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* son Almir (b.1997) <ref name=Forbes03May08/> |
* son Almir (b.1997) <ref name=Forbes03May08/> |
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==Controversies== |
==Controversies== |
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Akhmetov |
Rumors about Rinat Akhmetov' criminal ties are as widespread as disputable. Some journalists and researchers have been speculating on allegedly criminal past of Rinat Akhmetov.<ref name="psa1">{{cite journal|last=Katchanovski|first=Ivan|title=The Orange Evolution? The "Orange Revolution" and Political Changes in Ukraine|journal=Post-Soviet Affairs|date=14|year=2008|month=November|volume=24|issue=4|pages=364|doi=10.2747/1060-586X.24.4.351|accessdate=10 October 2010}}</ref><ref name=vanzon>{{cite book|last=van Zon|first=Hans|title=The Rise of Conglomerates in Ukraine: The Donetsk Case|year=2007|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|pages=387|url=http://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=FefoltD5mWkC&oi=fnd&pg=PA378&dq=akhmetov+crime&ots=H-L0DettFL&sig=a2cZxze6buISde5vNaXIsA-ljEo#v=onepage&q=akhmetov&f=false}}</ref><ref name=veja1/><ref name="kpbragin">{{cite news|title=Akhat Bragin|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/31849/|accessdate=28 October 2010|newspaper=Kyiv Post|date=10 December 2008}}</ref> |
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In the 1980s, Akhmetov acted as an assistant to [[Akhat Bragin]].<ref name=vanzon /> By the early 1990s, Akhmetov began acquiring property in Donetsk by means of extortion with the assistance of Vladimir Malyshev, Lieutenant-General, The Head of Ministry of Internal Affairs Department in Donetsk Region.<ref name=vanzon /> Malyshev would later become chief of security for Akhmetov’s SCM. |
In the 1980s, Akhmetov acted as an assistant to [[Akhat Bragin]].<ref name=vanzon /> By the early 1990s, Akhmetov began acquiring property in Donetsk by means of extortion with the assistance of Vladimir Malyshev, Lieutenant-General, The Head of Ministry of Internal Affairs Department in Donetsk Region.<ref name=vanzon /> Malyshev would later become chief of security for Akhmetov’s SCM. |
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* 2010 - No. 148 with $5.2 bil <ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.forbes.com/lists/2010/10/billionaires-2010_Rinat-Akhmetov_JIRK.html | work=Forbes | title=#148 Rinat Akhmetov | date=10 March 2010}}</ref> |
* 2010 - No. 148 with $5.2 bil <ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.forbes.com/lists/2010/10/billionaires-2010_Rinat-Akhmetov_JIRK.html | work=Forbes | title=#148 Rinat Akhmetov | date=10 March 2010}}</ref> |
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* 2011 - No. 39 with $16 bil.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.forbes.com/profile/rinat-akhmetov | work=Forbes}}</ref> |
* 2011 - No. 39 with $16 bil.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.forbes.com/profile/rinat-akhmetov | work=Forbes}}</ref> |
||
Actually, these figures are referred to [[SCM Holdings|SCM]] assets value; growth of the value should not be attributed to coming to power of the friendly political party<ref name="blog.scm.com.ua"/><ref>http://www.scm.com.ua/en/investor-relations/financials/</ref> but to a great extent to the decision of the Company's key shareholder, according to which the profit is not distributed<ref name="for-ua.org">http://for-ua.org/politics/2011/05/25/081916.html</ref> and traditionally invested into further development of SCM<ref>http://www.scm.com.ua/ru/media-centre/news/view/126/</ref><ref>http://www.scm.com.ua/ru/media-centre/news/view/310/</ref><ref>http://www.scm.com.ua/ru/media-centre/news/view/675/</ref><ref>http://www.scm.com.ua/ru/media-centre/news/view/800/</ref> |
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===Philanthropy=== |
===Philanthropy=== |
||
Akhmetov is deeply involved with charities, philanthropies and humanitarian activities, that are to support Ukrainian citizens.<ref>http://www.fdu.org.ua/en/articles/37</ref><br /> |
