Rezang La | |
---|---|
Rechin La | |
Elevation | 5,500 m (18,045 ft) |
Location | Leh district, Ladakh, India - Rutog County, Tibet Autonomous Region, China |
Range | Himalaya, Ladakh Range |
Coordinates | 33°25′08″N 78°50′58″E / 33.4188°N 78.8494°E |
Rezang La,[1] Rechin La (Chinese: 熱欽山口; pinyin: Rè qīn shānkǒu, 16,420 ft (5,000 m) elevation),[2] and Rezang La II (Chinese: 热藏山口; pinyin: Rèzàng Shānkǒu, 20,670 ft (6,300 m) elevation, leads to Rezang Lungpa valley in the north)[3] are mountain passes from northwest to southeast on a watershed ridge in Kailash Range on the Line of Actual Control (LAC). This ridge & LAC pass south of Spanggur Lake and east of the Chushul Valley, between Indian-administered Ladakh and the Chinese-administered Spanggur Lake basin also claimed by India.[4] The important features on this ridge, northwest to southeast, are the "Rezang La" (3 km northwest of Rechin La and site of 1962 Battle of Rezang La),[4] "Rechin Top" mountain peak, "Rechin La",[4] and "Rezang La II" (3 km southeast of Rechin La and leads to Rezang Lungpa valley in north).[3] "Rezang La" (33°26′38″N 78°49′48″E / 33.4440°N 78.8300°E) was the site of a major battle known as the Battle of Rezang La during the 1962 Sino-Indian War,[2] which was the last stand of India's Charlie ‘C’ all-Ahir Company of the 13 Kumaon battalion, who fought to the last man in an effort to block the Chinese PLA troops from crossing the ridge from into the Chushul Valley.[4] "Rezang La II" pass (33°24′52″N 78°52′29″E / 33.4144°N 78.8748°E) leads to Rezang Lungpa valley which contains a stream which originates from Rezang La II pass and drains into the Spanggur Lake, and China recognizes this pass as the Rezang La II.[3] During the 2020–2021 China–India skirmishes, these passes were again the site of a major face-off between the two nations' armies.[4]
Geography
The old suvey maps of the region cause confusion by labelling two adjacent valleys leading to the Spaanggur Lake from the south as the "Rezang Lungpa" (see the AMS map.) In this map, the pass at the head of the western valley was then-labelled "Rezang La" (now-labelled as Rechin La in this wikipedia article) at an elevation of 16,420 ft (5,000 m), and the Government of India in it's 1963 communication to China had used the same "Rezang La" name for this pass as this survey map (now labelled Rechin),[1] Chinese sources use the name "Rechin La" for this pass,[3] which has also been adopted by the Indian news media since 2020. In this map, the pass at the head of the eastern valley, then unnamed (now named as the Rezang La II in this article), is at a much higher elevation of 20,670 ft (6,300 m). In addition to these 2 passes at the heads of the valleys, there are numerous other passes leading to branch valleys. Potentially, all of them could bear the name "Rezang La".
Rezang La and Rechin La are mountain passes on the ridge line adjoining the Chushul Valley, which China claims as its border. India's claimed border is further east, and it coincides with the border shown on most British and international maps prior to Indian independence. The Line of Actual Control (LAC) resulting from the 1962 Sino-Indian War coincides with the Chinese claim line in this region.
From northwest to southeast the LAC passes through the Finger 4 area on the northern shore of the Pangong Lake, the middle of the Phursook Bayon the southern shore, then the Helmet Top hill, Gurung Hill, Spanggur Gap, Magar Hill, Mukhpari hill, Rezang La, Rechin La and then Mount Sajum.[2]
The Chushul village and Indian military post are 27 km northwest of Rezang La.
