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{{Short description|State wielding power within a geographical region}} |
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[[File:Participants at the 2015 G20 Summit in Turkey.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Leaders of most regional powers during the [[2015 G-20 Antalya summit|2015 G-20 summit]]]] |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}} |
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[[File:Participants at the 2015 G20 Summit in Turkey.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Leaders of most regional powers during the [[2015 G20 Antalya summit|2015 G-20 Summit]]]] |
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In [[international relations]] since the late 20th century, a '''regional power''' is a term used for a [[sovereign state|state]] that has [[Power (international relations)|power]] within a [[Geography|geographic]] [[region]].<ref name=es>Joachim Betz, Ian Taylor, [http://www.essex.ac.uk/ECPR/events/jointsessions/helsinki/long_ws_outlines/ws9.doc "The Rise of (New) Regional Powers in Asia, Africa, Latin America..."]{{dead link|date=March 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, German Overseas Institute & University of St. Andrews, May 2007</ref><ref name=po>Martin Beck, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090327080130/http://www.giga-hamburg.de/content/forumregional/pdf/giga_conference_RegionalPowers_0612/giga_RegPowers0612_paper_beck.pdf ''The Concept of Regional Power: The Middle East as a Deviant Case?''], German Institute of Global and Area Studies, Hamburg, 11–12 December 2006.</ref> States which wield unrivalled power and influence within a region of the world possess [[regional hegemony]]. |
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{{Forms of government}} |
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In [[international relations]], '''regional power''', since the late 20th{{nbsp}}century has been used for a [[sovereign state]] that exercises significant [[Power (international relations)|power]] within its [[region|geographical region]].<ref name="es">Joachim Betz, Ian Taylor, [http://www.essex.ac.uk/ECPR/events/jointsessions/helsinki/long_ws_outlines/ws9.doc "The Rise of (New) Regional Powers in Asia, Africa, Latin America..."]{{dead link|date=March 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, German Overseas Institute & University of St. Andrews, May 2007</ref><ref name="po">Martin Beck, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090327080130/http://www.giga-hamburg.de/content/forumregional/pdf/giga_conference_RegionalPowers_0612/giga_RegPowers0612_paper_beck.pdf ''The Concept of Regional Power: The Middle East as a Deviant Case?''], German Institute of Global and Area Studies, Hamburg, 11–12 December 2006.</ref> States that wield unrivaled power and influence within a region of the world possess [[regional hegemony]]. |
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== Characteristics == |
== Characteristics == |
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Regional powers shape the [[ |
Regional powers shape the [[Polarity (international relations)|polarity]] of a regional area. Typically, regional powers have capabilities which are important in the region, but do not have capabilities at a global scale. Slightly contrasting definitions differ as to what makes a regional power. The [[European Consortium for Political Research]] defines a regional power as 'a state belonging to a geographically defined region, dominating this region in [[Economics|economic]] and [[military]] terms, able to exercise [[Hegemony|hegemonic]] influence in the region and considerable influence on the world scale, willing to make use of power [[resource]]s and recognized or even accepted as the regional leader by its neighbors.'<ref name="es" /> |
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<blockquote>"A state belonging to a geographically defined region, dominating this region in [[economics|economic]] and [[military]] terms, able to exercise [[Hegemony|hegemonic]] [[Power (international relations)|influence]] in the region and considerable influence on the world scale, willing to make use of power [[resource]]s and recognized or even accepted as the regional leader by its neighbours".<ref name=es/></blockquote> |
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The German Institute of Global and Area Studies states that a regional power must:<ref name=po/> |
The German Institute of Global and Area Studies states that a regional power must:<ref name="po" /> |
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* Form part of a definable region with its own identity |
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* Claim to be a regional power (self-image as a regional power) |
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* Exert decisive influence on the geographic extension of the region as well as on its ideological construction |
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* Dispose over comparatively high military, economic, [[Demography|demographic]], [[Politics|political]], and [[Ideology|ideological]] capabilities |
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* Be well integrated into the region |
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* Define the regional security agenda to a high degree |
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* Be appreciated as a regional power by other powers in the region and beyond, especially by other regional powers |
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* Be well connected with regional and global forums |
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== Regional powers == |
== Regional powers == |
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In this list are states that have been described as regional powers by international relations and [[political science]] [[Academy|academics]], analysts, or other experts. These states, to some extent, meet the criteria for regional power status, as described above. Different experts have differing views on exactly which states are regional powers. States are arranged by their region, and in alphabetical order. |
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Below are states that have been described as regional powers by international relations and [[political science]] [[academy|academics]], analysts, or other experts. These states to some extent meet the criteria to have regional power status, as described above. Different experts have differing views on exactly which states are regional powers. States are arranged by their region, and in alphabetic order. |
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=== Africa === |
=== Africa === |
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Even though the [[Economy of Africa|economic weight]] of [[Africa]] is relatively low compared to other continents, and more than two-thirds of African countries are among the [[Least developed countries|least developed states in the world]], Africa's rich natural resources and diverse cultures could carry the potential to enable future development. |
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Although South Africa was diplomatically isolated during the latter years of the [[apartheid]] era, it is considered to have successfully reintegrated into international affairs over the last 20 years. It is recognized as the only [[newly industrialized country]] in Africa and takes a crucial role in [[BRICS]] and [[G20]]. |
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* '''{{flagcountry|Egypt}}''' {{Ref label|G-15|G-15|}}{{Ref label|D-8|D-8}}{{Ref label|N-11|N-11}}{{Ref label|CIVETS|CIVETS}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.rfi.fr/20181205-mid-east-jxn-egypts-arms-fair-boosts-militarys-image-regional-superpower|title=Egypt's arms fair boosts military's image as regional superpower|publisher=RFI}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jns.org/muslim-power-clash-egypt-and-iran-vie-for-influence-in-gaza|title=Regional power clash? Egypt and Iran vie for influence in Gaza|publisher=Jewish News Syndicate}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thenewturkey.org/egypts-rise-in-the-african-political-landscape-a-regional-power|title=Egypt’s Rise in the African Political Landscape: A Regional Power?|publisher=The New Turkey}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thecairoreview.com/essays/the-middle-east-according-to-egypt|title=The Middle East According to Egypt|publisher=The Cairo Review}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://mediterraneanaffairs.com/egypt-a-rising-regional-power-in-quest-of-new-strategic-alliances|title=Egypt: A rising regional power in quest of new strategic alliances|publisher=Mediterranean Affairs}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/after-challenging-decade-egypt-resumes-its-regional-role|title=After a Challenging Decade, Egypt Resumes Its Regional Role|publisher=Stratfor}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://medium.com/@meziechinwogu1/africa-superpower-contenders-nigeria-south-africa-egypt-fb4e634f0f82|title=Africa Superpower Contenders: Nigeria, South Africa, Egypt}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.egypttoday.com/Article/2/40658/Opinion-Egypt’s-Expanding-Regional-Role-and-Move-toward-More-Power|title=Egypt’s Expanding Regional Role and Move toward More Power|publisher=Egypt Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/125669?lang=en-us|title=Egypt’s vision towards the Syrian crisis|publisher=SIS}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sis.gov.eg/section/7302/9409?lang=en-us|title=Egypt...A regional energy center in East Mediterranean|publisher=SIS}}</ref> |
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Nigeria is often referred to as the "Giant of Africa" due to both its population and economy being the largest in Africa and the cultural influence that it holds over other countries in Sub-Saharan Africa through its [[Cinema of Nigeria|movie industry]] and [[Mass media in Nigeria|mass media]]. Nigeria is also [[List of countries by oil production|the largest oil producer]] in Africa. |
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* '''{{flagcountry|Nigeria}}'''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YcK-AAAAQBAJ&q=Nigeria#v=snippet&q=West%20Africa,%20with%20its%20strong%20French%20influence,%20is%20home%20to%20one%20of%20Africa's%20two%20regional%20giants,%20Nigeria,%20and%20the%20region%20has%20seen%20the%20scene%20of%20much%20political%20and%20ethnic%20unres&f=false|title=Trade and Globalization: An Introduction to Regional Trade Agreements|last=Lynch|first=David A.|date=2010-08-16|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=9780742566903|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u_6mPWRGKlIC&q=South+Africa+is+not+the+sole+regional+power+on+the+continent,+though;+Nigeria+is+the+other+widely+acknowledge+centre+of+power+in+Africa+and+likewise+a+sub-regional+superpower+in+West+Africa#v=snippet&q=South%20Africa%20is%20not%20the%20sole%20regional%20power%20on%20the%20continent,%20though;%20Nigeria%20is%20the%20other%20widely%20acknowledge%20centre%20of%20power%20in%20Africa%20and%20likewise%20a%20sub-regional%20superpower%20in%20West%20Africa&f=false|title=Regional Leadership in the Global System: Ideas, Interests and Strategies of Regional Powers|last=Flemes|first=Daniel|date=2010|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=9780754679127|language=en}}</ref> |