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In [[2005]] the [[Foundation for Development of Ukraine]] was established, which is, as stated, to be "determined to eliminate the roots of social problems..."in Ukraine.<ref>[http://www.fdu.org.ua/en/cat/47]</ref> In [[2008]] it has been reported that within next 5 years the Organization was planning to spend $150 million to fulfill its programs.<ref>[http://www.unian.net/eng/online/104/2049552.html "Rinat Akhmetov’s charity foundation “Development of Ukraine” plans to spend $150 million to fulfill a variety of programs.] ''[[Unian]]'' 20 March 2008 "</ref> The Foundation as well provides broad-spectrum targeted assistance:<br /> |
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{{main|Foundation for Development of Ukraine}} |
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In [[2008]] Akhmetov donated UAH 258,600 million to charity, that made him the No.2 in a list of top ten businessmen who donated for charity in 2008<ref>http://noviny.su/A0010798.html</ref> In the following year, Ukrainian business weekly "Kontrakty" named Akhmetov the top businessmen-philanthropist in Ukraine<ref>http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14101828.html</ref>. In [[2010]], Akhmetov's total charitable contributions amounted to UAH 155,65 million, making him No. 1 philanthropist in Ukraine.<ref>http://companies.kontrakty.ua/rankings/150-krupnejjshie-blagotvoritelnye-fondy-publichnykh-ukraincev-2010.html</ref> For 2011, Akhmetov donated UAH 222.7 million to charity.<ref>http://korrespondent.net/business/financial/1296054-korrespondent-iskusstvo-trebuet-pozhertvovanij-glavnye-filantropy-ukrainy</ref> |
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In [[2007]], Akhmetov founded the [[Foundation for Effective Governance]]<ref>[http://www.feg.org.ua/en FEG website]</ref> to support economic development of Ukraine. On 6 December 2007, FEG was launched in Kiev with a goal to improve the standard of living of each Ukrainian citizen.<ref>[http://eng.for-ua.com/news/2006/02/23/140022.html "Rinat Akhmetov: I am not an oligarch, Ukrainian tycoon. I want Ukraine to become rich, no poor people"], [[for-ua.com]], 23 February 2006]</ref> Among the figures who addressed the opening of the foundation were [[List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates|Nobel Laureate]] [[Shimon Peres]] and Peruvian economist [[Hernando de Soto (economist)|Hernando de Soto]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.feg.org.ua/ru/news/foundation_press/6.html |title=Everyone Leave the Shade |publisher=Delovoy |date=2008-01-01}}</ref> |
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⚫ | |||
Rinat Akhmetov has been consistently leading in the national lists of top-philanthropists: |
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* In [[2008]] Akhmetov donated UAH 258,600 million to charity, that made him the No.2 in a list of top ten businessmen who donated for charity in 2008<ref>http://noviny.su/A0010798.html</ref><br /> |
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* In [[2009]] Ukrainian business weekly "Kontrakty", based on open source and peer assessment, published rating of top-10 businessmen-philanthropists in Ukraine, and Rinat Akhmetov took the lead<ref>http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14101828.html</ref>. |
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* In [[2010]] total charity allocations through Rinat Akhmetov foundations amounted to UAH 155,65 million, making him No. 1 philanthropist in Ukraine.<ref>http://companies.kontrakty.ua/rankings/150-krupnejjshie-blagotvoritelnye-fondy-publichnykh-ukraincev-2010.html</ref><br /> |
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{{main|Foundation for Effective Governance}} |
