Puntland dispute}} |
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The Sanaag region is disputed with Somaliland and [[Puntland]]. Somaliland effectively controls the western and central parts of Sanaag. Puntland has effective control over [[Badhan, Sanaag|Badhan]] and other areas in the east.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Puntland Speaker visiting Badhan district |url=https://www.somalidispatch.com/latest-news/the-puntland-speaker-visiting-badhan-district/ |access-date=14 June 2021 |publisher=Somali Dispatch |date=2021}}</ref> Somaliland has declared its claim to all of Sanaag, but some areas do not actually participate in Somaliland's elections.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mahmood |first1=Omar |title=Overlapping claims by Somaliland and Puntland: The case of Sool and Sanaag |journal=Institute for Security Studies |date=2019 |page=13 |url=https://issafrica.s3.amazonaws.com/site/uploads/ear27.pdf |access-date=29 May 2021}}</ref> |
The Sanaag region is disputed with Somaliland and [[Puntland]]. Somaliland effectively controls the western and central parts of Sanaag. Puntland has effective control over [[Badhan, Sanaag|Badhan]] and other areas in the east.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Puntland Speaker visiting Badhan district |url=https://www.somalidispatch.com/latest-news/the-puntland-speaker-visiting-badhan-district/ |access-date=14 June 2021 |publisher=Somali Dispatch |date=2021}}</ref> Somaliland has declared its claim to all of Sanaag, but some areas do not actually participate in Somaliland's elections.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mahmood |first1=Omar |title=Overlapping claims by Somaliland and Puntland: The case of Sool and Sanaag |journal=Institute for Security Studies |date=2019 |page=13 |url=https://issafrica.s3.amazonaws.com/site/uploads/ear27.pdf |access-date=29 May 2021}}</ref> |
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However, in some areas of Sanaag both Somaliland and Puntland have nominal control. The main clans inhabiting east and central Sanaag are the [[Warsangali]] and [[Dhulbahante]], each of whom have aspirations to join the Somali Federation as their own administrative unit rather than as part of Somaliland or Puntland, respectively.<ref name="Hoehne2015">{{Cite web |author=Markus Virgil Hoehne |date=2015 |title=Between Somaliland and Puntland |url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Between%20Somaliland%20and%20Puntland%20by%20Markus%20Hoehne%20-%20RVI%20Contested%20Borderlands%20%282015%29%20%281%29.pdf |accessdate=2021-08-22}} </ref>{{rp|123}} |
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== History == |
== History == |
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[[Image:LaasqorayRuins09.JPG|thumb|right|180px|Ruins in [[Las Khorey]]]] |
[[Image:LaasqorayRuins09.JPG|thumb|right|180px|Ruins in [[Las Khorey]]]] |
Revision as of 15:35, 19 March 2022
Sanag
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Coordinates: 10°46′45″N 48°11′9″E / 10.77917°N 48.18583°E | |
Country | Somalia |
Administrative centre | Erigavo |
Government | |
• Governor | Mahamed Elmi Hussein Ahmed[1] |
Area | |
• Total | 54,231 km2 (20,939 sq mi) |
Time zone | UTC+3 (EAT) |
HDI (2017) | 0.429[2] low · 2nd |
Sanag (Somali: Sanaag, Arabic: سَنَاج) is an administrative region (gobol) in north Somalia.[3] Sanaag has a long coastline facing the Gulf of Aden to the north, and is bordered by the region of Waqooyi Galbeed to the west, Sool to the south and Bari to the east. The region is disputed by the self-declared Republic of Somaliland and Puntland, a Federal Member State of Somalia.[4][5][6][7][8][9] Its capital city is Erigavo. Sanaag is the largest region of Somaliland, accounting for 35% of Somaliland's total land area.[10]
The region is partially controlled by Puntland and Somaliland.[11][12] The later disputes the Harti inhabited parts of region while the later claims the entire region based on the British Somaliland boundaries.
Territorial dispute
The Sanaag region is disputed with Somaliland and Puntland. Somaliland effectively controls the western and central parts of Sanaag. Puntland has effective control over Badhan and other areas in the east.[13] Somaliland has declared its claim to all of Sanaag, but some areas do not actually participate in Somaliland's elections.[14]
However, in some areas of Sanaag both Somaliland and Puntland have nominal control. The main clans inhabiting east and central Sanaag are the Warsangali and Dhulbahante, each of whom have aspirations to join the Somali Federation as their own administrative unit rather than as part of Somaliland or Puntland, respectively.[15]: 123
History
From 1944 to 1974, modern-day Sanaag region was one of three districts of the Burao region. The other two districts were Burao and Las Anod.[16][17] Sanaag was established as a separate region in 1974.
