Sir Robert Catesby | |
---|---|
![]() Robert Catesby, unknown artist, 1794 | |
Cause of death | Shot |
Nationality | English |
Other names | Mr Roberts, Robin Catesby |
Spouse | Catherine Leigh |
Children | William and Robert |
Parent(s) | William Catesby Anne Throckmorton |
Motive | Gunpowder plot, a conspiracy to assassinate King James VI & I and members of the Houses of Parliament |
Sir Robert Catesby (b. in or after 1572 – 8 November 1605), was the leader of a group of provincial English Catholics who planned the failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605.
Most likely born in Warwickshire, Catesby was educated in nearby Oxford. His family were prominent recusant Catholics, and presumably to avoid swearing the Oath of Supremacy he left college without taking his degree. He married a Protestant in 1593 and had two children, one of whom survived and was baptised in a Protestant church, but when in 1598 his father and wife each died, he may have reverted to Catholicism. In 1601 he took part in the Essex Rebellion but was captured and fined, after which he sold his estate at Chastleton.
Catesby planned to kill James I by blowing up the House of Lords with gunpowder, the prelude to a popular revolt during which a Catholic monarch would be restored to the English throne. Early in 1604 he began to recruit friends to his cause, including Thomas Wintour, John Wright, Thomas Percy, and Guy Fawkes. Described variously as a charismatic and influential man, over the following months he helped bring a further eight conspirators into the plot, whose gestation was planned for 5 November 1605. A letter sent anonymously to William Parker, 4th Baron Monteagle, alerted the authorities to the existence of the plot, and on the eve of the planned explosion, during a search of Parliament, Fawkes was found guarding the barrels of gunpowder. News of his arrest caused the other plotters to flee London, warning Catesby along their way.
With his diminished group of followers, Catesby made a final stand at Holbeche House in Staffordshire, against a 200-strong company of armed men. He was shot, and later found dead, clutching a picture of the Virgin Mary. His body was later exhumed, and, as a warning to others, his head exhibited outside Parliament.
Early life
Childhood
Robert Catesby was the third and only surviving son of Sir William Catesby and Anne Throckmorton, and was probably born in or after 1572 at his father's main residence in Lapworth.[1] Robert was the lineal descendant of Sir William Catesby (1408–1485), the influential councillor of Richard III captured at the Battle of Bosworth and executed.[2] On his mother's side he was descended from Sir Robert Throckmorton of Coughton, and his second wife, Elizabeth Hussey.[3] Robert's parents were prominent Catholics; his father had suffered years of imprisonment for his faith,[1][3] and in 1581 had been tried in Star Chamber alongside William Vaux, 3rd Baron Vaux of Harrowden, and his brother-in-law Sir Thomas Tresham, for harbouring the Jesuit Edmund Campion.[4] The head of the Throckmortons, Sir Thomas Throckmorton, was also fined for his recusancy, and spent years in prison. Another relation, Sir Francis Throckmorton, had been executed in 1584 for his involvement in a plot to free Mary, Queen of Scots.[5]
In 1586 Robert was educated at Gloucester Hall in Oxford, a college noted for its Catholic intake.[1] Those either studying at university or wishing to take public office could not do so without first swearing the Oath of Supremacy,[6] an act which would have compromised Catesby's Catholic faith. Presumably to avoid this consequence, he left without taking his degree, and he may then have attended the seminary college of Douai.[7]
Adulthood
In 1593 Catesby married Catherine Leigh, daughter of the Sir Thomas Leigh of Stoneleigh in Warwickshire.[nb 1] Catherine came from a wealthy Protestant family and brought with her a dowry of £2,000, as well as some respite for Robert from the harsher elements of the recusancy laws then in effect. From the death of his grandmother the following year he inherited a property at Chastleton, in Oxfordshire. The couple's first son William died in infancy, but their second son Robert survived, and was baptised at Chastleton's Protestant church on 11 November 1595. When Catesby's father died in 1598, his estates at Ashby St Ledgers were left to his wife, while Catesby and his family remained at Chastleton. Catesby had seemed happy to remain a Church Papist[nb 2] but when Catherine died later that year he may in his grief have reverted to Catholicism.[9][7][1]
