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==Laser and electro-optical research== |
==Laser and electro-optical research== |
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Russell Targ was involved in early [[Laser science|laser research]] at TRG where he co-authored, with [[Gordon Gould]] among others, a 1962 paper describing the use of coherent detection with lasers.<ref>{{cite journal |first1= P. |last1= Rabinowitz |first2= S. |last2= Jacobs |first3= R. |last3= Targ |first4= G. |last4= Gould |authorlink4= Gordon Gould |title= Homodyne detection of phase-modulated light |journal= [[Proceedings of the IEEE|Proceeding of the IRE]] |volume= 50 |issue= 11 |date= November 1962 |department= Correspondence |page= 2365}}</ref> Later, at Sylvania Electronic Systems, he contributed to the development of frequency modulation and [[Mode-locking#Active mode-locking|mode-locking]] of lasers<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Caddes |first1= D. |last2= Osternink |first2= L. |last3= Targ |first3= R. |date= February 1968 |title= Mode locking of the CO2 Laser|journal= [[Applied Physics Letters]] |volume= 12 |issue= 74 |pages= |doi= 10.1063/1.1651905}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Harris |first1= S.E. |last2= Targ |first2= Russell |title= FM Oscillation of the He-Ne laser |journal= [[Applied Physics Letters]] |volume= 5 |issue= 10 |year= 1964 |pages= 202–4 |doi= 10.1063/1.1723588 }}</ref> |
Russell Targ was involved in early [[Laser science|laser research]] at TRG where he co-authored, with [[Gordon Gould]] among others, a 1962 paper describing the first use of coherent detection with lasers.<ref>{{cite journal |first1= P. |last1= Rabinowitz |first2= S. |last2= Jacobs |first3= R. |last3= Targ |first4= G. |last4= Gould |authorlink4= Gordon Gould |title= Homodyne detection of phase-modulated light |journal= [[Proceedings of the IEEE|Proceeding of the IRE]] |volume= 50 |issue= 11 |date= November 1962 |department= Correspondence |page= 2365}}</ref> Later, at Sylvania Electronic Systems, he contributed to the development of frequency modulation and [[Mode-locking#Active mode-locking|mode-locking]] of lasers<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Caddes |first1= D. |last2= Osternink |first2= L. |last3= Targ |first3= R. |date= February 1968 |title= Mode locking of the CO2 Laser|journal= [[Applied Physics Letters]] |volume= 12 |issue= 74 |pages= |doi= 10.1063/1.1651905}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Harris |first1= S.E. |last2= Targ |first2= Russell |title= FM Oscillation of the He-Ne laser |journal= [[Applied Physics Letters]] |volume= 5 |issue= 10 |year= 1964 |pages= 202–4 |doi= 10.1063/1.1723588 }}</ref> |
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,<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Massey |first1= G.A. |last2= Oshman |first2= M.K. |last3= Targ |first3= R. |year= 1965 |title= Generation of single-frequency light using the FM laser |journal= [[Applied Physics Letters]] |volume= 6 |issue=1 |pages= 10–1 |doi= 10.1063/1.1754114}}</ref> and co-authored a 1969 paper which described the operation of a 1 kiloWatt [[Continuous wave#Laser physics|continuous wave]] laser.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Tiffany |first1= W.B. |first2= R. |last2= Targ |first3= J.D. |last3= Foster |title= Kilowatt CO2 gas‐transport laser |journal= [[Applied Physics Letters]] |volume= 15 |issue= 3 |year= 1969 |pages= 91–3 |doi= 10.1063/1.1652920}}</ref> From 1986 to 1998 Targ worked in [[electro-optics]] as a senior staff scientist at the [[Lockheed Missiles and Space Company]],<ref>{{cite book |last1= Marks |first1= David |last2= Kammann |first2= Richard |authorlink1= David Marks (psychologist) |year= 1980 |title= [[The Psychology of the Psychic]] |publisher= [[Prometheus Books|Prometheus]] |isbn= 9781573927987 |edition= 2nd |page= 67 |ref= {{SfnRef|Marks & Kammann|1980}}}}</ref> where he contributed to [[aviation]] applications of [[windshear]] sensing [[heterodyne]] [[lidar]] technology.