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==Organisation== |
==Organisation== |
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[[File:Voronezh-m-radar-lekhtusi.jpg|thumb|right|[[Lekhtusi Radar Station]]]] |
[[File:Voronezh-m-radar-lekhtusi.jpg|thumb|right|[[Lekhtusi Radar Station]]]] |
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Until 2015 the ADF was organized into 2 commands: the Air and Space Defence Command; and the Space Command. The structure is as follows:<ref name="rsf"/><ref name="milru-en" /><ref name="mdb"/> |
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*[[Russian Space Command|Space Command]] ({{lang-rus|Космическое командование (KK)}}): |
*[[Russian Space Command|Space Command]] ({{lang-rus|Космическое командование (KK)}}): |
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The Aerospace Defence Forces are located across Russia and have bases in some [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] countries such as [[early warning radar]]s in [[Azerbaijan]] (until December 2012), [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Belarus]], and the [[Okno]] facility in [[Tajikistan]]. |
The Aerospace Defence Forces are located across Russia and have bases in some [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] countries such as [[early warning radar]]s in [[Azerbaijan]] (until December 2012), [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Belarus]], and the [[Okno]] facility in [[Tajikistan]]. |
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With the reformation of the ADF by the fusion of the Russian Air Force and its component units in August 2015, the following units now report to ADF headquarters in Moscow: |
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* Aerospace Defense Operational Strategic Command (seemingly primarily made up of the former [[Special Purpose Command]]) |
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* [[Military Transport Aviation]] Command |
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* [[Long Range Aviation]] Command |
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Followed by their respective subordinate units: |
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*Aerospace Defense Operational Strategic Command (Moscow) |
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**4th Aerospace Defense brigade (Dolgoprudnyi, [[Moscow Oblast]]) |
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**5th Aerospace Defense brigade (Petrovskoe, [[Moscow Oblast]]) |
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**6th Aerospace Defense brigade ([[Rzhev]], [[Tver Oblast]]) (former 32nd Corps of PVO?) |
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**6963rd aviation base ([[Kursk Vostochny Airport]]) (MiG-29SMT(UBT)) |
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**6968th fighter aviation base ([[Borisovsky Khotilovo]], [[Tver Oblast]]) (Su-27, MiG-31B, MiG-31BM) |
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*1st Air and Air Defence Forces Command ([[Voronezh]]) ([[Western Military District]]) — (includes elements of former [[6th Air Army|6th Army of VVS and PVO]]) |
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**1st Aerospace Defense brigade ([[Severomorsk]]) |
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**2nd Aerospace Defense brigade ([[St. Petersburg]]) |
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**6961st aviation base ([[Petrozavodsk Airport]]) (Su-27) |
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**6964th aviation base ([[Monchegorsk (air base)|Monchegorsk Airbase]], [[Murmansk Oblast]]) (Su-24M, Su-24MR) |
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**6965th aviation base ([[Vyazma Airport]], [[Smolensk Oblast]]) (Mi-8TM, Mi-24V, Mi-28N) |
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**7000th aviation base ([[Voronezh Malshevo|Voronezh Malshevo Airbase]]) (Su-24M, Su-24MR, Su-34) |
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*2nd Air and Air Defence Forces Command ([[Yekaterinburg]]) ([[Central Military District]]) |
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**8th Aerospace Defense brigade ([[Yekaterinburg]]) |
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**9th Aerospace Defense brigade ([[Novosibirsk]]) |
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**10th Aerospace Defense brigade ([[Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai|Chita]]) |
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**6977th aviation base ([[Bolshoye Savino Airport]], [[Perm Krai]]) (MiG-31) |
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**6979th aviation base ([[Kansk (air base)|Kansk Airbase]], [[Krasnoyarsk Krai]]) (MiG-31BM) |
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**6980th aviation base ([[Chelyabinsk Shagol Airport]]) (Su-24M) |
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**6982nd aviation base ([[Domna|Doman Airbase]], [[Zabaykalsky Krai]]) (MiG-29, Su-30SM) |
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*3rd Air and Air Defence Forces Command ([[Khabarovsk]]) ([[Eastern Military District]]) |
