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[[File:Sam Fraunces.jpg|thumb|Unknown Artist Sketch owned by descendant of Sam Fraunces]]
[[File:Samuel Fraunces Portrait circa 1770-85 from Fraunces Tavern.jpg|thumb|Unknown Artist Oil painting displayed at Fraunces Tavern Museum]]
'''Samuel Fraunces''' (circa 1722 – October 10, 1795, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) was an American [[restaurateur]] and owner/operator of [[Fraunces Tavern]] in New York City. During the [[Revolutionary War]], he provided for prisoners held during the [[New York and New Jersey campaign#Capture of New York City|seven-year British occupation of New York City]] and passes intelligence to the American side.<ref name="ReferenceA">NARA Publication M247 Record Group 360 Roll 26 page 329 National Archive Catalog ID 1938489</ref> At the end of the war, it was at Fraunces Tavern that [[George Washington|General George Washington]] said farewell to his officers. Fraunces later served as steward of Washington's presidential household in New York City (1789–1790) and Philadelphia (1791–1794).
==Portraits==
The first known image of Fraunces is a sketch published by [[Alice Morse Earle]] in her 1900 book, ''Stagecoach and Tavern Days''.<ref>The caption reads: "Sam Fraunces. From original drawing. Owned by Mrs. A. Livingston Mason, Newport, R.I." [[Alice Morse Earle]], ''[http://www.quinnipiac.edu/other/ABL/etext/stagetavern/index.html Stagecoach and Tavern Days]'' (New York: MacMillan Company, 1900), p. 184.</ref> Mrs. Arthur Livingston Mason, 1855-1906 (the former Edith B. Hartshorn Mason), was the great great grand daughter of Samuel Fraunces, and this was the image the family presented as Samuel Fraunces. Another painted portrait of Samuel Fraunces by an anonymous artist was exhibited at the Ehrich Galleries in Manhattan in June 1909.<ref>''American Art News'', vol. 7, no. 32 (June 12, 1909), p. 6., column 1, titled "Early Americans"</ref> A painting was purchased at auction by Henry Russell Drowne, and that is noted in the 1913 minutes for the Sons of the Revolution in the State of New York.<ref>[[Sons of the Revolution]] in the State of New York, Reports and Proceedings 1912-1913'', page 30.</ref> The second image is an oil-on-canvas portrait exhibited at Fraunces Tavern Museum. The portrait was dated between 1770 and 1785 in a publication by [[Fraunces Tavern Museum]].<ref name="Rice1985"/>{{rp|27}} Authentication and lack of a collar on clothing both indicate that the painting "may be" from earlier than 1770. There, is a description of a Samuel Fraunces portrait found at the [[Fraunces Tavern Museum]] in 1936. Gilder's written description is as follows: "with his pleasant dark face and his brown eyes, curls, soft mouth and tapering fingers, and the beginnings of a double chin, looking as if he himself appreciated the good food and drink for which he was famous".<ref>1936; The Battery; Rodman Gilder</ref> The description does not match the portrait identified by [[Fraunces Tavern Museum]] as that which was purchased by Henry Russell Drowne, 1913.
==Taverns & Business Ventures==
[[File:Fraunces Tavern from Harpers Weekly 1896.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:Frauncestavern.JPG|thumb|[[Fraunces Tavern]] (formerly the Oliver Delancey Mansion), Pearl & Dock Streets, New York City]]
The first documentation of his presence in New York City was in February 1755, when he registered as a British subject and "Innholder
He operated the Freemasons Arms Tavern at Broadway & Queen Street.<ref>Public Papers of George Clinton First Governor of New York 1771-1795-1801-1804, Volume VIII, Albany, 1904, p.305.</ref> The sign of Freemasons Arms was hung outside of what today is the [[Morris–Jumel Mansion]], then described as west of Broadway on the great square. The advertisements placed for the Freemasons Arms were signed by Andrew Gautier.<ref>The Jumel Mansion, William Henry Shelton, Haughton Mifflin Company, 1916.</ref> The eldest son of Samuel Fraunces was Andrew Gautier Fraunces, born in 1756, and named after Andrew Gautier. Andrew Gautier was the architect for [[St. Paul's Chapel]] built in 1766.
On 15 January 1762, Fraunces purchased the [[Oliver De Lancey (American loyalist)|Oliver De Lancey]] mansion at Pearl and Dock Streets, offering five lodging-rooms, the tavern is remembered as a place for private meetings, parties and receptions.<ref>Historical Guide to the City of New York compiled by Frank Bergen Kelley from Original Observations and Contributions Made by Members and Friends of The City History Club of New York, New York Fredrick A. Stokes Company,
1909.</ref> The tavern was used for more than entertainment during the Revolutionary War. Fraunces rented out office space, and meetings of the [[New York Provincial Congress]] were held there. He opened and advertised at the Sign of Princess/[[Queen Charlotte]], also called the Queen's Head Tavern.<ref>''The New York Gazette'', April 4, 1763.</ref> In addition to the usual restaurant fare, Fraunces offered fixed-price dinners, catered meals delivered, and sold preserved items such as bottled soups, ketchup, nuts, pickled fruits and vegetables, oysters, jellies and marmalades.<ref>Eugene P. McParland, "Colonial Taverns and Tavern Keepers of British New York," ''The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record'' (July 1974), p. 158.</ref>
He
==Revolutionary War==
[[File:HMS Asia in Halifax Harbour, 1797.jpg|thumb|HMS Asia]]
[[File:Richmond Hill Mansion crop.jpeg|thumb|[[Richmond Hill (Manhattan)|Richmond Hill]], Washington's headquarters in Manhattan, April – August, 1776.]]
[[File:NYC1776.jpg|thumb|''New York in 1776'', Fraunces's tavern was at the west end of Queen Street (now Pearl Street)]]
[[File:Washington's Farewell by Alonzo Chappel 1866.jpg|thumb|''Washington's Farewell to His Troops'' by Alonzo Chappel (1866)]]
A month after the April 19, 1775, [[Battles of Lexington and Concord]] in Massachusetts, the British warship [[HMS Asia (1764)|HMS Asia]] sailed into New York Harbor. Its presence was a constant threat to the city. On August 23, revolutionaries including [[Alexander Hamilton]] and [[John Lamb (general)|John Lamb]] stole the cannons from the fort on [[Battery Park|The Battery]], which prompted ''The Asia'' to bombard the city with cannon fire that night
Washington arrived in NY 13 April 1776, making his [[List of Washington's Headquarters during the Revolutionary War|headquarters]] on Pearl Street near the tavern at the William Smith house. William Smith was the brother of [[Joshua Hett Smith]] whose house became known as [[Joshua Hett Smith House|Treason House]]. Years later, Joshua Hett Smith was identified as a co-conspirator of [[Benedict Arnold]]. On 16 April 1776, General Washington was present at a court martial conducted at the tavern.<ref>“General Orders, 16 April 1776,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified March 30, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/03-04-02-0057. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Revolutionary War Series, vol. 4, 1 April 1776 – 15 June 1776, ed. Philander D. Chase. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1991, pp. 73–74.]</ref> The next day, 17 April 1776, [[List of Washington's Headquarters during the Revolutionary War|Washington's headquarters]] moved to [[Richmond Hill (Manhattan)|Richmond Hill]]. British troops captured lower Manhattan on September 15, 1776, and soon occupied all of what is now New York City. It was during this occupation that Fraunces assisted with aid to the American prisoners. He also passed information about the British.<ref>NARA publication M247, Record group 360, Roll 26, page 329, National Archive Catalog ID 1938489</ref> [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|General Cornwallis]] surrendered at [[Siege of Yorktown|Yorktown]] in October 1781, but British forces continued to occupy New York City. Peace negotiations were held at the [[DeWint House]] in [[Tappan, New York]] in May 1783, and Fraunces provided meals for General Washington, British General [[Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester|Sir Guy Carleton]] and their staffs.<ref>"Samuel Fraunces," ''Dictionary of American Biography, Volume 8'' (1937), p. 1.</ref> His tavern was the meeting place for negotiations between American and British commissioners to end the 7-year occupation.
On 18 August 1783, George Washington wrote to Samuel Fraunces.<ref>“From George Washington to Samuel Fraunces, 18 August 1783,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified March 30, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-11711.</ref> His letter was in response to a congratulatory note Fraunces had sent Washington on the Peace. Washington recognized the time spent in NY captivity and signed as "your Humble Servant". The [[Book of Negroes]] was compiled at the Queens Head Tavern with hearings held every Wednesday April to September of 1783.<ref>Inspection Roll of Negroes New York, New York City Book No. 1 April 23-September 13, 1783 (NARA)</ref><ref>“To George Washington from Commissioners of Embarkation at New York, 18 January 1784,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified March 30, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/04-01-02-0038. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Confederation Series, vol. 1, 1 January 1784 – 17 July 1784, ed. W. W. Abbot. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1992, pp. 50–56.]</ref> [https://www.nypl.org/blog/2014/11/24/evacuation-day-new-york-holiday On 25 November 1783 a tavern celebration] of the [[Evacuation Day (New York)|British Evacuation from New York]] hosted by [[George Clinton (vice president)|Governor George Clinton]], [http://founderspatriots.org/articles/evacuation_day.php featured 13 toasts].
On 4 December 1783, Samuel Fraunces wrote a very heartfelt message to Washington. He opened, "I cannot but with heartfelt anxiety think of your leaving".<ref>DLC: Papers of George Washington.
“To George Washington from Samuel Fraunces, 4 December 1783,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified March 30, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-12137. [This is anEarly Access documentfrom The Papers of George Washington. It is not an authoritative final version.]