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* '''{{flagcountry|South Africa}}'''{{Ref label|G20|G20|}}{{Ref label|BRICS|BRICS}}<ref name="The United States and the Great Powers" /><ref name=ai/><ref>[http://www.iss.co.za/Pubs/ASR/9No3/SAMiddlePower.html www.iss.co.za] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061012033753/http://www.iss.co.za/Pubs/ASR/9No3/SAMiddlePower.html |date=October 12, 2006 }}</ref><ref>"Southern Africa is home to the other of sub-Saharan Africa's regional powers: South Africa. South Africa is more than just a regional power; it is by far the most developed and economically powerful country in Africa, and now it is able to use that influence in Africa more than during the days of apartheid (white rule), when it was ostracized." See David Lynch, ''Trade and Globalization'' (Lanham, USA: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2010), p. 51.</ref> |
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[[Nigeria]] and [[South Africa]] are among the largest African economies; both have GDPs over [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|$250 billion (nominal)]] and [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|$700 billion (PPP)]] as of 2020. |
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=== North America === |
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The United States is the primary geopolitical force in the Americas and the Western world. Canada, despite being a middle power, is not a regional power because it is militarily secured by U.S. hegemony and financially comfortable by its dependence on a robust U.S. economy.<ref>Alice Bothwell, "Can Canada Still Be Considered a Middle Power?," Master's Thesis (University of Stellenbosch), p. 34</ref> |
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* '''{{flagcountry|United States}}'''{{Ref label|GP|GP|}}{{Ref label|G7|G7}}{{Ref label|G20|G20|}}<ref name="internationalpolicydigest">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2012/04/16/chinese-cyber-information-profusion-anti-access-area-denial-in-summative-context/|publisher=internationalpolicydigest.org|title=Chinese Cyber Information Profusion|accessdate=5 March 2017|date=2012-04-17}}</ref> |
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==== Sub-Saharan Africa ==== |
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=== Latin America and the Caribbean === |
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* '''{{NGR}}'''{{Ref label|N-11|N-11}}{{Ref label|G-15|G-15}}{{Ref label|OPEC|OPEC}}{{Ref label|D-8|D-8}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Flemes|first=Daniel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u_6mPWRGKlIC&q=South+Africa+is+not+the+sole+regional+power+on+the+continent%2C+though%3B+Nigeria+is+the+other+widely+acknowledge+centre+of+power+in+Africa+and+likewise+a+sub-regional+superpower+in+West+Africa|title=Regional Leadership in the Global System: Ideas, Interests and Strategies of Regional Powers|date=2010|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=9780754679127}}</ref> |
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In the past, [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]] were the dominant powers in the region but following [[Decolonization of the Americas|decolonization]] in the first half of the 19th century, the major powers became Mexico, Brazil, Colombia, and Argentina. |
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* '''{{RSA}}'''{{Ref label|G20|G20}}{{Ref label|BRICS|BRICS}}{{Ref label|CIVETS|CIVETS}}<ref name="The United States and the Great Powers" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iss.co.za/Pubs/ASR/9No3/SAMiddlePower.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061012033753/http://www.iss.co.za/Pubs/ASR/9No3/SAMiddlePower.html|url-status=dead|title=www.iss.co.za|archivedate=12 October 2006}}</ref><ref>"Southern Africa is home to the other of sub-Saharan Africa's regional powers: South Africa. South Africa is more than just a regional power; it is by far the most developed and economically powerful country in Africa, and now it is able to use that influence in Africa more than during the days of apartheid (white rule), when it was ostracized." See David Lynch, ''Trade and Globalization'' (Lanham, USA: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2010), p. 51.</ref> |
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* '''{{flagcountry|Argentina}}''' {{Ref label|G20|G20|}}<ref>"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern Cone in the Twentieth Century." See Michael Morris, "The Srait of Magellan," in ''International Straits of the World'', edited by Gerard Mangone (Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishes, 1988), p. 63.</ref><ref name="Huntington 2001 p. 61">"Secondary regional powers in Huntington's view include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and Argentina." See Tom Nierop, "The Clash of Civilisations," in ''The Territorial Factor'', edited by Gertjan Dijkink and Hans Knippenberg (Amsterdam: Vossiuspers UvA, 2001), p. 61.</ref><ref>"The US has created a foundation upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can developed their own rules for further managing regional relations." See David Lake, "Regional Hierarchies," in ''Globalising the Regional'', edited by Rick Fawn (UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009), p. 55.</ref><ref>"The southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community." See Emanuel Adler and Patricia Greve, "Overlapping regional mechanisms of security governance," in ''Globalising the Regional'', edited by Rick Fawn (UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009), p. 78.</ref><ref>"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone's rival regional powers, Brazil and Argentina." See Alejandra Ruiz-Dana, Peter Goldschag, Edmundo Claro and Hernan Blanco, "Regional integration, trade and conflicts in Latin America," in ''Regional Trade Integration and Conflict Resolution'', edited by Shaheen Rafi Khan (New York: Routledge, 2009), p. 18.</ref><ref name="Samuel P. Huntington 2000 p. 6">Samuel P. Huntington, "Culture, Power, and Democracy," in ''Globalization, Power, and Democracy'', edited by Marc Plattner and Aleksander Smolar (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000), p. 6.</ref><ref>""The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil and Argentina." See Anestis Papadopoulos, ''The International Dimension of EU Competition Law and Policy'' (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010), p. 283.</ref> |
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* '''{{flagcountry|Brazil}}'''{{Ref label|BRICS|BRICS}}{{Ref label|G20|G20|}}<ref>{{cite web|last1=Arnson|first1=Cynthia|last2=Sotero|first2=Paulo|title=Brazil as a Regional Power: Views from the Hemisphere|url=http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Brazil-as-a-Regional-Power3.pdf|publisher=Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars|accessdate=16 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=De Lima|first1=Maria Regina Soares|last2=Hirst|first2=Monica|title=Brazil as an intermediate state and regional power: action, choice and responsibilities|url=http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International%20Affairs/Blanket%20File%20Import/inta_513.pdf|publisher=Chatham House|accessdate=16 April 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106023112/http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International%20Affairs/Blanket%20File%20Import/inta_513.pdf|archivedate=6 November 2012|df=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Wigell|first=Mikael|title=Assertive Brazil, an emerging power and its implications|url=http://www.fiia.fi/assets/publications/bp82.pdf|publisher=Finnish Institute of International Affairs|accessdate=16 April 2012|date=2011-05-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Flemes, Daniel|title=Brazil's strategic options in a multi-regional world order|url=http://www.giga-hamburg.de/dl/download.php?d=/english/content/rpn/conferences/flemes.pdf|publisher=German Institute of Global and Area Studies|accessdate=16 April 2012}}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Schenoni, Luis|title=Unveiling the South American Balance|journal=Estudos Internacionais V. 2 N. 2 Jul-Dez 2015 P. 215-232|url=https://www.academia.edu/12944490|accessdate=16 April 2015}}</ref> |
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* '''{{flagcountry|Colombia}}''' {{Ref label|CIVETS|CIVETS|}}{{Ref label|Pacific Alliance|Pacific Alliance|}}{{Ref label |ACS|ACS|}}{{Ref label|Andean Community|Andean Community|}} |
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* '''{{flagcountry|Mexico}}'''{{Ref label|G20|G20|}}<ref>{{cite web|last=James Scott, Matthias vom Hau and David Hulme|title=Beyond the BICs: Strategies of influence|url=https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk%2Fapi%2Fdatastream%3FpublicationPid%3Duk-ac-man-scw%3A105725%26datastreamId%3DSUPPLEMENTARY-1.DOC&ei=fMKFT7SMKIye8gS71NHACA&usg=AFQjCNHKPFxJk5bu6Qs5R2SKSUs8IwidWw&sig2=_lt4YNVT-1ECYQBh61EWgA|publisher=The University of Manchester|accessdate=11 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Nolte |first=Detlef |title=How to compare regional powers: analytical concepts and research topics |url=http://www.giga-hamburg.de/dl/download.php?d=/content/staff/nolte/publications/how_to_compare_nolte.pdf |journal=Review of International Studies |volume=36 |year=2010 |pp=881–901 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130192145/http://www.giga-hamburg.de/dl/download.php?d=%2Fcontent%2Fstaff%2Fnolte%2Fpublications%2Fhow_to_compare_nolte.pdf |archivedate=30 November 2012 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/2006/05.pdf|title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan|author=|date=|website=mofa.go.jp|accessdate=4 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Dadush|first=Uri|title=China's Rise and Latin America: A Global, Long-Term Perspective|url=http://www.thedialogue.org/page.cfm?pageID=32&pubID=2892|publisher=Inter-American Dialogue|accessdate=17 April 2012|quote=Moreover, the rise of regional powers Brazil and Mexico, and their burgeoning middle classes, could be a boon for other Latin American economies.|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514180123/http://www.thedialogue.org/page.cfm?pageID=32&pubID=2892|archivedate=14 May 2013|df=}}</ref> |
