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On December 9, the CIA told U.S. legislators the [[United States Intelligence Community|U.S. Intelligence Community]] concluded Russia conducted operations during the 2016 U.S. election to assist Donald Trump in winning the presidency.<ref name=secretcia>{{citation|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/obama-orders-review-of-russian-hacking-during-presidential-campaign/2016/12/09/31d6b300-be2a-11e6-94ac-3d324840106c_story.html|accessdate=December 10, 2016|date=December 9, 2016|title=Secret CIA assessment says Russia was trying to help Trump win White House|author=Adam Entous, Ellen Nakashima and Greg Miller}}</ref><ref name=ciareportrussiatrump>{{citation|work=[[Business Insider]]|date=December 9, 2016|accessdate=December 10, 2016|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/cia-russia-helped-trump-win-us-election-2016-12|title=The CIA says it has evidence that Russia tried to help Trump win the US election|author=Chris Sanchez and Bryan Logan}}</ref><ref name=russiahelpeddonald>{{citation|work=[[New York Daily News]]|date=December 9, 2016|accessdate=December 10, 2016|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/russia-helped-donald-trump-win-white-house-report-article-1.2905442|title=Russia intervened in the 2016 election to help Donald Trump win the White House: report|first=Chris|last=Sommerfeldt}}</ref> Multiple U.S intelligence agencies concluded people with direct ties to the Kremlin gave [[WikiLeaks]] hacked emails from the [[Democratic National Committee]] (DNC) and additional sources such as [[John Podesta]], campaign chairman for [[Hillary Clinton]].<ref name=secretcia /> These intelligence organizations additionally concluded Russia hacked the [[Republican National Committee]] (RNC) as well as the DNC—and chose not to leak information obtained from the RNC.<ref name="NYT Aid Trump"/> A senior administration official told ''The New York Times'': "We now have high confidence that they hacked the D.N.C. and the R.N.C., and conspicuously released no documents [from the R.N.C.]".<ref name="NYT Aid Trump"/> An unnamed official disputed this statement and stated that "attempts to penetrate the Republican committee's systems ... were not successful," citing "an FBI investigation into the matter."<ref name="NYT Aid Trump"/> The CIA said the foreign intelligence agents were Russian operatives previously known to the U.S.<ref name=secretcia /> Writing in ''The New York Times'' on December 9, David E. Sanger and Scott Shane described the ambiguity surrounding the information then publicly available: "It is also far from clear that Russia's original intent was to support Mr. Trump, and many intelligence officials—and former officials in Mrs. Clinton's campaign—believe that the primary motive of the Russians was to simply disrupt the campaign and undercut public confidence in the integrity of the vote."<ref name="NYT Aid Trump"/> The CIA, however, told U.S. Senators it was "quite clear" that Russia's intentions were to help Trump.<ref name=ciareportrussiatrump /> |
On December 9, the CIA told U.S. legislators the [[United States Intelligence Community|U.S. Intelligence Community]] concluded Russia conducted operations during the 2016 U.S. election to assist Donald Trump in winning the presidency.<ref name=secretcia>{{citation|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/obama-orders-review-of-russian-hacking-during-presidential-campaign/2016/12/09/31d6b300-be2a-11e6-94ac-3d324840106c_story.html|accessdate=December 10, 2016|date=December 9, 2016|title=Secret CIA assessment says Russia was trying to help Trump win White House|author=Adam Entous, Ellen Nakashima and Greg Miller}}</ref><ref name=ciareportrussiatrump>{{citation|work=[[Business Insider]]|date=December 9, 2016|accessdate=December 10, 2016|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/cia-russia-helped-trump-win-us-election-2016-12|title=The CIA says it has evidence that Russia tried to help Trump win the US election|author=Chris Sanchez and Bryan Logan}}</ref><ref name=russiahelpeddonald>{{citation|work=[[New York Daily News]]|date=December 9, 2016|accessdate=December 10, 2016|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/russia-helped-donald-trump-win-white-house-report-article-1.2905442|title=Russia intervened in the 2016 election to help Donald Trump win the White House: report|first=Chris|last=Sommerfeldt}}</ref> Multiple U.S intelligence agencies concluded people with direct ties to the Kremlin gave [[WikiLeaks]] hacked emails from the [[Democratic National Committee]] (DNC) and additional sources such as [[John Podesta]], campaign chairman for [[Hillary Clinton]].