</ref> That night at a dinner in the tavern's Long Room, Washington gave an emotional farewell to his officers and made his famous toast: "With a heart full of love and gratitude, I now take leave of you: I most devoutly wish that your latter days may be as prosperous and happy, as you former ones have been glorious and honorable." <ref>2017;Washington's Farewell: The Founding Father's Warning to Future Generations; John Avlon.</ref>
Samuel Fraunces is an accepted patriot for the [[National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution]] assigned the # A041915. The service recognized is that of rendering aid to the prisoners.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Descendants of Catherine Fraunces Smock have provided supporting documents in addition to the older lineages provided by the descendants of Andrew Gautier Fraunces.
==
In a March 5, 1785 sworn petition to the [[U.S. Congress]], Fraunces stated that the Revolutionary War had left him "on the precipice of Beggary." He sought remuneration for "rendering appreciated services to the prisoners and furnishing helpful and important intelligence by means of which he expended a very considerable part of his property".<ref name="ReferenceA"/> The State of New York awarded him £200, and Congress paid $1,625 to lease his tavern for two years to house federal government offices.<ref>Indenture between Samuel Fraunces and Charles Thompson, Secretary of the Continental Congress, April 7, 1785. ''Papers of the Continental Congress'', National Archives, Washington, DC.</ref> Samuel Fraunces was owed money from several places after the end of the war. Still struggling in his collection efforts he wrote to ask for help in collection from George Washington.<ref name="founders.archives.gov">“To George Washington from Samuel Fraunces, 26 June 1785,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified March 30, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/04-03-02-0077. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Confederation Series, vol. 3, 19 May 1785 – 31 March 1786, ed. W. W. Abbot. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1994, p. 85.]</ref> There is evidence of action by Washington in a letter he penned to Alexander White, who was then handling the Lee estate. Washington referred to Fraunces as a friend to our cause.<ref>“From George Washington to Alexander White, 14 July 1785,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified March 30, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/04-03-02-0117. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Confederation Series, vol. 3, 19 May 1785 – 31 March 1786, ed. W. W. Abbot. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1994, pp. 125–126.]</ref>
==Washington's households==
[[File:The First Presidential Mansion.jpg|thumb|[[Samuel Osgood House (New York City)]]]]
[[File:PhiladelphiaPresidentsHouse.jpg|thumb|[[President's House (Philadelphia)|President's House in Philadelphia]]]]
George Washington and Samuel Fraunces exchanged correspondence in reference to Washington's household and also with regard to each other's families for over a decade. In 1783, there were three letters regarding the purchase of glassware and china, and the first was 12 September 1783.<ref>“From George Washington to Daniel Parker, 12 September 1783,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified March 30, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-11815. [This is anEarly Access documentfrom The Papers of George Washington. It is not an authoritative final version.]</ref> The letters were written between George Washington and Daniel Parker. Parker was directed to consult with Fraunces on the type of glassware. On 18 September 1783, Fraunces had acquired not only the glassware but the china also, and an inventory was given.<ref>“To George Washington from Daniel Parker, 18 September 1783,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified March 30, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-11830. [This is an Early Access document from The Papers of George Washington. It is not an authoritative final version.]</ref> On 4 December 1783, Samuel Fraunces wrote to George Washington and in the subscript was a mention of the Hector and Andromache figures.<ref>“To George Washington from Samuel Fraunces, 4 December 1783,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified March 30, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-12137. [This is an Early Access document from The Papers of George Washington. It is not an authoritative final version.]</ref> The gift was from Fraunces to Martha Washington, and it is housed at [[Tudor Place]]. In 2011, there began a conservation of the pieces.<ref>American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Work, http://www.conservators-converse.org/2011/12/conservation-of-rare-wax-and-shell-work-given-to-martha-washington-begun/</ref> The conservators found a preserved piece of wallpaper that had been used to protect the box.<ref>Tudor Place, https://www.tudorplace.org/article/press/early-american-wallpaper-recovered-from-george-washington-waxwork/</ref> Photo of the work is available at:[http://decorativeartstrust.org/new-research-on-the-tudor-place-tableau/ The Decorative Arts Trust].
George Washington wrote to Samuel Fraunces on 7 September 1785 asking for his help in procuring a housekeeper.<ref>“From George Washington to Samuel Fraunces, 7 September 1785,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified March 30, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/04-03-02-0215. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Confederation Series, vol. 3, 19 May 1785 – 31 March 1786, ed. W. W. Abbot. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1994, p. 236.]</ref> In the letter it is expressed that none would know the needs of his household better than Fraunces. Richard Burnet had served in this position.<ref>“From George Washington to Clement Biddle, 17 August 1785,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified March 30, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/04-03-02-0172. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Confederation Series, vol. 3, 19 May 1785 – 31 March 1786, ed. W. W. Abbot. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1994, pp. 185–187.]</ref> Elizabeth Thompson (not Phebe) had been his housekeeper for many years<ref>Gibbs receipt bppk, https://www.loc.gov/item/mgw500027/</ref> and was awarded payment in 1785, but she had retired years earlier.<ref>Papers of the Continental Congress, Applications of Individuals, vol. 22 of Reports of Committees on Applications of Individuals, 1776-1789 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives), 85.</ref> Washington was Congress's unanimous choice to serve as the first [[President of the United States]]. He arrived in New York City on 23 April 1789, and took up residence at the [[Samuel Osgood House (New York City)|Samuel Osgood House]] at Cherry & Franklin Streets. for a time, Fraunces would serve as steward of the presidential household. By September of 1790, Mr. Hyde was the steward of the Washington family. On 12 September 1790, Tobias Lear and Washington began an exchange of letters from NY to Philadelphia in reference to the household expenses. They were making a comparison of the cost of households between Mr. Hyde and Fraunces.<ref>“To George Washington from Tobias Lear, 12 September 1790,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified March 30, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-06-02-0204. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Presidential Series, vol. 6, 1 July 1790 – 30 November 1790, ed. Mark A. Mastromarino. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1996, pp. 419–424.]</ref> Mr. Hyde had succeeded Fraunces in NYC but had problems with the servants.<ref>“From George Washington to Tobias Lear, 5 September 1790,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified March 30, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-06-02-0190. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Presidential Series, vol. 6, 1 July 1790 – 30 November 1790, ed. Mark A. Mastromarino. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1996, pp. 397–401.]</ref> The letters from Lear to Washington are numerous. By March 1791, Mr. Fraunces had been offered terms to return to the family.<ref>“To George Washington from Tobias Lear, 27 March 1791,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified March 30, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-08-02-0012. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Presidential Series, vol. 8, 22 March 1791 – 22 September 1791, ed. Mark A. Mastromarino. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1999, pp. 19–20.]</ref> Fraunces, for personal reasons, did not reply with a positive response to the terms until 17 April 1791.<ref>“To George Washington from Tobias Lear, 17 April 1791,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified March 30, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-08-02-0090. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Presidential Series, vol. 8, 22 March 1791 – 22 September 1791, ed. Mark A. Mastromarino. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1999, pp. 120–122.]</ref> Lear described to Washington that, because of delay, there were complications. Fraunces had not arrived as of 1 May 1791.<ref>“To George Washington from Tobias Lear, 1 May 1791,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified March 30, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-08-02-0111. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Presidential Series, vol. 8, 22 March 1791 – 22 September 1791, ed. Mark A. Mastromarino. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1999, pp. 145–148.]</ref>
Fraunces was steward for the [[President's House (Philadelphia)|Washington Family in Philadelphia]]. By 1792, Fraunces purchased property on the south side of Filbert St., #719, Philadelphia, PA, from George Hunter. The location is three blocks away from the home of [[Robert Morris (financier)|Robert Morris]] House where the Washington's lived.<ref>Philadelphia Recorder of Deeds; Deed Book D 31-344: Deed Book D 34-68 Andrew Gautier Fraunces; Deed Book 39-112-1793 Jacob Hull</ref> On 21 September 1792, Lear referred to Fraunces in the procurement of a carriage to return to Philadelphia.<ref>“From George Washington to Tobias Lear, 21 September 1792,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified March 30, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-11-02-0069. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Presidential Series, vol. 11, 16 August 1792 – 15 January 1793, ed. Christine Sternberg Patrick. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2002, pp. 133–135.]</ref> By August of 1793 there was a [[1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic|Yellow Fever Epidemic]] in Philadelphia. It was also at this time that Hamilton and Andrew Gautier Fraunces became embroiled in conflict.<ref>“To Alexander Hamilton from George Washington, [3 August 1793],” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified March 30, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-15-02-0140. [Original source: The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 15, June 1793 – January 1794, ed. Harold C. Syrett. New York: Columbia University Press, 1969, pp. 175–176.]</ref> Fraunces remained during the Yellow Fever Epidemic and the Hamilton scandal.<ref>“From George Washington to Henry Knox, 9 September 1793,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified March 30, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-14-02-0040. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Presidential Series, vol. 14, 1 September–31 December 1793, ed. David R. Hoth. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2008, pp. 52–54.]</ref> There was a break in correspondence and Washington was writing from Mt Vernon by 25 September 1793.<ref>“From George Washington to Tobias Lear, 25 September 1793,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified March 30, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-14-02-0095. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Presidential Series, vol. 14, 1 September–31 December 1793, ed. David R. Hoth. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2008, pp. 135–137.]</ref> There is no clear correspondence to indicate when Fraunces left the family of Washington.