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=== Asia === |
=== Asia === |
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Historically, [[China]] was the dominant power in [[East Asia]]. |
Historically, [[History of China#Imperial China|Imperial China]] was the [[Pax Sinica|dominant power]] in [[East Asia]]. From the late 19th century, the [[Empire of Japan]] initiated [[Meiji Restoration|far-reaching Westernizing reforms]], and rapidly [[industrialisation|industrialized]], to become a major power in [[Asia]] by the time of [[World War I]], as one of the [[Allies of World War I|Allied powers]]. With economic turmoil, Japan's expulsion from the League of Nations, and its interest in expansion on the mainland, Japan became one of the three main [[Axis powers]] in [[World War II]].{{citation needed|date=January 2022}} |
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Since the late 20th century, regional alliances, economic progress, and contrasting military power |
Since the late 20th century, regional alliances, economic progress, and contrasting military power changed the strategic and regional power balance in Asia. In recent years, a re-balancing of military and economic power among [[emerging power]]s, such as [[China]] and [[India]], has resulted in significant changes in the geopolitics of Asia. China and [[Japan]] have also gained greater influence over regions beyond Asia. In recent decades, [[South Korea]] has emerged as a significant economic and [[Korean wave|cultural power]] in East Asia. Japan and South Korea are [[major non-NATO ally|important allies for the United States]] in the [[Indo-Pacific]] region. |
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==== East Asia ==== |
==== East Asia ==== |
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* '''{{CHN}}'''{{Ref label|GP|GP}}{{Ref label|P5|P5}}{{Ref label|BRICS|BRICS}}{{Ref label|G20|G20}}{{Ref label|SCO|SCO}}{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}} |
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* '''{{flagcountry|China}}'''{{Ref label|GP|GP|}}{{Ref label|BRICS|BRICS}}{{Ref label|G20|G20|}}<ref name="time">{{cite journal|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,503050425-1051243,00.html|title=Living With The Giants - TIME|journal=Time|accessdate=5 March 2017|date=2005-04-18}}</ref><ref name="af">{{cite web|url=http://www.au.af.mil/au/aul/bibs/cgrp.htm|publisher=au.af.mil|title=China: Global/Regional Power 2006|accessdate=5 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="cnn">{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/1999/china.50/asian.superpower/neighbors/|publisher=cnn.com|title=CNN In-Depth Specials - Visions of China - Asian Superpower: Regional 'godfather' or local bully? |accessdate=5 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="abc">{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/correspondents/content/2006/s1642878.htm|publisher=abc.net.au|title=Correspondents Report - China: paramount power in South East Asia|date=2006-05-21|accessdate=5 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aseanfocus.com/asiananalysis/article.cfm?articleID=780 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2007-05-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070831064146/http://www.aseanfocus.com/asiananalysis/article.cfm?articleID=780 |archivedate=2007-08-31 |df= }} www.aseanfocus.com</ref><ref name=alla>[http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/3/6/0/7/9/p360796_index.html U.S. Policy to Asia for Regional Powers in New Science and Technology: China, Russia, Japan and Korea with Nuclear Potential], allacademic.com</ref> |
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* '''{{flagcountry|Japan}}'''{{Ref label|GP|GP|}}{{Ref label|G7|G7|}}{{Ref label|G20|G20|}}<ref name=alla/><ref name="cambridge">{{cite journal|url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=2EE3EF674E08CB40D5050A82CE8B22BD.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=392746#|title=Japan and the Myanmar Stalemate: Regional Power and Resolution of a Regional Problem| Japanese Journal of Political Science | Cambridge Core|journal=Japanese Journal of Political Science|volume=6|issue=3|pages=393|accessdate=5 March 2017|doi=10.1017/S1468109905001969|year=2006|last1=Holliday|first1=IAN}}</ref><ref name=cbs>{{cite web|url=http://www.csbaonline.org/4Publications/PubLibrary/R.20000200.Transforming_Ameri/R.20000200.Transforming_Ameri.php|publisher=csbaonline.org|title=www.csbaonline.org/4Publications/PubLibrary/R.20000200.Transforming_Ameri/R.20000200.Transforming_Ameri.php|accessdate=5 March 2017|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234424/http://www.csbaonline.org/4Publications/PubLibrary/R.20000200.Transforming_Ameri/R.20000200.Transforming_Ameri.php|archivedate=3 March 2016|df=}}</ref> |
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* '''{{flagcountry|South Korea}}'''{{Ref label|G20|G20|}}{{Ref label|OECD|OECD|}}{{Ref label|DAC|DAC|}}<ref name="South Korea: A Major Regional Power">{{cite web|url=http://journalofsociology.ro/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Full-text-pdf.5.pdf|publisher=Journal of Sociology|title=South Korea: A Major Regional Power|accessdate=5 July 2017}}</ref> |
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* '''{{JPN}}'''{{Ref label|GP|GP}}{{Ref label|G7|G7}}{{Ref label|G4|G4}}{{Ref label|G20|G20}}{{Ref label|QUAD|QUAD}}<ref name="cambridge">{{cite journal|title=Japan and the Myanmar Stalemate: Regional Power and Resolution of a Regional Problem| Japanese Journal of Political Science | Cambridge Core|journal=Japanese Journal of Political Science|volume=6|issue=3|pages=393|doi=10.1017/S1468109905001969|year=2006|last1=Holliday|first1=IAN|s2cid=154946583}}</ref> |
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==== South Asia ==== |
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* '''{{flagcountry|India}}'''{{Ref label|BRICS|BRICS}}{{Ref label|G20|G20|}}<ref name="The United States and the Great Powers" /><ref name="Regions and powers"/><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.twq.com/04winter/docs/04winter_perkovich.pdf |title=Is India a Major Power? |last=Perkovich |first=George |journal=The Washington Quarterly |issue=27.1 Winter 2003–04 |accessdate=13 December 2007 |format=PDF |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227014858/http://www.twq.com/04winter/docs/04winter_perkovich.pdf |archivedate=27 February 2008 |df= }}</ref><ref name="Encarta">[http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761590309/Great_Powers.html Encarta - Great Powers] {{webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/5kwqEr8pe?url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761590309/Great_Powers.html |date=2009-11-01 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| author =Dilip Mohite| title =Swords and Ploughshares- India: The Fourth Great Power?| version =Vol. 7, No. 3| publisher =Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security (ACDIS)| date =Spring 1993| url =http://www.acdis.uiuc.edu/Research/S&Ps/1993-Sp/S&P_VII-3/great_power.html| accessdate =13 December 2007| deadurl =yes| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20060901150133/http://www.acdis.uiuc.edu/Research/S%26Ps/1993-Sp/S%26P_VII-3/great_power.html| archivedate =1 September 2006| df =}}</ref> |
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* '''{{KOR}}'''{{Ref label|G20|G20}}{{Ref label|MIKTA|MIKTA}}{{Ref label|OECD|OECD}}{{Ref label|N-11|N-11}}<ref name="South Korea: A Major Regional Power">{{cite web|url=http://journalofsociology.ro/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Full-text-pdf.5.pdf|publisher=Journal of Sociology|title=South Korea: A Major Regional Power|access-date=5 July 2017}}</ref> |
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==== Southeast Asia ==== |
==== Southeast Asia ==== |
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* '''{{IDN}}'''{{Ref label|G20|G20}}{{Ref label|N-11|N-11}}{{Ref label|MIKTA|MIKTA}}{{Ref label|CIVETS|CIVETS}}{{Ref label|D-8|D-8}}{{Ref label|G-15|G-15}}<ref name="ref">Emmers, Ralf. [http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/0/7/3/9/2/p73921_index.html "Regional hegemonies and the exercise of power in Southeast Asia: A study of Indonesia and Vietnam"] Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, Le Centre Sheraton Hotel, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 17 March 2004. Retrieved 17 April 2017.</ref> |
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==== South Asia ==== |
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* '''{{flagcountry|Thailand}}'''{{Ref label|N-11|N-11|}}{{Ref label|CIVETS|CIVETS}}<ref name="ref">Emmers, Ralf. |
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* '''{{IND}}'''{{Ref label|GP|GP}}{{Ref label|G4|G4}}{{Ref label|BRICS|BRICS}}{{Ref label|G20|G20}}{{Ref label|SCO|SCO}}{{Ref label|QUAD|QUAD}}<ref name="The United States and the Great Powers" /><ref name="Regions and powers">{{harvtxt|Buzan & Wæver, Regions and Powers|2003|p=55}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.twq.com/04winter/docs/04winter_perkovich.pdf |title=Is India a Major Power? |last=Perkovich |first=George |journal=The Washington Quarterly |issue=27.1 Winter 2003–04 |access-date=13 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227014858/http://www.twq.com/04winter/docs/04winter_perkovich.pdf |archive-date=27 February 2008 }}</ref><ref name="Encarta">[http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761590309/Great_Powers.html Encarta - Great Powers] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091031190936/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761590309/Great_Powers.html |date=31 October 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| author =Dilip Mohite| title =Swords and Ploughshares- India: The Fourth Great Power?| version =Vol. 7, No. 3| publisher =Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security (ACDIS)| date =Spring 1993| url =http://www.acdis.uiuc.edu/Research/S&Ps/1993-Sp/S&P_VII-3/great_power.html| access-date =13 December 2007| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20060901150133/http://www.acdis.uiuc.edu/Research/S%26Ps/1993-Sp/S%26P_VII-3/great_power.html| archive-date =1 September 2006}}</ref> |
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[http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/0/7/3/9/2/p73921_index.html "Regional hegemonies and the exercise of power in Southeast Asia: A study of Indonesia and Vietnam"] Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, Le Centre Sheraton Hotel, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, March 17, 2004. Retrieved April 17, 2017.</ref> |
