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{{short description|Texts which religious traditions consider to be central to their practice or beliefs}} |
{{short description|Texts which religious traditions consider to be central to their practice or beliefs}} |
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{{redirect|Sacred texts|the web site|Internet Sacred Text Archive}} |
{{redirect|Sacred texts|the web site|Internet Sacred Text Archive}} |
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{{TAFI}} |
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[[File:Codex Vaticanus B, 2Thess. 3,11-18, Hebr. 1,1-2,2.jpg|thumb|The [[Greek Old Testament]]: A page from ''[[Codex Vaticanus]]'']] |
[[File:Codex Vaticanus B, 2Thess. 3,11-18, Hebr. 1,1-2,2.jpg|thumb|The [[Greek Old Testament]]: A page from ''[[Codex Vaticanus]]'']] |
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'''Religious texts''' are texts related to a religious tradition. They differ from [[Literature|literary texts]] by being a compilation or discussion of beliefs, mythologies, ritual practices, commandments or laws, ethical conduct, spiritual aspirations and |
'''Religious texts''' are texts related to a religious tradition. They differ from [[Literature|literary texts]] by being a compilation or discussion of beliefs, mythologies, ritual practices, commandments or laws, ethical conduct, spiritual aspirations, and for creating or fostering a religious community.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Charles Elster|title= Authority, Performance, and Interpretation in Religious Reading: Critical Issues of Intercultural Communication and Multiple Literacies|journal=Journal of Literacy Research|volume=35| number=1| year=2003| pages=667–670}}, Quote: "religious texts serve two important regulatory functions: on the group level, they regulate liturgical ritual and systems of law; at the individual level, they (seek to) regulate ethical conduct and direct spiritual aspirations."</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=The Sociolinguistics of Translating Canonical Religious Texts|author = Eugene Nida|year=1994| journal=TTR: Traduction, terminologie, rédaction | volume=7| number=1|pages=195–197| publisher= Érudit: Université de Montréal}}, Quote: "The phrase "religious texts" may be understood in two quite different senses: (1) texts that discuss historical or present-day religious beliefs and practices of a believing community and (2) texts that are crucial in giving rise to a believing community."</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Ricoeur | first=Paul | title=Philosophy and Religious Language | journal=The Journal of Religion | publisher=University of Chicago Press | volume=54 | issue=1 | year=1974 | doi=10.1086/486374 | pages=71–85}}</ref> The relative authority of religious texts develops over time and is derived from the ratification, enforcement, and its use across generations. Some religious texts are accepted or categorized as [[Wikt:canonical|canonical]], some non-canonical, and others extracanonical, semi-canonical, deutero-canonical, pre-canonical or post-canonical.<ref name="McDonaldCharlesworth2012">{{cite book|author1=Lee Martin McDonald|author2=James H. Charlesworth|title='Noncanonical' Religious Texts in Early Judaism and Early Christianity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYIebgV1_e0C&pg=PA25|date=5 April 2012|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-0-567-12419-7|pages=1–5, 18–19, 24–25, 32–34}}</ref> |
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A '''scripture''' is a subset of religious texts considered to "especially authoritative",<ref>{{cite journal|author=Charles Elster|title= Authority, Performance, and Interpretation in Religious Reading: Critical Issues of Intercultural Communication and Multiple Literacies|journal=Journal of Literacy Research|volume=35| number=1| year=2003| pages=669–670}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=John Goldingay|title=Models for Scripture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6_TwzrgshkC|year=2004|publisher=Clements Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-894667-41-8|pages=183–190}}</ref> revered and "holy writ",<ref name=britscripture>{{cite book|title=Scripture|author= The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica| publisher= Encyclopaedia Britannica| url= https://www.britannica.com/topic/scripture| year=2009}}</ref> "sacred, canonical", or of "supreme authority, special status" to a religious community.