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Starting from [[2000]], on [[19th December]], at [[Saint Nicholas]] Day, Rinat Akhmetov together with his close friend [[Igor Krutoy]], a famous [[Russians|Russian]] [[composer]], have been making charity visits to [[orphanages]], special schools in order to support deprived children and to give them presents.<ref>http://shakhtar.com/en/news/15483</ref><ref>http://shakhtar.com/en/news/8254</ref><ref>http://shakhtar.com/en/news/11747</ref><ref>http://shakhtar.com/en/news/20183</ref><br /> |
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⚫ | |||
====Notable donations==== |
====Notable donations==== |
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* In [[October 2007]] nearly $900,000 was donated to families of victims of gas explosion that tore through an apartment complex in [[Dnipropetrovsk]].<ref>[http://ostro.org/shownews_ks.php?id=42439&lang=en&lang=en "Rinat Akhmetov’s foundation is giving UAH 4,4 million to the families that lost their relatives when there was an explosion in Dnipropetrovsk"], ''[[Ostrov News]]'', 29 October 2007]</ref> |
* In [[October 2007]] nearly $900,000 was donated to families of victims of gas explosion that tore through an apartment complex in [[Dnipropetrovsk]].<ref>[http://ostro.org/shownews_ks.php?id=42439&lang=en&lang=en "Rinat Akhmetov’s foundation is giving UAH 4,4 million to the families that lost their relatives when there was an explosion in Dnipropetrovsk"], ''[[Ostrov News]]'', 29 October 2007]</ref> |
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* In [[2008]] UAH 3,4 million was |
* In [[2008]] UAH 3,4 million was donated to the victims and people whose relatives died in the blasts at Zasyadko, Krasnolimanskaya<ref>http://www.rbc.ua/rus/newsline/2008/06/26/388749.shtml</ref>, Karl Marx<ref>http://news.liga.net/news/N0834571.html</ref>, Duvannaya<ref>http://cxid.info/53775.html</ref> coal mines |
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* In [[April 2011]], |
* In [[April 2011]], after [[2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami|earthquake in Japan]] in March 2011, FC Shakhtar Donetsk donated 1 million U.S. dollars to victims of the disaster.<ref>http://english1.people.com.cn/90001/90777/90853/7354852.html</ref><ref>http://shakhtar.com/en/news/16826</ref> |
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''"This is a terrible tragedy and its scope is really international. The Ukrainians, who experienced Chernobyl, understand Japanese people. Unfortunately, we cannot return thousands of lives, but what we can really help those, who survived and stayed alive"'' - Akhmetov said, commenting this<ref>http://www.mfa.gov.ua/japan/en/news/print/56192.htm</ref>. <br /> |
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* In [[April 2011]], Rinat Akhmetov decided to allocate $ 1 million to support the '''"Shelter” Project''', for construction of the new safe confinement to cover reactor No. 4 at [[Chernobyl]]<ref>http://www.fdu.org.ua/en/news/469</ref><ref>http://yellowpage.in.ua/en/archives/32390</ref><ref>http://healthup.com.ua/en/page/krok%20do%20guttya4</ref>. |
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==Political career== |
==Political career== |
Revision as of 15:24, 25 January 2012
Rinat Leonidovych Akhmetov Рінат Леонідович Ахметов | |
---|---|
Born | |
Nationality | Ukraine |
Occupation | Businessman |
Political party | Party of Regions |
Spouse | Liliya Nikolayevna Smirnova |
Children | Almir Akhmetov (1997) Damir Akhmetov (1988) |
Parents |
|
Rinat Leonidovych Akhmetov (Ukrainian: Рінат Леонідович Ахметов, Russian: Ринат Леонидович Ахметов, Tatar: Ренат Леонид улы Әхмәтов; born on 21 September 1966) is a Ukrainian businessman and oligarch.[2] He is the founder and President of System Capital Management, and is ranked among the wealthiest men in the nation. Akhmetov is also the owner and President of the Ukrainian football club Shakhtar Donetsk. At Rinat Akhmetov' initiative Foundation for Effective Governance (est. 2007) and Foundation for Development of Ukraine (est. 2005) were founded. Since the 2007 Ukrainian parliamentary election Akhmetov has been a member of the Ukrainian Verkhovna Rada (parliament) for the Party of Regions.[3][4] He has faced considerable controversy for his alleged ties to organized crime.