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** 11th Aerospace Defense brigade (Komsomolsk-na-Amur) |
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**12th Aerospace Defense brigade ([[Vladivostok]]) |
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** 6983rd aviation base ([[Vozdvizhenka (air base)|Vozdvizhenka Airbase]], [[Primorsky Krai]]) (Su-25SM, Mi-8TM, Mi-24P) |
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** 6987th aviation base ([[Komsomolsk-on-Amur Airport]], [[Khabarovsk Krai]]) (Su-27SM, Su-30M2, Su-35S) |
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** 6988th aviation base ([[Khurba]], Khabarovsk Krai) (Su-24M, Su-24M2, Su-24MR) |
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** 6989th aviation base ([[Vladivostok International Airport]]) (Su-27SM) |
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** 265th transport aviation base ([[Khabarovsk]]) |
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*4th Air and Air Defence Forces Command — [[North Caucasus Military District|Southern Military District]] (former [[4th Air Army|4th]] and [[5th Air Army|5th]] Armies of VVS and PVO)([[Rostov-on-Don]]) |
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** 7th Aerospace Defense brigade ([[Rostov-on-Don]]) |
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** 8th Aerospace Defense brigade ([[Yekaterinburg]]) |
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** 6970th aviation base ([[Morozovsk]], [[Rostov Oblast]]) (Su-24M, Su-34) |
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** 6971st aviation base ([[Budenovsk]], [[Stavropol Krai]]) (Su-25SM, Mi-8AMTSh, Mi-24V, Mi-28N) |
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** 6972nd aviation base ([[Krymsk]], [[Krasnodar Krai]]) (Su-27, Mi-8, Mi-24P, Mi-28N, Ka-27) |
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** 6974th aviation base ([[Korenovsk]], [[Krasnodar Krai]]) (Mi-8MTV-5, Mi-24V, Mi-35M, Mi-28N) |
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** 999th aviation base ([[Kant Air Base]], [[Kyrgyzstan]]) (Su-25, Su-27, Mi-8T) |
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**229th transport aviation base ([[Rostov-on-Don]]) (Mi-26(T), Mi-8AMTSh(TM)) |
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*[[Military Transport Aviation]] Command (Moscow) |
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**6955th Aviation Base ([[Migalovo]] (Tver)) (Il-76MD) |
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**6956th Aviation Base ([[Orenburg]]) (Il-76MD) |
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**6958th Aviation Base ([[Taganrog]], [[Rostov Oblast]]) (Il-76MD) |
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**6985th Aviation Base ([[Pskov Airport]]) (Il-76) |
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*[[Long Range Aviation]] Command (Moscow) |
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** 6950th Aviation Base ([[Engels-2]], [[Saratov Oblast]]) (Tu-22M3, Tu-95MS, Tu-160)(former [[22nd Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Division]]?) |
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** 6952nd Aviation Base ([[Ukrainka (air base)|Ukrainka Airbase]], [[Amur Oblast]]) (Tu-95MS) |
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** 6953rd Aviation Base ([[Belaya (air base)]], located at Sredni/[[:ru:Средний (Иркутская область)]], [[Irkutsk Oblast]]) (Tu-22M3) |
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{{Air Forces of Russia and the Soviet Union}} |
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'''[[Forces of central subordination of the Russian Air Force 2008]]''' |
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*8th Air Division for Special Purposes — [[Chkalovsky Airport]] |
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*929th State Flight Test Centre — [[Akhtubinsk]] |
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*4th Centre for Combat Training and Flight Personnel Training — [[Lipetsk Air Base]] - [[Su-34]], [[Su-24]]M2, [[Su-30]], [[Su-27]]SM, [[MiG-29]], L-39C. |
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*344th Centre for Combat Training and Flight Personnel Training — [[Torzhok]] — ground forces helicopters. |
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**696th Research and Instruction Helicopter Regiment — [[Torzhok]] — [[Ka-50]], Ka-52, Mi-35M, [[Mil Mi-8|Mi-8]]AMTSh, [[Mi-24]]PN, [[Mi-26]], has used [[Mi-28]]N. |
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**92nd Research and Instruction Helicopter Squadron — Sokol-Vladimir — Mi-8TM(MTV-5) and Mi-24PN |
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*2881st Reserve Helicopter Base — [[Totskoye (air base)|Totskoye]] — [[Mi-24]]P |
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*924th Centre for Combat Training and Flight Personnel Training — [[Yegoryevsk]] — UAVs |
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*Russian State Scientific-Research Institute Centre for Cosmonaut Training — [[Star City, Russia|Star City]] (''Zvyozdniy Gorodok'') |