==Death==
Following his 2nd separation from the presidential household, Fraunces once more operated a tavern on 2nd Street in Philadelphia. At the time of his death he was operating the Golden Tun Tavern on Water Street and it is listed in his estate records. In almost all descriptions of Fraunces he is noted as a "[[Dandy]]" dresser. At his death the value of his wardrobe exceeded the inventory of liquors as a Tavern owner, the color noted for fabric was green, and they listed 21 ruffled shirts and 14 cravats.<ref>Philadelphia County Registrar of Wills, File#W219-1795</ref> Fraunces died in Philadelphia. His obituary appeared in the October 13, 1795, ''Gazette of the United States'': "DIED - On Saturday Evening last, MR. SAMUEL FRAUNCES, aged 73 years. By his death, Society has sustained the loss of an honest man, and the Poor a valuable friend." He was buried in an unmarked grave at [[St. Peter's Church, Philadelphia]].<ref>christ Church on line database http://www.philageohistory.org/rdic-images/ChristChurch/view-register.cfm/37097?ReturnURL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Ephilageohistory%2Eorg%2Frdic-images%2FChristChurch%2Fsearch-register%2Ecfm%3Ffn%3D%26ln%3DFrancis%26t%3D%26s%3Dln</ref>
[[File:Rutgers-lib-17768 JPEG-1.jpg|thumb|Students depicting Sam Fraunces, who ran Fraunces Tavern in Manhattan, telling Jane Tuers of the village of Bergen that he overheard British soldiers toasting an American traitor named Arnold who was to deliver West Point. Tuers told her brother, Daniel Van Reypen, who in turn informed Generals Wayne and Washington]]
==Family, Slavery and Racial Identity==
Samuel Fraunces married Elizabeth Dally in New York City on November 30, 1757.<ref>Trinity Church Database, http://registers.trinitywallstreet.org/files/history/registers/display_detail.php?id=333&sacr=marriage</ref> They had seven children: Andrew Gautier Fraunces, Elizabeth Fraunces Thompson, Catherine Fraunces Smock, Sophia Fraunces Gomez, Sarah Fraunces Campbell, Samuel Fraunces, and Hannah Louisa Fraunces Kelly.<ref name="ReferenceB">Philadelphia County Registrar of Wills file#W-219-1795</ref> Elizabeth Dalley was the sister of Gifford Dalley [[Doorkeeper of the United States House of Representatives]]. Their son Andrew G. Fraunces became a clerk in the [[United States Department of the Treasury|Department of the Treasury]] and published a pamphlet denouncing [[Alexander Hamilton]] for his financial dealings.<ref>25 August 1793; An Appeal to the the legislature of the United States, and to the Citizens individually of the several states. Against the conduct of the Secretary of the Treasury; Andrew G. Fraunces</ref> Samuel Fraunces Jr. and Thomas Armstrong were guardians of Hannah. Samuel Fraunces Jr. was named executor of his father's estate.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> With regard to race genealogies show us that not all of Samuel's children passed as white all of the time. At marriage Samuel Jr. was Negro.<ref>Trinity Church Database, http://registers.trinitywallstreet.org/files/history/registers/display_detail.php?id=4373&sacr=marriage</ref> Sophia and her children were enumerated as Negro while in NYC, Mulatto when they left for France and White when they returned to Louisiana.<ref>National Archives and Records Administration (NARA); Washington D.C.; NARA Series: Passport Applications, 1795-1905; Roll #: 96; Volume #: Roll 096 - 26 Apr 1861-31 May 1861</ref> Elizabeth "Phebe" was noted as colored when she was buried.<ref>Trinity Church Database, http://registers.trinitywallstreet.org/files/history/registers/display_detail.php?id=14436&sacr=burial</ref>
In church records for the family of Fraunces, race is not noted most of the time. Most secondary sources reference his race as mulatto. One of the first printed references was in 1838, in which he was noted as "The agent mentioned by Lee, to whom Champe was introduced in the city of New York, and whose information was conveyed to him by cypher to the American general, was Sam Francis, a negro man, who kept a tavern in that city for some time prior to the battle of Long Island, and who remained there during the whole period of seven years, while the city was held by the enemy." <ref>1838; Biographical Sketch of Captain Samuel Cooper; pages 519-523; The Southern Literary Messenger: Devoted to Every Department of Literature; Thos. W. White, Richmond.</ref> This narrative is in reference to information passed to [[Jane Tuers]] in reference to [[Benedict Arnold]]. The moment was re-enacted in schools in Jersey City, NJ in 1910, and a picture survives. The Jane Tuers info is an example of one early secondary source in which Samuel Fraunces was identified and portrayed as a Negro into the 20th Century. In 1897, Katherine Schuyler Baxter referred to Sam Fraunces (who was a mulatto).<ref>1897; Katherine Schuyler Baxter; A Godchild of Washington A Picture of the Past; page 77</ref>
Some say since the late-19th century, there has been a dispute about Fraunces's racial identity.<ref name="Booker">{{cite news | first = Bobbi | last = Booker | title = Racial identity of 'Black Sam' debated | date = 2009-03-22 | url = http://www.ushistory.org/presidentshouse/news/pt032209.htm | work = Philadelphia Tribune | accessdate = 2013-12-05}}</ref> The racial identity of Fraunces appears to have changed between the 1909 publication of The Historical Guide to New York where in the Chronology of the Tavevern, Henry Russell Drowne is listed as contributor and Secretary of The Sons of the Revolution states: "15 January 1762 "Purchased by Samuel Fraunces, called "Black Sam" from his swarthy appearance, he being a West India Creole, Fraunces had been made a "freeman" of New York while innkeeper in 1755" <ref>Historical Guide to the City of New York compiled by Frank Bergen Kelley From Original Observations and Contributions Made by Members and Friends of The City History Club of New York, New York, Frederick A Stokes Company, 1909</ref> and the Drowne booklet from 1913 where Fraunces has become "A man of French extraction from the West Indies".<ref>1919, A Sketch of Fraunces Tavern; and Those Connected with the History, Henry Russell Drowne.</ref> In spite of the new-found narrative assigned to Fraunces, many late 19th and 20th-century sources continued to describe Fraunces as "mulatto" (1916),<ref>Frederic J. Haskin, ''The Washington D.C. Evening Star'', August 11, 1916, p. 10.</ref> "Negro" (1916),<ref>National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, ''The Crisis'' (December 1916), p. 85.[https://books.google.com/books?id=MVoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA85&lpg=PA85&dq=samuel+fraunces+Negro&source=bl&ots=in4WnFwcBn&sig=yHKiQdJfjSb1FMDQOpFosSndKj0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CC0Q6AEwBDgKahUKEwjh45D1nY3HAhUMlQ0KHYY_AIM#v=onepage&q=samuel%20fraunces%20Negro&f=false]</ref> "coloured" (1930),<ref>James Weldon Johnson, ''Black Manhattan'' (Perseus Books Group, 1930).</ref> "fastidious old Negro" (1934),<ref>William Hornor, Jr., ''The Philadelphia Bulletin'', February 22, 1934, p. 8.</ref> and "Haitian Negro" (1962),<ref>Charles Henry Thompson, ''The Journal of Negro Education'', vol. 31 (1962), p. 475.</ref> these dates and descriptions were consistent from more than a century after his death.<ref name="Blockson">{{cite web |url=https://library.temple.edu/collections/blockson/fraunces |title=Black Samuel Fraunces: Patriot, White House Steward and Restaurateur Par Excellenc |last=Blockson |first=Charles L. |work=Temple University Libraries |accessdate=2016-01-06 }}</ref>
There are two publications that are either co-authored by Kym S. Rice and Fraunces Tavern or written by Kym S. Rice and published by Fraunces Tavern containing these assertions: 1: "Durng the Revolutionary era, Fraunces was commonly referred to as "Black Sam". Some have taken references such as these as an indication that Fraunces was a Black man...What is known of his life indicates he was a white man." 2: "Other than the appearance of the nickname, there are no known refernces where Fraunces was described as a "black man" during his life. 3: Samuel Fraunces has a slave enumerated on the 1790 census at the tavern address.<ref name="Rice1983">"Samuel Fraunces" (biographical sketch) in {{cite book|last=Rice|first=Kym S.|title=Early American Taverns: For the Entertainment of Friends and Strangers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-iBAAAAMAAJ|year=1983|publisher=Regnery Gateway|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0-89526-842-6}}</ref>{{rp|147–148}} <ref name="Rice1985">{{cite book|last=Rice|first=Kym S.|title=A Documentary History of Fraunces Tavern: The 18th Century|year=1985|publisher=Fraunces Tavern Museum|location=New York}}</ref>{{rp|27}} .<ref>"Dock Ward, New York City," in Heads of Families at the First United States Census Taken in the Year 1790 - New York (Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1908), p. 117.</ref>
The tic mark under slave has always been "supposed" as Samuel Fraunces Jr. who did not marry until 5 October 1794. When he married Elizabeth "Betsy" Stevens at Trinity Church, his race was designated as Negro.<ref>Trinity Church Database http://registers.trinitywallstreet.org/files/history/registers/display_detail.php?id=4373&sacr=marriage</ref> Rice also listed his memberships in groups (such as the [[Freemasonry|Masons]]) then states erroneously, membership was restricted to whites only.<ref name="Rice1985"/>{{rp|27}} Who was [[Prince Hall]]?