<ref name= "TargKavaya1991">{{cite journal |first1= R. |last1= Targ |first2= M.J. |last2= Kavaya |first3= R.M. |last3= Huffaker |first4= R.L. |last4= Bowles |title= Coherent lidar airborne windshear sensor: Performance evaluation |journal= [[Applied Optics]] |year= 1991 |volume= 30 |issue= 15 |pages= 2013–26 |doi= 10.1364/AO.30.002013 |ref= {{SfnRef|Targ et al.|1991}}}}</ref><ref name= "TargSteakly1996">{{cite journal |first1= R. |last1= Targ |first2= B.C. |last2= Steakley |first3= J.G. |last3= Hawley |first4= L.L. |last4= Ames |first5= P. |last5= Forney |first6= D. |last6= Swanson |first7= R. |last7= Stone |first8= R.G. |last8= Otto |first9= V. |last9= Zarifis |first10= P. |last10= Brockman |first11= R.S. |last11= Calloway |first12= S.H. |last12= Klein |first13= P.A.|last13= Robinson |displayauthors= 4 |title= Coherent lidar airborne wind sensor II: Flight test results at 2 µm and 10 µm |journal= [[Applied Optics]] |year= 1996 |volume= 35 |issue= 36 |pages= 7117–27 |doi= 10.1364/AO.35.007117 |ref= {{SfnRef|Targ et al.|1996}}}}</ref> |
,<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Massey |first1= G.A. |last2= Oshman |first2= M.K. |last3= Targ |first3= R. |year= 1965 |title= Generation of single-frequency light using the FM laser |journal= [[Applied Physics Letters]] |volume= 6 |issue=1 |pages= 10–1 |doi= 10.1063/1.1754114}}</ref> and co-authored a 1969 paper which described the operation of a 1 kiloWatt [[Continuous wave#Laser physics|continuous wave]] laser.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Tiffany |first1= W.B. |first2= R. |last2= Targ |first3= J.D. |last3= Foster |title= Kilowatt CO2 gas‐transport laser |journal= [[Applied Physics Letters]] |volume= 15 |issue= 3 |year= 1969 |pages= 91–3 |doi= 10.1063/1.1652920}}</ref> From 1986 to 1998 Targ worked in [[electro-optics]] as a senior staff scientist at the [[Lockheed Missiles and Space Company]],<ref>{{cite book |last1= Marks |first1= David |last2= Kammann |first2= Richard |authorlink1= David Marks (psychologist) |year= 1980 |title= [[The Psychology of the Psychic]] |publisher= [[Prometheus Books|Prometheus]] |isbn= 9781573927987 |edition= 2nd |page= 67 |ref= {{SfnRef|Marks & Kammann|1980}}}}</ref> where he contributed to [[aviation]] applications of [[windshear]] sensing [[heterodyne]] [[lidar]] technology.<ref name= "TargKavaya1991">{{cite journal |first1= R. |last1= Targ |first2= M.J. |last2= Kavaya |first3= R.M. |last3= Huffaker |first4= R.L. |last4= Bowles |title= Coherent lidar airborne windshear sensor: Performance evaluation |journal= [[Applied Optics]] |year= 1991 |volume= 30 |issue= 15 |pages= 2013–26 |doi= 10.1364/AO.30.002013 |ref= {{SfnRef|Targ et al.|1991}}}}</ref><ref name= "TargSteakly1996">{{cite journal |first1= R. |last1= Targ |first2= B.C. |last2= Steakley |first3= J.G. |last3= Hawley |first4= L.L. |last4= Ames |first5= P. |last5= Forney |first6= D. |last6= Swanson |first7= R. |last7= Stone |first8= R.G. |last8= Otto |first9= V. |last9= Zarifis |first10= P. |last10= Brockman |first11= R.S. |last11= Calloway |first12= S.H. |last12= Klein |first13= P.A.|last13= Robinson |displayauthors= 4 |title= Coherent lidar airborne wind sensor II: Flight test results at 2 µm and 10 µm |journal= [[Applied Optics]] |year= 1996 |volume= 35 |issue= 36 |pages= 7117–27 |doi= 10.1364/AO.35.007117 |ref= {{SfnRef|Targ et al.|1996}}}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 19:20, 24 May 2014
Russell Targ | |
---|---|
Born | April 11, 1934 |
Nationality | American |
Occupation(s) | physicist, parapsychologist and author |
Known for | Remote viewing |
Russell Targ (born April 11, 1934) is an American physicist, parapsychologist and author who is best known for his work on remote viewing.[1]
Targ originally became known for early work in lasers and laser applications. He joined Stanford Research Institute (now SRI International) in 1972 where he and Harold Puthoff coined the term "remote viewing" for the practice of seeking impressions about a distant or unseen target using parapsychological means. Targ's work on remote viewing has been characterized as pseudoscience[2][3] and has also been criticized for lack of rigor.[4][5][n 1]
Early life
Targ was born in Chicago.[1] He is the son of publisher William Targ, who worked at G. P. Putnam's Sons from 1964 to 1978 and became editor in chief.[6]
Targ was introduced to the paranormal by his father whose Chicago bookstore carried a variety of paranormal works and whose later published works at Putnam included a biography of Helena Blavatsky, founder of the Theosophical Society, and Erich von Däniken's Chariots of the Gods.[6]
Targ received a Bachelor of Science in physics from Queens College in 1954 and did graduate work in physics at Columbia University.[1]
Laser and electro-optical research
Russell Targ was involved in early laser research at TRG where he co-authored, with Gordon Gould among others, a 1962 paper describing the first use of coherent detection with lasers.[7] Later, at Sylvania Electronic Systems, he contributed to the development of frequency modulation and mode-locking of lasers[8][9] ,[10] and co-authored a 1969 paper which described the operation of a 1 kiloWatt continuous wave laser.[11] From 1986 to 1998 Targ worked in electro-optics as a senior staff scientist at the Lockheed Missiles and Space Company,[12] where he contributed to aviation applications of windshear sensing heterodyne lidar technology.[13][14]
Parapsychology
In 1972 Targ joined the Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory at Stanford Research Institute (SRI, now SRI International) as a senior research physicist in a program founded by Harold E. Puthoff. The two conducted research into psychic abilities and their operational use for the U.S. intelligence community, including NASA, the CIA, Defense Intelligence Agency and Army Intelligence.[1][15] Targ worked at SRI until 1982.[16]
Remote viewing
Remote viewing (or RV) is the practice of seeking impressions about a distant or unseen target using subjective means, in particular, extra-sensory perception (ESP) or "sensing with mind".[2] Typically a remote viewer is expected to give information about an object, event, person or location that is hidden from physical view and separated at some distance.[17][18] The term was coined in the 1970s by Targ and Puthoff, while working as researchers at Stanford Research Institute, to distance it from clairvoyance,[19][20] and published studies on the description of unseen locations (remote viewing) in Nature and the Proceedings of the IEEE.[21][22] [23]
In 1972 Puthoff and Targ tested remote viewer Ingo Swann at SRI, and the experiment led to a visit from two employees of the CIA's Directorate of Science and Technology. The result was a $50,000 CIA-sponsored project. As research continued, the SRI team published papers in Nature,[24] in Proceedings of the IEEE (Puthoff & Targ, 1976),[25] and in the proceedings of a symposium on consciousness for the American Association for the Advancement of Science (Puthoff, et al., 1981).[26]
Among some of the ideas that Targ and Puthoff supported regarding remote viewing, was the claim in the book Occult Chemistry that two followers of Madame Blavatsky, founder of the Theosophical Society, were able to remote-view the inner structure of atoms.[27]
Reception
The psychologists David Marks and Richard Kammann attempted to replicate Targ and Puthoff’s remote viewing experiments and disputed the claims that the experiments were successful.[28] They concluded that "Until remote viewing can be confirmed in conditions which prevent sensory cueing the conclusions of Targ and Puthoff remain an unsubstantiated hypothesis."[29]
Simon Hoggart and Mike Hutchinson described Targ as willing to believe and his research "for the most part, a sorry study in the range of human credulity."[30] A 1988 report by the United States National Research Council (NRC) concluded, "there should remain little doubt that the Targ-Puthoff studies are fatally flawed".[31]
Remote viewing was popularized in the 1990s upon the declassification of certain documents related to the Stargate Project, a $20 million research program that had started in 1975 and was sponsored by the U.S. government, in an attempt to determine any potential military application of psychic phenomena. The program was terminated in 1995 after it failed to produce any useful intelligence information.[n 2] David Goslin, of the American Institute for Research said, "There's no documented evidence it had any value to the intelligence community".[33][n 3]
There is no credible scientific evidence that remote viewing works, and the topic of remote viewing is regarded as pseudoscience.[2][34][35][36]
Notable psychics
The SRI remote viewing project also encompassed the work of such consulting "consciousness researchers" as the artist/writer Ingo Swann and Military Intelligence Corps chief warrant officer Joseph McMoneagle.[28][37][38]
Targ and Puthoff both expressed the belief that Uri Geller, retired police commissioner Pat Price and artist Ingo Swann all had genuine psychic abilities,[39] though flaws were found with the controls in the experiments and Geller was caught using sleight of hand on many other occasions.[40][n 4]
Precognition
In his book Mind Race, Targ claimed that he had predicted prices on the silver market. According to Henry Gordon "As with most psychic claims, there is little documentation to back them up".[42]
In 1982, Targ with Keith Harary and Anthony White formed a company to investigate psychic claims known as Delphi Associates.[16]
Personal life
Russell was married to Joan Fischer Targ, who died in 1998.[43] Russell and Joan had a daughter, Elisabeth Targ, who was a psychiatrist and parapsychologist,[6][44] and two sons Alexander, a physician,[citation needed] and Nicholas, an attorney[citation needed].[43] In 2003, Targ married artist Patricia Kathleen Phillips.[citation needed]
Joan Fischer Targ was the sister of former world chess champion Bobby Fischer.[43] In 2004 Targ assisted Fischer, who had been a fugitive in the United States since violating a trade embargo with his 1992 victory over Boris Spassky in Yugoslavia.[45] Russell Targ came up with the idea that Fischer, whose passport had been revoked by U.S. authorities and was facing immediate deportation to the U.S., could claim German citizenship through his father Hans Gerhardt Fischer.[46] Though he had been estranged from Fischer after a separation from his wife in 1992, Targ acquired five different documents from Hans Fischer's relatives and hospitals in Germany.[46] He told the Los Angeles Times "Bobby has said a number of really disgraceful anti-Semitic, un-American things ... But nobody else involved in that chess match has been punished. As a lifetime member of the American Civil Liberties Union, I don't think he should be in prison for playing chess."[46]
Targ, who is legally blind, is an avid motorcyclist and has published a memoir on his experiences as a "blind biker".[47][48]
Works
Books authored
- Targ, Russell (2004). Limitless Mind: A Guide to Remote Viewing and Transformation of Consciousness. San Francisco: New World Library. ISBN 9781577314134.
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suggested) (help) - Targ, Russell (2010). Do You See What I See: Memoirs of a Blind Biker. Charlottesville, VA: Hampton Roads. ISBN 9781571746306.
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suggested) (help)CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Targ, Russell (2012). The Reality of ESP: A Physicist's Proof of Psychic Abilities. Wheaton, IL: Quest Books. ISBN 9780835608848.
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Books co-authored
- Targ, Russell; Puthoff, Harold (1977). Mind Reach: Scientists Look at Psychic Abilities. Dell. ISBN 9780224014243.
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suggested) (help) - Targ, Russell; Harary, Keith (1984). The Mind Race: Understanding and Using Psychic Abilities. New English Library. ISBN 9780450061042.
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suggested) (help) - Targ, Russell; Katra, Jane (1998). Miracles of Mind: Exploring Nonlocal Consciousness and Spiritual Healing. New World Library. ISBN 9781577310709.
{{cite book}}
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ignored (|author-mask1=
suggested) (help) - Targ, Russell; Katra, Jane (1999). The Heart of the Mind: How to Experience God Without Belief. New World Library. ISBN 9781577310419.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|authormask1=
ignored (|author-mask1=
suggested) (help) - Targ, Russell; Hurtak, James (2006). End of Suffering: Fearless Living in Troubled Times...Or, How to Get Out of Hell Free. Hampton Roads. ISBN 9781612831145.
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Journal articles
On remote viewing
- Targ, R.; Puthoff, H. (18 October 1974). "Information transfer under conditions of sensory shielding". Letters to Nature. Nature. 251: 602–7. doi:10.1038/251602a0.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|authormask1=
ignored (|author-mask1=
suggested) (help) - Puthoff, H.E.; Targ, R. (March 1976). "A perceptual channel for information transfer over kilometer distances: Historical perspective and recent research". Proceedings of the IEEE. 64 (3): 329–54. doi:10.1109/PROC.1976.10113.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|authormask2=
ignored (|author-mask2=
suggested) (help) - Tart, C.T.; Puthoff, H.E.; Targ, R. (13 March 1980). "Information transmission in remote viewing experiments". Matters Arising. Nature. 284: 191. doi:10.1038/284191a0. PMID 7360248.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|authormask3=
ignored (|author-mask3=
suggested) (help) - Targ, R. (1996). "Remote viewing at Stanford Research Institute in the 1970s: A memoir" (PDF). Journal of Scientific Exploration. 10 (1): 77–88.
{{cite journal}}
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On precognition
- Targ, R.; Katra, J. (1995). "Viewing the future: A pilot study with an error detecting protocol". Journal of Scientific Exploration. 9: 367–80.
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Notes
- ^ Terence Hines wrote in Pseudoscience and the Paranormal (2003) p. 136: "The remote-viewing controversy lasted more than a decade. It is a sobering example of how sloppy experiments and the conclusions based on them can be accepted as evidence of parapsychology. It further demonstrates the great amount of hard work it takes to put such erroneous conclusion to rest."[2]
- ^ Mumford, Rose and Goslin wrote, in An Evaluation of Remote Viewing: Research and Applications: "remote viewings have never provided an adequate basis for ‘actionable’ intelligence operations-that is, information sufficiently valuable or compelling so that action was taken as a result […] a large amount of irrelevant, erroneous information is provided and little agreement is observed among viewers' reports. […] remote viewers and project managers reported that remote viewing reports were changed to make them consistent with know background cues […] Also, it raises some doubts about some well-publicized cases of dramatic hits, which, if taken at face value, could not easily be attributed to background cues. In at least some of these cases, there is reason to suspect, based on both subsequent investigations and the viewers' statement that reports had been "changed" by previous program managers, that substantially more background information was available than one might at first assume."[32]
- ^ "An Evaluation of Remote Viewing: Research and Applications", American Institutes for Research, Sept. 29, 1995 – The foregoing observations provide a compelling argument against continuation of the program within the intelligence community. Even though a statistically significant effect has been observed in the laboratory, it remains unclear whether the existence of a paranormal phenomenon, remote viewing, has been demonstrated. The laboratory studies do not provide evidence regarding the origins or nature of the phenomenon, assuming it exists, nor do they address an important methodological issue of inter-judge reliability. Further, even if it could be demonstrated unequivocally that a paranormal phenomenon occurs under the conditions present in the laboratory paradigm, these conditions have limited applicability and utility for intelligence gathering operations. For example, the nature of the remote viewing targets are vastly dissimilar, as are the specific tasks required of the remote viewers. Most importantly, the information provided by remote viewing is vague and ambiguous, making it difficult, if not impossible, for the technique to yield information of sufficient quality and accuracy of information for actionable intelligence. Thus, we conclude that continued use of remote viewing in intelligence gathering operations is not warranted.
- ^ Hines, Terence (2003), Pseudoscience and the Paranormal – Geller turned out to be nothing more than a magician using sleight of hand and considerable personal charm to fool his admirers. The tests at SRI turned out to have been run under conditions that can best be described as chaotic. Few limits were placed on Geller’s behavior, and he was more or less in control of the procedures used to test him. Further, the results of the tests were incorrectly reported in Targ and Puthoff’s Nature paper.[41]
References
- ^ a b c d "Russell Targ". Gale Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology. Gale. Retrieved 2014-04-15.