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*2457th Air Base of Long Range Radiolocation Detection Aircraft — [[Ivanovo Severny]] — A-50(U) |
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*1st Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment — [[Lebyazhye (air base)|Lebyazhye]] — Su-24 |
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*764th Fighter Aviation Regiment — [[Bolshoye Savino Airport]] (Sokol) — MiG-31 and MiG-25PU |
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*5th Independent Long Range Reconnaissance Aviation Detachment — Voronezh ([[Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe|CFE]] and [[Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty|INF]] verification) |
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*185th Centre for Combat Training and Flight Personnel Training — [[Astrakhan]] |
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*118th Independent Helicopter Squadron — [[Chebenki (air base)|Chebenki]](Dmitriyevka), [[Orenburg Oblast]]. |
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*4020th Base for Reserve Aircraft — Lipetsk |
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*4215th Base for Reserve Aircraft — [[Chebenki (air base)|Chebenki]] |
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*15th Army Aviation Brigade of the [[Western Military District]] at the airport [[Ostrov, Ostrovsky District, Pskov Oblast|Ostrov, Pskov Oblast]] |
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'''Training Units''' |
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*Krasnodar Military Aviation Institute — L-39C |
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*Syzran Military Aviation Institute — [[Syzran]] — Mi-2, Mi-8T and Mi-24V, [[Ansat]], [[Ka-226]]T<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sdelanounas.ru/blogs/30685/|title="Фотофакт. Новые вертолёты Ансат-У и Ка-226 для ВВС России " в блоге "Фотофакты" - Сделано у нас|work=Сделано у нас|accessdate=24 December 2014}}</ref> |
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*783rd Training Centre — [[Armavir, Russia|Armavir]] — MiG-29UB and L-39C |
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*786th Training Centre — [[Borisoglebsk (air base)|Borisoglebsk]] - [[Yakovlev Yak-130|Yak-130]] |
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''For a more detailed list of air bases now used by the ADF after the merger of the Air Force as a part of the service in 2015, see [[List of Soviet Air Force bases]]'' |
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==Facilities== |
==Facilities== |
Revision as of 02:53, 17 August 2015
Russian Aerospace Defence Forces | |
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Active | 1 December 2011- |
Country | Russia |
Allegiance | Ministry of Defence |
Type | Air/Missile Defence |
Anniversaries | 4 October (Space Forces Day) |
Commanders | |
Current commander | Lieutenant-General Aleksandr Golovko [1] |
The Aerospace Defence Forces (Russian: Войска воздушно-космической обороны, romanized: Voyska Vozdushno-Kosmicheskoy Oborony [2] or VKO[3] (ВКО) is the branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation responsible for air and missile defence, and the operation of Russian military satellites and the Plesetsk Cosmodrome. Formed on 1 December 2011, it replaced the Space Forces.[4] The VKO was first commanded by former Space Forces commander Col Gen Oleg Ostapenko, who was promoted to Deputy Minister of Defence in November 2012.[5][6] On 24 December 2012, Aleksandr Golovko was appointed the new commander.[1] Although it is officially translated as aerospace in English,[7] it covers both attacks from the air and from (outer) space, and some Russian writers translate it as "air and space" instead.[5][8]
After 1.08.2015, Aerospace Defence Forces include: the Air Force proper, Air Defence + ABM, and the Space Forces.[9]
History
Russian Armed Forces |
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Staff |
Services (vid) |
Independent troops (rod) |
Special operations force (sof) |
Other troops |
Military districts |
History of the Russian military |
The Aerospace Defence Forces trace their heritage to the Space Operations Section, Strategic Operations Branch of the Supreme High Command Reserve Artillery, formed in 1955, and transformed into the Space Services Central Administration of the Strategic Missile Troops in 1964 (and later the Chief Space Operations Directoriate in 1972).
In 1967 the Anti-Missile and Space Defence Forces were formed (Russian: войска противоракетной и противокосмической обороны [ПРО и ПКО], romanized: Voyska Protivoraketnoy i Protivokosmicheskoy Oborony [PRO i PKO]) under Artillery Lieutenant General Yu. Votintsev.[10] They were reorganised as the Ministry of Defence Space Service Units in 1982, and were expanded to include the Chief Space Operations Directorate in 1986. In 1991 the Soviet Union was broken up. The Russian Armed Forces were established on 7 May 1992, enabling the creation of Russian Space Forces later that year on 10 August. They were merged with the Strategic Missile Troops in 1996, but were reformed in 2001.