<ref name="Smith1994p12">{{cite book|author=Wilfred Cantwell Smith|title=What is Scripture?: A Comparative Approach|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RVUzV4JpAgC|year=1994|publisher=Fortress Press|isbn=978-1-4514-2015-9|pages=12–14}}</ref><ref name="Graham1993p44">{{cite book|author=William A. Graham|title=Beyond the Written Word: Oral Aspects of Scripture in the History of Religion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XzYX0T-ZqTcC|year=1993|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-44820-8|pages=44–46}}</ref> The terms 'sacred text' and 'religious text' are not necessarily interchangeable in that some religious texts are believed to be [[sacred]] because of the belief in some theistic religions such as the [[Abrahamic religions]] that the text is [[Divinity|divinely]] or [[supernatural]]ly [[Revelation|revealed]] or [[Divine inspiration|divinely inspired]], or in non-theistic religions such as some [[Indian religions]] they are considered to be the central tenets of their eternal ''[[Dharma]]''. Many religious texts, in contrast, are simply narratives or discussions pertaining to the general themes, interpretations, practices, or important figures of the specific religion. In some religions ([[Islam]]), the scripture of supreme authority is well established ([[Quran]]). In others ([[Christianity]]), the canonical texts include a particular text ([[Bible]]) but is "an unsettled question", according to Eugene Nida. In yet others ([[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]]), there "has never been a definitive canon".<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Sociolinguistics of Translating Canonical Religious Texts|author = Eugene Nida|year=1994| volume=7| number=1|pages=194–195}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| title= "Scripture" in India: Towards a Typology of the Word in Hindu Life| author= Thomas B. Coburn| journal= Journal of the American Academy of Religion| volume= 52| pages= 435–459| number=3| year=1984|publisher= Oxford University Press|jstor=1464202| doi= 10.1093/jaarel/52.3.435}}</ref> While the term ''Scripture'' is derived from the [[Latin]] ''scriptura'', meaning "writing", most sacred scriptures of the world's major religions were originally a part of their [[oral tradition]], and were "passed down through memorization from generation to generation until they were finally committed to writing", according to the ''Encyclopaedia Britannica''.<ref name=britscripture/><ref>{{cite book|author=William A. Graham|title=Beyond the Written Word: Oral Aspects of Scripture in the History of Religion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XzYX0T-ZqTcC|year=1993|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-44820-8|pages=ix, 5–9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| title= The Influence of Oral Tradition Upon Exegesis and the Senses of Scripture| author = Carroll Stuhlmueller| journal= The Catholic Biblical Quarterly| volume=20| number=3| year= 1958|pages= 299–302|jstor= 43710550}}</ref> |
A '''scripture''' is a subset of religious texts considered to be "especially authoritative",<ref>{{cite journal|author=Charles Elster|title= Authority, Performance, and Interpretation in Religious Reading: Critical Issues of Intercultural Communication and Multiple Literacies|journal=Journal of Literacy Research|volume=35| number=1| year=2003| pages=669–670}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=John Goldingay|title=Models for Scripture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6_TwzrgshkC|year=2004|publisher=Clements Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-894667-41-8|pages=183–190}}</ref> revered and "holy writ",<ref name=britscripture>{{cite book|title=Scripture|author= The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica| publisher= Encyclopaedia Britannica| url= https://www.britannica.com/topic/scripture| year=2009}}</ref> "sacred, canonical", or of "supreme authority, special status" to a religious community.<ref name="Smith1994p12">{{cite book|author=Wilfred Cantwell Smith|title=What is Scripture?: A Comparative Approach|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RVUzV4JpAgC|year=1994|publisher=Fortress Press|isbn=978-1-4514-2015-9|pages=12–14}}</ref><ref name="Graham1993p44">{{cite book|author=William A. Graham|title=Beyond the Written Word: Oral Aspects of Scripture in the History of Religion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XzYX0T-ZqTcC|year=1993|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-44820-8|pages=44–46}}</ref> The terms 'sacred text' and 'religious text' are not necessarily interchangeable in that some religious texts are believed to be [[sacred]] because of the belief in some theistic religions such as the [[Abrahamic religions]] that the text is [[Divinity|divinely]] or [[supernatural]]ly [[Revelation|revealed]] or [[Divine inspiration|divinely inspired]], or in non-theistic religions such as some [[Indian religions]] they are considered to be the central tenets of their eternal ''[[Dharma]]''. Many religious texts, in contrast, are simply narratives or discussions pertaining to the general themes, interpretations, practices, or important figures of the specific religion. In some religions ([[Islam]]), the scripture of supreme authority is well established ([[Quran]]). In others ([[Christianity]]), the canonical texts include a particular text ([[Bible]]) but is "an unsettled question", according to Eugene Nida. In yet others ([[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]]), there "has never been a definitive canon".<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Sociolinguistics of Translating Canonical Religious Texts|author = Eugene Nida|year=1994| volume=7| number=1|pages=194–195}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| title= "Scripture" in India: Towards a Typology of the Word in Hindu Life| author= Thomas B. Coburn| journal= Journal of the American Academy of Religion| volume= 52| pages= 435–459| number=3| year=1984|publisher= Oxford University Press|jstor=1464202| doi= 10.1093/jaarel/52.3.435}}</ref> While the term ''Scripture'' is derived from the [[Latin]] ''scriptura'', meaning "writing", most sacred scriptures of the world's major religions were originally a part of their [[oral tradition]], and were "passed down through memorization from generation to generation until they were finally committed to writing", according to the ''Encyclopaedia Britannica''.<ref name=britscripture/><ref>{{cite book|author=William A. Graham|title=Beyond the Written Word: Oral Aspects of Scripture in the History of Religion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XzYX0T-ZqTcC|year=1993|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-44820-8|pages=ix, 5–9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| title= The Influence of Oral Tradition Upon Exegesis and the Senses of Scripture| author = Carroll Stuhlmueller| journal= The Catholic Biblical Quarterly| volume=20| number=3| year= 1958|pages= 299–302|jstor= 43710550}}</ref> |
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Religious texts also serve a ceremonial and liturgical role, particularly in relation to sacred time, the [[liturgical year]]<nowiki/>, the [[Liturgy of the Hours|divine efficacy]] and subsequent holy service; in a more general sense, its performance.{{cn|date=August 2019}} |
Religious texts also serve a ceremonial and liturgical role, particularly in relation to sacred time, the [[liturgical year]]<nowiki/>, the [[Liturgy of the Hours|divine efficacy]] and subsequent holy service; in a more general sense, its performance.{{cn|date=August 2019}} |
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== Sacred texts of various religions == |
== Sacred texts of various religions == |
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{{Multiple issues|section=yes| |
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{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2012}} |
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2012}} |
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{{cleanup-section|reason=unreferenced listcruft|date=May 2019}} |
{{cleanup-section|reason=unreferenced listcruft|date=May 2019}} |
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{{split-section|date=May 2019}} |
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The following is an in-exhaustive list of links to specific religious texts which may be used for further, more in-depth study. |
The following is an in-exhaustive list of links to specific religious texts which may be used for further, more in-depth study. |
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{{Main|Sikh scriptures}} |
{{Main|Sikh scriptures}} |
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* The [[Guru Granth Sahib]] |
* The [[Guru Granth Sahib]] |
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Secondary disputed scripture |
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* The [[Dasam Granth]] |
* The [[Dasam Granth]] |
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** Some '''[[Syriac Christianity|Syrian Churches]]''', regardless of whether they are Eastern Catholic, Nestorian, Oriental or Eastern Orthodox accept the [[Letter of Baruch]] as scripture. |
** Some '''[[Syriac Christianity|Syrian Churches]]''', regardless of whether they are Eastern Catholic, Nestorian, Oriental or Eastern Orthodox accept the [[Letter of Baruch]] as scripture. |
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** For most of '''[[Protestantism]]''', this includes the 66-book canon - the [[Jewish]] [[Tanakh]] of 24 books divided differently (into 39 books) and the universal 27-book [[New Testament]]. Some denominations (e.g. [[Anglicanism]]) also include the 15 books of the [[Biblical apocrypha|Apocrypha]] between the Old Testament and the New Testament, for a total of 81 books. |
** For most of '''[[Protestantism]]''', this includes the 66-book canon - the [[Jewish]] [[Tanakh]] of 24 books divided differently (into 39 books) and the universal 27-book [[New Testament]]. Some denominations (e.g. [[Anglicanism]]) also include the 15 books of the [[Biblical apocrypha|Apocrypha]] between the Old Testament and the New Testament, for a total of 81 books. |
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*** Some early [[Religious Society of Friends|Quakers]] also included the '''[[Epistle to the Laodiceans]]'''.<ref>{{Citation|last=Angell|first=Stephen W|chapter=Renegade Oxonian: Samuel Fisher's Importance in Formulating a Quaker Understanding of Scripture|pages=137–154|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107279575|doi=10.1017/cbo9781107279575.010|title=Early Quakers and Their Theological Thought 1647–1723|year=2015}}</ref> |
*** Some early [[Religious Society of Friends|Quakers]] also included the '''[[Epistle to the Laodiceans]]'''.<ref>{{Citation|last=Angell|first=Stephen W|chapter=Renegade Oxonian: Samuel Fisher's Importance in Formulating a Quaker Understanding of Scripture|pages=137–154|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107279575|doi=10.1017/cbo9781107279575.010|title=Early Quakers and Their Theological Thought 1647–1723|year=2015|editor1-last=Angell|editor1-first=Stephen W|editor2-last=Dandelion|editor2-first=Pink}}</ref> |
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The '''[[Liturgical books]]'''. Many denominations each have their own Worship or Service Books within their Church. These books may also considered religious texts. |
The '''[[Liturgical books]]'''. Many denominations each have their own Worship or Service Books within their Church. These books may also considered religious texts. |
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;[[Christian Scientists]] |
;[[Christian Scientists]] |
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[[File:Bible and science and health.JPG |
[[File:Bible and science and health.JPG|thumb|The Bible (left) and ''Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures'' (right) serve as the pastor of the [[Christian Science]] church.]] |
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* The [[Bible]] |
* The [[Bible]] |
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* ''[[Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures]]'' by [[Mary Baker Eddy]]. This textbook, along with the Bible, serves as the permanent "impersonal pastor" of the church. |
* ''[[Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures]]'' by [[Mary Baker Eddy]]. This textbook, along with the Bible, serves as the permanent "impersonal pastor" of the church. |
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{{main|Islamic holy books}} |
{{main|Islamic holy books}} |
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* The [[Quran]] (also referred to as {{Not a typo|Kuran, Koran, Qur’ān, Coran or al-Qur’ān}}) – Four books considered to be revealed and mentioned by name in the Qur'an are the Quran (revealed to Muhammad), [[Torah in Islam|Tawrat]] (revealed to [[Moses in Islam|Musa]]), the [[Zabur]] (revealed to [[David in Islam|Dawud]]) and the [[Gospel in Islam|Injil]] (revealed to [[Jesus in Islam|Isa]]) |
* The [[Quran]] (also referred to as {{Not a typo|Kuran, Koran, Qur’ān, Coran or al-Qur’ān}}) – Four books considered to be revealed and mentioned by name in the Qur'an are the Quran (revealed to Muhammad), [[Torah in Islam|Tawrat]] (revealed to [[Moses in Islam|Musa]]), the [[Zabur]] (revealed to [[David in Islam|Dawud]]) and the [[Gospel in Islam|Injil]] (revealed to [[Jesus in Islam|Isa]]) |
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* [[Hadith]] Books |
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* [[Hadith]] books (Sunni) ([[Kutub al-Sittah]]): |
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**[[Sahih Al-Bukhari]] |
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{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|style=margin-left:1.6em| |
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** [[Sahih Muslim]] |
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* [[Sahih Al-Bukhari]] |
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* [[Sahih Muslim]] |
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* |
* [[Jami` at-Tirmidhi]] |
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* [[Sunan Abu Dawood]] |
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* [[Al-Sunan al-Sughra]] (Sunan an-Nasa'i) |
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* More Hadith Books |
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* |
* [[Sunan ibn Majah]] |
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}} |
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**[[Sunan al-Daraqutni]] |
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**[[Sunan al-Darimi]] |
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* Other Hadith books |
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**[[Sahih Ibn Hibban]] |
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{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|style=margin-left:1.6em| |
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**[[Saheeh ibn Kuzaima|Sahih ibn Khuzaima]] |
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* |
* [[Muwatta Imam Malik]] |
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* |
* [[Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal]] |
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* |
* [[Sunan al-Kubra]] |