In 1601 Catesby was involved in the Essex Rebellion. The Earl of Essex's purpose might have lain in furthering his own interests rather than those of the Catholic Church, but Catesby hoped that if Essex succeeded, there might once more be a Catholic monarch.[6] The rebellion was a failure, however, and the wounded Catesby was captured and fined 4,000 marks (equivalent to over £6 million as of 2008)[nb 3][10] by Elizabeth I. Sir Thomas Tresham helped pay some of Catesby's fine,[11] following which Catesby sold his estate at Chastleton.[12][13] Catesby was probably among those "principal papists" imprisoned by the government as Elizabeth's health deteriorated,[14][15] along with John and Christopher Wright. As Elizabeth's end grew near, in March 1603 he may have sent Christopher to Spain to see if Philip III would continue to support English Catholics after her death.[nb 4] At about this time Catesby made occasional use of the alias Mr Roberts, especially while visiting Jesuits and their followers at safe houses.[1]
Gunpowder Plot
Background
Catholics hoped that the years of persecution they suffered during Elizabeth's reign would end when she was succeeded in 1603 by James I. His mother, Mary, Queen of Scots, had been a devout Catholic, executed for treason in 1567, and James's attitude appeared moderate, even tolerant towards Catholics. Shortly after he discovered that his wife had been sent a rosary from the pope however, James exiled all Jesuits and other Catholic priests, and reimposed the collection of fines for recusancy.[17] Catesby soon began to lose patience with the new monarch.[18]
The author and historian Antonia Fraser describes Catesby's mentality as "that of the crusader who does not hesitate to employ the sword in the cause of values which he considers are spiritual",[15] and according to Francis Edwards, he was apparently a charismatic man, respected "in all companies of such as are counted a man of action".[6] Writing after the events of 1604–1606, the Jesuit priest Oswald Tesimond's description of his friend was similarly favourable: "his countenance was exceedingly noble and expressive ... his conversation and manners were peculiarly attractive and imposing, and that by the dignity of his character he exercised an irresistible influence over the minds of those who associated with him." Before he died, fellow conspirator Ambrose Rookwood said that he "loved and respected him [Catesby] as his own life",[19] while Father John Gerard claimed he was "respected in all companies of such as are counted there swordsmen or men of action", and that "few were in the opinions of most men preferred before him and he increased much his acquaintance and friends."[20]
Early stages
![A monochrome engraving of eight men, in 17th-century dress. All have beards, and appear to be engaged in discussion](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gunpowder_Plot_conspirators.jpg/300px-Gunpowder_Plot_conspirators.jpg)
Despite the ease with which Catesby seemed to inspire his fellow conspirators, the fact that it was he and not Fawkes (whom today is most often associated with 5 November) who devised what became known as the Gunpowder Plot, has largely been forgotten.[21] The precise date on which he set events in motion is unknown, but it is likely that he first had the idea early in 1604.[1] Sometime around June the previous year he was visited by his friend Thomas Percy. A great-grandson of the 4th Earl of Northumberland, Percy was reported to have had a "wild youth" before his conversion, and had been entrusted by the 9th Earl with a secret mission to James's court in Scotland, while Elizabeth was still alive, to plead with the king on behalf of England's Catholics.