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* '''{{flagcountry|Indonesia}}'''{{Ref label|G20|G20|}}<ref name=ai/><ref name="ref">Emmers, Ralf. [http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/0/7/3/9/2/p73921_index.html "Regional hegemonies and the exercise of power in Southeast Asia: A study of Indonesia and Vietnam"] Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, Le Centre Sheraton Hotel, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, March 17, 2004. Retrieved April 17, 2017.</ref> |
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*{{Flag|Viet Nam}}{{Ref label|N-11|N-11|}}{{Ref label|CIVETS|CIVETS}}<ref name="es" /><ref name="ref" /><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2016-03|title=APEC history|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apec.2016.7467835|journal=2016 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/apec.2016.7467835|isbn=9781467383936}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2016-03|title=APEC history|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apec.2016.7467835|journal=2016 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/apec.2016.7467835|isbn=9781467383936}}</ref> |
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==== |
==== West Asia/Middle East ==== |
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* '''{{IRI}}'''{{Ref label|BRICS|BRICS}}{{Ref label|N 11|N 11}}{{Ref label|G-15|G-15}}{{Ref label|OPEC|OPEC}}<ref name="The United States and the Great Powers">{{cite book |last=Buzan |first=Barry |title=The United States and the Great Powers |publisher=Polity Press |year=2004 |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom |pages=71 |isbn=978-0-7456-3375-6}}</ref><ref name="Regions and powers" /><ref name="auto">"Iran is a strong regional power, in a far better shape than Pakistan because of its economic capabilities, rich mineral and energy resources, and internal stability, added to its far greater geostrategic importance." In Hooman Peimani, ''Nuclear Proliferation in the Indian Subcontinent'' (Westport: Praeger Publishers, 2000), p. 30.</ref> |
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* '''{{ISR}}'''<ref name="Butenschøn 1992 95–119">{{cite book |title=Regional Great Powers in International Politics |last=Butenschøn |first=Nils A. |date=1992|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=London|isbn=9781349126637|pages=95–119 |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-12661-3_5|chapter=Israel as a Regional Great Power: Paradoxes of Regional Alienation}}</ref> |
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* '''{{flagcountry|Iran}}'''{{Ref label|N 11|N 11|}}<ref name="The United States and the Great Powers">{{cite book | last =Buzan | first =Barry | title=The United States and the Great Powers | publisher=Polity Press | year=2004 | location=Cambridge, United Kingdom | pages =71 | isbn =978-0-7456-3375-6 | url=}}</ref><ref name="Regions and powers">{{harvtxt|Buzan & Wæver, Regions and Powers|2003|p=55}}</ref><ref>""Iran is a strong regional power, in a far better shape than Pakistan because f its economic capabilities, rich mineral and energy resources, and internal stability, added to its far greater geostrategic importance." In Hooman Peimani, ''Nuclear Proliferation in the Indian Subcontinent'' (Westport: Praeger Publishers, 2000), p. 30.</ref> |
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* '''{{SAU}}'''{{Ref label|G20|G20}}{{Ref label|BRICS|BRICS}}{{Ref label|OPEC|OPEC}}<ref name="Saudi Arabia" >{{cite journal |title=Saudi Arabia as a Resurgent Regional Power |last=Ehteshami |first=Anoush |journal=The International Spectator |date=2018 |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=75–94 |doi=10.1080/03932729.2018.1507722 |s2cid=158177906}}</ref> |
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* '''{{flagcountry|Israel}}'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.the-american-interest.com/2017/01/24/the-eight-great-powers-of-2017/|title=The Eight Great Powers of 2017 - The American Interest|date=2017-01-24|work=The American Interest|access-date=2017-11-25|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.706226|title=Israel May Be Eighth-ranked in Global Power, but It's Really Not Much Fun|last=Haaretz|date=2016-03-01|work=Haaretz|access-date=2017-11-25|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Regional Great Powers in International Politics|last=Butenschøn|first=Nils A.|date=1992|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan, London|isbn=9781349126637|pages=95–119|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-1-349-12661-3_5|chapter = Israel as a Regional Great Power: Paradoxes of Regional Alienation}}</ref> |
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* '''{{TUR}}'''{{Ref label|G20|G20}}{{Ref label|OECD|OECD}}{{Ref label|MIKTA|MIKTA}}{{Ref label|D-8|D-8}}<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.cambridgescholars.com/resources/pdfs/978-1-4438-4870-1-sample.pdf |author1=Kenan Aksu |title=Turkey: A Regional Power in the Making |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-4870-1 |language=en |access-date=25 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Deniz Devrim, Evelina Schulz |title=Turkey's Rise as a Regional Power and its Role in the European Neighbourhood (ARI) |url=https://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/en/analyses/turkeys-rise-as-a-regional-power-and-its-role-in-the-european-neighbourhood-ari/ |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=[[Elcano Royal Institute]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=André Bank |author2=Roy Karadag |title=Before the Arab Revolts and After: Turkey's Transformed Regional Power Status in the Middle East |date=2013 |publisher=Springer Science+Business Media |pages=103–121 |doi=10.1057/9781137484758_6 |isbn=978-1-349-50355-1 |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781137484758_6 |language=en |access-date=25 August 2023}}</ref> |
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* '''{{flagcountry|Saudi Arabia}}''' {{Ref label|G20|G20|}}<ref name="The United States and the Great Powers" /><ref name="Regions and powers"/><ref name="findarticles">{{cite web|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0XPQ/is_2002_Sept_23/ai_92080737|publisher=findarticles.com|title=FindArticles.com | CBSi|accessdate=5 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/display.article?id=4349|title=Saudi Surprise|author=|date=26 August 2004|accessdate=4 April 2018|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040826031056/http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/display.article?id=4349|archivedate=26 August 2004|df=}}</ref> |
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=== Europe === |
=== Europe === |
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{{Main|European balance of power}} |
{{Main|European balance of power}} |
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[[France]], [[Germany]], [[Italy]] and [[United Kingdom]] |
[[Russia]] – the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|dominant part]] of a former superpower, the [[Soviet Union]], is now considered a potential superpower, and has historically been the primary geopolitical force in [[Eastern Europe]]. [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Italy]], and the [[United Kingdom]], collectively known as [[Big Four (Western Europe)|Big Four in Western Europe]], as they play pivotal roles as part of the [[Quint (international organization)|NATO Quint]] in the security of the [[Western Bloc]]. Most of the continent is now integrated as a consequence of the enlargement of the European Union, which is sometimes considered a great power as a whole, despite it not being a sovereign state.<ref name="google4">{{cite book|title=Global Security Governance: Competing Perceptions of Security in the Twenty-First Century|author1=Kirchner, E.J.|author2=Sperling, J.|date=2007|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781134222223|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xVN_AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA265|page=265|access-date=5 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="google5">{{cite book|title=Handbook of Economic Growth|author1=Aghion, P.|author2=Durlauf, S.N.|date=2005|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780444520418|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fQ4JBwLsz8cC&pg=PA788|page=788|access-date=5 March 2017}}</ref> Historically, dominant powers in Europe created colonial empires (such as the [[Belgian colonial empire|Belgian]], [[British Empire|British]], [[Danish overseas colonies|Danish]], [[Dutch Empire|Dutch]], [[French colonial empire|French]], [[German colonial empire|German]], [[Italian Empire|Italian]], [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]], [[Russian Empire|Russian]], and [[Spanish Empire]]s). |
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==== Eastern Europe ==== |
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*'''{{flagcountry|France}}'''{{Ref label|GP|GP|}}{{Ref label|G7|G7|}}{{Ref label|G20|G20|}}<ref name="ai" /><ref name="cbs" /><ref name="globalpolicy">{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/oil/2003/0206regi.htm|publisher=globalpolicy.org|title="Regional Powers React to Proposed US Invasion of Iraq"|accessdate=5 March 2017}}</ref> |
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* '''{{RUS}}'''{{Ref label|GP|GP}}{{Ref label|P5|P5}}{{Ref label|BRICS|BRICS}}{{Ref label|G20|G20}}{{Ref label|SCO|SCO}}{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}} |
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* '''{{flagcountry|Germany}}'''{{Ref label|GP|GP|}}{{Ref label|G7|G7|}}{{Ref label|G20|G20|}}<ref name=ai>[http://www.aims.ca/library/huntington.pdf www.aims.ca] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060721181621/http://www.aims.ca/library/huntington.pdf |date=July 21, 2006 }}</ref><ref name="cbs"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/2181/6/lecture010.pdf|title=tspace.library.utoronto.ca|author=|date=|website=utoronto.ca|accessdate=4 April 2018}}</ref> |
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* '''{{flagcountry|Italy}}'''{{Ref label|GP|GP|}}{{Ref label|G7|G7|}}{{Ref label|G20|G20|}}<ref>Gabriele Abbondanza, ''Italy as a Regional Power: the African Context from National Unification to the Present Day'' (Rome: Aracne, 2016)</ref><ref>"[[Operation Alba]] may be considered one of the most important instances in which Italy has acted as a regional power, taking the lead in executing a technically and politically coherent and determined strategy." See Federiga Bindi, ''Italy and the European Union'' (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2011), p. 171.</ref><ref>"Italy plays a prominent role in European and global military, cultural and diplomatic affairs. The country's European political, social and economic influence make it a major regional power." See ''Italy: Justice System and National Police Handbook'', Vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: International Business Publications, 2009), p. 9.</ref><ref name="ladocumentationfrancaise">{{cite web|url=http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/catalogue/3303331600596/index.shtml|publisher=ladocumentationfrancaise.fr|title=L'Italie : un destin européen - Ouvrages - La Documentation française | L'Italie est avant tout une grande puissance européenne, un État-nation au développement économique brillant, une puissance industrielle, une société civile active, une intelligentsia remarquable, l'un des principaux pôles culturels et artistiques de l'Europe. |accessdate=5 March 2017}}</ref> |