<ref name=secretcia /> These intelligence organizations additionally concluded Russia hacked the [[Republican National Committee]] (RNC) as well as the DNC—and chose not to leak information obtained from the RNC.<ref name="NYT Aid Trump"/> A senior administration official told ''The New York Times'': "We now have high confidence that they hacked the D.N.C. and the R.N.C., and conspicuously released no documents [from the R.N.C.]".<ref name="NYT Aid Trump"/> An unnamed official disputed this statement and stated that "attempts to penetrate the Republican committee's systems ... were not successful," citing "an FBI investigation into the matter."<ref name="NYT Aid Trump"/> The CIA said the foreign intelligence agents were Russian operatives previously known to the U.S.<ref name=secretcia /> Writing in ''The New York Times'' on December 9, David E. Sanger and Scott Shane described the ambiguity surrounding the information then publicly available: "It is also far from clear that Russia's original intent was to support Mr. Trump, and many intelligence officials—and former officials in Mrs. Clinton's campaign—believe that the primary motive of the Russians was to simply disrupt the campaign and undercut public confidence in the integrity of the vote."<ref name="NYT Aid Trump"/> The CIA, however, told U.S. Senators it was "quite clear" that Russia's intentions were to help Trump.<ref name=ciareportrussiatrump /> |
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== |
==Denial and criticism== |
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WikiLeaks founder [[Julian Assange]] said Russia was not involved, and said that there was no proof they were behind the attack.<ref name=assangedenies>{{cite web|title=WikiLeaks' Assange denies Russia behind Podesta hack|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2016/11/julian-assange-russia-john-podesta-wikileaks-230676|website=Politico|accessdate=December 10, 2016}}</ref><ref name=alexjohnson>Alex Johnson, [http://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/wikileaks-julian-assange-no-proof-hacked-dnc-emails-came-russia-n616541 WikiLeaks' Julian Assange: 'No Proof' Hacked DNC Emails Came From Russia], NBC News (July 25, 2016).</ref> The Russian government said it had no involvement.<ref name=russiadenies>[http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-hack-russia-idUSKCN0Z02EK Moscow denies Russian involvement in U.S. DNC hacking], Reuters (June 14, 2016).</ref> |
WikiLeaks founder [[Julian Assange]] said Russia was not involved, and said that there was no proof they were behind the attack.<ref name=assangedenies>{{cite web|title=WikiLeaks' Assange denies Russia behind Podesta hack|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2016/11/julian-assange-russia-john-podesta-wikileaks-230676|website=Politico|accessdate=December 10, 2016}}</ref><ref name=alexjohnson>Alex Johnson, [http://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/wikileaks-julian-assange-no-proof-hacked-dnc-emails-came-russia-n616541 WikiLeaks' Julian Assange: 'No Proof' Hacked DNC Emails Came From Russia], NBC News (July 25, 2016).</ref> The Russian government said it had no involvement.<ref name=russiadenies>[http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-hack-russia-idUSKCN0Z02EK Moscow denies Russian involvement in U.S. DNC hacking], Reuters (June 14, 2016).</ref> |
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Revision as of 11:48, 11 December 2016
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U.S. officials have stated that the Central Intelligence Agency concluded Russia influenced the United States 2016 election to help elect Donald Trump as President of the United States.[1] According to a senior U.S. official who received a brief on an intelligence presentation provided to the U.S. senate, the conclusions were the "consensus view" of multiple intelligence agences.[1] Senior administration officials from U.S. intelligence agencies have stated they have "high confidence",[2] that the Russian government was involved in providing WikiLeaks with thousands of hacked emails from the Democratic National Committee and Hillary Clinton’s campaign chairman John Podesta with the goal of influencing the outcome of the election.[2][3][4][5][6][7] The Russian government and WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange have said Russia was not involved, and the U.S. House Intelligence Committee chairman has stated "there is no clear evidence" Russia intervened in the U.S. election on behalf of Trump.[8][9][10][11]
