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[[Image:Flag of Brazil.svg|30px]] '''[[Brazil]]''' |
[[Image:Flag of Brazil.svg|30px]] '''[[Brazil]]''' |
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Brazil is considered a regional power by [[academia]]. <ref>[http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2006.00513.x www.blackwell-synergy.com]</ref> <ref>[http://lap.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/33/3/12 lap.sagepub.com]</ref>. Brazil is the largest state in both area and population in the region. Its [[GDP]] in 2006 was $1.616 trillion PPP, the largest in the region. <ref>[https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/br.html#Econ CIA World Factbook: Brazil]</ref> outranking that of all but the United States, Japan, China, and the four leading countries of Europe. In addition, it has the largest defense budget in Latin America |
Brazil is considered a regional power by [[academia]]. <ref>[http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2006.00513.x www.blackwell-synergy.com]</ref> <ref>[http://lap.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/33/3/12 lap.sagepub.com]</ref>. Brazil is the largest state in both area and population in the region. Its [[GDP]] in 2006 was $1.616 trillion PPP, the largest in the region. <ref>[https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/br.html#Econ CIA World Factbook: Brazil]</ref> outranking that of all but the United States, Japan, China, and the four leading countries of Europe. In addition, it has the largest defense budget in Latin America <ref>[http://www.globalfirepower.com/country_detail.asp?country_id=29 Global Fire Power]</ref>. |
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On the global stage Brazil is a member of the [[G8+5]], a political and economic group composed of emerging economic powers and the [[G8]]. |
On the global stage Brazil is a member of the [[G8+5]], a political and economic group composed of emerging economic powers and the [[G8]]. |
Revision as of 05:46, 14 May 2007
A regional power is a term used in the field of international relations to describe a state that has power within a geographic region. [1] [2]
Definition
There are slightly differing definitions of what makes a regional power:
According to the European Consortium for Political Research a regional power can be defined as "a state belonging to a geographically defined region, dominating this region in economic and military terms, able to exercise hegemonic influence in the region and considerable influence on the world scale, willing to make use of power resources and recognized or even accepted as the regional leader by its neighbours".[3]
According to the German Institute of Global and Area Studies a regional power must ;
- be part of a definable region with an identity of its own
- claim to be one (self-image of a regional power)
- exert decisive influence on the geographic extension of the region as well as on its ideological construction
- dispose over comparatively high military, economic, demographic, political and ideological capabilities
- be well integrated into the region
- define the regional security agenda to a high degree
- be appreciated as a regional power by other powers in the region and beyond, especially by other regional powers
- be well connected with regional and global fora. [4]
Some states may be regarded as both a Great power and a regional power. Likewise some states may be regarded as a Middle power and a regional power.
Current regional powers
Below are states that have been described as regional powers by international relations and political science academics. These states to some extent meet the criteria to have regional power status, as described above. Different experts have differing views on exactly which states are regional powers. States are arranged by region.
East Asia
Considered an emerging superpower by some political analysts and a significant regional power by others[5][6][7]. It has the world's largest population, 1.3 billion people.[8] It is currently the 4th largest economy in the world in nominal GDP and growing at a rate of over 9% a year.[9] In terms of manpower, China has the biggest military in the world, with 2,250,000 active troops.[10] Chinese defence expenditure is the highest in East Asia, and the second highest in the world. [11]
China's October 2004 energy deal with Iran, along with its promise to block any American attempt to refer Iran’s nuclear program to the UN Security Council,[12] is an example of China's considerable influence in the world order.
Japan is considered a regional power by academics at the City University of Hong Kong, [13] and is described as a "core great regional power" in a report by the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments policy research institute. [14]
Japan has the second highest GDP in the world, and the largest in East Asia. [15] It also has the second largest defence budget in the region, after China. [16]
Europe
France has been described as a regional power by the Global Policy Forum [17], and Samuel P. Huntington [18], and is described as a "core great regional power" in a report by the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments policy research institute. [19]
France has the third-largest economy in Europe.[20] France's is a permanent member of the UN Security Council It has the second largest defence expenditure in Europe. [21] France is one of the authorized nuclear states under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, is the only nation besides the United States to operate a nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, and with 36,000 troops deployed overseas,[22] has a significant military presence around the world.
Germany has been described as a regional power by Samuel P. Huntington[23], and other academics.[24]It is described as a "core great regional power" in a report by the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments policy research institute. [25]
Germany has the highest GDP in Europe.[26] It is also the most populous nation in the E.U, giving it the most seats in the European Parliament. Germany has the third largest defence expenditure in Europe [27]
Publications of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace[28] and the CSBA policy research institute[29] state that Russia is a regional power.