Today, Jennifer Patton, Director of Education at the [[Fraunces Tavern Museum]] in New York City, owned by the [[Sons of the Revolution|SR]], writes, 1: "The use of ' black' as a prefix to a nickname was not uncommon in the 18th century and did not necessarily indicate African heritage of an individual. For instance, Admiral Richard Lord Howe (1762- 1799), one of Britain’s best known and respected seamen – and a white man – was commonly called 'Black Dick,' a nickname his brother Sir William Howe gave to him as descriptive of the Admiral’s swarthy complexion." 2: "The issue of Samuel Fraunces’ racial identity is still a passionate topic of discussion to this very day. As debate rallies on for conclusive evidence, the actual truth is that we may never know for sure." 3: The actual name "Phoebe Fraunces" first appeared in print in a retelling of a Lossing story in the January 1876 issue of Scribner's Monthly Magazne, more than 99 years after the supposed incident. 4: Books titled Pheobe and the General and Pheobe and the spy are sweet, "but one needing some comments. Although the cover calls it a true story, Pheobe and the plate of poisoned peas never existed.<ref>Fraunces Tavern Museum, Pre-Visit Materials, (http://www.frauncestavernmuseum.org/pdf/FTM%20Materials.pdf)</ref>
This is a reversal of opinion for Fraunces Tavern Museum since the 1919 Drowne booklet and comes more than 30 years after the publication of Pheobe and the General in 1977.<ref name="ReferenceC">1919; A Sketch of Fraunces Tavern: and Those Connected with the History; Henry Russell Drowne.</ref>
Rosemary Palermo has a more recent biography in 2016. It is her second version of Samuel Fraunces. In this work Palermo re-examines much of what is written about Fraunces in the context of genealogy. After reviewing the primary records available, her conclusion as a genealogist is that Fraunces must have been African in origins to have had children identified as Black and Colored.<ref>2016;'Black Sam' Fraunces: The life and Times of a Revolutionary War Hero, Spy and Man of Color; Rosemary J Palermo</ref>
Sociologist [[W.E.B. Du Bois]], co-founder of the [[NAACP]] and first editor of its magazine ''[[The Crisis]]'', wrote 1 October 1954; "Samuel Fraunces was born in 1722 in the West Indies, and came to New York before 1755. He was called Black Sam because of his swarthy skin which probably was a result of his Negro blood, although The Sons of the Revolution, who own the building where his restaurant was, prefer to think that his color was a result of suntan and not his Negro blood." <ref>http://credo.library.umass.edu/view/pageturn/mums312-b142-i337/#page/1/mode/1up</ref> Note that another co-founder of the NAACP was [[Florence Kelly]], who herself was great grand daughter of Samuel Fraunces and friend of [[W.E.B. DuBois]].
In recent years Charles Blockson has called attention to many of sources that described Fraunces as "Negro," "coloured," "Haitian Negro," "mulatto," "fastidious old Negro," and "swarthy. On June 26, 2010, in large part led and facilitated by Blockson, the family of Samuel Fraunces and Generations Unlimited honored Samuel Fraunces. St. Peter's Church, Philadelphia, provided the opportunity to inscribe his information from church records on an obelisk in the churchyard.<ref>2011; St Peter’s Church Faith in Action for 250 Years; Cornelia Francis Biddle, Elizabeth S. Brown, Allan J. Heavens, Charles P. Peitz; Temple University Press.</ref> A few years after the obelisk was engraved, in 2013, Blockson published The President's House Revisited Behind the Scenes: the Samuel Fraunces Story, a book outlining the struggles in the dissemination of information for Samuel Fraunces and the opposition faced in his identification as African in origin.
==Phoebe Fraunces legend==
In 1919, Henry Russell Drowne published a version of the Phebe story for the [[Sons of the Revolution|SR]]. In his version Pheobe was the daughter of Samuel Fraunces, the lover of Thomas Hickey, the housekeeper of George Washington, and she had made an attempt on George Washington's life. He documents this with family letters signed by Solomon Drowne about the Hickey Hanging.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> Drowne was not the first to relay this tale of an attempt on Washington's life. In 1832, when George Washington would have been 100 years old, the poisoning story circulated, a surviving copy can be found in the Poughkeepsie Journal, 14 March 1832. It mentions George Washington's taste for peas. Fraunces prepared and did not serve them because two drummer boys sprinkled something on them. George Washington, his physician, and Samuel Fraunces determined the peas had been poisoned. A Mrs. Smith had enlisted the drummer boys. In this first version of the event there was no daughter.
The story grows layer upon layer until we reach the Drowne 1919, version. In 1858, when the Mineral Point Tribune Vol. XI No. 23 published a story of Washington and the peas, Thomas Hickey had been added, and he was the lover of an unnamed daughter of Fraunces. The story was also published in the Hornesville Tribune Vol. 7 No. 85, 22 July 1858, from NY. In 1859, a version of the peas and Hickey and Pheobe appears in the editors notes section of [[George Washington Parke Custis|G.W. Parke Custis]]'s memoirs.<ref>1859; Recollection and Private Memoirs of Washington by G. W. Parke Custis</ref> George Washington Parke Custis was born 20 April 1781 and died 10 October 1857. The editor included the tale but G.W.P. Custis was born after the event and died before publication.
Although in 1919, the Fraunces Tavern Museum clearly says that Phebe is the daughter of Samuel Fraunces. In the 1983 and 1985, publications with Rice they now say, "There is no documentary evidence that Samuel Fraunces had a daughter named "Phoebe." The name does not appear in the birth, baptism, or death records of Christ Church, Philadelphia, or Trinity Church, New York.<ref name="Rice1983"/>{{rp|130}} She was not listed among his seven children in Fraunces's will."<ref>Philadelphia Register of Wills, File#W-219-1795</ref>
Charles L. Blockson and others have repeatedly over the years stated that Elizabeth Fraunces was Phebe or Pheobe, named so affectionately to avoid confusion with the many Elizabeth's in the Daily/Dalley/D'Ali/[[Allee House (Dutch Neck Crossroads, Delaware)|Allee]] and Fraunces/Francis/Frances families.<ref>The President's House Revisited Behind the Scenes: The Samuel Fraunces Story; 2013 Charles Blockson</ref> Elizabeth Fraunces is Phebe or Pheobe and at the time of the Hickey's June 1776, hanging, Sam/Samuel Fraunces eldest daughter was a 10-year-old child.<ref>Records of Christ Church, Philadelphia list Elizabeth Fraunces's birth as 26 December 1765, and her baptism as 27 January 1789</ref> she married Atcheson Thomson/Thompson <ref>Trinity Church New York, Marriage records, 14 January 1789.</ref> and became another Elizabeth Thompson sharing a name with the former housekeeper of Washington. Pheobe Thomson/Thompson was buried 22 October 1836, at St John's burial ground NYC which is part of the Trinity Church group.<ref>Churchyards and registers, (http://registers.trinitywallstreet.org/files/history/registers/display_detail.php?id=14436&sacr=burial)</ref>
===Children's books===
Judith Berry Griffin's 1977, children's book, ''Phoebe the Spy''.<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/Phoebe-Spy-Judith-Griffin/dp/0698119568 Phoebe the Spy]</ref>
Historian [[Christopher Collier (historian)|Christopher Collier]] and journalist [[James Lincoln Collier]] are the authors of 1984, ''Who Is Carrie?''.<ref>([http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0375895035/ref=pd_lpo_k2_dp_sr_1?pf_rd_p=486539851&pf_rd_s=lpo-top-stripe-1&pf_rd_t=201&pf_rd_i=0613866967&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_r=1ZBJW46TXGJAAW3SKMNH Who Is Carrie?] from Amazon.com)</ref>
C.R. Cole, Ainsley Battles, and Breanna Dubbs 2016, ''Phebe and the Peas''.<ref>https://www.amazon.com/Phebe-Peas-CR-Cole/dp/1682891313</ref>
==In popular culture==
* ''Dinner for the General'', a 1953 teleplay by Reginald Lawrence for ''[[Hallmark Hall of Fame]]'', [[List of Hallmark Hall of Fame episodes#Season 2 (1952-1953)|Season 2, Episode 2-26]], aired on [[NBC]], February 22, 1953—a teenaged Phoebe Fraunces falls desperately in love with Thomas Hickey and is horrified when she uncovers his plot to poison General Washington.<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0595285/ Dinner for the General] from imdb</ref>
* ''
* ''The Ballot and Me'', a 1956 play by [[Langston Hughes]], features a free-black Samuel Fraunces as a character.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pMbmbQsE6hEC&pg=PA465&lpg=PA465&dq=Samuel+Fraunces+he+voted&source=bl&ots=rhkpKft3Ew&sig=F8S8qyUNFslpZridkPWZjDwonLI&hl=en&ei=Ey3ySfz6GcXHtgfN54nBDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3 |title=The Collected Works of Langston Hughes: Gospel plays, operas, and later dramatic works |publisher=University of Missouri Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8262-1477-5 |page=465}}</ref>
* ''Beyond Harlem, History of Black New York Downtown'', a 2005 teleplay by Dara Frazier for [[NYC Media]].
* ''Shades of War'', a 2006 off-Broadway play by Dara Frazier-Harper, portrays Samuel Fraunces as a free-black, ultra-rich, [[Michael Bloomberg|Michael Bloomberg-like]] character.<ref>[http://www.communitytheaterny.com/theatre-marketing-ii-a-blog/ Shades of War]</ref>
* ''[[Rough Crossings]]'', a 2007 [[BBC]] video based on a book by [[Simon Schama]], portrays both Samuel Fraunces and the "fictional" Phoebe Fraunces as free-blacks—it has been criticized for being inaccurate.<ref>[http://foxessa-foxhome.blogspot.com/2011/07/simon-schama-should-be-ashamed.html "Simon Schama Should Be Ashamed, & So Should the BBC."]</ref>
* ''[[The Book of Negroes (novel)|The Book of Negroes]]'', a 2007 novel by [[Lawrence Hill]] about the life of slaves during the American Revolution, portrays Samuel Fraunces as a free [[mulatto]] from [[Jamaica]] who runs his namesake tavern, participates in historical events, and later moves to Mount Vernon to run George Washington's household.
* Fraunces is portrayed by an African-American actor in a 2010 video at the [[President's House (Philadelphia)|President's House Memorial]] in Philadelphia.
* [[Black Entertainment Television]] presented a 2015 miniseries, ''[[The Book of Negroes (miniseries)|The Book of Negroes]]'', based on Hill's 2007 novel. African-American actor [[Cuba Gooding, Jr.]] portrayed Fraunces.