[22] He now complained bitterly about James's treachery, threatening to kill the king. Catesby replied "No, no, Tom, thou shalt not venture to small purpose, but if thou wilt be a traitor thou shalt be to some great advantage." Percy listened while Catesby added "I am thinking of a most sure way and I will soon let thee know what it is." At Allhallowtide on 31 October he sent for his cousin Thomas Wintour, who was at Huddington Court in Worcestershire with his brother Robert. Thomas was educated as a lawyer, had fought for England in the Low Countries, and in 1600 had converted to Catholicism. Following the Earl of Essex's failed rebellion, he travelled to Spain to raise support for English Catholics, a mission which the authorities would later describe as comprising part of a "Spanish Treason". Although the brothers each declined the invitation,[23] Catesby again invited Thomas in February the next year.[24][25]
Thomas was ill, however, and could not immediately respond to the summons. When he eventually came, he found his cousin with the swordsman John Wright. Catesby told him of his plan to kill the king and his government by blowing up "the Parliament howse with Gunpowder ...in that place have they done us all the mischiefe, and perchance God hath designed that place for their punishment".[26] Wintour at first objected to his cousin's plan, but Catesby, who said that "the nature of the disease required so sharp a remedy", won him over. Despite Catholic Spain's move toward diplomacy,[27] Catesby still harboured hopes of foreign support and a peaceful solution, and so Wintour returned to the continent. There he tried to persuade the affable Constable of Castile to press for good terms for English Catholics in upcoming peace negotiations, to no avail. Wintour turned to Sir William Stanley, an English Catholic and veteran commander who had switched sides from England to Spain, and Hugh Owen, an exiled Welsh spy, who both cast doubt on the plotters receiving any support from Spain. Owen did, however, introduce Wintour to Guy Fawkes, an English Catholic who had travelled to the continent to fight for Spain in the Eighty Years' War, and whose name Catesby had already supplied as "a confidant gentleman" who might enter their ranks. Wintour told Fawkes of their plan to "doe some whatt in Ingland if the pece with Spaine healped us nott", and thus in April 1604 the two men returned to England.[28] Wintour's failure to engender Catholic support did not surprise Catesby; despite positive noises from the Spanish authorities, he feared that "the deeds would nott answere".[nb 5][29]
On Sunday 20 May Catesby met with Thomas Wintour, John Wright, Thomas Percy, and Guy Fawkes, at an inn called the Duck and Drake, in the well-to-do Strand district of London, where Wintour stayed while in London.[28] Thomas Percy, Catesby's friend and John Wright's brother-in-law, had been introduced to the plot several weeks after Wintour and Fawkes's return to England.[30][31] Alone in a private room, the five plotters swore an oath of secrecy on a prayer book, and then in another room celebrated Mass with the Jesuit priest (and friend to Catesby) John Gerard, before receiving the Eucharist.[32] Robert Keyes was admitted to the group in October 1604,[33] and charged with looking after Catesby's Lambeth house, where the gunpowder and other supplies were to be stored. Two months later[nb 6] Catesby recruited his servant, Thomas Bates, into the plot,[34] after the latter accidentally became aware of it,[33] and by March 1605 three more were admitted; Thomas Wintour's brother, Robert, John Grant, and John Wright's brother, Christopher.[35][36][37][38]
Further recruitment
On 9 June 1605 Catesby met on Thames Street in London the principal Jesuit in England, Father Henry Garnet. While discussing the war in Flanders, Catesby asked him about the morality of "killing innocents".[39] Garnet answered that such actions could often be excused, but according to his own account later admonished Catesby during a second meeting in July in Essex, showing him a letter from the pope which forbade rebellion. Soon after this the Jesuit priest Oswald Tesimond told Garnet that while taking Catesby's confession[nb 7] he had learned of the plot. Garnet and Catesby met for a third time on 24 July 1605, at the house of the wealthy Jesuit Anne Vaux in Enfield Chase.[nb 8] Garnet decided that Tesimond's account had been given under the seal of the confessional, and that canon law therefore forbade him to repeat what he had heard.[42] Without acknowledging that he was aware of the precise nature of the plot, Garnet attempted to dissuade Catesby from his course, to no avail.[43]