On October 7, 2016, the United States Department of Homeland Security and the Office of the Director of National Intelligence stated that the U.S. intelligence community was confident that the Russian government directed the breaches and the release of the obtained material in an attempt to "... interfere with the U.S. election process."[12][13][14] On December 9, U.S. intelligence concluded that the Russian government was involved in hacking servers of the Republican National Committee (RNC) – but said they did not release the content of the hack in a desire to tilt the election in favor of the Republican party's candidate. The RNC has repeatedly denied that its security was breached.[15]
On December 9, President Barack Obama ordered a "full enquiry" into possible Russian interventions in the election.[16][17] Several U.S. senators – including incoming Republicans John McCain, Richard Burr, and Lindsey Graham – demanded a congressional investigation.[18] President-elect Donald Trump mocked American intelligence and ridiculed the assertions of Russian intervention in a statement released by his transition team. Trump stated: "these are the same people that said Saddam Hussein had weapons of mass destruction."[19][20]
Background
Internet Research Agency
Beginning in fall 2014, The New Yorker writer Adrian Chen performed a six-month investigation into Russian propaganda online by a group called the Internet Research Agency.[21] The New Yorker reported it was widely documented in Russian media that Evgeny Prigozhin, a close associate of Vladimir Putin, was behind the operation which hired hundreds of individuals to work in Saint Petersburg.[21]
The group was regarded as a "troll farm", a term used to refer to propaganda efforts controlling many accounts online with the aim of artificially providing a semblance of a grassroots organization.[21] Chen reported that Internet trolling was used by the Russian government as a tactic largely after observing the social media organization of the 2011 protests against Putin.[21] Chen interviewed Russian reporters and activists who said the end goal of propaganda by the Russian government was to sow discord and chaos online.[21]
Counter-Disinformation Team scrapped pre-election
The International Business Times reported the United States Department of State planned to use a unit formed with the intention of combating disinformation from the Russian government, and that it was disbanded in September 2015 after department heads missed the scope of propaganda before the 2016 U.S. election.[22] The U.S. State Department put 8 months into developing the unit before scrapping it.[22]
Titled Counter-Disinformation Team, it would have been a reboot of the Active Measures Working Group set up by the Reagan Administration.[23][24] The Counter-Disinformation Team was set up under the Bureau of International Information Programs.[23][24] Work began on the Counter-Disinformation Team in 2014, with the intention to combat propaganda from Russian sources such as Russia Today.[23][24] A beta website was ready and staff were hired by the U.S. State Department for the unit prior to its cancellation.[23][24] U.S. Intelligence officials explained to former National Security Agency analyst and counterintelligence officer John R. Schindler that the Obama Administration decided to cancel the unit as they were afraid of antagonizing Russia.[23][24] A State Department representative told the International Business Times after being contacted regarding the closure of the unit, that the U.S. was disturbed by propaganda from Russia, and the strongest defense was sincere communication.[22]
U.S. Undersecretary of State for Public Diplomacy Richard Stengel was point person for the unit before it was canceled.[23][24] Stengel previously wrote about disinformation by Russia Today.[25] After U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry called Russia Today: a "propaganda bullhorn" for Vladimir Putin,[26] Russia Today insisted the State Department give an "official response".[25][27] Stengel wrote Russia Today engaged in a "disinformation campaign".[25][27]
Russian trolls support Trump