In 2006 President Vladimir Putin agreed with the idea of a new "Air and Space Defence Concept" from 2016, but without the implication that it would be a separate service. In 2008 Aleksandr Zelin argued that the missile defence and space defence forces should be merged into the Air Force.[8]
On 30 November 2010 President Dmitry Medvedev said that air and space defence services would be under a single strategic command and the General Staff and Ministry of Defence had decided it would be on the basis of the Space Forces. In April 2011 the then Space Forces commander Oleg Ostapenko said that concept for the future system had been approved. The service was created by the presidential decree “On changes to the composition of the Russian Armed Forces until January 1, 2016” which has not been published.[8]
Thus, on December 1, 2011, the Space Forces became the Aerospace Defence Forces, fusing all space and some air defence components into one joint service.
Starting August 1, 2015, the ADF now includes, by orders of the President of Russia Vladimir Putin, and upon the recommentation of the Minister of Defense Sergei Shoigu:
- the Russian Air Force (including the Air Defense Troops Command)
- and the Air Defense units reporting to the Rocket Forces and Artillery Command, Russian Ground Forces
Organisation
Until 2015 the ADF was organized into 2 commands: the Air and Space Defence Command; and the Space Command. The structure is as follows:[5][7][8]
- Space Command (Russian: Космическое командование (KK)):
- 153rd Main Trial Centre for Testing and Control of Space Means named after G.S. Titov at Krasnoznamensk (Russian: Главный испытательный центр испытаний и управления космическими средствами имени Германа Титова)
- 820th Main Centre for Missile Attack Warning (SPRN) (Russian: центр предупреждения о ракетном нападении (цпрн)) in Solnechnogorsk
- 821st Main Space Surveillance Centre (SKKP) (Russian: центр контроля космического пространства (цккп)) in Noginsk-9, Moscow Oblast.
- Dunay-3U radar
- Krona space object recognition station, Zelenchukskaya, Karachay-Cherkessia
- Krona-N, Nakhodka, Primorsky Krai
- Moment space surveillance complex, movable
- Okno, Tajikistan
- Okno-S, Primorsky Krai
It is led by Oleg Maydanovich, former head of the Titov Centre.[8]
- Air and Space Defence Command (Russian: Командование противовоздушной и противоракетной обороны (К ПВО И ПРО)):
- 9th Missile Defence Division (A-135 anti-ballistic missile system) in Pushkino[11]
- 4th Missile Defence Brigade in Dolgoprudny
- 5th Missile Defence Brigade in Vidnoye
- 6th Missile Defence Brigade in Rzhev
It is headed up by Sergey Popov who was formerly in charge of air defence in the Air Force.[8]
- State Testing Plesetsk Cosmodrome (Russian: Государственный испытательный космодром «Плесецк» (ГИК «Плесецк»))
In early March 2014, spokesman of the forces said the aerospace defences will include a space- and ground-based intelligence-gathering and missile early warning network, an air and space defence command, a VKO command-and-control structure, and a logistics support branch. Deputy Defence Minister Yury Borisov said on that month that the military will invest 2 trillion rubles ($55.3 billion) in building up its aerospace defence weapons over the next six years to ensure they are capable of thwarting existing and future types of air and space attacks.
The Aerospace Defence Forces are located across Russia and have bases in some Commonwealth of Independent States countries such as early warning radars in Azerbaijan (until December 2012), Kazakhstan and Belarus, and the Okno facility in Tajikistan.
With the reformation of the ADF by the fusion of the Russian Air Force and its component units in August 2015, the following units now report to ADF headquarters in Moscow:
- Aerospace Defense Operational Strategic Command (seemingly primarily made up of the former Special Purpose Command)
- Military Transport Aviation Command
- Long Range Aviation Command
Followed by their respective subordinate units:
- Aerospace Defense Operational Strategic Command (Moscow)
- 4th Aerospace Defense brigade (Dolgoprudnyi, Moscow Oblast)
- 5th Aerospace Defense brigade (Petrovskoe, Moscow Oblast)
- 6th Aerospace Defense brigade (Rzhev, Tver Oblast) (former 32nd Corps of PVO?)