==Legacy==
* [[Fraunces Tavern]], at Pearl & Dock Streets in New York City, is a national historic landmark and museum.
* Miniature wax figures modeled by Fraunces, a gift to [[Martha Washington]], survive at [[Tudor Place]], the Washington, DC home of her granddaughter.<ref>[http://www.georgetowner.com/articles/2011/oct/17/iconic-tudor-place-waxwork-conservator/ Wax miniatures] from ''The Georgetowner'', October 17, 2011.</ref>
* A Pennsylvania state historical marker at 2nd & Dock Streets in Philadelphia marks the location of the first tavern he operated after leaving Washington's presidential household.<ref>[http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt?objID=442806&mode=2&open=514&markerId=1046 PA Historical Marker] from Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission.</ref>
* On June 26, 2010, the family of Samuel Fraunces, Charles Blockson and Generations Unlimited honored Samuel Fraunces when [[St. Peter's Church, Philadelphia]] provided the opportunity to inscribe his information from church records on an obelisk in the churchyard.<ref>{{YouTube|e_my0dE9a3Y|Dedication of the obelisk}}.</ref>
==Notes==
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==External links==
* [http://frauncestavernmuseum.org/history-and-education/sam-fraunces/ Samuel Fraunces], from [[Fraunces Tavern Museum]].
* [http://frauncestavernmuseum.org/history-and-education/sam-fraunces/early-life-of-samuel-fraunces/ Early life of Samuel Fraunces], from Fraunces Tavern Museum.
* [http://www.mountvernon.org/educational-resources/encyclopedia/samuel-fraunces Samuel Fraunces (c. 1722–1795)], from [[Mount Vernon|George Washington's Mount Vernon]].
* [http://www.ushistory.org/presidentshouse/history/fraunces.htm Samuel Fraunces: Black Man or White Man?] from ushistory.org.
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[[Category:People of colonial New York]]
[[Category:People of colonial Pennsylvania]]
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Revision as of 17:10, 4 May 2017
Samuel Fraunces (circa 1722 – October 10, 1795, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) was an American restaurateur and owner/operator of Fraunces Tavern in New York City. During the Revolutionary War, he provided for prisoners held during the seven-year British occupation of New York City and passes intelligence to the American side.[1] At the end of the war, it was at Fraunces Tavern that General George Washington said farewell to his officers. Fraunces later served as steward of Washington's presidential household in New York City (1789–1790) and Philadelphia (1791–1794).
Portraits
The first known image of Fraunces is a sketch published by Alice Morse Earle in her 1900 book, Stagecoach and Tavern Days.[2] Mrs. Arthur Livingston Mason, 1855-1906 (the former Edith B. Hartshorn Mason), was the great great grand daughter of Samuel Fraunces, and this was the image the family presented as Samuel Fraunces. Another painted portrait of Samuel Fraunces by an anonymous artist was exhibited at the Ehrich Galleries in Manhattan in June 1909.[3] A painting was purchased at auction by Henry Russell Drowne, and that is noted in the 1913 minutes for the Sons of the Revolution in the State of New York.[4] The second image is an oil-on-canvas portrait exhibited at Fraunces Tavern Museum. The portrait was dated between 1770 and 1785 in a publication by Fraunces Tavern Museum.[5]: 27 Authentication and lack of a collar on clothing both indicate that the painting "may be" from earlier than 1770. There, is a description of a Samuel Fraunces portrait found at the Fraunces Tavern Museum in 1936. Gilder's written description is as follows: "with his pleasant dark face and his brown eyes, curls, soft mouth and tapering fingers, and the beginnings of a double chin, looking as if he himself appreciated the good food and drink for which he was famous".[6] The description does not match the portrait identified by Fraunces Tavern Museum as that which was purchased by Henry Russell Drowne, 1913.
Taverns & Business Ventures
The first documentation of his presence in New York City was in February 1755, when he registered as a British subject and "Innholder" and Registered.[7] The following year he was issued a tavern license.[8]
He operated the Freemasons Arms Tavern at Broadway & Queen Street.[9] The sign of Freemasons Arms was hung outside of what today is the Morris–Jumel Mansion, then described as west of Broadway on the great square. The advertisements placed for the Freemasons Arms were signed by Andrew Gautier.[10] The eldest son of Samuel Fraunces was Andrew Gautier Fraunces, born in 1756, and named after Andrew Gautier. Andrew Gautier was the architect for St. Paul's Chapel built in 1766.
On 15 January 1762, Fraunces purchased the Oliver De Lancey mansion at Pearl and Dock Streets, offering five lodging-rooms, the tavern is remembered as a place for private meetings, parties and receptions.[11] The tavern was used for more than entertainment during the Revolutionary War. Fraunces rented out office space, and meetings of the New York Provincial Congress were held there. He opened and advertised at the Sign of Princess/Queen Charlotte, also called the Queen's Head Tavern.[12] In addition to the usual restaurant fare, Fraunces offered fixed-price dinners, catered meals delivered, and sold preserved items such as bottled soups, ketchup, nuts, pickled fruits and vegetables, oysters, jellies and marmalades.[13]
He moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, opening a Queen's Head Tavern on Water Street 1766.[14] He returned to New York City in early 1768, operating the Vauxhall Gardens. Longworth's American Almanac, New York Register and City Directory, 1835, give the location of Vauxhall Garden as off Grande St., between Centre and Crosby, fronting on Broome St, and on Bayards Farm, and today about the location of a city bike path between Chrystie and Forsythe.[15] Fraunces advertised an exhibit of ten life-sized wax statues of historical figures, debuting them in a garden setting in July.[16] Life size figures were a specialty of artist Patience Lovel Wright, known for her work depicting Royals. A later exhibition included seventy miniature wax figures from the Bible, and life-size wax statues of King George III and Queen Charlotte.[17] He operated Vaux-Hall for five summers, resuming operation of his tavern in the De Lancey mansion in 1770,[18] and advertising the sale of Vaux-Hall in 1773.[19] The dates and times of business for Fraunces are established with secondary sourced newspaper advertisements. There are rare instances when they are verifiable with a lease, deed or property transfer as primary document.
Revolutionary War
A month after the April 19, 1775, Battles of Lexington and Concord in Massachusetts, the British warship HMS Asia sailed into New York Harbor. Its presence was a constant threat to the city. On August 23, revolutionaries including Alexander Hamilton and John Lamb stole the cannons from the fort on The Battery, which prompted The Asia to bombard the city with cannon fire that night. Philip Freneau wrote a poem about the bombardment, "Hugh Gaines Life," that included the couplet: "At first we supposed it was only a sham. Till she drove a round ball through the roof of Black Sam."[20]
Washington arrived in NY 13 April 1776, making his headquarters on Pearl Street near the tavern at the William Smith house. William Smith was the brother of Joshua Hett Smith whose house became known as Treason House. Years later, Joshua Hett Smith was identified as a co-conspirator of Benedict Arnold. On 16 April 1776, General Washington was present at a court martial conducted at the tavern.[21] The next day, 17 April 1776, Washington's headquarters moved to Richmond Hill. British troops captured lower Manhattan on September 15, 1776, and soon occupied all of what is now New York City. It was during this occupation that Fraunces assisted with aid to the American prisoners. He also passed information about the British.[22] General Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown in October 1781, but British forces continued to occupy New York City. Peace negotiations were held at the DeWint House in Tappan, New York in May 1783, and Fraunces provided meals for General Washington, British General Sir Guy Carleton and their staffs.[23] His tavern was the meeting place for negotiations between American and British commissioners to end the 7-year occupation.
On 18 August 1783, George Washington wrote to Samuel Fraunces.[24] His letter was in response to a congratulatory note Fraunces had sent Washington on the Peace. Washington recognized the time spent in NY captivity and signed as "your Humble Servant". The Book of Negroes was compiled at the Queens Head Tavern with hearings held every Wednesday April to September of 1783.[25][26] On 25 November 1783 a tavern celebration of the British Evacuation from New York hosted by Governor George Clinton, featured 13 toasts.
On 4 December 1783, Samuel Fraunces wrote a very heartfelt message to Washington. He opened, "I cannot but with heartfelt anxiety think of your leaving".[27] That night at a dinner in the tavern's Long Room, Washington gave an emotional farewell to his officers and made his famous toast: "With a heart full of love and gratitude, I now take leave of you: I most devoutly wish that your latter days may be as prosperous and happy, as you former ones have been glorious and honorable." [28]
Samuel Fraunces is an accepted patriot for the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution assigned the # A041915. The service recognized is that of rendering aid to the prisoners.[1] Descendants of Catherine Fraunces Smock have provided supporting documents in addition to the older lineages provided by the descendants of Andrew Gautier Fraunces.
Hard Times
In a March 5, 1785 sworn petition to the U.S. Congress, Fraunces stated that the Revolutionary War had left him "on the precipice of Beggary." He sought remuneration for "rendering appreciated services to the prisoners and furnishing helpful and important intelligence by means of which he expended a very considerable part of his property".[1] The State of New York awarded him £200, and Congress paid $1,625 to lease his tavern for two years to house federal government offices.[29] Samuel Fraunces was owed money from several places after the end of the war. Still struggling in his collection efforts he wrote to ask for help in collection from George Washington.[30] There is evidence of action by Washington in a letter he penned to Alexander White, who was then handling the Lee estate. Washington referred to Fraunces as a friend to our cause.[31]
Washington's households
George Washington and Samuel Fraunces exchanged correspondence in reference to Washington's household and also with regard to each other's families for over a decade. In 1783, there were three letters regarding the purchase of glassware and china, and the first was 12 September 1783.[32] The letters were written between George Washington and Daniel Parker. Parker was directed to consult with Fraunces on the type of glassware. On 18 September 1783, Fraunces had acquired not only the glassware but the china also, and an inventory was given.[33] On 4 December 1783, Samuel Fraunces wrote to George Washington and in the subscript was a mention of the Hector and Andromache figures.[34] The gift was from Fraunces to Martha Washington, and it is housed at Tudor Place. In 2011, there began a conservation of the pieces.[35] The conservators found a preserved piece of wallpaper that had been used to protect the box.[36] Photo of the work is available at:The Decorative Arts Trust.