Adrian Chen observed a pattern in December 2015 where pro-Russian accounts became supportive of 2016 U.S. presidential candidate Donald Trump.[28] Andrew Weisburd and Foreign Policy Research Institute fellow and senior fellow at the Center for Cyber and Homeland Security at George Washington University, Clint Watts,[29] wrote for The Daily Beast in August 2016 that Russian propaganda fabricated articles were popularized by social media.[28] Weisburd and Watts documented how disinformation spread from Russia Today and Sputnik News, "the two biggest Russian state-controlled media organizations publishing in English", to pro-Russian accounts on Twitter.[28]
Citing research by Adrian Chen, Weisburd and Watts compared Russian tactics during the 2016 U.S. election to Soviet Union Cold War strategies.[28] They referenced the 1992 United States Information Agency report to the United States Congress, which warned about Russian propaganda called active measures.[28] Weisburd and Watts concluded social media made active measures easier.[28] Institute of International Relations Prague senior fellow and scholar on Russian intelligence, Mark Galeotti, agreed the Kremlin operations were a form of active measures.[30] The Guardian reported in November 2016 the most strident Internet promoters of Trump were not U.S. citizens but paid Russian propagandists.[31] The paper estimated there were several thousand trolls involved.[31]
Weisburd and Watts collaborated with colleague J. M. Berger and published a follow-up to their Daily Beast article in online magazine War on the Rocks, titled: "Trolling for Trump: How Russia is Trying to Destroy Our Democracy".[29][32][33] They researched 7,000 pro-Trump social media accounts over a two-and-a-half year period.[32] Their research detailed Internet trolling techniques to denigrate critics of Russian activities in Syria, and to proliferate falsehoods about Clinton's health.[32] Watts said the propaganda targeted the alt-right movement, the right wing, and fascist groups.[29] BuzzFeed News reported Kremlin-financed trolls were open about spreading Russian disinformation.[34] After each presidential debate, thousands of Twitter bots used hashtag #Trumpwon to change perceptions.[34]
On November 24, 2016, The Washington Post reported the Foreign Policy Research Institute stated Russian propaganda exacerbated criticism of Clinton and support for Trump.[35][36][37] The strategy involved social media, paid Internet trolls, botnets, and websites in order to denigrate Clinton.[35][36][37] Watts stated Russia's goal was to damage trust in the U.S. government.[35] Conclusions by Watts and colleagues Andrew Weisburd and J.M. Berger were confirmed by research from the Elliott School of International Affairs at George Washington University and by the RAND Corporation.[35]
U.S. intelligence conclusions
Computer security company FireEye concluded Russia used social media as a weapon to influence the U.S. election.[38] FireEye Chairman David DeWalt said the 2016 operation was a new development in cyberwarfare by Russia.[38] FireEye CEO Kevin Mandia stated Russian cyberwarfare changed after fall 2014, from covert to overt tactics with decreased operational security.[38]
The U.S. Intelligence Community tasked resources debating why Putin chose summer 2016 to escalate active measures influencing U.S. politics.[39] Director of National Intelligence James R. Clapper said after the 2011–13 Russian protests, Putin's confidence in his viability as a politician was damaged, and Putin responded with the propaganda operation.[39] Former Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) officer Patrick Skinner explained the goal was to spread uncertainty.[40] U.S. Congressman Adam Schiff, Ranking Member of the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, commented on Putin's aims, and said U.S. intelligence agencies were concerned with Russian propaganda.[39] Speaking about disinformation that appeared in Hungary, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, and Poland, Schiff said there was an increase of the same behavior in the U.S.[39] Schiff concluded Russian propaganda operations would continue against the U.S. after the election.[39]
On October 31, 2016, The New York Times stated that the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) had been examining possible connections between Trump and Russia "for much of the summer," and was unable to find "any conclusive or direct link." Moreover, "even the hacking into Democratic emails, FBI and intelligence officials now believe, was aimed at disrupting the presidential election rather than electing Mr. Trump."[41]