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* '''{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}'''{{Ref label|GP|GP|}}{{Ref label|G7|G7|}}{{Ref label|G20|G20|}}<ref name="Huntington 2001 p. 61"/><ref name="Samuel P. Huntington 2000 p. 6"/><ref name="giga-hamburg">{{cite web|url=http://www.giga-hamburg.de/dl/download.php?d=/english/content/rpn/conferences/mayer.pdf|publisher=giga-hamburg.de|title=France, Germany, Britain – Responses of Traditional Regional Powers to Rising Regions and Rivals|accessdate=5 March 2017}}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |
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=== |
==== Central Europe ==== |
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* '''{{GER}}'''{{Ref label|GP|GP}}{{Ref label|G7|G7}}{{Ref label|G4|G4}}{{Ref label|G20|G20}}{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}} |
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* '''{{flagcountry|Australia}}'''{{Ref label|G20|G20|}}<ref name="routledge">{{cite web|url=http://www.routledge.com/shopping_cart/products/product_detail.asp?curTab=Author%20Biography&id=&parent_id=3459&sku=&isbn=9780415404211&pc=/shopping_cart/categories/categories_products.asp!parent_id=3459$so=1|publisher=routledge.com|title=Australia as an Asia-Pacific Regional Power: Friendships in Flux? (Hardback) - Routledge|date=2007-09-12|accessdate=5 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="foreignminister">{{cite web|url=http://www.foreignminister.gov.au/speeches/2006/060710_bigorsmall.html|publisher=foreignminister.gov.au|title=Should Australia Think Big or Small in Foreign Policy?|accessdate=5 March 2017}}</ref> |
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*'''{{flagcountry|New Zealand}}'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/politics/2019/05/new-zealands-international-influence-surges-thanks-to-jacinda-ardern-s-leadership.html|title=New Zealand's international influence surges thanks to Jacinda Ardern's leadership|date=2019-05-29|work=Newshub|access-date=2019-06-16|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://softpower30.com/country/new-zealand/|title=New Zealand|website=Soft Power|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-06-16}}</ref> |
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=== |
==== Western Europe ==== |
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* '''{{FRA}}'''{{Ref label|GP|GP}}{{Ref label|P5|P5}}{{Ref label|G7|G7}}{{Ref label|G20|G20}}{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}} |
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* '''{{GBR}}'''{{Ref label|GP|GP}}{{Ref label|P5|P5}}{{Ref label|G7|G7}}{{Ref label|G20|G20}}{{Ref label|AUKUS|AUKUS}}<ref name="Huntington 2001 p. 61">"Secondary regional powers in Huntington's view include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and Argentina." See Tom Nierop, "The Clash of Civilisations," in ''The Territorial Factor'', edited by Gertjan Dijkink and Hans Knippenberg (Amsterdam: Vossiuspers UvA, 2001), p. 61.</ref><ref name="Samuel P. Huntington 2000 p. 6">Samuel P. Huntington, "Culture, Power, and Democracy," in ''Globalization, Power, and Democracy'', edited by Marc Plattner and Aleksander Smolar (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000), p. 6.</ref> |
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The list refers to regional powers whose borders are significantly into other continents and does not reflect their sphere of influence. [[List of transcontinental countries|Transcontinental countries]] are able to exert regional influence in large areas of the world. |
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==== Southern Europe ==== |
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* '''{{ |
* '''{{ITA}}'''{{Ref label|GP|GP}}{{Ref label|G7|G7}}{{Ref label|G20|G20}}<ref>Gabriele Abbondanza, ''Italy as a Regional Power: the African Context from National Unification to the Present Day'' (Rome: Aracne, 2016)</ref> |
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*'''{{ESP}}'''{{Ref label|G20|G20}}{{Ref label|OEI|OEI}}{{Ref label|OECD|OECD}}<ref>The reality of Spain in 2021 is that of a relevant middle power with the potential to gain more importance in the world. https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/consejodeministros/resumenes/Documents/2021/270421-foreigh_action_strategy_2021-2024.pdf</ref><ref>Spain, as a middle power with global connections and goals. https://arctic-council.org/news/interview-with-arctic-council-observer-spain/</ref><ref>http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/MelbJIL/2013/18.pdf</ref><ref>https://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12621063/index.pdf</ref> |
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* '''{{flagcountry|United States}}'''{{Ref label|GP|GP|}}{{Ref label|G7|G7}}{{Ref label|G20|G20|}}<ref name="internationalpolicydigest">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2012/04/16/chinese-cyber-information-profusion-anti-access-area-denial-in-summative-context/|publisher=internationalpolicydigest.org|title=Chinese Cyber Information Profusion|accessdate=5 March 2017|date=2012-04-17}}</ref> |
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=== North America === |
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The United States is the primary geopolitical force in [[North America]], and is considered the contemporary sole [[superpower]] globally. It dominates the region so heavily that its neighbors, Canada and Mexico, both middle powers in the region, are generally not considered regional powers. Despite having a large enough economy to be a member of the [[Group of Seven|G7]], [[Canada]] is not a regional power for two reasons. It is militarily secure as a result of U.S. hegemony, and has become financially comfortable by its dependence on, and deep integration with, a robust U.S. economy.<ref>Alice Bothwell, "Can Canada Still Be Considered a Middle Power?," Master's Thesis (University of Stellenbosch), p. 34</ref> [[Mexico]] is an emerging power which could probably be viewed as a regional power if grouped with [[Latin America]], or a definite regional power if considered in either [[Middle America (Americas)|Middle America]] or in [[Hispanic America]] due to its [[economy of Mexico|economic size]] and [[List of World Heritage Sites in Mexico|diverse cultural heritages]].<ref>{{cite journal| first=Günther |last=Maihold|title=Mexico: A leader in search of like-minded peers |url=https://www.swp-berlin.org/publications/products/fachpublikationen/170306_ilm_IJ_Mexico.pdf |journal=[[International Journal]] |access-date=15 October 2021 |date= 2017 |volume=71|issue=4|pages=545–562|doi=10.1177/0020702016687336|s2cid=152064492}}</ref> However, similar to Canada, Mexican economy is highly reliant on the U.S. with about 80% of its exports shipping to the U.S. alone.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sgp.fas.org/crs/row/RL32934.pdf |publisher=Congressional Research Service |title=US-Mexico Economic Relations: Trends, Issues, and Implications |access-date=1 December 2021 |date=25 June 2020|quote=Mexico's per capita GDP is relatively high by global standards, and falls within the World Bank's upper-middle income category. Mexico's economy relies heavily on the United States as an export market. The value of exports equaled 39% of Mexico's GDP in 2019, as shown in Table 1, and approximately 80% of Mexico's exports were headed to the United States. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023135759/https://sgp.fas.org/crs/row/RL32934.pdf |archive-date=23 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.candriam.com/en/professional/market-insights/topics/macro/mexico-economy-highly-dependent-on-the-united-states/|publisher=[[Candriam]] |title=Mexico: Economy Highly Dependent on the United States |access-date=1 December 2021 |date=2 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103210301/https://www.candriam.com/en/professional/market-insights/topics/macro/mexico-economy-highly-dependent-on-the-united-states/|archive-date=3 November 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> |
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* '''{{flagcountry|Israel}}'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.the-american-interest.com/2017/01/24/the-eight-great-powers-of-2017/|title=The Eight Great Powers of 2017 - The American Interest|date=2017-01-24|work=The American Interest|access-date=2017-11-25|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.706226|title=Israel May Be Eighth-ranked in Global Power, but It's Really Not Much Fun|last=Haaretz|date=2016-03-01|work=Haaretz|access-date=2017-11-25|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Regional Great Powers in International Politics|last=Butenschøn|first=Nils A.|date=1992|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan, London|isbn=9781349126637|pages=95–119|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-1-349-12661-3_5|chapter = Israel as a Regional Great Power: Paradoxes of Regional Alienation}}</ref> |
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* '''{{flagcountry|Russia}}'''{{Ref label|GP|GP|}}{{Ref label|BRICS|BRICS}}{{Ref label|G20|G20|}}<ref name="alla"/><ref name=cbs/><ref>http://www.carnegie.ru/en/pubs/media/69778.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405211442/http://www.carnegie.ru/en/pubs/media/69778.htm |date=2013-04-05 }} www.carnegie.ru</ref> |