![A full length portrait of a middle-aged man, wearing a grey doublet with grey tights, and brown fur draped over his shoulders.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/James_I%2C_VI_by_John_de_Critz%2C_c.1606.png/170px-James_I%2C_VI_by_John_de_Critz%2C_c.1606.png)
Catesby had borne much of the scheme's financial cost thus far, and was running out of money.[44] As their plans moved closer to fruition, during a secret meeting at Bath in August, at which he, Percy and Thomas Wintour were present, the plotters decided that "the company being yet but few" he was to be allowed to "call in whom he thought best". Catesby soon added Ambrose Rookwood, a staunch Catholic who was both young and wealthy, but who most importantly owned a stable of fine horses at Coldham. For the plan to work Rookwood and his horses needed to be close to the other conspirators, and so Catesby persuaded him to rent Clopton House at Stratford-upon-Avon. Francis Tresham was brought into the plot on 14 October.[45] Also descended from William Catesby, Tresham was Robert's cousin.[nb 9][46] As young children, Catesby and Tresham had often visited Anne Vaux (related to the Throckmortons through her grandmother) at White Webbs in Enfield Chase, a house suspected by the government as harbouring Jesuit priests.[47] Although his account of the meeting is weighted with hindsight (when captured he sought to distance himself from the affair), he asked Catesby what support for the Catholics would be forthcoming, once the King had been killed. Catesby's answer, "The necessity of the Catholics [was such that] it must needs be done", demonstrated his unswerving view on the matter, held at least since his first meeting with Thomas Wintour early in 1604. The final conspirator to be brought in was Everard Digby, on 21 October, at Harrowden. Catesby confided in Digby during a delayed Feast of Saint Luke. Like Rookwood, Digby was young, wealthy, and possessed a stable of horses. Catesby told him to rent Coughton Court near Alcester, so that he would "the better to be able to do good to the cause" (kidnap Princess Elizabeth).[45]
The day after Tresham was recruited, Catesby exchanged greetings in London with Lord Montague, and asked him "The Parliament, I think, brings your lordship up now?" Montague told him that he was visiting a relative, and that he would be at Parliament in a few weeks time. Catesby replied "I think your Lordship takes no pleasure to be there". Montague, who had already been imprisoned for speaking out in the House of Lords against anti-Papist legislation, and who had no inclination to be present while more laws were introduced, agreed.[48] Montague had some years earlier briefly employed a young Guy Fawkes, and following the plot's failure he became a suspect, and was arrested. After intense lobbying he was released some months later.[49]
The addition to the plot of Rookwood, Tresham and Digby, also coincided with a series of meetings in various taverns across London, during which the last remaining details were worked out. Fawkes would light the fuse, and escape by boat across the Thames. An uprising would start in the midlands, where Princess Elizabeth was to be captured. Fawkes would escape to the continent, where he would explain to the Catholic powers there what had happened. At one such meeting, a party on 9 October at the Irish Boy in the Strand, the playwright Ben Jonson was present. Although Jonson had earlier celebrated the elevation to Earldom of Secretary of State Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury with sycophantic poetry, he was later forced to defend himself at some length against any ties some may have supposed he had with the plotters.[48]
Monteagle letter
![Three-quarter length portrait of an elderly gentleman](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/William_Parker%2C_4th_Baron_Monteagle_and_11th_Baron_Morley_by_John_de_Critz.jpg/170px-William_Parker%2C_4th_Baron_Monteagle_and_11th_Baron_Morley_by_John_de_Critz.jpg)