On December 9, the CIA told U.S. legislators the U.S. Intelligence Community concluded Russia conducted operations during the 2016 U.S. election to assist Donald Trump in winning the presidency.[42][43][44] Multiple U.S intelligence agencies concluded people with direct ties to the Kremlin gave WikiLeaks hacked emails from the Democratic National Committee (DNC) and additional sources such as John Podesta, campaign chairman for Hillary Clinton.[42] These intelligence organizations additionally concluded Russia hacked the Republican National Committee (RNC) as well as the DNC—and chose not to leak information obtained from the RNC.[15] A senior administration official told The New York Times: "We now have high confidence that they hacked the D.N.C. and the R.N.C., and conspicuously released no documents [from the R.N.C.]".[15] An unnamed official disputed this statement and stated that "attempts to penetrate the Republican committee's systems ... were not successful," citing "an FBI investigation into the matter."[15] The CIA said the foreign intelligence agents were Russian operatives previously known to the U.S.[42] Writing in The New York Times on December 9, David E. Sanger and Scott Shane described the ambiguity surrounding the information then publicly available: "It is also far from clear that Russia's original intent was to support Mr. Trump, and many intelligence officials—and former officials in Mrs. Clinton's campaign—believe that the primary motive of the Russians was to simply disrupt the campaign and undercut public confidence in the integrity of the vote."[15] The CIA, however, told U.S. Senators it was "quite clear" that Russia's intentions were to help Trump.[43]
Denial and criticism
WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange said Russia was not involved, and said that there was no proof they were behind the attack.[8][9] The Russian government said it had no involvement.[10]
The RNC has denied any intrusion into its servers, while acknowledging that the email accounts of individual Republicans (including Colin Powell) were breached. In fact, over 200 emails from Republican officials were posted on the website DC Leaks.[15][45]
The U.S. House Intelligence Committee chairman Congressman Devin Nunes stated that "There is no clear evidence — even now" that Russia acted to help Trump. Nunes stated "There’s a lot of innuendo, lots of circumstantial evidence, that’s it."[11]
Glenn Greenwald, writing for The Intercept, criticized the The Washington Post and The New York Times reports on Russian involvement in the presidential election. Greenwald noted that these reports relied on anonymous sources within the CIA and did not provide any evidence or proof. In addition, Greenwald speculated that "an important part of this story, quite clearly, is inter-agency feuding between ... the CIA and the FBI," contrasting the support Clinton received from high-ranking CIA officers with the "key factions in the FBI [who] were furious that Hillary Clinton was not criminally charged for her handling of classified information."[46]
Trump's transition team dismissed the CIA conclusions, remarking: "These are the same people that said Saddam Hussein had weapons of mass destruction."[15]
U.S. legislative response
Members of the U.S. Senate Intelligence Committee traveled to Ukraine and Poland in 2016 and learned about Russian operations to influence their affairs.[47] U.S. Senator Angus King told the Portland Press Herald that tactics used by Russia during the 2016 U.S. election were analogous to those used against other countries.[47] On November 30, 2016, King joined a letter in which seven members of the U.S. Senate Intelligence Committee asked President Obama to publicize more information from the intelligence community on Russia's role in the U.S. election.[47][48] In an interview with CNN, Senator King warned against ignoring the problem, saying it was a bipartisan issue.[49]
Representatives in the U.S. Congress took action to monitor the National security of the United States by advancing legislation to monitor propaganda.[50][51] On November 30, 2016, legislators approved a measure within the National Defense Authorization Act to ask the U.S. State Department act against propaganda with an inter-agency panel.[50][51] The legislation authorized funding of $160 million over a two-year-period.[50] The initiative was developed through a bipartisan bill, the Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act, written by U.S. Senators Republican Rob Portman and Democrat Chris Murphy.[50] Portman urged more U.S. government action to counter propaganda.[50] Murphy said after the election it was apparent the U.S. needed additional tactics to fight Russian propaganda.[50] U.S. Senate Intelligence Committee member Ron Wyden said frustration over covert Russian propaganda was bipartisan.[50]