Early life
Rinat Akhmetov was born in Donetsk, Ukrainian SSR to a Tatar[5] working-class family - his father was a coal-miner,[3] and his mother was a shop assistant. Rinat Akhmetov has an older brother, Igor, who as well worked as a coal miner but had to resign due to professional disease.[6] Akhmetov is Bachelor of Arts / Science in Economics at the Donetsk National University, he graduated in 2001.[4][7]
Family
- father Leonid Akhmetov, died in 1991 from professional disease[8]
- mother Nyakiya Akhmetova, Chairlady of supervisory board of JSC SCM
- brother Igor Akhmetov
- spouse Liliya Smirnova (b.1965), Chairlady of the audit commission of JSC SCM
- son Damir (b.1988)
- son Almir (b.1997) [3]
Controversies
Rumors about Rinat Akhmetov' criminal ties are as widespread as disputable. Some journalists and researchers have been speculating on allegedly criminal past of Rinat Akhmetov.[9][10][11][12]
In the 1980s, Akhmetov acted as an assistant to Akhat Bragin.[10] By the early 1990s, Akhmetov began acquiring property in Donetsk by means of extortion with the assistance of Vladimir Malyshev, Lieutenant-General, The Head of Ministry of Internal Affairs Department in Donetsk Region.[10] Malyshev would later become chief of security for Akhmetov’s SCM.
In October 1995, Akhat Bragin, former mentor and president of Shakhtar Donetsk football club, was killed in a mysterious bombing at the team's stadium. Bragin and his associates had ongoing conflict with mob groups and rival businessmen, and had survived several attempts on his life. Bragin, who was alleged to have a leadership role in the Ukrainian mafia, was succeeded by Akhmetov as team president following his death.[11][12] Following the assassinations, Akhmetov is said to have “inherited a vast financial empire from Bragin”.[10] Akhmetov responded to these allegations during an interview in 2010, denying he had ever inherited money: "I earned my first million by trading coal and coke [...] It was a risk but it was worth it".[13]
In 1999, an official Ukrainian Ministry of Internal Affairs report identified Akhmetov as a leader of an organized crime syndicate. The report tied the group to money laundering, financial fraud, and the control of numerous large and fictitious companies.[14] In June 2005, Serhiy Kornich, then head of the Interior Ministry's economic crimes department, stated publicly that Akhmetov was "the head of [an] organized crime group."[15]
After the 2004 Ukrainian presidential elections and the ensuing Orange Revolution, according to political journal's The Nation and theJournal of Democracy, Akhmetov was investigated on both murder charges and his alleged role in organized crime in the Donetsk region. To avoid the investigation he was prompted to flee the country to Monaco.[2][16] The following year, Borys Kolesnikov, a friend and associate who had been tied to Akhmetov in links to organized crime since the 1980s, was arrested on charges of extortion and conspiracy to assassinate a rival Donetsk businessman. Charges against Akhmetov and Kolesnikov were dropped in 2006 amid a significant rise in political power by the former, ending Akhmetov's exile.[2]
In 2004 Akhmetov and Viktor Pinchuk (the son-in-law of then-President Leonid Kuchma) acquired the steel factory Kryvorizhstal for roughly $800 million from the state in a 2004 tender despite much higher bids made by foreign companies.[17] Later, in 2005, the first Tymoshenko Government reversed this sale, and held a nationally-televised repeat auction that netted a record-breaking $4.8 billion.[17]
Disputes
As per Akhmetov's lawyer Mark MacDougall, "Akhmetov has done a lot of work to protect his good name from false accusations, which might hurt the reputation of his family and business. As the result of it, many publications in Ukraine and other European countries had published retractions and apologies… [and] admitted that their claims are false. We think that these facts speak for themselves”.[18]
In 2007, the Kyiv Post, the primary English language daily newspaper in Ukraine published an article relating to Mr. Akhmetov’s business transactions. The Kyiv Post published an apology stating that “on closer examination, we concluded these allegations[clarification needed] relating to Mr. Akhmetov were untrue and have no basis in fact.”[19]
In 2007, the German language Swiss newspaper Neue Zürcher Zeitung (“NZZ”) retracted defamatory statements from published earlier article regarding Mr. Akhmetov’s early business career in the 1990s, noting that “there is no connection between Akhmetov … and organized crime in Ukraine” and “[t]he economic success of Akhmetov is not based by any means on criminally acquired starting capital.”[20]