Several of the conspirators expressed worries about fellow Catholics who would be caught up in the planned explosion;[50] Percy was concerned for his patron, Northumberland, and when the young Earl of Arundel's name was mentioned Catesby suggested that a minor wound might keep him from the chamber on that day. Keyes's suggestion to warn Lord Mordaunt was, however, derided.[51] On 26 October William Parker, 4th Baron Monteagle (Tresham's brother-in-law) received an anonymous letter while at his house in Hoxton, and uncertain of its meaning delivered it to Salisbury.[52] In an extraordinary act of bravado Catesby had planned to go hunting with James, but was warned of the betrayal by Monteagle's servant. Francis Tresham may not have been as highly regarded as his fellow conspirators, because Catesby immediately suspected that he was responsible for the letter—a view shared by Thomas Wintour. Together the two confronted the recently recruited conspirator, and threatened to "hang him", but Tresham managed to convince the pair that he had not written the letter, and the next day urged them to abandon the plot.[53]
Catesby waited for Percy's return from the north, before making his decision.[54] He decided that the letter was too vague to constitute any meaningful threat to the plan, and decided to forge ahead. As Fawkes made a final check on the gunpowder, the other conspirators took up their positions in the midlands. Salisbury, already aware of certain stirrings before he received the letter, did not yet know the exact nature of the plot or who exactly was involved. He elected to wait, to see how events unfolded.[55] On 3 November, Catesby met with Wintour and Percy in London. Although the nature of their discussion is unknown, Fraser theorises that some adjustment of their plan to abduct Princess Elizabeth may have occurred, as later accounts told how Percy had been seen at the Duke of York's lodgings, enquiring as to the movements of the king's daughter.[56] Author Mark Nicholls mentions that a week earlier—on the same day that Monteagle received his letter—Catesby was at White Webbs with Fawkes, to discuss kidnapping Prince Henry rather than Princess Elizabeth.[nb 10][57]
Failure and death
Late on Monday 4 November, Catesby, John Wright and Bates left for the midlands, ready for the planned uprising. Late that night however, Fawkes was discovered guarding the gunpowder in the undercroft beneath the House of Lords. News of his arrest spread, and those conspirators still in London soon fled north. Catesby's party, ignorant of what was happening in London, paused at Dunstable when his horse lost a shoe. When Rookwood caught them up and broke to them the news of Fawkes's arrest, the group, which now included Rookwood, Catesby, Bates, the Wright brothers, and Percy, rode toward Dunchurch. They reached Catesby's family home at Ashby St Ledgers at about 6:00 pm that evening, where his mother and Robert Wintour were staying. To keep his mother ignorant of their situation, Catesby sent a message asking Wintour to meet him at the edge of the town. The group continued on to Dunchurch and met Digby, who was informed by Catesby that the King and Salisbury were dead, and persuaded to continue with the plan.[58]
On 6 November they raided Warwick Castle for supplies, before continuing to Norbrook to collect stored weapons. From there they continued their journey to Huddington. Catesby gave Bates a letter to deliver to Father Garnet and the other priests at Coughton Court, informing them of what had transpired, and asking for their help in raising an army in Wales, where Catholic support was believed to be strong. Garnet's reply begged Catesby and his followers to stop their "wicked actions", and to listen to the Pope's preachings. Garnet fled, and managed to evade capture for several weeks. Catesby and the others arrived at Huddington at about 2:00 pm, and were met by Thomas Wintour. Terrified of being associated with the fugitives, family members and former friends showed them no sympathy.[59]