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* '''{{flagcountry|Turkey}}'''{{Ref label|G20|G20|}}<ref name="books.google.co.uk">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=XvtS5hKg9jYC&pg=PR8&dq=The+United+States+and+the+Great+Powers#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The United States and the Great Powers: World Politics in the Twenty-First Century|first=Barry|last=Buzan|date=15 October 2004|publisher=Wiley|accessdate=4 April 2018|via=Google Books|isbn=9780745633749}}</ref><ref name="StratforTurkey">{{cite web|url=http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/20090317_turkey_and_russia_rise|title=Turkey and Russia on the Rise|publisher=Stratfor|date=2009-03-17|accessdate=21 August 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823084005/http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/20090317_turkey_and_russia_rise|archivedate=23 August 2011|df=}}</ref><ref name="HeptagonTurkey">{{cite web|url=http://www.heptagonpost.com/Dessi/can_turkey_be_a_source_of_stability_in_the_middle_east|title=Can Turkey Be a Source of Stability in the Middle East? |publisher=heptagonpost.com |date=2010-12-18 |accessdate=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="economist">{{cite journal|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21536598|title= The Economist: "Turkish foreign policy: Ottoman dreamer", 5 November 2011. |journal=The Economist|accessdate=5 March 2017|date=2011-11-05}}</ref><ref name="economist2">{{cite journal|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21536647|title= The Economist: "Turkey in the Balkans: The good old days?", 5 November 2011. |journal=The Economist|accessdate=5 March 2017|date=2011-11-05}}</ref><ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2099674,00.html "Erdoğan's Moment"], cover story in the [[Time (magazine)|Time magazine]] issue of November 21–28, 2011. (Vol. 178 No. 21.) [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/0,9263,7601111128,00.html "Erdoğan's Way"] was the cover title in the editions of [http://www.time.com/time/covers/europe/0,16641,20111128,00.html Europe], [http://www.time.com/time/covers/asia/0,16641,20111128,00.html Asia] and [http://www.time.com/time/covers/pacific/0,16641,20111128,00.html South Pacific].</ref> |
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* '''{{USA}}'''{{Ref label|GP|GP}}{{Ref label|P5|P5}}{{Ref label|G7|G7}}{{Ref label|G20|G20}}{{Ref label|QUAD|QUAD}}{{Ref label|AUKUS|AUKUS}}{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}} |
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==== Africa-Asia ==== |
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*'''{{flagcountry|Egypt}}{{Ref label|G-15|G-15|}}{{Ref label|D-8|D-8}}{{Ref label|N-11|N-11}}{{Ref label|CIVETS|CIVETS}}'''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.rfi.fr/20181205-mid-east-jxn-egypts-arms-fair-boosts-militarys-image-regional-superpower|title=Egypt's arms fair boosts military's image as regional superpower|publisher=RFI}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jns.org/muslim-power-clash-egypt-and-iran-vie-for-influence-in-gaza|title=Regional power clash? Egypt and Iran vie for influence in Gaza|publisher=Jewish News Syndicate}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thenewturkey.org/egypts-rise-in-the-african-political-landscape-a-regional-power|title=Egypt’s Rise in the African Political Landscape: A Regional Power?|publisher=The New Turkey}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thecairoreview.com/essays/the-middle-east-according-to-egypt|title=The Middle East According to Egypt|publisher=The Cairo Review}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://mediterraneanaffairs.com/egypt-a-rising-regional-power-in-quest-of-new-strategic-alliances|title=Egypt: A rising regional power in quest of new strategic alliances|publisher=Mediterranean Affairs}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/after-challenging-decade-egypt-resumes-its-regional-role|title=After a Challenging Decade, Egypt Resumes Its Regional Role|publisher=Stratfor}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://medium.com/@meziechinwogu1/africa-superpower-contenders-nigeria-south-africa-egypt-fb4e634f0f82|title=Africa Superpower Contenders: Nigeria, South Africa, Egypt}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.egypttoday.com/Article/2/40658/Opinion-Egypt’s-Expanding-Regional-Role-and-Move-toward-More-Power|title=Egypt’s Expanding Regional Role and Move toward More Power|publisher=Egypt Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/125669?lang=en-us|title=Egypt’s vision towards the Syrian crisis|publisher=SIS}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sis.gov.eg/section/7302/9409?lang=en-us|title=Egypt...A regional energy center in East Mediterranean|publisher=SIS}}</ref> |
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=== Oceania === |
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Australia is considered to be a regional power due to its significant commercial and diplomatic relations in [[Asia–Pacific]] region since the late 1990s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Argounès |first=Fabrice |date=2012-07-05 |title=Australia: the Temptation of Regional Power |url=https://www.cairn-int.info/article-E_POUV_141_0103--australia-the-temptation-of-regional-pow.htm |journal=Pouvoirs |language=fr |volume=141 |issue=2 |pages=103–116 |doi=10.3917/pouv.141.0103 |issn=0152-0768}}</ref> |
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* '''{{AUS}}'''{{Ref label|G20|G20}}{{Ref label|MIKTA|MIKTA}}{{Ref label|QUAD|QUAD}}{{Ref label|AUKUS|AUKUS}}<ref name="routledge">{{cite web|url=http://www.routledge.com/shopping_cart/products/product_detail.asp?curTab=Author%20Biography&id=&parent_id=3459&sku=&isbn=9780415404211&pc=/shopping_cart/categories/categories_products.asp!parent_id=3459$so=1|publisher=routledge.com|title=Australia as an Asia-Pacific Regional Power: Friendships in Flux? (Hardback) - Routledge|date=12 September 2007|access-date=5 March 2017|archive-date=7 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407140806/https://www.routledge.com/Australia-as-an-Asia-Pacific-Regional-Power-Friendships-in-Flux-1st/Taylor/p/book/9780415404211|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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=== South America === |
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Since the [[Age of Discovery]], Portugal and Spain mostly divided [[South America]] to be the foremost colonial powers in the continent, but following [[decolonization of the Americas|decolonization]] in the first half of the 19th century, the European powers withdrew and new nations were established, although their cultural influence and languages still remain predominant in Latin America. |
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[[Brazil]] is considered one of the most compelling geopolitical power in South America, as the country has the highest population and landmass in the continent, and [[Economy of Brazil|its economic size]], which possesses large stockpiles of natural resources, including [[Mining in Brazil|valuable minerals]], a tenth of the world's fresh water and it's also one of the countries that contain the [[Amazon rainforest|Earth's largest remaining rainforest]]. Brazil has an important role in international relations, especially in economic and global environmental issues.<ref name="Kwang Ho Chun">{{cite book |author=Kwang Ho Chun|year=2013|title=The BRICs Superpower Challenge: Foreign and Security Policy Analysis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LgDJNAEACAAJ|access-date=21 September 2015|publisher=Ashgate|isbn=978-1-4094-6869-1}}</ref> |
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* '''{{ARG}}'''{{Ref label|G20|G20}}<ref>"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern Cone in the Twentieth Century." See Michael Morris, "The Srait of Magellan," in ''International Straits of the World'', edited by Gerard Mangone (Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishes, 1988), p. 63.</ref><ref name="Huntington 2001 p. 61" /><ref>"The US has created a foundation upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can developed their own rules for further managing regional relations." See David Lake, "Regional Hierarchies," in ''Globalising the Regional'', edited by Rick Fawn (UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009), p. 55.</ref><ref>"The southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community." See Emanuel Adler and Patricia Greve, "Overlapping regional mechanisms of security governance," in ''Globalising the Regional'', edited by Rick Fawn (UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009), p. 78.</ref><ref>"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone's rival regional powers, Brazil and Argentina." See Alejandra Ruiz-Dana, Peter Goldschag, Edmundo Claro and Hernan Blanco, "Regional integration, trade and conflicts in Latin America," in ''Regional Trade Integration and Conflict Resolution'', edited by Shaheen Rafi Khan (New York: Routledge, 2009), p. 18.</ref><ref name="Samuel P. Huntington 2000 p. 6" /><ref>"The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil and Argentina." See Anestis Papadopoulos, ''The International Dimension of EU Competition Law and Policy'' (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010), p. 283.</ref> |
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* '''{{BRA}}'''{{Ref label|BRICS|BRICS}}{{Ref label|G4|G4}}{{Ref label|G20|G20}}<ref>{{cite web|last1=De Lima|first1=Maria Regina Soares |last2=Hirst |first2=Monica|title=Brazil as an intermediate state and regional power: action, choice and responsibilities |url=http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International%20Affairs/Blanket%20File%20Import/inta_513.pdf|publisher=Chatham House |access-date=16 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106023112/http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International%20Affairs/Blanket%20File%20Import/inta_513.pdf|archive-date=6 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Wigell|first=Mikael|title=Assertive Brazil, an emerging power and its implications|date=19 May 2011 |url=http://www.fiia.fi/assets/publications/bp82.pdf |publisher=Finnish Institute of International Affairs|access-date=16 April 2012 |archive-date=3 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603114150/http://www.fiia.fi/assets/publications/bp82.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Schenoni |first=Luis|title=Unveiling the South American Balance|journal=Estudos Internacionais |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=215-232 |date=Jul–Dec 2015 |url=https://www.academia.edu/12944490|access-date=16 April 2015}}</ref> |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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* [[List of medieval great powers|List of historical great powers]] |
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{{div col|colwidth=30em}} |
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* [[List of |
* [[List of modern great powers]] |
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* [[Middle power]] |
* [[Middle power]] |
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{{div col end}} |
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== Notes == |
== Notes == |
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: {{note|GP}} Considered a [[great power]] |
: {{note|GP}} Considered a [[great power]] |
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: {{note| |
: {{note|AUKUS}} Member of [[AUKUS]] |
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:{{note| |
: {{note|OEI}} Member of [[Organization of Ibero-American States|OEI]] |
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:{{note| |
: {{note|BRICS}} Member of [[BRICS]] |
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:{{note| |
: {{note|CIVETS}} Member of [[CIVETS]] |