Sanaag is home to numerous archaeological sites, with rock art, ancient ruins, buildings and cairns found at numerous sites, such as Gudmo Biyo Cas, Heis, Maydh, Haylan, Qa'ableh, Qombo'ul, Gelweita and El Ayo.[18] However, many of these old structures have yet to be properly explored, a process which would help shed further light on local history and facilitate their preservation for posterity.[19]
Sanaag is also home to the ruined Islamic city of Maduna near El Afweyn, which is considered the most substantial and most accessible ruin of its type in Somaliland.[20][21] The main feature of the ruined city includes a large rectangular mosque, its 3 metre high walls still standing and which include a mihrab and possibly several smaller arched niches.[21] Swedish-Somali archaeologist Sada Mire dates the ruined city to the 15th–17th centuries.[22]
Environment
A severe drought in the region in the early part of the 21st century caused an 80% or greater loss of livestock, though two good rainy seasons in 2004–2005 helped restore the area. Over a 15-year period of analysis, from 1988–2003, there was a 52% loss of forest and a 40% loss of grassland, and a 370% increase in bare land. Soil erosion due to weather and human activities and clearing of wood and brush for such uses as charcoal and fuel are issues leading to a degradation of the environment.[23]
Economy
In recent history, the Sanag region normally maintained a diverse economy, producing and then exporting to other regions, it produced livestock, frankincense, and leather for export, this was happening while the region lacked basic infrastructure, but sadly, after the outbreak of civil war the region's economy collapsed from loss of markets and dilapidated infrastructure has never helped, and lack of investment. Now the region only supports one main economy, livestock rearing. The Somali livestock ban imposed by Gulf countries in which was Sanag's largest market has virtually destroyed the economy in the region, reducing purchasing power and forcing pastoralists in the region to survive on subsistence activities.[24]
Demographics
The region is mainly inhabited by people from the Somali ethnic group, principally the Habr Yunis and Habar Jeclo sub-clans of the Isaaq and the Dhulbahante and Warsangali sub-divisions of the Harti Darod.[25]
Districts
The region of Sanag is divided into 5 districts as follows:[26][27][28][29]
Towns and Cities
See also
References
- ^ "Somaliland: President Bihi Announces Government Reshuffle". 11 September 2021.
- ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 2018-09-13.
- ^ Regions of Somalia Archived October 23, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Completed Project". www.eth.mpg.de. Retrieved 2022-03-19.
- ^ "Are Somaliland, Puntland ready for war over land?". The East African. 2020-07-06. Retrieved 2022-03-19.
- ^ "Somalia: No elections in disputed regions, Puntland says - Somalia". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2022-03-19.
- ^ "Averting War in Northern Somalia". Crisis Group. 2018-06-27. Retrieved 2022-03-19.
- ^ Mahmood, Omar S. (2019-11-01). "Overlapping Claims by Somaliland and Puntland: The Case of Sool and Sanaag". Africa Portal. Retrieved 2022-03-19.
- ^ ISSAfrica.org (2019-12-09). "The various layers to the Somaliland-Puntland discord". ISS Africa. Retrieved 2022-03-19.
- ^ "Sanaag region nutrition survey report" (PDF). UNICEF: 6. September 2002.
- ^ "The Puntland Speaker visiting Badhan district". Somali Dispatch. 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
- ^ Mahmood, Omar (2019). "Overlapping claims by Somaliland and Puntland: The case of Sool and Sanaag" (PDF). Institute for Security Studies: 13. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
- ^ "The Puntland Speaker visiting Badhan district". Somali Dispatch. 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
- ^ Mahmood, Omar (2019). "Overlapping claims by Somaliland and Puntland: The case of Sool and Sanaag" (PDF). Institute for Security Studies: 13. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
- ^ Markus Virgil Hoehne (2015). "Between Somaliland and Puntland" (PDF). Retrieved 2021-08-22.
- ^ "Somalia (1988)". CIA. December 1988. Retrieved 21 February 2007.
- ^ "Development map, roads, 1944". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved 2022-03-17.
- ^ Mire, Sada (2015-04-14). "Mapping the Archaeology of Somaliland: Religion, Art, Script, Time, Urbanism, Trade and Empire". African Archaeological Review. 32 (1): 111–136. doi:10.1007/s10437-015-9184-9. ISSN 0263-0338.
- ^ Michael Hodd, East African Handbook, (Trade & Travel Publications: 1994), p.640.
- ^ Dev, Bradt Guides. "Maduna ruins". Bradt Guides. Retrieved 2022-03-04.
- ^ a b Briggs, Philip (2012). Somaliland : with Addis Ababa & Eastern Ethiopia. Chalfont St. Peter, Bucks, England: Bradt Travel Guides. pp. 128–129. ISBN 978-1-84162-371-9. OCLC 766336307.
- ^ "Somaliland: archaeology in a breakaway state | Sada Mire". Retrieved 2022-03-04.
- ^ "Environmental Study of Degradation in the Sool Plateau and Gebi Valley: Sanaag Region of Northern Somalia" (PDF). Horn Relief. February 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 May 2016. Retrieved 6 February 2007.
- ^ "Account Suspended". Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2012-01-28.
- ^ Gebrewold, Belachew (2013-03-28). Anatomy of Violence: Understanding the systems of conflict and violence in Africa. Ashgate Publishing Ltd. p. 130. ISBN 9781409499213. Retrieved 14 November 2017.
- ^ admin (2021-06-02). "NEC Starts to release Provisional Results of 5 electoral districts". Somaliland Standard. Retrieved 2021-08-04.
- ^ "Somaliland President Imposes State-of-Emergency to Sanaag Region". www.somaliland.com. Retrieved 2021-10-16.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "The Somali conflict: Part V: Somaliland: peace-building: 5. Shir Nabadeedka ee Sanaag: 'The Sanaag grand peace and reconciliation conference'". www.nzdl.org. Retrieved 2021-10-16.
- ^ "Factors influencing of Somali Women Entrepreneurs in Puntland State: A case study of Baran and Dhahar Districts, Sanaag Region".
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
External links
- Gwillim Law, "Districts of Somalia", Statoids, December 31, 1990
- SOMALIA NATIONAL PEACE CONFERENCE, "Districts of Somalia", PEACE PLAN DJIBOUTI, 20 APRIL - 5 MAY 2000
- Warsangeli Sultanate