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* [[The Meadows of the Righteous]] (Riyadh al-saliheen) |
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**Musnad Abi Ya'la |
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* [[Bulugh al-Maram]] |
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**Musnad Rahwayh |
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* [[Musannaf of Abd al-Razzaq]] |
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**Musnad ibn Humayd |
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* |
* [[Sunan al-Daraqutni]] |
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* [[Sahih Ibn Hibban]] |
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**Musnad Abu Hanifa |
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* |
* [[Sunan al-Darimi]] |
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* |
* [[Al-Shafi‘i#Works|Musnad al-Shafi'i]] |
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* Musnad Abu Hanifa |
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**[[Muwatta Imam Malik]] |
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* [[Saheeh ibn Kuzaima|Sahih ibn Khuzaima]] |
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**[[The Meadows of the Righteous]] or Riyadh al-saliheen |
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* Musnad Tayalisi |
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**[[Bulugh al-Maram]] |
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* |
* Musnad al-Bazzar |
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* Musnad Abi Ya'la |
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**[[Al-Mu'jam al-Awsat]] |
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* Musnad Rahwayh |
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**[[Al-Mu'jam as-Saghir]] |
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* Musnad ibn Humayd |
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**[[Majma al-Zawa'id]] |
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* |
* [[Musnad al-Firdous]] |
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* |
* [[Tahdhib al-Athar]] |
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* [[Al-Mu'jam al-Awsat]] |
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**Sharh Ma'anir Athar |
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* [[Al-Mu'jam as-Saghir]] |
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**Sharh Mushkīlil Athar |
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* [[Majma al-Zawa'id]] |
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** Silsilah Sahiha |
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* |
* [[Kanz al-Ummal]] |
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* |
* [[Shuab ul Iman]] |
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* Sharh Ma'anir Athar |
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** Sahih Hadith Kudsi |
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* Sharh Mushkīlil Athar |
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**[[Shama'il Muhammadiyah]] |
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* Silsilah Sahiha |
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** At-Targhib wat-Tarhib |
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* [[Mishkat al-Masabih]] |
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*Books on biography of Prophet [[Muhammad]] |
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* [[Al-Adab al-Mufrad]] |
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There are thousands of books written about the biography of Prophet Muhammad. Mentioning all of them are very difficult. So, some of the most authentic and famous Books on biography of Muhammad will mention. |
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* Sahih Hadith Kudsi |
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** [[Al-Sira Al-Nabawiyya]]. |
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* [[Shama'il Muhammadiyah]] |
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** [[The Making of the last prophet]] by [[Ibn Ishaq]] |
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* At-Targhib wat-Tarhib |
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** [[The Life of Prophet Muhammad]] by [[Ibn Ishaq]] |
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}} |
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**Sira Manzuma. |
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**al-Mawahib al-Ladunniya. |
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* [[Shia Islam]] |
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**al-Zurqani 'ala al-Mawahib. |
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** Hadith books ([[The Four Books]]): [[Kitab al-Kafi]], [[Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih]] [[Tahdhib al-Ahkam]], [[Al-Istibsar]]. |
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**Sirah al-Halabiyya. |
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** Other Hadith books (discourses of Prophet Muhammad and his household), like ''[[Bihar al-Anwar]]'', ''Awalim al-Ulum''; and [[Tafsir]]s, such as ''Tafsir al-Burhan''. |