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:{{note| |
: {{note|OECD}} Member of [[OECD]] |
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:{{note|Pacific Alliance}} Member of [[Pacific Alliance]] |
: {{note|Pacific Alliance}} Member of [[Pacific Alliance]] |
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:{{note| |
: {{note|D-8}} Member of [[D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation|D-8]] |
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:{{note| |
: {{note|G7}} Member of [[Group of Seven|G7]] |
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: {{note|G-14}} Member of [[G14 (nations)|G-14]] |
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: {{note|G-15}} Member of [[Group of 15|G-15]] |
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: {{note|G20}} Member of [[G20]] |
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: {{note|MIKTA}} Member of [[MIKTA]] |
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: {{note|N-11}} Member of [[Jim O'Neill, Baron O'Neill of Gatley#Next Eleven|N-11]] |
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: {{note|OPEC}} Member of [[OPEC]] |
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: {{note|QUAD}} Member of [[Quadrilateral Security Dialogue|QUAD]] |
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: {{note|SCO}} Member of the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]] (SCO) |
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: {{note|G4}} One of the [[G4 nations]] |
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: {{note|P5}} [[Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|Permanent member of the UN Security Council]] |
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== References == |
== References == |
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Line 119: | Line 133: | ||
== Bibliography == |
== Bibliography == |
||
* {{citation |last1=Buzan |first1=Barry|last2=Wæver |first2=Ole|title=Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press |year= 2003 |page=55 |isbn=978-0-521-89111-0 |ref={{sfnref|Buzan & Wæver, Regions and Powers|2003}}}} |
* {{citation |last1=Buzan |first1=Barry|author-link1=Barry Buzan| last2=Wæver |first2=Ole|title=Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press |year= 2003 |page=55 |isbn=978-0-521-89111-0|title-link=Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security |ref={{sfnref|Buzan & Wæver, Regions and Powers|2003}}}} |
||
* {{citation |editor1-first=Nadine |editor1-last=Godehardt |editor2-first=Dirk |editor2-last=Nabers |title=Regional Orders and Regional Powers |year=2011 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-71891-5 |pages=193–208}} |
* {{citation |editor1-first=Nadine |editor1-last=Godehardt |editor2-first=Dirk |editor2-last=Nabers |title=Regional Orders and Regional Powers |year=2011 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-71891-5 |pages=193–208|ref=none}} |
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* {{citation |last1=Stewart-Ingersoll |first1=Robert |last2=Frazier |first2=Derrick |title=Regional Powers and Security Orders: A Theoretical Framework |year=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-56919-4}} |
* {{citation |last1=Stewart-Ingersoll |first1=Robert |last2=Frazier |first2=Derrick |title=Regional Powers and Security Orders: A Theoretical Framework |year=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-56919-4|ref=none}} |
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{{International power}} |
{{International power}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Regional Power}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Regional Power}} |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Types of countries]] |
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[[Category:20th-century neologisms]] |
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[[Category:Hegemony]] |
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[[Category:Political science terminology]] |
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[[Category:Political terminology]] |
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[[Category:International relations theory]] |
Revision as of 14:49, 13 May 2024
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In international relations, regional power, since the late 20th century has been used for a sovereign state that exercises significant power within its geographical region.[1][2] States that wield unrivaled power and influence within a region of the world possess regional hegemony.
Characteristics
Regional powers shape the polarity of a regional area. Typically, regional powers have capabilities which are important in the region, but do not have capabilities at a global scale. Slightly contrasting definitions differ as to what makes a regional power. The European Consortium for Political Research defines a regional power as 'a state belonging to a geographically defined region, dominating this region in economic and military terms, able to exercise hegemonic influence in the region and considerable influence on the world scale, willing to make use of power resources and recognized or even accepted as the regional leader by its neighbors.'[1]
The German Institute of Global and Area Studies states that a regional power must:[2]
- Form part of a definable region with its own identity
- Claim to be a regional power (self-image as a regional power)
- Exert decisive influence on the geographic extension of the region as well as on its ideological construction
- Dispose over comparatively high military, economic, demographic, political, and ideological capabilities
- Be well integrated into the region
- Define the regional security agenda to a high degree
- Be appreciated as a regional power by other powers in the region and beyond, especially by other regional powers
- Be well connected with regional and global forums
Regional powers
In this list are states that have been described as regional powers by international relations and political science academics, analysts, or other experts. These states, to some extent, meet the criteria for regional power status, as described above. Different experts have differing views on exactly which states are regional powers. States are arranged by their region, and in alphabetical order.
Africa
Even though the economic weight of Africa is relatively low compared to other continents, and more than two-thirds of African countries are among the least developed states in the world, Africa's rich natural resources and diverse cultures could carry the potential to enable future development.
Although South Africa was diplomatically isolated during the latter years of the apartheid era, it is considered to have successfully reintegrated into international affairs over the last 20 years. It is recognized as the only newly industrialized country in Africa and takes a crucial role in BRICS and G20.
Nigeria is often referred to as the "Giant of Africa" due to both its population and economy being the largest in Africa and the cultural influence that it holds over other countries in Sub-Saharan Africa through its movie industry and mass media. Nigeria is also the largest oil producer in Africa.
Nigeria and South Africa are among the largest African economies; both have GDPs over $250 billion (nominal) and $700 billion (PPP) as of 2020.
Sub-Saharan Africa
Asia
Historically, Imperial China was the dominant power in East Asia. From the late 19th century, the Empire of Japan initiated far-reaching Westernizing reforms, and rapidly industrialized, to become a major power in Asia by the time of World War I, as one of the Allied powers. With economic turmoil, Japan's expulsion from the League of Nations, and its interest in expansion on the mainland, Japan became one of the three main Axis powers in World War II.[citation needed]
Since the late 20th century, regional alliances, economic progress, and contrasting military power changed the strategic and regional power balance in Asia. In recent years, a re-balancing of military and economic power among emerging powers, such as China and India, has resulted in significant changes in the geopolitics of Asia. China and Japan have also gained greater influence over regions beyond Asia. In recent decades, South Korea has emerged as a significant economic and cultural power in East Asia. Japan and South Korea are important allies for the United States in the Indo-Pacific region.
East Asia
Southeast Asia
South Asia
West Asia/Middle East
- Iran[BRICS][N 11][G-15][OPEC][4][10][14]
- Israel[15]
- Saudi Arabia[G20][BRICS][OPEC][16]
- Turkey[G20][OECD][MIKTA][D-8][17][18][19]
Europe
Russia – the dominant part of a former superpower, the Soviet Union, is now considered a potential superpower, and has historically been the primary geopolitical force in Eastern Europe. France, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom, collectively known as Big Four in Western Europe, as they play pivotal roles as part of the NATO Quint in the security of the Western Bloc. Most of the continent is now integrated as a consequence of the enlargement of the European Union, which is sometimes considered a great power as a whole, despite it not being a sovereign state.[20][21] Historically, dominant powers in Europe created colonial empires (such as the Belgian, British, Danish, Dutch, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, Russian, and Spanish Empires).
Eastern Europe
Central Europe
Western Europe
Southern Europe
North America
The United States is the primary geopolitical force in North America, and is considered the contemporary sole superpower globally. It dominates the region so heavily that its neighbors, Canada and Mexico, both middle powers in the region, are generally not considered regional powers. Despite having a large enough economy to be a member of the G7, Canada is not a regional power for two reasons. It is militarily secure as a result of U.S. hegemony, and has become financially comfortable by its dependence on, and deep integration with, a robust U.S. economy.[29] Mexico is an emerging power which could probably be viewed as a regional power if grouped with Latin America, or a definite regional power if considered in either Middle America or in Hispanic America due to its economic size and diverse cultural heritages.[30] However, similar to Canada, Mexican economy is highly reliant on the U.S. with about 80% of its exports shipping to the U.S. alone.[31][32]
Oceania
Australia is considered to be a regional power due to its significant commercial and diplomatic relations in Asia–Pacific region since the late 1990s.[33]
South America
Since the Age of Discovery, Portugal and Spain mostly divided South America to be the foremost colonial powers in the continent, but following decolonization in the first half of the 19th century, the European powers withdrew and new nations were established, although their cultural influence and languages still remain predominant in Latin America.