In 2008, a judgment was obtained from the High Court of Justice in London after Obozrevatel, a Ukrainian language Internet publication refused to retract false and libelous statements alleging that Mr. Akhmetov was connected to criminal activity and violence. Following the court pressure Obozrevatel issued an official apology stating: “The editorial hereby admits that there was unchecked and false information about Rinat Akhmetov present in the … articles … We hereby give our apologies to Rinat Akhmetov for the problems resulted from the above-mentioned publications.”[21][22] The journalist, however, refused to do so.[23]
An Internet website www.golocalprov.com (“GoLocalProv”) based in Providence, Rhode Island, published in 2010 allegations regarding Rinat Akhmetov's criminal activities.[citation needed] Subsequently,PolitiFact.com[unreliable source?] engaged in a detailed review of the allegations on GoLocalProv’s site and disputed the sources on which they were based, stating that “key elements of the [GoLocalProv] story are false or unproven” and that the story presented “suspicions, suggestions, innuendo, and conspiracy theories” as fact[24]
In 2010 the French [25] Le Figaro issued a retraction of previously published false allegations regarding Rinat Akhmetov, due to a lack of evidence to support their claims, and issued an apology.[26][27][28]
Business career
Akhmetov headed Donetsk City Bank (Dongorbank) in 1995[29] (known as Akceptbank before 1995).
Akhmetov founded System Capital Management Group (JSC "SCM") in 2000, and has been its sole proprietor since 2009.[30] During his career SCM has grown to be one of Ukraine’s leading financial and industrial firms [31] with assets including over 100 businesses in metals and mining, power generation, banking and insurance, telecommunications, media and real estate; and revenues of around $12.8 billion and has assets worth over $22.7 billion.[32] The largest company in the SCM Group is METINVEST, which is a mining and steel business and is generally agreed to be Ukraine’s largest private business and is one of the bigger steel businesses in Europe.
SCM was recognized as a leader of "Ukrainian Corporate Social Responsibility",[clarification needed] garnering the top nomination by Gvardiya magazine's rankings of Ukraine's "Socially Responsible Companies" in 2011. SCM had previously won in 2009[33], and 2010.[34]
Wealth
Rinat Akhmetov has been number one in Korrespondent magazine annual Ukraine’s Top 50 richest people rating with the estimated wealth of:
- 2006 - $ 11,8 billion[35]
- 2007 - $ 15,6 billion [36]
- 2008 - $ 31,1 billion [37]
- 2009 - $ 9,6 billion[38]
- 2010 - $ 17,8 billion[39]
- 2011 - $ 25,6 billion [40]
Forbes' The World's Billionaires rating:
- 2006 - No. 451 with a net-worth of $1.7 bil[41]
- 2007 - No. 214 with $4.0 bil [42]
- 2008 - No. 127 with $7.3 bil[43]
- 2009 - No. 397 with $1.8 bil [44]
- 2010 - No. 148 with $5.2 bil [45]
- 2011 - No. 39 with $16 bil.[46]
Actually, these figures are referred to SCM assets value; growth of the value should not be attributed to coming to power of the friendly political party[47][48] but to a great extent to the decision of the Company's key shareholder, according to which the profit is not distributed[49] and traditionally invested into further development of SCM[50][51][52][53]
Philanthropy
Akhmetov is deeply involved with charities, philanthropies and humanitarian activities, that are to support Ukrainian citizens.[54]
In 2005 the Foundation for Development of Ukraine was established, which is, as stated, to be "determined to eliminate the roots of social problems..."in Ukraine.[55] In 2008 it has been reported that within next 5 years the Organization was planning to spend $150 million to fulfill its programs.[56] The Foundation as well provides broad-spectrum targeted assistance:
In 2007, Akhmetov founded the Foundation for Effective Governance[57] to support economic development of Ukraine. On 6 December 2007, FEG was launched in Kiev with a goal to improve the standard of living of each Ukrainian citizen.[58] Among the figures who addressed the opening of the foundation were Nobel Laureate Shimon Peres and Peruvian economist Hernando de Soto.[59]
Rinat Akhmetov has been consistently leading in the national lists of top-philanthropists:
- In 2008 Akhmetov donated UAH 258,600 million to charity, that made him the No.2 in a list of top ten businessmen who donated for charity in 2008[60]
- In 2009 Ukrainian business weekly "Kontrakty", based on open source and peer assessment, published rating of top-10 businessmen-philanthropists in Ukraine, and Rinat Akhmetov took the lead[61].