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**I`lam al-Nubuwwa. |
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**Madarij al-Nubuwwa. |
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* Books on biography of Prophet [[Muhammad]]. There are thousands of biographies written, though unlike the Hadith collections, they are usually not accepted as canonical religious texts. Some of the more authentic and famous of them are: |
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**Shawahid al-Nubuwwa. |
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{{columns-list|colwidth=35em|style=margin-left:1.6em| |
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**Nur al-Safir. |
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* [[Al-Sira Al-Nabawiyya]]. |
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**Sharh al-Mawahib al-laduniyya. |
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* [[The Making of the last prophet]] by [[Ibn Ishaq]] |
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**al-Durar fi ikhtisar al-maghazi was-siyar. |
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* [[The Life of Prophet Muhammad]] by [[Ibn Ishaq]] |
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**Ashraf al-wasa'il ila faham al-Shama'il. |
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* Sira Manzuma. |
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**Ghayat al-sul fi Khasa'is al-Rasul. |
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* al-Mawahib al-Ladunniya. |
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**Ithbat al-Nubuwwa. |
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* |
* al-Zurqani 'ala al-Mawahib. |
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* Sirah al-Halabiyya. |
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**Al Khasais-ul-Kubra, al-Khasa'is al-Sughra and Shama'il al-Sharifa. |
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* |
* I`lam al-Nubuwwa. |
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* Madarij al-Nubuwwa. |
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* [[shia islam]] |
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* Shawahid al-Nubuwwa. |
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** Hadith etra(discourses of prophet muhammad and his household) like bihar al anwar, awalim al ulum, four books and Tafsir etra like tafsir al burhan |
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* Nur al-Safir. |
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* Sharh al-Mawahib al-laduniyya. |
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* al-Durar fi ikhtisar al-maghazi was-siyar. |
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* Ashraf al-wasa'il ila faham al-Shama'il. |
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* Ghayat al-sul fi Khasa'is al-Rasul. |
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* Ithbat al-Nubuwwa. |
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* Nihaya al-Sul fi Khasa'is al-Rasul. |
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* Al Khasais-ul-Kubra, al-Khasa'is al-Sughra and Shama'il al-Sharifa. |
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* al-Durra al-Mudiyya. |
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}} |
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* [[Alawites]] |
* [[Alawites]] |
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** [[Kitab al Majmu]] |
** [[Kitab al Majmu]] |
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** The Songs of Yongdam |
** The Songs of Yongdam |
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** The Sermons of Master Haeweol |
** The Sermons of Master Haeweol |
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** The Sermons of Revered Teacher Euiam<ref> |
** The Sermons of Revered Teacher Euiam<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chondogyo.or.kr/new/chon/ce008.htm#70|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050218150321/http://www.chondogyo.or.kr/new/chon/ce008.htm#70|url-status=dead|title=chondogyo.or.kr|archivedate=February 18, 2005}}</ref> |
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* [[Creativity (religion)|Creativity Movement]]: The writings of [[Ben Klassen]] |
* [[Creativity (religion)|Creativity Movement]]: The writings of [[Ben Klassen]] |
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* [[The Satanic Temple]] |
* [[The Satanic Temple]] |
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** Revolt of the Angels<ref> |
** Revolt of the Angels<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/revoltofangelsfran|title=The revolt of the angels|first1=Anatole|last1=France|first2=Emilie|last2=Jackson|date=February 13, 1922|publisher=New York : Dodd, Mead and Co., London : Lane|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> |
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* [[LaVeyan Satanism]] |
* [[LaVeyan Satanism]] |