Brazil is considered one of the most compelling geopolitical power in South America, as the country has the highest population and landmass in the continent, and its economic size, which possesses large stockpiles of natural resources, including valuable minerals, a tenth of the world's fresh water and it's also one of the countries that contain the Earth's largest remaining rainforest. Brazil has an important role in international relations, especially in economic and global environmental issues.[35]
See also
Notes
- ^ Considered a great power
- ^ Member of AUKUS
- ^ Member of OEI
- ^ Member of BRICS
- ^ Member of CIVETS
- ^ Member of OECD
- ^ Member of Pacific Alliance
- ^ Member of D-8
- ^ Member of G7
- ^ Member of G-14
- ^ Member of G-15
- ^ Member of G20
- ^ Member of MIKTA
- ^ Member of N-11
- ^ Member of OPEC
- ^ Member of QUAD
- ^ Member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)
- ^ One of the G4 nations
- ^ Permanent member of the UN Security Council
References
- ^ a b Joachim Betz, Ian Taylor, "The Rise of (New) Regional Powers in Asia, Africa, Latin America..."[dead link], German Overseas Institute & University of St. Andrews, May 2007
- ^ a b Martin Beck, The Concept of Regional Power: The Middle East as a Deviant Case?, German Institute of Global and Area Studies, Hamburg, 11–12 December 2006.
- ^ Flemes, Daniel (2010). Regional Leadership in the Global System: Ideas, Interests and Strategies of Regional Powers. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 9780754679127.
- ^ a b c Buzan, Barry (2004). The United States and the Great Powers. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Polity Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-7456-3375-6.
- ^ "www.iss.co.za". Archived from the original on 12 October 2006.
- ^ "Southern Africa is home to the other of sub-Saharan Africa's regional powers: South Africa. South Africa is more than just a regional power; it is by far the most developed and economically powerful country in Africa, and now it is able to use that influence in Africa more than during the days of apartheid (white rule), when it was ostracized." See David Lynch, Trade and Globalization (Lanham, USA: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2010), p. 51.
- ^ Holliday, IAN (2006). "Japan and the Myanmar Stalemate: Regional Power and Resolution of a Regional Problem| Japanese Journal of Political Science | Cambridge Core". Japanese Journal of Political Science. 6 (3): 393. doi:10.1017/S1468109905001969. S2CID 154946583.
- ^ "South Korea: A Major Regional Power" (PDF). Journal of Sociology. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
- ^ Emmers, Ralf. "Regional hegemonies and the exercise of power in Southeast Asia: A study of Indonesia and Vietnam" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, Le Centre Sheraton Hotel, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 17 March 2004. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
- ^ a b Buzan & Wæver, Regions and Powers (2003, p. 55)
- ^ Perkovich, George. "Is India a Major Power?" (PDF). The Washington Quarterly (27.1 Winter 2003–04). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2008. Retrieved 13 December 2007.
- ^ Encarta - Great Powers Archived 31 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Dilip Mohite (Spring 1993). "Swords and Ploughshares- India: The Fourth Great Power?". Vol. 7, No. 3. Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security (ACDIS). Archived from the original on 1 September 2006. Retrieved 13 December 2007.
- ^ "Iran is a strong regional power, in a far better shape than Pakistan because of its economic capabilities, rich mineral and energy resources, and internal stability, added to its far greater geostrategic importance." In Hooman Peimani, Nuclear Proliferation in the Indian Subcontinent (Westport: Praeger Publishers, 2000), p. 30.
- ^ Butenschøn, Nils A. (1992). "Israel as a Regional Great Power: Paradoxes of Regional Alienation". Regional Great Powers in International Politics. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 95–119. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-12661-3_5. ISBN 9781349126637.
- ^ Ehteshami, Anoush (2018). "Saudi Arabia as a Resurgent Regional Power". The International Spectator. 53 (4): 75–94. doi:10.1080/03932729.2018.1507722. S2CID 158177906.
- ^ Kenan Aksu (2013). Turkey: A Regional Power in the Making (PDF). Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4438-4870-1. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
- ^ Deniz Devrim, Evelina Schulz. "Turkey's Rise as a Regional Power and its Role in the European Neighbourhood (ARI)". Elcano Royal Institute. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
- ^ André Bank; Roy Karadag (2013). Before the Arab Revolts and After: Turkey's Transformed Regional Power Status in the Middle East. Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 103–121. doi:10.1057/9781137484758_6. ISBN 978-1-349-50355-1. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
- ^ Kirchner, E.J.; Sperling, J. (2007). Global Security Governance: Competing Perceptions of Security in the Twenty-First Century. Taylor & Francis. p. 265. ISBN 9781134222223. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
- ^ Aghion, P.; Durlauf, S.N. (2005). Handbook of Economic Growth. Elsevier. p. 788. ISBN 9780444520418. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
- ^ a b "Secondary regional powers in Huntington's view include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and Argentina." See Tom Nierop, "The Clash of Civilisations," in The Territorial Factor, edited by Gertjan Dijkink and Hans Knippenberg (Amsterdam: Vossiuspers UvA, 2001), p. 61.
- ^ a b Samuel P. Huntington, "Culture, Power, and Democracy," in Globalization, Power, and Democracy, edited by Marc Plattner and Aleksander Smolar (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000), p. 6.
- ^ Gabriele Abbondanza, Italy as a Regional Power: the African Context from National Unification to the Present Day (Rome: Aracne, 2016)
- ^ The reality of Spain in 2021 is that of a relevant middle power with the potential to gain more importance in the world. https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/consejodeministros/resumenes/Documents/2021/270421-foreigh_action_strategy_2021-2024.pdf
- ^ Spain, as a middle power with global connections and goals. https://arctic-council.org/news/interview-with-arctic-council-observer-spain/
- ^ http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/MelbJIL/2013/18.pdf
- ^ https://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12621063/index.pdf
- ^ Alice Bothwell, "Can Canada Still Be Considered a Middle Power?," Master's Thesis (University of Stellenbosch), p. 34
- ^ Maihold, Günther (2017). "Mexico: A leader in search of like-minded peers" (PDF). International Journal. 71 (4): 545–562. doi:10.1177/0020702016687336. S2CID 152064492. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
- ^ "US-Mexico Economic Relations: Trends, Issues, and Implications" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. 25 June 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 October 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
Mexico's per capita GDP is relatively high by global standards, and falls within the World Bank's upper-middle income category. Mexico's economy relies heavily on the United States as an export market. The value of exports equaled 39% of Mexico's GDP in 2019, as shown in Table 1, and approximately 80% of Mexico's exports were headed to the United States.
- ^ "Mexico: Economy Highly Dependent on the United States". Candriam. 2 July 2019. Archived from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
- ^ Argounès, Fabrice (5 July 2012). "Australia: the Temptation of Regional Power". Pouvoirs (in French). 141 (2): 103–116. doi:10.3917/pouv.141.0103. ISSN 0152-0768.
- ^ "Australia as an Asia-Pacific Regional Power: Friendships in Flux? (Hardback) - Routledge". routledge.com. 12 September 2007. Archived from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
- ^ Kwang Ho Chun (2013). The BRICs Superpower Challenge: Foreign and Security Policy Analysis. Ashgate. ISBN 978-1-4094-6869-1. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
- ^ "Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern Cone in the Twentieth Century." See Michael Morris, "The Srait of Magellan," in International Straits of the World, edited by Gerard Mangone (Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishes, 1988), p. 63.
- ^ "The US has created a foundation upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can developed their own rules for further managing regional relations." See David Lake, "Regional Hierarchies," in Globalising the Regional, edited by Rick Fawn (UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009), p. 55.
- ^ "The southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community." See Emanuel Adler and Patricia Greve, "Overlapping regional mechanisms of security governance," in Globalising the Regional, edited by Rick Fawn (UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009), p. 78.
- ^ "[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone's rival regional powers, Brazil and Argentina." See Alejandra Ruiz-Dana, Peter Goldschag, Edmundo Claro and Hernan Blanco, "Regional integration, trade and conflicts in Latin America," in Regional Trade Integration and Conflict Resolution, edited by Shaheen Rafi Khan (New York: Routledge, 2009), p. 18.
- ^ "The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil and Argentina." See Anestis Papadopoulos, The International Dimension of EU Competition Law and Policy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010), p. 283.
- ^ De Lima, Maria Regina Soares; Hirst, Monica. "Brazil as an intermediate state and regional power: action, choice and responsibilities" (PDF). Chatham House. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2012.
- ^ Wigell, