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NoonIcarus (talk | contribs) →Preparation: WP:BABY, adding back information about leaders Tags: nowiki added Visual edit |
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* {{Flagicon|Guyana}} [[Forbes Burnham]] |
* {{Flagicon|Guyana}} [[Forbes Burnham]] |
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| commander2 = [[Valerie Hart]]<br>Averrel John Melville |
| commander2 = [[Valerie Hart]]<br>Elmo Hart<br>James Hart<br>Averrel John Melville |
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=== Preparation === |
=== Preparation === |
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At a 23 December 1968 meeting, rebels finalized plans of a separated Rupununi state.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Braveboy-Wagner|first=Jacqueline Anne|title=The Venezuela-Guyana Border Dispute: Britain's Colonial Legacy In Latin America|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2019|isbn=9781000306897}}</ref> Some scholars, including Harold Eugene Davis and Pedro González, have argued that Venezuela supported and sponsored the Rupununi rebels and their secession movement.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last1=Davis|first1=Harold Eugene|url=https://archive.org/details/latinamericanfor0000davi|title=Latin American Foreign Policies: An Analysis|last2=Wilson|first2=Larman Curtis|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]]|year=1975|isbn=9780801816956|pages=[https://archive.org/details/latinamericanfor0000davi/page/191 191]-196|url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite book|last=González|first=Pedro|title=La Reclamación de la Guayana Esequiba|year=1991|location=Caracas}}</ref> In an effort to receive support from [[Venezuela]], Hart and her rebels stated that they would grant Venezuela control of Guyana's disputed [[Guayana Esequiba]] territory in exchange for assistance.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=La Reclamación de la Guayana Esequiba|last=González|first=Pedro|year=1991|location=Caracas|pages=14, 45–47}}</ref> |
At a 23 December 1968 meeting, rebels finalized plans of a separated Rupununi state.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Braveboy-Wagner|first=Jacqueline Anne|title=The Venezuela-Guyana Border Dispute: Britain's Colonial Legacy In Latin America|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2019|isbn=9781000306897}}</ref> Some scholars, including Harold Eugene Davis and Pedro González, have argued that Venezuela supported and sponsored the Rupununi rebels and their secession movement.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last1=Davis|first1=Harold Eugene|url=https://archive.org/details/latinamericanfor0000davi|title=Latin American Foreign Policies: An Analysis|last2=Wilson|first2=Larman Curtis|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]]|year=1975|isbn=9780801816956|pages=[https://archive.org/details/latinamericanfor0000davi/page/191 191]-196|url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite book|last=González|first=Pedro|title=La Reclamación de la Guayana Esequiba|year=1991|location=Caracas}}</ref> In an effort to receive support from [[Venezuela]], Hart and her rebels stated that they would grant Venezuela control of Guyana's disputed [[Guayana Esequiba]] territory in exchange for assistance.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=La Reclamación de la Guayana Esequiba|last=González|first=Pedro|year=1991|location=Caracas|pages=14, 45–47}}</ref> Her two brothers, James and Elmo, also led the rebellion, as well as two Americans: Harry and Richard Lawrence.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Times |first=Special to The New York |date=1969-01-12 |title=GUYANESE MAY TRY REBELS WHO FLED |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1969/01/12/archives/guyanese-may-try-rebels-who-fled.html |access-date=2023-11-30 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The son of a [[Czechoslovakia]]<nowiki/>n miner, Clement Tezarik, participated in the plan as well.<ref name=":3" /> |
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=== Attack === |
=== Attack === |
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=== Counterattack === |
=== Counterattack === |
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News about the insurrection reached Georgetown by midday prompting the deployment of policemen and soldiers of the [[Guyana Defence Force |
News about the insurrection reached Georgetown by midday prompting the deployment of policemen and soldiers of the [[Guyana Defence Force]] (GDF).<ref name=":0" /> GDF troops arrived at an open airstrip {{Convert|5|mi|km|abbr=}} away from Lethem.<ref name=":0" /> As troops approached, the rebels quickly fled and the uprising ended.<ref name=":0" /> About thirty of the rebels were arrested following the uprising.<ref name=":42" /> |
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The following day, on 4 January, captain Edgar Gavidia Valero flew to [[Santa Elena de Uairén]] sent by the Venezuelan government with the orders that the Venezuelan military institutions had to unblock the airfields and start the evacuation of both the Amerindian population and the uprising leaders. Hours afterwards, Guyanese soldiers arrived at the area.<ref name=":1" /> Members of the failed uprising fled to Venezuela for protection after their plans unravelled, with Hart and her rebels being granted Venezuelan citizenship by birth since they were recognized as being born in the [[Guayana Esequiba]] disputed territory.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":32">{{Cite book|last1=Briceño Monzón|first1=Claudio A.|title=La Cuestión Esequibo: Memoria y Soberanía|last2=Olivar|first2=José Alberto|last3=Buttó|first3=Luis Alberto|publisher=[[Universidad Metropolitana]]|year=2016|location=Caracas, Venezuela|page=145}}</ref> |
The following day, on 4 January, captain Edgar Gavidia Valero flew to [[Santa Elena de Uairén]] sent by the Venezuelan government with the orders that the Venezuelan military institutions had to unblock the airfields and start the evacuation of both the Amerindian population and the uprising leaders. Hours afterwards, Guyanese soldiers arrived at the area.<ref name=":1" /> Members of the failed uprising fled to Venezuela for protection after their plans unravelled, with Hart and her rebels being granted Venezuelan citizenship by birth since they were recognized as being born in the [[Guayana Esequiba]] disputed territory.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":32">{{Cite book|last1=Briceño Monzón|first1=Claudio A.|title=La Cuestión Esequibo: Memoria y Soberanía|last2=Olivar|first2=José Alberto|last3=Buttó|first3=Luis Alberto|publisher=[[Universidad Metropolitana]]|year=2016|location=Caracas, Venezuela|page=145}}</ref> |
Revision as of 13:49, 30 November 2023
Rupununi Rebellion | |||||||
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Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo region of Guyana | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
Rupununi separatists | |||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Valerie Hart Elmo Hart James Hart Averrel John Melville | |||||||
Strength | |||||||
200 soldiers[1] | 120–300 rebels[2][3] | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
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The Rupununi Rebellion was a secessionist insurrection in Guyana that began on 2 January 1969. Occurring less than two years after Guyana’s independence from the United Kingdom, it constituted the country’s earliest and most severe test of statehood and social solidarity. The uprising was ultimately dispersed by the Guyana Defence Force.
Background
The First Conference of Amerindians Leaders, named the "Cabacaburi Congress" in 1968, presented demands that represented the community of around 40,000 indigenous people of the Rupununi district to Prime Minister Forbes Burnham.[5][6] The movement defended the integration of natives to Guyanese society, inconsonant with Burnham's afrocentrist policies.[7]
Factions within the indigenous society in South Esequibo felt threatened by the possible distribution of agricultural parcels among the sectors that had supported the Minister, which caused some of the inhabitants to rebel. According to Valerie Hart, a United Force politician present at the Congress, the region's population rebelled against the government because their constitutional rights were not respected and because of continuous intimidation and repression directed against them.[7]
Guyanese Agriculture Minister, Robert Jordan, declared that the government would not recognize the inhabitants' land ownership certifications and warned that the zone would be occupied by the African American population. Afterwards these declarations, Valerie Hart was appointed as president of the Provisional Government Committee of Rupununi.[8]
Events
Preparation
At a 23 December 1968 meeting, rebels finalized plans of a separated Rupununi state.[9] Some scholars, including Harold Eugene Davis and Pedro González, have argued that Venezuela supported and sponsored the Rupununi rebels and their secession movement.[10][7] In an effort to receive support from Venezuela, Hart and her rebels stated that they would grant Venezuela control of Guyana's disputed Guayana Esequiba territory in exchange for assistance.[11] Her two brothers, James and Elmo, also led the rebellion, as well as two Americans: Harry and Richard Lawrence.[12] The son of a Czechoslovakian miner, Clement Tezarik, participated in the plan as well.[12]
Attack
Rebels began their attacks on Lethem in the morning of 2 January 1969, killing five police officers and two civilians while also destroying buildings belonging to the Guyanese government with bazooka fire.[13] The rebels locked citizens in their homes and blocked airfields in Lethem, Annai Good Hope, Karanambo and Karasabai, attempting to block staging areas for Guyanese troops.[9]
Counterattack
News about the insurrection reached Georgetown by midday prompting the deployment of policemen and soldiers of the Guyana Defence Force (GDF).[9] GDF troops arrived at an open airstrip 5 miles (8.0 km) away from Lethem.[9] As troops approached, the rebels quickly fled and the uprising ended.[9] About thirty of the rebels were arrested following the uprising.[13]
The following day, on 4 January, captain Edgar Gavidia Valero flew to Santa Elena de Uairén sent by the Venezuelan government with the orders that the Venezuelan military institutions had to unblock the airfields and start the evacuation of both the Amerindian population and the uprising leaders. Hours afterwards, Guyanese soldiers arrived at the area.[8] Members of the failed uprising fled to Venezuela for protection after their plans unravelled, with Hart and her rebels being granted Venezuelan citizenship by birth since they were recognized as being born in the Guayana Esequiba disputed territory.[7][14]
Indigenous groups denounced that Guyanese forces had attacked and killed Amerindians in the region. A pilot of the Guaica airline, who stayed at Lettem, described that after two C-47 planes landed, Guyanese forces burned houses, tortured inhabitants and raped women.[8] Opposition leader Cheddi Jagan attempted to send two of his Amerindian personnel to the region in order to observe possible atrocities, but they were held at the airfield Lethem by GDF troops and flown back to Georgetown. Bishop of Georgetown R. Lester Guilly traveled to the area and stated witnessing no atrocities.[13]
Aftermath
That same night, Valerie Hart fled with her family to Ciudad Bolívar, before going to Caracas to request military aid from the Venezuelan government; according to her, her goal was, on behalf of the rebels, to create an independent region of Guyana.[15] The day after the uprising, on the afternoon of 3 January 1969, Hart met in Caracas with the Venezuelan Foreign Affairs Minister Ignacio Iribarren Borges at the Yellow House, the headquarters of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Hart explained the uprising to Iribarren Borges, citing Burnham's policies as its motives, and said that the rebels had the intention of turning the Rupununi into an independent territory under Venezuelan protection. Iribarren Borges replied that Venezuela was bound to the 1966 Geneva Agreement with the United Kingdom and Guyana, and that Venezuela could not intervene in favor of the rebels even if it wanted to.[8]
Minutes after, questioned by journalists after leaving his office, the Minister declared that "Venezuela is not considering aiding the Guyana rebels". Interior Affairs Minister Reinaldo Leandro Mora declared that "the movement would not have failed if Venezuela had intervened". In a press conference nearby, in the Antímano Lounge of El Conde hotel, Valerie Hart declared indignate that: "I want it to be well understood that if the Venezuelan government, by pressure of the United States, does not lend any help to the Rupununi people, it would be equal to support the Burnham government".[8] Guyanase Prime Minister Forbes Burnham accused Venezuela of organizing the uprising, saying that Valerie was provided facilities in Venezuela where she could make radio broadcasts promoting her movement and that Guyana would protest to the United Nations against Venezuela. Venezuelan Minister Iribarren Borges strongly denied the accusations.[16]
After the uprising, Venezuela President Rafael Caldera and Burnham were alarmed at the uprising and vowed to focus their attentions on the issue of the territorial dispute between their two countries. Their concern led to the Port of Spain Protocol in 1970.[7]
See also
- Tigri Area, another territorial dispute involving Guyana
References
- ^ [1], La insurrección de Rupununi.
- ^ a b [2], The Trail of Diplomacy: The Guyana-Venezuela Border Issue (Volume Two).
- ^ Ishmael, Dr. Odeen. "The Trail of Diplomacy - A Documentary History of the Guyana-Venezuela Border Issue"
- ^ [3], The Rupununi Revolt.
- ^ David A. Granger (18 January 2009). "The Rupununi Rebellion, 1969". Stabroek News. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
- ^ Amerindian News Georgetown: vol 2, No 3, May 15th 1968.
- ^ a b c d e González, Pedro (1991). La Reclamación de la Guayana Esequiba. Caracas.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b c d e "Guyana: De Rupununi a La Haya". En El Tapete (in Spanish). 4 July 2020. Retrieved 2021-03-13.
- ^ a b c d e Braveboy-Wagner, Jacqueline Anne (2019). The Venezuela-Guyana Border Dispute: Britain's Colonial Legacy In Latin America. Routledge. ISBN 9781000306897.
- ^ Davis, Harold Eugene; Wilson, Larman Curtis (1975). Latin American Foreign Policies: An Analysis. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 191-196. ISBN 9780801816956.
- ^ González, Pedro (1991). La Reclamación de la Guayana Esequiba. Caracas. pp. 14, 45–47.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b Times, Special to The New York (1969-01-12). "GUYANESE MAY TRY REBELS WHO FLED". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-11-30.
- ^ a b c Ishmael, Odeen (2013). The Trail of Diplomacy: The Guyana-Venezuela Border Issue. ISBN 9781493126552.
- ^ Briceño Monzón, Claudio A.; Olivar, José Alberto; Buttó, Luis Alberto (2016). La Cuestión Esequibo: Memoria y Soberanía. Caracas, Venezuela: Universidad Metropolitana. p. 145.
- ^ GONZÁLEZ, Pedro. La Reclamación de la Guayana Esequiba. Caracas: Miguel A. García e hijo S.R.L. 1991.
- ^ "Guyana Reports End of Uprising, Says Venezuela Aided Rebels". The New York Times. 6 January 1969. Retrieved 25 November 2023.