{{cite book}}
:|website=
ignored (help) - ^ a b c d Hines, Terence (2003). Pseudoscience and the Paranormal. Prometheus Books. pp. 133–136. ISBN 9781615920853.
- ^ Gardner, Martin (2001). Did Adam and Eve Have Navels?: Debunking Pseudoscience. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 60–67. ISBN 0393322386.
- ^ Hines 2003, pp. 135-6. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFHines2003 (help)
- ^ Gilovich, Thomas (1993). How We Know What Isn't So: Fallibility of Human Reason in Everyday Life. Free Press. pp. 166-173. ISBN 978-0-02-911706-4
- ^ a b c Gardner, Martin (March–April 2001). "Notes of a fringe-watcher: Distant healing and Elisabeth Targ". Skeptical Inquirer. Vol. 25.2. Retrieved 2011-01-07.
- ^ Rabinowitz, P.; Jacobs, S.; Targ, R.; Gould, G. (November 1962). "Homodyne detection of phase-modulated light". Correspondence. Proceeding of the IRE. 50 (11): 2365.
- ^ Caddes, D.; Osternink, L.; Targ, R. (February 1968). "Mode locking of the CO2 Laser". Applied Physics Letters. 12 (74). doi:10.1063/1.1651905.
- ^ Harris, S.E.; Targ, Russell (1964). "FM Oscillation of the He-Ne laser". Applied Physics Letters. 5 (10): 202–4. doi:10.1063/1.1723588.
- ^ Massey, G.A.; Oshman, M.K.; Targ, R. (1965). "Generation of single-frequency light using the FM laser". Applied Physics Letters. 6 (1): 10–1. doi:10.1063/1.1754114.
- ^ Tiffany, W.B.; Targ, R.; Foster, J.D. (1969). "Kilowatt CO2 gas‐transport laser". Applied Physics Letters. 15 (3): 91–3. doi:10.1063/1.1652920.
- ^ Marks, David; Kammann, Richard (1980). The Psychology of the Psychic (2nd ed.). Prometheus. p. 67. ISBN 9781573927987.
- ^ Targ, R.; Kavaya, M.J.; Huffaker, R.M.; Bowles, R.L. (1991). "Coherent lidar airborne windshear sensor: Performance evaluation". Applied Optics. 30 (15): 2013–26. doi:10.1364/AO.30.002013.
- ^ Targ, R.; Steakley, B.C.; Hawley, J.G.; Ames, L.L.; Forney, P.; Swanson, D.; Stone, R.; Otto, R.G.; Zarifis, V.; Brockman, P.; Calloway, R.S.; Klein, S.H.; Robinson, P.A. (1996). "Coherent lidar airborne wind sensor II: Flight test results at 2 µm and 10 µm". Applied Optics. 35 (36): 7117–27. doi:10.1364/AO.35.007117.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|displayauthors=
ignored (|display-authors=
suggested) (help) - ^ Kripal, Jeffrey J. (2010). Authors of the Impossible: The Paranormal and the Sacred. University of Chicago Press. p. 176. ISBN 9780226453866.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - ^ a b Anderson, Ian (22 November 1984). "Strange case of the psychic spy". New Scientist. Vol. 104, no. 1431. pp. 3–4 – via Google Books.
- ^ Leonard Zusne, Warren H. Jones (1989). Anomalistic psychology: a study of magical thinking. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. p. 167. ISBN 0-8058-0508-7.
- ^ Search for the Soul by Milbourne Christopher, Thomas Y. Crowell, 1979
- ^ Joe Nickell (March 2001), "Remotely Viewed? The Charlie Jordan Case", Skeptical Inquirer
- ^ The Arlington Institute Presents Harold E. Puthoff
- ^ Targ & Puthoff 1974.
- ^ Puthoff & Targ 1976.
- ^ Puthoff, Harold (1966). Journal of Scientific Exploration. 10 (1): 63–76.