George Washington wrote to Samuel Fraunces on 7 September 1785 asking for his help in procuring a housekeeper.[37] In the letter it is expressed that none would know the needs of his household better than Fraunces. Richard Burnet had served in this position.[38] Elizabeth Thompson (not Phebe) had been his housekeeper for many years[39] and was awarded payment in 1785, but she had retired years earlier.[40] Washington was Congress's unanimous choice to serve as the first President of the United States. He arrived in New York City on 23 April 1789, and took up residence at the Samuel Osgood House at Cherry & Franklin Streets. for a time, Fraunces would serve as steward of the presidential household. By September of 1790, Mr. Hyde was the steward of the Washington family. On 12 September 1790, Tobias Lear and Washington began an exchange of letters from NY to Philadelphia in reference to the household expenses. They were making a comparison of the cost of households between Mr. Hyde and Fraunces.[41] Mr. Hyde had succeeded Fraunces in NYC but had problems with the servants.[42] The letters from Lear to Washington are numerous. By March 1791, Mr. Fraunces had been offered terms to return to the family.[43] Fraunces, for personal reasons, did not reply with a positive response to the terms until 17 April 1791.[44] Lear described to Washington that, because of delay, there were complications. Fraunces had not arrived as of 1 May 1791.[45]
Fraunces was steward for the Washington Family in Philadelphia. By 1792, Fraunces purchased property on the south side of Filbert St., #719, Philadelphia, PA, from George Hunter. The location is three blocks away from the home of Robert Morris House where the Washington's lived.[46] On 21 September 1792, Lear referred to Fraunces in the procurement of a carriage to return to Philadelphia.[47] By August of 1793 there was a Yellow Fever Epidemic in Philadelphia. It was also at this time that Hamilton and Andrew Gautier Fraunces became embroiled in conflict.[48] Fraunces remained during the Yellow Fever Epidemic and the Hamilton scandal.[49] There was a break in correspondence and Washington was writing from Mt Vernon by 25 September 1793.[50] There is no clear correspondence to indicate when Fraunces left the family of Washington.
Death
Following his 2nd separation from the presidential household, Fraunces once more operated a tavern on 2nd Street in Philadelphia. At the time of his death he was operating the Golden Tun Tavern on Water Street and it is listed in his estate records. In almost all descriptions of Fraunces he is noted as a "Dandy" dresser. At his death the value of his wardrobe exceeded the inventory of liquors as a Tavern owner, the color noted for fabric was green, and they listed 21 ruffled shirts and 14 cravats.[51] Fraunces died in Philadelphia. His obituary appeared in the October 13, 1795, Gazette of the United States: "DIED - On Saturday Evening last, MR. SAMUEL FRAUNCES, aged 73 years. By his death, Society has sustained the loss of an honest man, and the Poor a valuable friend." He was buried in an unmarked grave at St. Peter's Church, Philadelphia.[52]
Family, Slavery and Racial Identity
Samuel Fraunces married Elizabeth Dally in New York City on November 30, 1757.[53] They had seven children: Andrew Gautier Fraunces, Elizabeth Fraunces Thompson, Catherine Fraunces Smock, Sophia Fraunces Gomez, Sarah Fraunces Campbell, Samuel Fraunces, and Hannah Louisa Fraunces Kelly.[54] Elizabeth Dalley was the sister of Gifford Dalley Doorkeeper of the United States House of Representatives. Their son Andrew G. Fraunces became a clerk in the Department of the Treasury and published a pamphlet denouncing Alexander Hamilton for his financial dealings.[55] Samuel Fraunces Jr. and Thomas Armstrong were guardians of Hannah. Samuel Fraunces Jr. was named executor of his father's estate.[54] With regard to race genealogies show us that not all of Samuel's children passed as white all of the time. At marriage Samuel Jr. was Negro.[56] Sophia and her children were enumerated as Negro while in NYC, Mulatto when they left for France and White when they returned to Louisiana.[57] Elizabeth "Phebe" was noted as colored when she was buried.[58]
In church records for the family of Fraunces, race is not noted most of the time. Most secondary sources reference his race as mulatto. One of the first printed references was in 1838, in which he was noted as "The agent mentioned by Lee, to whom Champe was introduced in the city of New York, and whose information was conveyed to him by cypher to the American general, was Sam Francis, a negro man, who kept a tavern in that city for some time prior to the battle of Long Island, and who remained there during the whole period of seven years, while the city was held by the enemy." [59] This narrative is in reference to information passed to Jane Tuers in reference to Benedict Arnold. The moment was re-enacted in schools in Jersey City, NJ in 1910, and a picture survives. The Jane Tuers info is an example of one early secondary source in which Samuel Fraunces was identified and portrayed as a Negro into the 20th Century. In 1897, Katherine Schuyler Baxter referred to Sam Fraunces (who was a mulatto).[60]
Some say since the late-19th century, there has been a dispute about Fraunces's racial identity.[61] The racial identity of Fraunces appears to have changed between the 1909 publication of The Historical Guide to New York where in the Chronology of the Tavevern, Henry Russell Drowne is listed as contributor and Secretary of The Sons of the Revolution states: "15 January 1762 "Purchased by Samuel Fraunces, called "Black Sam" from his swarthy appearance, he being a West India Creole, Fraunces had been made a "freeman" of New York while innkeeper in 1755" [62] and the Drowne booklet from 1913 where Fraunces has become "A man of French extraction from the West Indies".[63] In spite of the new-found narrative assigned to Fraunces, many late 19th and 20th-century sources continued to describe Fraunces as "mulatto" (1916),[64] "Negro" (1916),[65] "coloured" (1930),[66] "fastidious old Negro" (1934),[67] and "Haitian Negro" (1962),[68] these dates and descriptions were consistent from more than a century after his death.[69]
There are two publications that are either co-authored by Kym S. Rice and Fraunces Tavern or written by Kym S. Rice and published by Fraunces Tavern containing these assertions: 1: "Durng the Revolutionary era, Fraunces was commonly referred to as "Black Sam". Some have taken references such as these as an indication that Fraunces was a Black man...What is known of his life indicates he was a white man." 2: "Other than the appearance of the nickname, there are no known refernces where Fraunces was described as a "black man" during his life. 3: Samuel Fraunces has a slave enumerated on the 1790 census at the tavern address.[70]: 147–148 [5]: 27 .[71]
The tic mark under slave has always been "supposed" as Samuel Fraunces Jr. who did not marry until 5 October 1794. When he married Elizabeth "Betsy" Stevens at Trinity Church, his race was designated as Negro.[72] Rice also listed his memberships in groups (such as the Masons) then states erroneously, membership was restricted to whites only.[5]: 27 Who was Prince Hall?
Today, Jennifer Patton, Director of Education at the Fraunces Tavern Museum in New York City, owned by the SR, writes, 1: "The use of ' black' as a prefix to a nickname was not uncommon in the 18th century and did not necessarily indicate African heritage of an individual. For instance, Admiral Richard Lord Howe (1762- 1799), one of Britain’s best known and respected seamen – and a white man – was commonly called 'Black Dick,' a nickname his brother Sir William Howe gave to him as descriptive of the Admiral’s swarthy complexion." 2: "The issue of Samuel Fraunces’ racial identity is still a passionate topic of discussion to this very day. As debate rallies on for conclusive evidence, the actual truth is that we may never know for sure." 3: The actual name "Phoebe Fraunces" first appeared in print in a retelling of a Lossing story in the January 1876 issue of Scribner's Monthly Magazne, more than 99 years after the supposed incident. 4: Books titled Pheobe and the General and Pheobe and the spy are sweet, "but one needing some comments. Although the cover calls it a true story, Pheobe and the plate of poisoned peas never existed.[73]
This is a reversal of opinion for Fraunces Tavern Museum since the 1919 Drowne booklet and comes more than 30 years after the publication of Pheobe and the General in 1977.[74]
Rosemary Palermo has a more recent biography in 2016. It is her second version of Samuel Fraunces. In this work Palermo re-examines much of what is written about Fraunces in the context of genealogy. After reviewing the primary records available, her conclusion as a genealogist is that Fraunces must have been African in origins to have had children identified as Black and Colored.[75]
Sociologist W.E.B. Du Bois, co-founder of the NAACP and first editor of its magazine The Crisis, wrote 1 October 1954; "Samuel Fraunces was born in 1722 in the West Indies, and came to New York before 1755. He was called Black Sam because of his swarthy skin which probably was a result of his Negro blood, although The Sons of the Revolution, who own the building where his restaurant was, prefer to think that his color was a result of suntan and not his Negro blood." [76] Note that another co-founder of the NAACP was Florence Kelly, who herself was great grand daughter of Samuel Fraunces and friend of W.E.B. DuBois.
In recent years Charles Blockson has called attention to many of sources that described Fraunces as "Negro," "coloured," "Haitian Negro," "mulatto," "fastidious old Negro," and "swarthy. On June 26, 2010, in large part led and facilitated by Blockson, the family of Samuel Fraunces and Generations Unlimited honored Samuel Fraunces. St. Peter's Church, Philadelphia, provided the opportunity to inscribe his information from church records on an obelisk in the churchyard.[77] A few years after the obelisk was engraved, in 2013, Blockson published The President's House Revisited Behind the Scenes: the Samuel Fraunces Story, a book outlining the struggles in the dissemination of information for Samuel Fraunces and the opposition faced in his identification as African in origin.
Phoebe Fraunces legend
In 1919, Henry Russell Drowne published a version of the Phebe story for the SR. In his version Pheobe was the daughter of Samuel Fraunces, the lover of Thomas Hickey, the housekeeper of George Washington, and she had made an attempt on George Washington's life. He documents this with family letters signed by Solomon Drowne about the Hickey Hanging.[74] Drowne was not the first to relay this tale of an attempt on Washington's life. In 1832, when George Washington would have been 100 years old, the poisoning story circulated, a surviving copy can be found in the Poughkeepsie Journal, 14 March 1832. It mentions George Washington's taste for peas. Fraunces prepared and did not serve them because two drummer boys sprinkled something on them. George Washington, his physician, and Samuel Fraunces determined the peas had been poisoned. A Mrs. Smith had enlisted the drummer boys. In this first version of the event there was no daughter.
The story grows layer upon layer until we reach the Drowne 1919, version. In 1858, when the Mineral Point Tribune Vol. XI No. 23 published a story of Washington and the peas, Thomas Hickey had been added, and he was the lover of an unnamed daughter of Fraunces. The story was also published in the Hornesville Tribune Vol. 7 No. 85, 22 July 1858, from NY. In 1859, a version of the peas and Hickey and Pheobe appears in the editors notes section of G.W. Parke Custis's memoirs.[78] George Washington Parke Custis was born 20 April 1781 and died 10 October 1857. The editor included the tale but G.W.P. Custis was born after the event and died before publication.
Although in 1919, the Fraunces Tavern Museum clearly says that Phebe is the daughter of Samuel Fraunces. In the 1983 and 1985, publications with Rice they now say, "There is no documentary evidence that Samuel Fraunces had a daughter named "Phoebe." The name does not appear in the birth, baptism, or death records of Christ Church, Philadelphia, or Trinity Church, New York.[70]: 130 She was not listed among his seven children in Fraunces's will."[79]
Charles L. Blockson and others have repeatedly over the years stated that Elizabeth Fraunces was Phebe or Pheobe, named so affectionately to avoid confusion with the many Elizabeth's in the Daily/Dalley/D'Ali/Allee and Fraunces/Francis/Frances families.[80] Elizabeth Fraunces is Phebe or Pheobe and at the time of the Hickey's June 1776, hanging, Sam/Samuel Fraunces eldest daughter was a 10-year-old child.[81] she married Atcheson Thomson/Thompson [82] and became another Elizabeth Thompson sharing a name with the former housekeeper of Washington. Pheobe Thomson/Thompson was buried 22 October 1836, at St John's burial ground NYC which is part of the Trinity Church group.[83]
Children's books
Judith Berry Griffin's 1977, children's book, Phoebe the Spy.[84]
Historian Christopher Collier and journalist James Lincoln Collier are the authors of 1984, Who Is Carrie?.[85]
C.R. Cole, Ainsley Battles, and Breanna Dubbs 2016, Phebe and the Peas.[86]
In popular culture
- Dinner for the General, a 1953 teleplay by Reginald Lawrence for Hallmark Hall of Fame, Season 2, Episode 2-26, aired on NBC, February 22, 1953—a teenaged Phoebe Fraunces falls desperately in love with Thomas Hickey and is horrified when she uncovers his plot to poison General Washington.[87]
- Washington's Farewell to His Officers, a 1955 teleplay by Goodman Ace for You Are There, aired on CBS, February 27, 1955—Samuel Fraunces serves a banquet for General Washington and his officers at the end of the Revolutionary War.[88]
- The Ballot and Me, a 1956 play by Langston Hughes, features a free-black Samuel Fraunces as a character.[89]
- Beyond Harlem, History of Black New York Downtown, a 2005 teleplay by Dara Frazier for NYC Media.
- Shades of War, a 2006 off-Broadway play by Dara Frazier-Harper, portrays Samuel Fraunces as a free-black, ultra-rich, Michael Bloomberg-like character.[90]
- Rough Crossings, a 2007 BBC video based on a book by Simon Schama, portrays both Samuel Fraunces and the "fictional" Phoebe Fraunces as free-blacks—it has been criticized for being inaccurate.[91]
- The Book of Negroes, a 2007 novel by Lawrence Hill about the life of slaves during the American Revolution, portrays Samuel Fraunces as a free mulatto from Jamaica who runs his namesake tavern, participates in historical events, and later moves to Mount Vernon to run George Washington's household.
- Fraunces is portrayed by an African-American actor in a 2010 video at the President's House Memorial in Philadelphia.
- Black Entertainment Television presented a 2015 miniseries, The Book of Negroes, based on Hill's 2007 novel. African-American actor Cuba Gooding, Jr. portrayed Fraunces.
Legacy
- Fraunces Tavern, at Pearl & Dock Streets in New York City, is a national historic landmark and museum.
- Miniature wax figures modeled by Fraunces, a gift to Martha Washington, survive at Tudor Place, the Washington, DC home of her granddaughter.[92]
- A Pennsylvania state historical marker at 2nd & Dock Streets in Philadelphia marks the location of the first tavern he operated after leaving Washington's presidential household.[93]
- On June 26, 2010, the family of Samuel Fraunces, Charles Blockson and Generations Unlimited honored Samuel Fraunces when St. Peter's Church, Philadelphia provided the opportunity to inscribe his information from church records on an obelisk in the churchyard.[94]
Notes
References
- ^ a b c NARA Publication M247 Record Group 360 Roll 26 page 329 National Archive Catalog ID 1938489
- ^ The caption reads: "Sam Fraunces. From original drawing. Owned by Mrs. A. Livingston Mason, Newport, R.I." Alice Morse Earle, Stagecoach and Tavern Days (New York: MacMillan Company, 1900), p. 184.
- ^ American Art News, vol. 7, no. 32 (June 12, 1909), p. 6., column 1, titled "Early Americans"
- ^ Sons of the Revolution in the State of New York, Reports and Proceedings 1912-1913, page 30.
- ^ a b c Rice, Kym S. (1985). A Documentary History of Fraunces Tavern: The 18th Century. New York: Fraunces Tavern Museum.
- ^ 1936; The Battery; Rodman Gilder
- ^ New York Historical Society, p.181, Collections of the New York Historical Society for the Year 1885, New York, accessible at https://archive.org/stream/collectionsofnew18newy#page/n5/mode/2up, retrieved 11 April 2017.
- ^ Tavern Keeper's License Book, 1756-66, New York City Mayors Office, New York Historical Society.
- ^ Public Papers of George Clinton First Governor of New York 1771-1795-1801-1804, Volume VIII, Albany, 1904, p.305.
- ^ The Jumel Mansion, William Henry Shelton, Haughton Mifflin Company, 1916.
- ^ Historical Guide to the City of New York compiled by Frank Bergen Kelley from Original Observations and Contributions Made by Members and Friends of The City History Club of New York, New York Fredrick A. Stokes Company, 1909.
- ^ The New York Gazette, April 4, 1763.
- ^ Eugene P. McParland, "Colonial Taverns and Tavern Keepers of British New York," The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record (July 1974), p. 158.
- ^ The Pennsylvania Gazette, Philadelphia, 25 Dec 1766, Page 3
- ^ Longworth's American Almanac, New York Register and City Directory, 1835, page 14.
- ^ The New York Gazette and the Weekly Mercury, July 25, 1768.
- ^ The New York Gazette and the Weekly Mercury, March 19, 1770; July 27, 1772.
- ^ The New York Gazette and the Weekly Mercury, May 7, 1770.
- ^ Rivington's New York Gazette, October 25, 1773.
- ^ Freneau, Philip M. (1786). The Poems of Philip Freneau; Written Chiefly During the Late War. Philadelphia: Francis Bailey, at Yorick's Head, in Market Street. p. 321.
- ^ “General Orders, 16 April 1776,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified March 30, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/03-04-02-0057. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Revolutionary War Series, vol. 4, 1 April 1776 – 15 June 1776, ed. Philander D. Chase. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1991, pp. 73–74.]
- ^ NARA publication M247, Record group 360, Roll 26, page 329, National Archive Catalog ID 1938489
- ^ "Samuel Fraunces," Dictionary of American Biography, Volume 8 (1937), p. 1.
- ^ “From George Washington to Samuel Fraunces, 18 August 1783,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified March 30, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-11711.
- ^ Inspection Roll of Negroes New York, New York City Book No. 1 April 23-September 13, 1783 (NARA)
- ^ “To George Washington from Commissioners of Embarkation at New York, 18 January 1784,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified March 30, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/04-01-02-0038. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Confederation Series, vol. 1, 1 January 1784 – 17 July 1784, ed. W. W. Abbot. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1992, pp. 50–56.]
- ^ DLC: Papers of George Washington. “To George Washington from Samuel Fraunces, 4 December 1783,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified March 30, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-12137. [This is anEarly Access documentfrom The Papers of George Washington. It is not an authoritative final version.]
- ^ 2017;Washington's Farewell: The Founding Father's Warning to Future Generations; John Avlon.
- ^ Indenture between Samuel Fraunces and Charles Thompson, Secretary of the Continental Congress, April 7, 1785. Papers of the Continental Congress, National Archives, Washington, DC.
- ^ “To George Washington from Samuel Fraunces, 26 June 1785,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified March 30, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/04-03-02-0077. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Confederation Series, vol. 3, 19 May 1785 – 31 March 1786, ed. W. W. Abbot. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1994, p. 85.]