Republican U.S. Senators stated they planned to hold hearings and investigate Russian influence on the 2016 U.S. elections.[52] By doing so they went against the preference of incoming Republican President-elect Donald Trump, who downplayed any potential Russian meddling in the election.[52] U.S. Senate Armed Services Committee Chairman John McCain and U.S. Senate Intelligence Committee Chairman Richard Burr discussed plans for collaboration on investigations of Russian cyberwarfare during the election.[52] U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee Chairman Bob Corker planned a 2017 investigation.[52] Senator Lindsey Graham indicated he would conduct a sweeping investigation in the 115th Congress.[52]
President Obama order
On December 9, 2016, President Obama ordered the entire United States Intelligence Community to conduct an investigation into Russia's attempts to influence the 2016 U.S. election – and provide a report before he leaves office on January 20, 2017.[53][54][55] Lisa Monaco, U.S. Homeland Security Advisor and chief counterterrorism advisor to the president, announced the study, and said the intrusion of a foreign nation into a U.S. national election was an unprecedented event that would necessitate further investigation by subsequent administrations in the executive branch.[53] The intelligence analysis will take into account data from the last three presidential elections in the U.S.[54] Evidence showed malicious cyberwarfare during the 2008 and 2016 U.S. elections.[54]
See also
- 1995 CIA disinformation controversy
- Active measures
- Active Measures Working Group
- DC Leaks
- Democratic National Committee cyber attacks
- 2016 Democratic National Committee email leak
- Cozy Bear
- Cyberwarfare by Russia
- Fancy Bear
- Guccifer 2.0
- Operation INFEKTION
- Podesta emails
- Web brigades
- Russian espionage in the United States
- Soviet espionage in the United States
- State-sponsored Internet propaganda
- Trolls from Olgino
References
- ^ a b Mary Louise Kelly (December 10, 2016), "CIA Concludes Russian Interference Aimed To Elect Trump", NPR
- ^ a b "Spy Agency Consensus Grows That Russia Hacked D.N.C." New York Times. Retrieved July 26, 2016.
- ^ Entous, Adam; Nakashima, Ellen; Miller, Greg. "Secret CIA assessment says Russia was trying to help Trump win White House". The Washington Post.
- ^ Ellen Nakashima, Is there a Russian master plan to install Trump in the White House? Some intelligence officials are skeptical, New York Times (July 27, 2016).
- ^ Franceschi-Bicchierai, Lorenzo. "How Hackers Broke Into John Pedestal and Colin Powell's Gmail Accounts". Motherboard. Retrieved October 20, 2016.
- ^ Rid, Thomas. "How Russia Pulled Off the Biggest Election Hack in U.S. History". Esquire. Retrieved October 20, 2016.
- ^ Frenkel, Sheena. "Meet Fancy Bear". Buuzfeed. Retrieved October 15, 2016.
- ^ a b "WikiLeaks' Assange denies Russia behind Podesta hack". Politico. Retrieved December 10, 2016.
- ^ a b Alex Johnson, WikiLeaks' Julian Assange: 'No Proof' Hacked DNC Emails Came From Russia, NBC News (July 25, 2016).
- ^ a b Moscow denies Russian involvement in U.S. DNC hacking, Reuters (June 14, 2016).
- ^ a b Nakashima, Ellen; Entous, Adam (December 10, 2016). "FBI and CIA give differing accounts to lawmakers on Russia's motives in 2016 hacks". Washington Post. Retrieved December 11, 2016.
- ^ Nakashima, Ellen. "U.S. government officially accuses Russia of hacking campaign to interfere with elections". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
- ^ Ackerman, Spencer; Thielman, Sam. "US officially accuses Russia of hacking DNC and interfering with election". The Guardian. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
- ^ CNN, Evan Perez and Theodore Schleifer. "US accuses Russia of trying to interfere with 2016 election". CNN. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
{{cite web}}
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- ^ Washington, Spencer Ackerman David Smith in (December 9, 2016). "Barack Obama orders 'full review' of possible Russian hacking in US election". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved December 10, 2016.