Under pain of torture, Fawkes began to talk, and on 7 November the government named Catesby as a wanted man. Early that morning, at Huddington, the remaining fugitives went to confession, before taking the sacrament, in the opinion of Fraser a sign that none of them thought they had long to live. Thirty-six of them continued on through pouring rain to Hewell Grange, home of Lord Windsor. The young Lord was not there however, so they helped themselves to further arms, ammunition, and money. The locals were unsupportive; on hearing that Catesby's party stood for "God and Country", they replied that they were for "King James as well as God and Country". They reached Holbeche House, on the border of Staffordshire, at about 10:00 pm on 7 November. Tired and desperate, they spread in front of the fire some of the now-soaked gunpowder taken from Hewell Grange, to dry out. Although gunpowder does not explode (unless physically contained), a spark from the fire landed on the powder and the resultant flames engulfed Catesby, Rookwood, Grant, and another man.[59]
Catesby survived, albeit scorched. Digby left, ostensibly to give himself up. John Wintour did the same. Thomas Bates fled, along with Thomas Wintour. Remaining were Catesby (described as "reasonably well"), Rookwood, the Wright brothers, Percy, and John Grant, who had been so badly injured that his eyes were "burnt out". The fugitives resolved to stay in the house and wait for the arrival of the King's men. Catesby, believing his death to be near, kissed the gold crucifix he wore around his neck and said he had given everything for "the honour of the Cross". He refused to be taken prisoner, "against that only he would defend himself with his sword".[60]
Richard Walsh, the Sheriff of Worcester, and his company of 200 men besieged Holbeche House at about 11:00 am on 8 November. While crossing the courtyard Thomas Wintour was hit in the shoulder. John Wright was shot, followed by his brother, and then Rookwood. Catesby and Percy were reportedly dropped by the same lucky shot, while stood near the door. Catesby managed to crawl inside the house, where his body was later found, clutching a picture of the Virgin Mary. This and his gold crucifix were sent to London, to demonstrate what "superstitious and Popish idols" had inspired the plotters.[60] While the survivors were taken into custody, by government order the bodies of Catesby and Percy were exhumed and their heads cut off, the plan being to exhibit them on iron spikes at the corner of the Parliament House. John Harington, 2nd Baron Harington of Exton, made an opportune study of the heads while en route to London, and later reflected: "more terrible countenances were never looked upon".[61] Catesby's head eventually adorned "the side of the Parliament House"; thus, in the words of author Alan Haynes, joining the "sightless spectators of their own failure."[62] His son was taken to Ashby St Ledgers, and in later years married Thomas Percy's daughter.[1]
References
- Notes
- ^ The indenture for this marriage is dated 2 March, and notes that he was not then 21 years old.[1]
- ^ Church Papist was a nickname for those who conformed to the rules of the Protestant Church, but whom secretly remained Catholic.[8]
- ^ Comparing relative average earnings of £3,000 in 1601 with 2008.
- ^ Wright may have used the alias Anthony Dutton.[16]
- ^ Philip III made peace with England in August 1604.[1]
- ^ According to his confession.
- ^ Haynes (2005) writes that Tesimond took Thomas Bates' confession.[40]
- ^ Anne Vaux was related to Catesby, and to most of the other plotters. Her home was often used to hide priests.[41]
- ^ Anne Throckmorton was sister to Meriel Throckmorton, Tresham's mother.[46]
- ^ Catesby had heard from Wintour that Prince Henry would not be at the opening of Parliament.[57]
- Footnotes
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Nicholls, Mark (May 2008), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, hosted at oxforddnb.com, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/4883 http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/4883, retrieved 27 May 2010
{{citation}}
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(help) - ^ Horrox, Rosemary (2008) [2004], Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, hosted at oxforddnb.com, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/4884 http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/4884, retrieved 13 July 2010
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(help) - ^ a b Fraser 2005, p. 110
- ^ Levy, Leonard W. (1969), "The Right Against Self-Incrimination: History and Judicial History (subscription required)[[Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content]]", Political Science Quarterly, No. 1, vol. 84, The Academy of Political Science, hosted at jstor.org, p. 5
{{citation}}
: URL–wikilink conflict (help) - ^ Fraser 2005, p. 195
- ^ a b c Fraser 2005, pp. 58–59
- ^ a b Fraser 2005, pp. 111–112
- ^ Walsham, Alexandra, Church Papists, boydellandbrewer.com, retrieved 15 July 2010
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(help); Text "15 July 2010" ignored (help) - ^ Sharpe 2005, p. 30
- ^ Officer, Lawrence H. (2009), Purchasing Power of British Pounds from 1264 to Present, MeasuringWorth, retrieved 3 December 2009
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(help) - ^ Fraser 2005, p. xxiv
- ^ Haynes 2005, p. 47
- ^ Northcote Parkinson 1976, pp. 44–46
- ^ Fraser 2005, pp. xxv–xxvi
- ^ a b Fraser 2005, p. 112
- ^ Nicholls, Mark (2008) [2004], "Wright, John (bap. 1568, d. 1605)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/30028, retrieved 16 July 2010
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(help) - ^ Fraser 2005, pp. 41–42
- ^ Haynes, Alan (5 November 2009), The Enduring Memory of the Gunpowder Plot, bbc.co.uk, retrieved 14 July 2010
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and|date=
(help) - ^ Spinks Jr 2005, pp. 24–25
- ^ Haynes 2005, p. 48
- ^ Sharpe 2005, p. 31
- ^ Fraser 2005, pp. 48–50
- ^ Haynes 2005, pp. 49–50
- ^ Fraser 1999, pp. 59–61
- ^ Fraser 1999, p. 93
- ^ Wormald, Jenny (1985), "Gunpower, Treason, and Scots (subscription required)[[Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content]]", The Journal of British Studies, No. 2, vol. 24, The University of Chicago Press, hosted at jstor.org, pp. 141–168
{{citation}}
: URL–wikilink conflict (help) - ^ Fraser 2005, p. 88
- ^ a b Fraser 2005, pp. 117–119
- ^ Nicholls 1991, p. 39
- ^ Nicholls, Mark (2004), "Winter, Thomas (c. 1571–1606) (subscription required)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/29767, retrieved 16 November 2009
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(help) - ^ Northcote Parkinson 1976, pp. 46–47
- ^ Fraser 2005, p. 120
- ^ a b Northcote Parkinson 1976, p. 96
- ^ Fraser 2005, pp. 130–132
- ^ Fraser 2005, pp. 59–61
- ^ Fraser 2005, pp. 56–57
- ^ Nelthorpe, Sutton (8 November–December 1935), Twigmore and the Gunpowder Plot, vol. 8, Lincolnshire Magazine, p. 229
{{citation}}
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(help) - ^ Fraser 2005, pp. 136–137
- ^ Fraser 2005, p. 154
- ^ Haynes 2005, p. 62
- ^ Haynes 2005, pp. 65–66
- ^ Haynes 2005, pp. 62–65
- ^ Haynes 2005, pp. 65–67
- ^ Nichols 1991, p. 41
- ^ a b Fraser 2005, pp. 170–176
- ^ a b Nicholls, Mark (2004), "Tresham, Francis (1567?–1605) (subscription required)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/27708, retrieved 16 November 2009
{{citation}}
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(help) - ^ Fraser 2005, pp. 42–43
- ^ a b Fraser 2005, pp. 178–179
- ^ Haynes 2005, pp. 125–126
- ^ Northcote Parkinson 1976, pp. 62–63
- ^ Haynes 2005, p. 82
- ^ Haynes 1999, p. 89
- ^ Fraser 2005, pp. 180–182
- ^ Nicholls 1991, p. 43
- ^ Fraser 2005, pp. 187–189
- ^ Fraser 2005, pp. 197–198
- ^ a b Nicholls 1991, p. 42
- ^ Fraser 2005, pp. 200, 202–205
- ^ a b Fraser 2005, pp. 218–222
- ^ a b Fraser 2005, pp. 222–225
- ^ Fraser 2005, p. 235
- ^ Haynes & 2005 104
- Bibliography
- Fraser, Antonia (2005) [1996], The Gunpowder Plot, London: Phoenix, ISBN 0753814013
- Haynes, Alan (2005) [1994], The Gunpowder Plot: Faith in Rebellion, Sparkford, England: Hayes and Sutton, ISBN 0750942150
- Nicholls, Mark (1991), Investigating Gunpowder plot, Manchester: Manchester University Press, ISBN 0719032253
- Northcote Parkinson, C. (1976), Gunpowder Treason and Plot, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, ISBN 0297772244
- Sharpe, J. A. (2005), Remember, remember: a cultural history of Guy Fawkes Day, London: Harvard University Press, ISBN 0674019350
- Spinks Jr, Henry Hawkes (2005) [1902], The Gunpowder Plot and Lord Mounteagle's Letter, Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing, ISBN 1417930837