- ^ “From George Washington to Alexander White, 14 July 1785,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified March 30, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/04-03-02-0117. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Confederation Series, vol. 3, 19 May 1785 – 31 March 1786, ed. W. W. Abbot. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1994, pp. 125–126.]
- ^ “From George Washington to Daniel Parker, 12 September 1783,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified March 30, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-11815. [This is anEarly Access documentfrom The Papers of George Washington. It is not an authoritative final version.]
- ^ “To George Washington from Daniel Parker, 18 September 1783,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified March 30, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-11830. [This is an Early Access document from The Papers of George Washington. It is not an authoritative final version.]
- ^ “To George Washington from Samuel Fraunces, 4 December 1783,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified March 30, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-12137. [This is an Early Access document from The Papers of George Washington. It is not an authoritative final version.]
- ^ American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Work, http://www.conservators-converse.org/2011/12/conservation-of-rare-wax-and-shell-work-given-to-martha-washington-begun/
- ^ Tudor Place, https://www.tudorplace.org/article/press/early-american-wallpaper-recovered-from-george-washington-waxwork/
- ^ “From George Washington to Samuel Fraunces, 7 September 1785,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified March 30, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/04-03-02-0215. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Confederation Series, vol. 3, 19 May 1785 – 31 March 1786, ed. W. W. Abbot. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1994, p. 236.]
- ^ “From George Washington to Clement Biddle, 17 August 1785,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified March 30, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/04-03-02-0172. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Confederation Series, vol. 3, 19 May 1785 – 31 March 1786, ed. W. W. Abbot. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1994, pp. 185–187.]
- ^ Gibbs receipt bppk, https://www.loc.gov/item/mgw500027/
- ^ Papers of the Continental Congress, Applications of Individuals, vol. 22 of Reports of Committees on Applications of Individuals, 1776-1789 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives), 85.
- ^ “To George Washington from Tobias Lear, 12 September 1790,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified March 30, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-06-02-0204. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Presidential Series, vol. 6, 1 July 1790 – 30 November 1790, ed. Mark A. Mastromarino. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1996, pp. 419–424.]
- ^ “From George Washington to Tobias Lear, 5 September 1790,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified March 30, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-06-02-0190. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Presidential Series, vol. 6, 1 July 1790 – 30 November 1790, ed. Mark A. Mastromarino. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1996, pp. 397–401.]
- ^ “To George Washington from Tobias Lear, 27 March 1791,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified March 30, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-08-02-0012. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Presidential Series, vol. 8, 22 March 1791 – 22 September 1791, ed. Mark A. Mastromarino. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1999, pp. 19–20.]
- ^ “To George Washington from Tobias Lear, 17 April 1791,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified March 30, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-08-02-0090. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Presidential Series, vol. 8, 22 March 1791 – 22 September 1791, ed. Mark A. Mastromarino. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1999, pp. 120–122.]
- ^ “To George Washington from Tobias Lear, 1 May 1791,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified March 30, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-08-02-0111. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Presidential Series, vol. 8, 22 March 1791 – 22 September 1791, ed. Mark A. Mastromarino. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1999, pp. 145–148.]
- ^ Philadelphia Recorder of Deeds; Deed Book D 31-344: Deed Book D 34-68 Andrew Gautier Fraunces; Deed Book 39-112-1793 Jacob Hull
- ^ “From George Washington to Tobias Lear, 21 September 1792,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified March 30, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-11-02-0069. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Presidential Series, vol. 11, 16 August 1792 – 15 January 1793, ed. Christine Sternberg Patrick. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2002, pp. 133–135.]
- ^ “To Alexander Hamilton from George Washington, [3 August 1793],” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified March 30, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-15-02-0140. [Original source: The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 15, June 1793 – January 1794, ed. Harold C. Syrett. New York: Columbia University Press, 1969, pp. 175–176.]
- ^ “From George Washington to Henry Knox, 9 September 1793,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified March 30, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-14-02-0040. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Presidential Series, vol. 14, 1 September–31 December 1793, ed. David R. Hoth. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2008, pp. 52–54.]
- ^ “From George Washington to Tobias Lear, 25 September 1793,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified March 30, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-14-02-0095. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Presidential Series, vol. 14, 1 September–31 December 1793, ed. David R. Hoth. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2008, pp. 135–137.]
- ^ Philadelphia County Registrar of Wills, File#W219-1795
- ^ christ Church on line database http://www.philageohistory.org/rdic-images/ChristChurch/view-register.cfm/37097?ReturnURL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Ephilageohistory%2Eorg%2Frdic-images%2FChristChurch%2Fsearch-register%2Ecfm%3Ffn%3D%26ln%3DFrancis%26t%3D%26s%3Dln
- ^ Trinity Church Database, http://registers.trinitywallstreet.org/files/history/registers/display_detail.php?id=333&sacr=marriage
- ^ a b Philadelphia County Registrar of Wills file#W-219-1795
- ^ 25 August 1793; An Appeal to the the legislature of the United States, and to the Citizens individually of the several states. Against the conduct of the Secretary of the Treasury; Andrew G. Fraunces
- ^ Trinity Church Database, http://registers.trinitywallstreet.org/files/history/registers/display_detail.php?id=4373&sacr=marriage
- ^ National Archives and Records Administration (NARA); Washington D.C.; NARA Series: Passport Applications, 1795-1905; Roll #: 96; Volume #: Roll 096 - 26 Apr 1861-31 May 1861
- ^ Trinity Church Database, http://registers.trinitywallstreet.org/files/history/registers/display_detail.php?id=14436&sacr=burial
- ^ 1838; Biographical Sketch of Captain Samuel Cooper; pages 519-523; The Southern Literary Messenger: Devoted to Every Department of Literature; Thos. W. White, Richmond.
- ^ 1897; Katherine Schuyler Baxter; A Godchild of Washington A Picture of the Past; page 77
- ^ Booker, Bobbi (2009-03-22). "Racial identity of 'Black Sam' debated". Philadelphia Tribune. Retrieved 2013-12-05.
- ^ Historical Guide to the City of New York compiled by Frank Bergen Kelley From Original Observations and Contributions Made by Members and Friends of The City History Club of New York, New York, Frederick A Stokes Company, 1909
- ^ 1919, A Sketch of Fraunces Tavern; and Those Connected with the History, Henry Russell Drowne.
- ^ Frederic J. Haskin, The Washington D.C. Evening Star, August 11, 1916, p. 10.
- ^ National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, The Crisis (December 1916), p. 85.[1]
- ^ James Weldon Johnson, Black Manhattan (Perseus Books Group, 1930).
- ^ William Hornor, Jr., The Philadelphia Bulletin, February 22, 1934, p. 8.
- ^ Charles Henry Thompson, The Journal of Negro Education, vol. 31 (1962), p. 475.
- ^ Blockson, Charles L. "Black Samuel Fraunces: Patriot, White House Steward and Restaurateur Par Excellenc". Temple University Libraries. Retrieved 2016-01-06.
- ^ a b "Samuel Fraunces" (biographical sketch) in Rice, Kym S. (1983). Early American Taverns: For the Entertainment of Friends and Strangers. Chicago: Regnery Gateway. ISBN 978-0-89526-842-6.
- ^ "Dock Ward, New York City," in Heads of Families at the First United States Census Taken in the Year 1790 - New York (Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1908), p. 117.
- ^ Trinity Church Database http://registers.trinitywallstreet.org/files/history/registers/display_detail.php?id=4373&sacr=marriage
- ^ Fraunces Tavern Museum, Pre-Visit Materials, (http://www.frauncestavernmuseum.org/pdf/FTM%20Materials.pdf)
- ^ a b 1919; A Sketch of Fraunces Tavern: and Those Connected with the History; Henry Russell Drowne.
- ^ 2016;'Black Sam' Fraunces: The life and Times of a Revolutionary War Hero, Spy and Man of Color; Rosemary J Palermo
- ^ http://credo.library.umass.edu/view/pageturn/mums312-b142-i337/#page/1/mode/1up
- ^ 2011; St Peter’s Church Faith in Action for 250 Years; Cornelia Francis Biddle, Elizabeth S. Brown, Allan J. Heavens, Charles P. Peitz; Temple University Press.
- ^ 1859; Recollection and Private Memoirs of Washington by G. W. Parke Custis
- ^ Philadelphia Register of Wills, File#W-219-1795
- ^ The President's House Revisited Behind the Scenes: The Samuel Fraunces Story; 2013 Charles Blockson
- ^ Records of Christ Church, Philadelphia list Elizabeth Fraunces's birth as 26 December 1765, and her baptism as 27 January 1789
- ^ Trinity Church New York, Marriage records, 14 January 1789.
- ^ Churchyards and registers, (http://registers.trinitywallstreet.org/files/history/registers/display_detail.php?id=14436&sacr=burial)
- ^ Phoebe the Spy
- ^ (Who Is Carrie? from Amazon.com)
- ^ https://www.amazon.com/Phebe-Peas-CR-Cole/dp/1682891313
- ^ Dinner for the General from imdb
- ^ Washington's Farewell to His Generals
- ^ The Collected Works of Langston Hughes: Gospel plays, operas, and later dramatic works. University of Missouri Press. 2004. p. 465. ISBN 978-0-8262-1477-5.
- ^ Shades of War
- ^ "Simon Schama Should Be Ashamed, & So Should the BBC."
- ^ Wax miniatures from The Georgetowner, October 17, 2011.
- ^ PA Historical Marker from Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission.
- ^ Dedication of the obelisk on YouTube.
External links
- Samuel Fraunces, from Fraunces Tavern Museum.
- Early life of Samuel Fraunces, from Fraunces Tavern Museum.
- Samuel Fraunces (c. 1722–1795), from George Washington's Mount Vernon.
- Samuel Fraunces: Black Man or White Man? from ushistory.org.