- ^ CNN, Tal Kopan, Kevin Liptak and Jim Sciutto. "Obama orders review of Russian election-related hacking". CNN. Retrieved December 10, 2016.
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has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Levine, Sam (December 10, 2016). "Chuck Schumer Calls For Investigation Into Russian Interference In The Election". The Huffington Post. Retrieved December 10, 2016.
- ^ Sanger, David E. (December 10, 2016). "Trump, Mocking Claim That Russia Hacked Election, at Odds with G.O.P." The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 10, 2016.
- ^ "Team Trump Mocks Suggestion of Russian Meddling in Election". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved December 10, 2016.
- ^ a b c d e Chen, Adrian (July 27, 2016), "The Real Paranoia-Inducing Purpose of Russian Hacks", The New Yorker, retrieved November 26, 2016
- ^ a b c Porter, Tom (November 28, 2016), "How US and EU failings allowed Kremlin propaganda and fake news to spread through the West", International Business Times, retrieved November 29, 2016
- ^ a b c d e f Schindler, John R. (November 5, 2015), "Obama Fails to Fight Putin's Propaganda Machine", New York Observer, retrieved November 28, 2016
- ^ a b c d e f Schindler, John R. (November 26, 2016), "The Kremlin Didn't Sink Hillary—Obama Did", New York Observer, retrieved November 28, 2016
- ^ a b c LoGiurato, Brett (April 29, 2014), "Russia's Propaganda Channel Just Got A Journalism Lesson From The US State Department", Business Insider, retrieved November 29, 2016
- ^ LoGiurato, Brett (April 25, 2014), "RT Is Very Upset With John Kerry For Blasting Them As Putin's 'Propaganda Bullhorn'", Business Insider, retrieved November 29, 2016
- ^ a b Stengel, Richard (April 29, 2014), "Russia Today's Disinformation Campaign", Dipnote, United States Department of State, retrieved November 28, 2016
- ^ a b c d e f Weisburd, Andrew; Watts, Clint (August 6, 2016), "Trolls for Trump - How Russia Dominates Your Twitter Feed to Promote Lies (And, Trump, Too)", The Daily Beast, retrieved November 24, 2016
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c Dougherty, Jill (December 2, 2016), The reality behind Russia's fake news, CNN, retrieved December 2, 2016
- ^ Ali Watkins and Sheera Frenkel (November 30, 2016), "Intel Officials Believe Russia Spreads Fake News", BuzzFeed News, retrieved December 1, 2016
- ^ a b Benedictus, Leo (November 6, 2016), "Invasion of the troll armies: from Russian Trump supporters to Turkish state stooges", The Guardian, retrieved December 2, 2016
- ^ a b c "U.S. officials defend integrity of vote, despite hacking fears", WITN-TV, November 26, 2016, retrieved December 2, 2016
- ^ Andrew Weisburd, Clint Watts and JM Berger (November 6, 2016), "Trolling for Trump: How Russia is Trying to Destroy Our Democracy", War on the Rocks, retrieved December 6, 2016
- ^ a b Frenkel, Sheera (November 4, 2016), "US Officials Are More Worried About The Media Being Hacked Than The Ballot Box", BuzzFeed News, retrieved December 2, 2016
- ^ a b c d Timberg, Craig (November 24, 2016), "Russian propaganda effort helped spread 'fake news' during election, experts say", The Washington Post, retrieved November 25, 2016,
Two teams of independent researchers found that the Russians exploited American-made technology platforms to attack U.S. democracy at a particularly vulnerable moment
- ^ a b "Russian propaganda effort likely behind flood of fake news that preceded election", PBS NewsHour, Associated Press, November 25, 2016, retrieved November 26, 2016
- ^ a b "Russian propaganda campaign reportedly spread 'fake news' during US election", Nine News, Agence France-Presse, November 26, 2016, retrieved November 26, 2016
- ^ a b c Strohm, Chris (December 1, 2016), "Russia Weaponized Social Media in U.S. Election, FireEye Says", Bloomberg News, retrieved December 1, 2016
- ^ a b c d e "Vladimir Putin Wins the Election No Matter Who The Next President Is", The Daily Beast, November 4, 2016, retrieved December 2, 2016
- ^ Schatz, Bryan, "The Kremlin Would Be Proud of Trump's Propaganda Playbook", Mother Jones, retrieved December 2, 2016
- ^ Lichtblau, Eric; Myers, Steven Lee (October 31, 2016). "Investigating Donald Trump, F.B.I. Sees No Clear Link to Russia". The New York Times. Retrieved December 11, 2016.