- 6963rd aviation base (Kursk Vostochny Airport) (MiG-29SMT(UBT))
- 6968th fighter aviation base (Borisovsky Khotilovo, Tver Oblast) (Su-27, MiG-31B, MiG-31BM)
- 1st Air and Air Defence Forces Command (Voronezh) (Western Military District) — (includes elements of former 6th Army of VVS and PVO)
- 1st Aerospace Defense brigade (Severomorsk)
- 2nd Aerospace Defense brigade (St. Petersburg)
- 6961st aviation base (Petrozavodsk Airport) (Su-27)
- 6964th aviation base (Monchegorsk Airbase, Murmansk Oblast) (Su-24M, Su-24MR)
- 6965th aviation base (Vyazma Airport, Smolensk Oblast) (Mi-8TM, Mi-24V, Mi-28N)
- 7000th aviation base (Voronezh Malshevo Airbase) (Su-24M, Su-24MR, Su-34)
- 2nd Air and Air Defence Forces Command (Yekaterinburg) (Central Military District)
- 8th Aerospace Defense brigade (Yekaterinburg)
- 9th Aerospace Defense brigade (Novosibirsk)
- 10th Aerospace Defense brigade (Chita)
- 6977th aviation base (Bolshoye Savino Airport, Perm Krai) (MiG-31)
- 6979th aviation base (Kansk Airbase, Krasnoyarsk Krai) (MiG-31BM)
- 6980th aviation base (Chelyabinsk Shagol Airport) (Su-24M)
- 6982nd aviation base (Doman Airbase, Zabaykalsky Krai) (MiG-29, Su-30SM)
- 3rd Air and Air Defence Forces Command (Khabarovsk) (Eastern Military District)
- 11th Aerospace Defense brigade (Komsomolsk-na-Amur)
- 12th Aerospace Defense brigade (Vladivostok)
- 6983rd aviation base (Vozdvizhenka Airbase, Primorsky Krai) (Su-25SM, Mi-8TM, Mi-24P)
- 6987th aviation base (Komsomolsk-on-Amur Airport, Khabarovsk Krai) (Su-27SM, Su-30M2, Su-35S)
- 6988th aviation base (Khurba, Khabarovsk Krai) (Su-24M, Su-24M2, Su-24MR)
- 6989th aviation base (Vladivostok International Airport) (Su-27SM)
- 265th transport aviation base (Khabarovsk)
- 4th Air and Air Defence Forces Command — Southern Military District (former 4th and 5th Armies of VVS and PVO)(Rostov-on-Don)
- 7th Aerospace Defense brigade (Rostov-on-Don)
- 8th Aerospace Defense brigade (Yekaterinburg)
- 6970th aviation base (Morozovsk, Rostov Oblast) (Su-24M, Su-34)
- 6971st aviation base (Budenovsk, Stavropol Krai) (Su-25SM, Mi-8AMTSh, Mi-24V, Mi-28N)
- 6972nd aviation base (Krymsk, Krasnodar Krai) (Su-27, Mi-8, Mi-24P, Mi-28N, Ka-27)
- 6974th aviation base (Korenovsk, Krasnodar Krai) (Mi-8MTV-5, Mi-24V, Mi-35M, Mi-28N)
- 999th aviation base (Kant Air Base, Kyrgyzstan) (Su-25, Su-27, Mi-8T)
- 229th transport aviation base (Rostov-on-Don) (Mi-26(T), Mi-8AMTSh(TM))
- Military Transport Aviation Command (Moscow)
- 6955th Aviation Base (Migalovo (Tver)) (Il-76MD)
- 6956th Aviation Base (Orenburg) (Il-76MD)
- 6958th Aviation Base (Taganrog, Rostov Oblast) (Il-76MD)
- 6985th Aviation Base (Pskov Airport) (Il-76)
- Long Range Aviation Command (Moscow)
- 6950th Aviation Base (Engels-2, Saratov Oblast) (Tu-22M3, Tu-95MS, Tu-160)(former 22nd Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Division?)
- 6952nd Aviation Base (Ukrainka Airbase, Amur Oblast) (Tu-95MS)
- 6953rd Aviation Base (Belaya (air base), located at Sredni/ru:Средний (Иркутская область), Irkutsk Oblast) (Tu-22M3)
Historical Air Forces of Russia |
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Russian Empire |
Emperor's Military Air Fleet (1909–1917) |
Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic |
Workers and Peasants Red Air Fleet (1918–1991) |
USSR, Commonwealth of Independent States |
|
Russian Federation |
|
Forces of central subordination of the Russian Air Force 2008
- 8th Air Division for Special Purposes — Chkalovsky Airport
- 929th State Flight Test Centre — Akhtubinsk
- 4th Centre for Combat Training and Flight Personnel Training — Lipetsk Air Base - Su-34, Su-24M2, Su-30, Su-27SM, MiG-29, L-39C.
- 344th Centre for Combat Training and Flight Personnel Training — Torzhok — ground forces helicopters.
- 2881st Reserve Helicopter Base — Totskoye — Mi-24P
- 924th Centre for Combat Training and Flight Personnel Training — Yegoryevsk — UAVs
- Russian State Scientific-Research Institute Centre for Cosmonaut Training — Star City (Zvyozdniy Gorodok)
- 2457th Air Base of Long Range Radiolocation Detection Aircraft — Ivanovo Severny — A-50(U)
- 1st Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment — Lebyazhye — Su-24
- 764th Fighter Aviation Regiment — Bolshoye Savino Airport (Sokol) — MiG-31 and MiG-25PU
- 5th Independent Long Range Reconnaissance Aviation Detachment — Voronezh (CFE and INF verification)
- 185th Centre for Combat Training and Flight Personnel Training — Astrakhan
- 118th Independent Helicopter Squadron — Chebenki(Dmitriyevka), Orenburg Oblast.
- 4020th Base for Reserve Aircraft — Lipetsk
- 4215th Base for Reserve Aircraft — Chebenki
- 15th Army Aviation Brigade of the Western Military District at the airport Ostrov, Pskov Oblast
Training Units
- Krasnodar Military Aviation Institute — L-39C
- Syzran Military Aviation Institute — Syzran — Mi-2, Mi-8T and Mi-24V, Ansat, Ka-226T[12]
- 783rd Training Centre — Armavir — MiG-29UB and L-39C
- 786th Training Centre — Borisoglebsk - Yak-130
For a more detailed list of air bases now used by the ADF after the merger of the Air Force as a part of the service in 2015, see List of Soviet Air Force bases
Facilities
Early warning of missile attack:
- Voronezh radar at Lekhtusi, Armavir, Kaliningrad, Mileshevka, Yeniseysk, Barnaul[13]
- Daryal radar at Pechora
- Volga radar at Hantsavichy
- Dnepr radar at Balkhash, Irkutsk and Olenegorsk
- Oko early warning satellites
Space surveillance:
- Okno in Tajikistan
- Krona in Zelenchukskaya and Nakhodka
- RT-70 in Yevpatoria and Galenki (together with Roscosmos)
Missile defence:
Satellite Systems:
- Liana space reconnaissance and target designation system (2 satellites electronic reconnaissance 14F145 "Lotus-C1")[14]
External links
- Official information from the Russian Ministry of Defence website
See also
References
- ^ a b "New commander of the Air and Space Defense Forces". Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces. 24 December 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
- ^ Войска Воздушно-космической обороны заступают на боевое дежурство в РФ (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 1 December 2011. Retrieved 25 December 2011.
- ^ Войска воздушно-космической обороны (in Russian). Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation. n.d. Retrieved 6 February 2012.
- ^ "Russia's Aerospace Defense Forces go on duty to stave off missile threats". RIA Novosti. 1 December 2011. Retrieved 25 December 2011.
- ^ a b c "Russia creates Air and Space Defense Forces". russianforces.org. 1 December 2011. Retrieved 25 December 2011.
- ^ "Oleg Ostapenko". Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation. n.d. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
- ^ a b "Structure". Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation. n.d. Retrieved 6 February 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f Stukalin, Alexander (May 2012). "Russian Air and Space Defense Troops: Gaping Holes". Moscow Defense Brief. 2012 (2). Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies.
- ^ http://ria.ru/defense_safety/20150803/1160022393.html
- ^ "4 октября - День военно-космических сил России" (in Russian). Prazdnuem. n.d.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help) - ^ See also Michael Holm, http://www.ww2.dk/new/pvo/9okpro.htm, accessed August 2012.
- ^ ""Фотофакт. Новые вертолёты Ансат-У и Ка-226 для ВВС России " в блоге "Фотофакты" - Сделано у нас". Сделано у нас. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
- ^ http://warfiles.ru/show-77079-gerasimov-prioritet-v-2015-godu-razvitie-strategicheskih-yadernyh-sil.html
- ^ http://bmpd.livejournal.com/1111664.html#comments