Military operations
1962 battle of Rezang La
During the Sino-Indian War in 1962, Rezang La was the site of the last stand of the Charlie ‘C’ Ahir company[5][6][7] of 13 Kumaon, consisting of 124 Indian soldiers.[8][9] According to the official Indian history of the war, the Rezang La picket of Charlie company was located at an elevation of 5,500 metres (18,000 ft), 11 km south of the Spanggur Gap, on the same ridge line as Rezang La.[10]
The company was led by Major Shaitan Singh, who won a posthumous Param Vir Chakra for his actions.[11][12][13] From the Indian point of view, Rezang La had the drawback that an intervening feature blocked artillery operation, so that the Indian infantry had to do without artillery cover.[13]
The Chinese employed Human wave attack tactics, sending upto eight waves against the Indian troop positions.[14][15][16] In the action on 18 November 1962, 114 Indian soldiers out of a total of 120 lost their lives, and more than 1000 Chinese troops were killed.[17] A memorial in Rewari, where most of the Ahir soldiers came from, claims that 1,300 Chinese soldiers were killed in the battle.[18] The Indian side was led by Major Shaitan Singh, who was later posthumously awarded Param Vir Chakra, India's highest gallantry award for conspicuous bravery and self-sacrifice in the face of the enemy.
This battle was also important as China declared ceasefire after watching the bravery of Indian soldiers in this battle.
2020 border standoff
During border standoff in summer, the Indian Army deployed troops along the Line of Actual Control south of the Pangong Tso, including at Rezang La and Rechin La. This was said to give them a commanding view of the Spanggur Gap and China's "Moldo sector" (the deployments around the Spanggur Lake).[19]
War memorials (Ahir Dham)
Rezang La War Memorial at Chushul
The inscription on the War Memorial at Chushul, Ladakh raised by the Indian Army in memory of the soldiers who died in the Battle of Rezang La, reads as below.[20][21] The first four lines are quoted from Horatius, a poem by Thomas Babington Macaulay, member of the Governor-General of India's Supreme Council from 1834 to 1838[22]
How can a man die better,
Than facing fearful odds,
For the ashes of his fathers,
And the temples of his gods.
To the sacred memory of
the heroes of Rezang-La
114 martyrs of 13 Kumaon
who fought
to the last man last round
against hordes of Chinese
on
18 November 1962.
Built by all ranks
13th Battalion the Kumaon Regiment.
Major-General Ian Cardozo writes in his book "Param Vir, Our Heroes in Battle":
When Rezang La was later revisited dead jawans were found in the trenches still holding on to their weapons... every single man of this company was found dead in his trench with several bullets or splinter wounds. The 2-inch mortar man died with a bomb still in his hand. The medical orderly had a syringe and bandage in his hands when the Chinese bullet hit him... Of the thousand mortar bombs with the defenders, all but seven had been fired and the rest were ready to be fired when the (mortar) section was overrun.
General T.N. Raina lauded:[23]
You rarely come across such example in the annals of world military history when braving such heavy odds, the men fought till the last bullet and the last man. Certainly, the Battle of Rezang La is such a shining example.
Rezang La War Memorial at Rewari
General K S Thimayya wished for a memorial to be built in Ahirwal region of Haryana in the memory of soldiers who were mostly from this area. He felt generations to come would seek inspiration from the immense courage and valour of their forefathers.[23] Consequently, another Rezang La war memorial was constructed by Rezangla Shaurya Samiti inside Rezang La Park near Dharuhera Chowk in Rewari city in Ahirwal region. Annual memorial function is held by the Samiti in collaboration with district administration, the Kumaon Regiment and family members of those who died at Rezang La also participate. In every special and cultural events in Delhi-NCR and Rewari the two Bravest soldiers Capt. Ram Chander Singh and Hav Nihal Singh, Sena Medal will be chief guest as they tell the story of Rezang La which gives motivation to young generation about valour of "Veer Ahirs". Recently on 24 Feb 2023, they were the Chief Guests on Rao Bal Kishan Shaurya Diwas. They also unveiled the portrait of "Rao Bal Kishan".[24]
See also
References
- ^ a b Note given by the Ministry of External Affairs, New Delhi, to the Embassy of China in India, 26 July 1963. "The location of Rezang La (E 78° 51' 10" N 33° 25' 30" [33°25′30″N 78°51′10″E / 33.42500°N 78.85278°E]) is well known... "
- ^ a b c Lt. Gen. H. S. Panag, India sits on Black Top with Helmet under its boots, The Print, 9 September 2020. See "Map 1 – Kailash Range Chushul Sector".