- In 2010 total charity allocations through Rinat Akhmetov foundations amounted to UAH 155,65 million, making him No. 1 philanthropist in Ukraine.[62]
Starting from 2000, on 19th December, at Saint Nicholas Day, Rinat Akhmetov together with his close friend Igor Krutoy, a famous Russian composer, have been making charity visits to orphanages, special schools in order to support deprived children and to give them presents.[63][64][65][66]
His MP's salary is traditionally transferred to charity[49]
Notable donations
- In October 2007 nearly $900,000 was donated to families of victims of gas explosion that tore through an apartment complex in Dnipropetrovsk.[67]
- In 2008 UAH 3,4 million was donated to the victims and people whose relatives died in the blasts at Zasyadko, Krasnolimanskaya[68], Karl Marx[69], Duvannaya[70] coal mines
- In April 2011, after earthquake in Japan in March 2011, FC Shakhtar Donetsk donated 1 million U.S. dollars to victims of the disaster.[71][72]
"This is a terrible tragedy and its scope is really international. The Ukrainians, who experienced Chernobyl, understand Japanese people. Unfortunately, we cannot return thousands of lives, but what we can really help those, who survived and stayed alive" - Akhmetov said, commenting this[73].
- In April 2011, Rinat Akhmetov decided to allocate $ 1 million to support the "Shelter” Project, for construction of the new safe confinement to cover reactor No. 4 at Chernobyl[74][75][76].
Political career
Akhmetov was elected as a member of Ukraine's Verkhovna Rada (parliament) during the 2006 Ukrainian parliamentary election as a member of the Party of Regions.[3][4][77] However, he only appeared once in the Verkhovna Rada building during his inauguration.[77] Leader of the party's faction in the Verkhovna Rada, Oleksander Yefremov, has mentioned that Rinat Akhmetov provides "substantative support" to the faction by providing what he referred to as "functioning expert groups he established that are counselling on draft laws".[78][79]
In the fallout of Ukraine's Orange Revolution election rigging protests against the Party of Regions of 2004, U.S. diplomatic cables revealed that Akhmetov posted $2 million bail in 2007 for the release of three members of the Party of Regions, including former Sumy Governor Volodymyr Shcherban, who was accused of election rigging, extortion, tax evasion and abuse of office.[80] No high-level government officials were convicted following the election fraud.