Russia has a larger population and land area than any other European country. It has the sixth largest GDP in Europe.[30] Russian defence spending is the fourth highest in Europe, however it has the largest stockpile of nuclear weapons in the world. [31] Russia is the only country in Europe with a strategic bomber force. Russia also has a permanent seat on the U.N Security Council.
Russia is the second largest producer [32] and exporter [33] of oil in the world, after Saudi Arabia. It has the largest proven oil reserves of any European country.[34] Russia is also the world's largest producer, [35] and exporter [36] of Natural gas, with the largest proven reserves in the world. [37]
The U.K is described as a regional power by scholars at the University of Cambridge [38] It has been called a European power by a professor at Johns Hopkins University's School of Advanced International Studies. [39] The U.K is described as a "core great regional power" in a report by the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments policy research institute. [40]
The U.K has the second largest economy in Europe. [41] It has the largest defence budget in Europe,[42] possesses nuclear weapons, and is the only European country with more than one aircraft carrier. The U.K is also a permanent member of the U.N security council.
Latin America
Brazil is considered a regional power by academia. [43] [44]. Brazil is the largest state in both area and population in the region. Its GDP in 2006 was $1.616 trillion PPP, the largest in the region. [45] outranking that of all but the United States, Japan, China, and the four leading countries of Europe. In addition, it has the largest defense budget in Latin America [46].
On the global stage Brazil is a member of the G8+5, a political and economic group composed of emerging economic powers and the G8.
Mexico has been called a Latin American regional power by academics and the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs[47][48]. Mexico has the second largest GDP (PPP) in the region[49] with $1.134 USD trillions, and the second largest defence budget in Latin America, at $6.07 billion USD[50].
Mexico is the largest exporter in the region, in 2006 it exported 248.8 billion USD, almost equivalent to the exports of all members of Mercosur combined, which total 258.4 billion USD [51]. It is also the largest producer of oil in Latin America and the 6th largest in the world [52]
Mexico is also part of the G8+5 and the only Latin American member of the OECD.
Middle East
Egypt has been called a regional power in the Middle East by former U.S Secretary of Defense William S. Cohen. [53] Efraim Inbar of Bar-Ilan University calls Egypt a Middle Eastern regional power and the "most important Arab state". [54] The Power and Interest News Report has called Egypt "one of the most important players in the Middle East". [55] Vladimir Putin has called the country a key regional power. [56] Egypt has also been called an African regional power by academics. [57]
However Professor Asher Susser of Tel Aviv University talks of the "decline of the relative importance" of Egypt and says, "During Gamal Abdul Nasser’s presidency, Egypt was a leading force in setting the regional agenda. Nowadays, Egypt has very little influence beyond its borders." [58] Saad Eddin Ibrahim also says Egypt's status as a regional power under Hosni Mubarak has weakened steadily. [59]
Egypt's population is the largest in the Middle East, North Africa, and the Arab world, and the second largest in Africa. It has the second largest GDP in North Africa, which is the third largest in the Arab world, and fourth largest in Africa and the Middle East. [60] Egypt has the largest military in the Arab world and Africa by manpower, and the second largest in the Middle East.[61] Egypt's military budget is the third largest in Africa, fourth largest among Arab states, and fifth largest in the Middle East. [62] The Egyptian military has high-tech U.S hardware; such as the F-16 fighter and M1 Abrams tank.
Iran is considered by scholars to be a regional power in the Middle East.[63] John Simpson (World affairs editor, BBC News) named Iran as the region's superpower:"Iran is now a regional superpower, and ever since the Islamic revolution in 1978-9, we in the West have consistently misunderstood it." [64] Barry Rubin professor at the Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) in Herzliya, Israel published result of his research in 'The Middle East Review of International Affairs (MERIA)': "Iran is the sole regional great power today in the Middle East, because no Arab state can claim that title. It has expanded influence in Iraq, Lebanon, and among the Palestinians as well as in parts of Afghanistan. In many ways it is the patron of Syria. The growing Shi'a-Sunni rift is adding to Iran's influence, which is also helped by the high price of oil; even without nuclear weapons." [65]
Iran has the third largest GDP in the region.[66] It has the fourth largest defence budget in the region,[67] although Iran's military was called the Middle East's most powerful by General John Abizaid chief of United States Central Command. [68]
Israel is called a regional power in a report written in conjunction with the U.S. Army War College. [69] It has also been called a Middle Eastern regional power by other academics. [70][71] In the opinion of Avner Cohen and a former acting director of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency; "Israel is a regional power, in fact the strongest military power in the region." [72]
Israel has the fourth largest GDP in the region.[73] It has the third largest defence budget in the region.[74] Israel is the only country in the region thought to have nuclear weapons, which could be delivered by the Jericho intermediate-range ballistic missile.
Saudi Arabia has been called a regional power by former Japanese foreign minister Yoriko Kawaguchi.[75] BBC News has called Saudi Arabia a "regional power-house".[76] YaleGlobal Online has an article describing Saudi as "a leading regional power".[77] CNN,[78] and PBS[79] have also described the country as a regional power.
Saudi Arabia has the second largest GDP in the region after Turkey,[80] and the largest defence budget in the region.[81] The Kingdom is also the worlds largest producer [82] and exporter [83] of crude oil, and has the worlds largest proven reserves of crude oil.[84]
Turkey is situated in Asia-Minor with a small part in Southeast Europe. Although it is not normally considered part of the Middle East, it borders Iran, Iraq, and Syria, and has been called a regional power in the Middle East by academics.[85][86][87] [88] According to Professor Asher Susser of Tel Aviv University; "What is new about the Middle East is the rise of non-Arab players, namely Turkey, Israel and particularly Iran, as regional powers in parallel with the decline of the relative importance of what were once key Arab players in the region, namely Egypt, Syria, Iraq and Saudi Arabia." And "Turkish participation in the Middle East is unavoidable and its territorial proximity to the Middle East alone is significant" [89]
Turkeys GDP is larger than any Middle Eastern countries.[90] Its military expenditure is second, after Saudi Arabia but ahead of Iran. [91]
North America
The U.S.A is considered a Superpower. [92] The Encyclopedia Britannica states that "the Soviet collapse left the United States with undisputed status as the world's most powerful country", and calls the U.S "the world's sole superpower". [93]
It has the largest GDP in the world.[94] The U.S defence budget is the largest in the world, [95] and is almost equal to the combined military spending of all other nations. [96] The U.S.A has the second largest stockpile of nuclear weapons in the world, [97] has more aircraft carriers than any other country, and is the only country apart from Russia that operates strategic bomber aircraft. The U.S also has the third largest population in the world, and is a permanent member of the U.N security council.
Oceania
Australia is considered a regional power by academics at the Australian National University. [98] Australian foreign minister Alexander Downer has claimed "Australia is an especially significant regional power in our neighbourhood". [99]
Australia has by far the largest GDP[100] and defence spending[101] in Oceania. It is the world’s 6th largest country by area. Australia is a member of the ANZUS military alliance with the USA and New Zealand.
South Asia
India has been identified as an emerging [102][103] or existing [104] regional power.
India is the world's most populous democracy. It has by far the largest GDP in the region,[105] and has impressive GDP growth which sits today at 9.2%[106] It has the largest defence budget in the region, [107] possesses nuclear weapons, and is the only South Asian country with an aircraft carrier. According to political analyst C. Raja Mohan: "India's omnidirectional engagement with the great powers has paid off handsomely. Never before has India had such expansive relations with all the major powers at the same time—a result not only of India's increasing weight in the global economy and its growing power potential, but also of New Delhi's savvy and persistent diplomacy." [108] In 2007, India became the fourth nation to complete atmospheric reentry, an indication of its recent scientific progress.[109]
Southeast Asia
Indonesia has been described as a regional power in Southeast Asia by academia. [110] [111] [112] [113] [114] [115] According to the Power and Interest News Report; "Given Jakarta's powerful military establishment and continuing investment in military hardware and development, Indonesia will emerge as an even more powerful player in Southeast Asia. If the state is able to hold together in the face of the mounting social, economic and natural challenges, it will potentially emerge as an even more powerful regional player." [116]
Indonesia has by far the largest population in Southeast Asia, and the fourth largest in the world. It has the largest GDP in the region, [117] but only has the fourth largest defence spending. [118]
Southern Africa
South Africa has been described by academics as an emerging or existing regional power. [119] [120] [121] [122] According to scholars at Sheffield University; "since 1994, the economic and political power of democratic South Africa has enjoyed unfettered access to the entire (Southern Africa) region. Take-overs of local firms and direct investment by South African companies dominate neighbouring economies dependent on Pretoria for transport links and energy supplies. No less important are those occasions when Pretoria chooses not to flex its muscles, notably the current crisis in Zimbabwe." [123]
South Africa has the largest GDP in Africa [124], and the largest defence budget of any African country. [125]
West Africa
File:Flag of Nigeria (bordered).svg Nigeria
Nigeria has been called an "emerging regional power",[126] "a regional power in West Africa," [127] and "the undisputed regional power in the West African region"[128] by academics. Former U.S Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs Thomas R. Pickering has called Nigeria "a regional power house", that plays "an important role in West Africa". [129]
Nigeria has the largest population in Africa, and the 9th largest in the world. Nigeria's GDP is by far the largest in West Africa, and the third largest in Africa. [130] Nigeria has the largest defence budget in West Africa, and the 7th largest in Africa. [131] Nigeria is Africa's largest and the world's 12th largest producer of Crude oil.[132] It also has the 10th largest Oil reserves in the world. [133]
See also
References
Notes
- ^ www.essex.ac.uk
- ^ www.giga-hamburg.de
- ^ www.essex.ac.uk
- ^ www.giga-hamburg.de
- ^ [1]
- ^ [2]
- ^ [3]
- ^ The CIA World Factbook
- ^ MSNBC Newsweek Does the Future Belong to China?
- ^ "China's Armed Forces, CSIS (Page 24)" (PDF). 2006-07-25.
{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ www.cia.gov
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
China WMD
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ journals.cambridge.org
- ^ www.csbaonline.org
- ^ worldbank.org
- ^ www.cia.gov
- ^ [4]
- ^ www.aims.ca
- ^ www.csbaonline.org
- ^ worldbank.org
- ^ [5]
- ^ National Defense Embassy of France, Accessed January 12, 2007
- ^ www.aims.ca
- ^ tspace.library.utoronto.ca
- ^ www.csbaonline.org
- ^ worldbank.org
- ^ www.cia.gov
- ^ www.carnegie.ru
- ^ www.csbaonline.org
- ^ worldbank.org
- ^ www.fas.org
- ^ www.cia.gov
- ^ www.cia.gov
- ^ www.cia.gov
- ^ [6]
- ^ [7]
- ^ [8]
- ^ www.cont-ed.cam.ac.uk
- ^ www.sais-jhu.edu
- ^ www.csbaonline.org
- ^ worldbank.org
- ^ [9]
- ^ www.blackwell-synergy.com
- ^ lap.sagepub.com
- ^ CIA World Factbook: Brazil
- ^ Global Fire Power
- ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan
- ^ Oxford Analytica
- ^ CIA World Factbook, "Mexico"
- ^ CIA World Factbook, Military expenditures
- ^ CIA World Factbook, Exports
- ^ CIA World Factbook, Oil production
- ^ www.defenselink.mil
- ^ www.biu.ac.il
- ^ www.pinr.com
- ^ news.bbc.co.uk
- ^ www.giga-hamburg.de
- ^ www.chathamhouse.org.uk
- ^ www.benadorassociates.com
- ^ worldbank.org
- ^ www.tau.ac.il
- ^ www.cia.gov
- ^ www.chathamhouse.org.uk
- ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/5363098.stm
- ^ http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/2006/issue3/jv10no3a10.html
- ^ worldbank.org
- ^ www.cia.gov
- ^ www.spacewar.com
- ^ www.stormingmedia.us
- ^ www.lrb.co.uk
- ^ www.chathamhouse.org.uk
- ^ www.acronym.org.uk
- ^ worldbank.org
- ^ www.cia.gov
- ^ findarticles.com
- ^ news.bbc.co.uk
- ^ yaleglobal.yale.edu
- ^ edition.cnn.com
- ^ www.pbs.org
- ^ worldbank.org
- ^ www.cia.gov
- ^ www.cia.gov
- ^ www.cia.gov
- ^ www.cia.gov
- ^ www.chathamhouse.org.uk
- ^ www.turkishweekly.net
- ^ www.cfr.org
- ^ www.turkishpolicy.com
- ^ www.chathamhouse.org.uk
- ^ worldbank.org
- ^ www.cia.gov
- ^ "Analyzing American Power in the Post-Cold War Era". Retrieved 2007-02-28.
- ^ www.britannica.com
- ^ worldbank.org
- ^ www.cia.gov
- ^ www.armscontrolcenter.org
- ^ www.fas.org
- ^ www.routledge.com
- ^ www.foreignminister.gov.au
- ^ worldbank.org
- ^ www.cia.gov
- ^ [10]
- ^ [11]
- ^ www.stormingmedia.us
- ^ worldbank.org
- ^ India's Economic Growth Unexpectedly Quickens to 9.2%
- ^ www.cia.gov
- ^ www.realclearpolitics.com
- ^ Hindustan Times Giant step in space as capsule returns
- ^ www.pinr.com
- ^ www.hoover.org
- ^ www.iht.com
- ^ www.rand.org
- ^ www.aims.ca
- ^ www.fundforpeace.org
- ^ www.pinr.com
- ^ worldbank.org
- ^ www.cia.gov
- ^ www.iss.co.za
- ^ www.giga-hamburg.de
- ^ www.aims.ca
- ^ www.essex.ac.uk
- ^ www.shef.ac.uk
- ^ worldbank.org
- ^ www.cia.gov
- ^ www.essex.ac.uk
- ^ www.h-net.org
- ^ [12]
- ^ www.globalsecurity.org
- ^ worldbank.org
- ^ www.cia.gov
- ^ www.cia.gov
- ^ www.cia.gov
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