- ^ a b c d "Zhōng yìn tǎnkè yí zài bān gōng hú yǐ nán rè qīn shānkǒu duìzhì xiāngjù jǐn shǔ mǐ" 中印坦克疑在班公湖以南热钦山口对峙 相距仅数米 [Chinese and Indian tanks are suspected to be facing off at Rechin Pass, south of Pangong Lake, just a few meters apart], Sina Military News, 11 January 2021
- ^ a b c d e If India loses grip on Kailash Range, PLA will make sure we never get it back, The Print, 12 November 2020.
- ^ Brig Chitranjan Sawant (2021). Living Life Loving Life. Prabhat Prakashan. p. 150-151. ISBN 9788184303995.
- ^ Bisht, Rachna (2014). The Brave Param Vir Chakra Stories. Penguin Books Limited. p. all. ISBN 9789351188056. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
- ^ Arora, Dr. N. D. (2017). POLITICAL SCIENCE FOR CIVIL SERVICES MAINS. McGraw-Hill Education. p. all. ISBN 9789352604906. Retrieved 15 March 2017.
- ^ "The Battle of Rezang la".
- ^ "Micro review: 'The Battle of Rezang La' by Kulpreet Yadav - Times of India". The Times of India.
- ^ Sinha & Athale 1992, p. 334.
- ^ Press Information Bureau, Government of India (7 January 2007). "Remembering Rezang La heroes". Sainik samachar.
- ^ Col Dilbag Dabas (Retd) (15 December 2018). "Heroes of Rezang La 1962". The Tribune.
- ^ a b Mohan Guruswamy (20 November 2012). "Don't forget the heroes of Rezang La". The Hindu.
- ^ "Soldier who won respect of enemy; tale of Rezang La 1962 battle". TOI. 30 October 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
- ^ "The 1962 War at Rezang La: A Story of Raw Courage and Spirit". Quint. 21 November 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
- ^ "Rezang La, 1962: When 120 Indian soldiers fought to the end & wiped out over 1,000 Chinese troops". Print. 22 October 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
- ^ Gen Dalbir Singh (20 November 2014). "COAS PAID HOMAGE TO HEROES OF BATTLE OF REZANGLA". Indian Army.
- ^ Shekhar Gupta (30 October 2012). "'Nobody believed we had killed so many Chinese at Rezang La. Our commander called me crazy and warned that I could be court-martialled'". The Indian Express.
- ^ Manu Pubby, Chushul tense: Chinese troops within firing range of Indian soldiers, The Economic Times, 1 September 2020.
- ^ "Photograph of the memorial". bharat-rakshak.com. Archived from the original on 28 January 2014.
- ^ "War Memorial of 13 Kumaon". Bharat Rakshak. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014.
- ^ Thomas Babbington Macaulay. "Lays of Ancient Rome". Gutenberg.org. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
- ^ a b Atul Yadav, Injustice to Ahir martyrs of 1962 war, Tribune India, 18 November 1999.
- ^ "नांगल पठानी में मनाया वीर अमर शहीद राव बालकिशन का शहीदी दिवस | Martyrs Day of Veer Amar Shaheed Rao Balkishan celebrated in Nangal Pathani - Dainik Bhaskar". Retrieved 14 March 2023.
Bibliography
- Sinha, P.B.; Athale, A.A. (1992), History of the Conflict with China, 1962 (PDF), History Division, Ministry of Defence, Government of India