In a Wikileaks diplomatic cable, Volodymyr Horbulin, one of Ukraine's most respected policy strategists and former presidential advisor, told the U.S. Ambassador to Ukraine in 2006 that the Party of Regions, which "enjoyed deep pockets, being largely financed by billionaire Donetsk boss Rinat Akhmetov” is partly composed of “pure criminals" and "criminal and anti-democracy figures." [81]
The Russian-language newspaper Segodnya, owned by Akhmetov, has drawn criticism for its alleged mandate favoring coverage of certain politicians and public figures, the journalists at the paper admitted.[82][83]
Professional sports
Following the mysterious October 1995 bombing assassination of former team president, Akhat Bragin, Akhmetov (who had served as Bragin's right-hand man and himself narrowly missed the attempt on his life)[84] subsequently inherited operation of the Shakhtar Donetsk football club. On October 11, 1996, Akhmetov was appointed president of the team[85] and began investing heavily in both players and their training facilities. Under his command, FC Shakhtar became Premier League Champions in 2002, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2010, and 2011; Domestic Cup champions in 1997, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2008, 2011; Super-Cup in 2005, 2008 and 2010; and UEFA Cup in 2009.[85]
In 2009 Donbass Arena stadium was built in Donetsk at Rinat Akhmetov's initiative. It is the first stadium in Eastern Europe that was designed and built to the elite UEFA standards; its seating capacity holds over 50,000 persons.[86] Rinat Akhmetov had dreamt about such a stadium long before Ukraine had acquired the right to host EURO 2012. At the opening ceremony on August 29, 2009, he addressed to his fans: “Dear friends, the Donbass Arena was built thanks to you. The Donbass Arena was built for you.”[87]
Awards
- Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise of the V class (2010)[88]
- Full Chevalier of Order of Merit: I class in 2006,[89] II class in 2004,[90] III class in2002[91]
- Honoured Worker of fitness and sports of Ukraine (1999)[92]
- Award from President of Pakistan Sitara-e-Pakistan (2007) for merits to Pakistan[93]
- Donetsk Citizens Recognition Prize in 2008 (est. by Donetsk City Council), in the nomination "Caring for the future"[94][95]
- Honorary citizen of Donetsk (2006)[96]
See also
- Business oligarch
- Ukrainian oligarchs
- History of post-Soviet Russia: The "loans for shares" scheme and the rise of the "oligarchs"
- Viktor Pinchuk
- Leonid Kuchma
- FC Shakhtar Donetsk
- Donbass Arena
References
- ^ Forbes http://www.forbes.com/profile/rinat-akhmetov/.
{{cite news}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ a b c Kuzio, Taras (2005). "The Opposition's Road to Success". Journal of Democracy. 16 (2). The Johns Hopkins University Press: 124. doi:10.1353/jod.2005.0028.
{{cite journal}}
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ignored (help) - ^ a b c d Forbes.com, 3 May 2008, The World's Billionaires - #127 Rinat Akhmetov
- ^ a b c The World's Billionaires - #214 Rinat Akhmetov, Forbes.com (August 3, 2007)
- ^ Ukraine:birth of a modern nation by Serhy Yekelchyk, Oxford University Press, USA, 2007, ISBN 9780195305463 (page 204)
- ^ Rinat Akhmetov Fights Against TB with Brother’s Disease in Memories
- ^ Ліга.Досье.Ахметов Ринат Леонидович
- ^ "Газета по-українськи" №193 за 24.08.2006. Ринат Ахметов: "Я не хочу умирать!"
- ^ Katchanovski, Ivan (14). "The Orange Evolution? The "Orange Revolution" and Political Changes in Ukraine". Post-Soviet Affairs. 24 (4): 364. doi:10.2747/1060-586X.24.4.351.
{{cite journal}}
:|access-date=
requires|url=
(help); Check date values in:|date=
and|year=
/|date=
mismatch (help); Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help) - ^ a b c d van Zon, Hans (2007). The Rise of Conglomerates in Ukraine: The Donetsk Case. New York: Routledge. p. 387.
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
veja1
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b "Akhat Bragin". Kyiv Post. 10 December 2008. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
- ^ http://www.news-ua.com/2010/09/darovannyj-kon-ukrainy/
- ^ МВС України Головне управління по боротьбі з організованою злочинністю (PDF). 1999.
- ^ Onyshkiv, Yuriy (Feb 25 2011). "Lutsenko: Tymoshenko ties get you arrested". Kyiv Post. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ Ames, Mark (20). "McCain's Kremlin Ties". The Nation. Retrieved 29 October 2010.
{{cite journal}}
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and|year=
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mismatch (help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help) - ^ a b Monopolies thrive as toothless state bows to moguls, Kyiv Post (March 18, 2010)
- ^ "OC Prosecutions Rarely Successful In Ukraine". OCCRP. 21 November 2008. Retrieved 29 October 2010.
- ^ http://www.kyivpost.com/news/opinion/editorial/detail/28428/
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{{cite news}}
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