{{cite journal}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ Nature 251, 602–607 (18 October 1974)
- ^ Puthoff & Targ, 1976. A perceptual channel for information transfer over kilometer distances: Historical perspective and recent research, Proceedings of the IEEE, March 1976, Volume: 64 Issue: 3, page(s): 329–354 [1]
- ^ H. E. Puthoff, R. Targ and E. C. May, "Experimental Psi Research: Implications for Physics", in The Role of Consciousness in the Physical World, edited by R. G. Jahn, AAAS Selected Symposium 57, Westview Press, Boulder, 1981
- ^ Gardner, Martin (2001). Did Adam and Eve Have Navels?: Debunking Pseudoscience. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 62. ISBN 9780393322385.
- ^ a b Marks, D.; Scott, C. (6 February 1986). "Remote viewing exposed". Correspondence. Nature. 319 (6053): 444. doi:10.1038/319444a0. PMID 3945330.
Examination of the few actual transcripts published by Targ and Puthoff show that just such clues were present. To find out if the unpublished transcripts contained cues, Marks and Kammann wrote to Targ and Puthoff requesting copies. It is almost unheard of for a scientist to refuse to provide his data for independent examination when asked, but Targ and Puthoff consistently refused to allow Marks and Kammann to see copies of the transcripts. Marks and Kammann were, however, able to obtain copies of the transcripts from the judge who used them. The transcripts were found to contain a wealth of cues
- ^ Hansel, Charles Edward Mark (1980). ESP and Parapsychology: A Critical Reevaluation. Science and the Paranormal. Prometheus. p. 293. ISBN 9780879751197.
- ^ Hoggart, Simon; Hutchinson, Mike (1995). Bizarre Beliefs. Richard Cohen Books. p. 151. ISBN 9781573921565.
- ^ Alcock, James E.; Committee on Techniques for the Enhancement of Human Performance: Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences Education: National Research Council (NRC) (1988). "Part VI. Parapsychological Techniques". Enhancing Human Performance: Issues, Theories, and Techniques, Background Papers (Complete Set). Washington, DC: National Academies Press. p. 57 [659].
- ^ Mumford, Michael D.; Rose, Andrew M.; Goslin, David A. (29 September 1995). An Evaluation of Remote Viewing: Research and Applications (PDF). American Institutes for Research.
- ^ Time magazine, 11 December 1995, p.45, The Vision Thing by Douglas Waller, Washington
- ^ Alcock, James. (1981). Parapsychology-Science Or Magic?: A Psychological Perspective. Pergamon Press. pp. 164-179. ISBN 978-0080257730
- ^ David Marks, Richard Kammann. (2000). The Psychology of the Psychic. Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-798-8
- ^ Wiseman, R. & Milton, J. (1999). "Experiment One of the SAIC Remote Viewing Program: A critical reevaluation" (PDF). Journal of Parapsychology. 62 (4): 297–308. Retrieved 2008-06-26.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Scott, C. (29 July 1982). "No 'remote viewing'". Correspondence. Nature. 298 (5873): 414. doi:10.1038/298414c0.
- ^ Waller, Douglas (11 December 1995). "The vision thing: Ten years and $20 million later, The Pentagon discovers that psychics are unreliable spies". Time.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|subscription=
ignored (|url-access=
suggested) (help) - ^ Targ & Puthoff 1977.
- ^ Randi, James (1982). The Truth About Uri Geller. Prometheus. ISBN 9780879751999.
- ^ Hines, Terence (2003). Pseudoscience and the Paranormal. Prometheus. p. 126. ISBN 9781615920853.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - ^ Gordon, Henry(1988). Extrasensory Deception: ESP, Psychics, Shirley MacLaine, Ghosts, UFOs. Macmillan of Canada. p. 147. ISBN 0-7715-9539-5
- ^ a b c "Joan Fischer Targ, computer literacy activist". Palo Alto Weekly. 17 June 1998.
- ^ Katra, Jane (1 December 2002). "Elisabeth F. Targ: 1961-2002". Journal of Parapsychology – via HighBeam Research.
{{cite journal}}
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suggested) (help) - ^ a b c Wallace, Bruce (30 July 2004). "Fischer tries citizenship maneuver". Los Angeles Times.
- ^ Targ 2010.
- ^ "Do You See What I See?". Internet Bookwatch. 1 July 2008. Retrieved 2014-05-03 – via HighBeam Research.
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External links
- ESPResearch.com - Russell Targ's site