- ^ a b c Adam Entous, Ellen Nakashima and Greg Miller (December 9, 2016), "Secret CIA assessment says Russia was trying to help Trump win White House", The Washington Post, retrieved December 10, 2016
- ^ a b Chris Sanchez and Bryan Logan (December 9, 2016), "The CIA says it has evidence that Russia tried to help Trump win the US election", Business Insider, retrieved December 10, 2016
- ^ Sommerfeldt, Chris (December 9, 2016), "Russia intervened in the 2016 election to help Donald Trump win the White House: report", New York Daily News, retrieved December 10, 2016
- ^ cf. Tau, Byron (September 14, 2016). "Colin Powell Blasts Donald Trump, Criticizes Hillary Clinton in Leaked Messages". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved December 11, 2016.
- ^ Greenwald, Glenn. "Anonymous Leaks to the WashPost About the CIA's Russia Beliefs Are No Substitute for Evidence". The Intercept. Retrieved December 10, 2016.
- ^ a b c Miller, Kevin (December 1, 2016), "Angus King: Russian involvement in U.S. election 'an arrow aimed at the heart of democracy'", Portland Press Herald, retrieved December 2, 2016
- ^ Staff report (November 30, 2016), "Angus King among senators asking president to declassify information about Russia and election", Portland Press Herald, retrieved December 2, 2016
- ^ Jim Sciutto and Manu Raju (December 3, 2016), Democrats want Russian hacking intelligence declassified, CNN, retrieved December 3, 2016
- ^ a b c d e f g Timberg, Craig (November 30, 2016), "Effort to combat foreign propaganda advances in Congress", The Washington Post, retrieved December 1, 2016
- ^ a b Porter, Tom (December 1, 2016), "US House of representatives backs proposal to counter global Russian subversion", International Business Times UK edition, retrieved December 1, 2016
- ^ a b c d e Demirjian, Karoun (December 8, 2016), "Republicans ready to launch wide-ranging probe of Russia, despite Trump's stance", Chicago Tribune, The Washington Post, retrieved December 10, 2016
- ^ a b Sanger, David E. (December 9, 2016), "Obama Orders Intelligence Report on Russian Election Hacking", The New York Times, retrieved December 10, 2016
- ^ a b c Elizabeth Weise and Gregory Korte (December 9, 2016), "Obama orders review of foreign attempts to hack U.S. election", USA Today, retrieved December 10, 2016
- ^ Josh Gerstein, Jennifer Scholtes, Eric Geller and Martin Matishak (December 9, 2016), "Obama orders 'deep dive' of election-related hacking", Politico, retrieved December 10, 2016
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Further reading
- Andrew Weisburd, Clint Watts and JM Berger (November 6, 2016), "Trolling for Trump: How Russia is Trying to Destroy Our Democracy", War on the Rocks, retrieved December 6, 2016
- Strohm, Chris (December 1, 2016), "Russia Weaponized Social Media in U.S. Election, FireEye Says", Bloomberg News, retrieved December 1, 2016
- Demirjian, Karoun (December 8, 2016), "Republicans ready to launch wide-ranging probe of Russia, despite Trump's stance", Chicago Tribune, The Washington Post, retrieved December 10, 2016
- Porter, Tom (December 1, 2016), "US House of representatives backs proposal to counter global Russian subversion", International Business Times UK edition, retrieved December 1, 2016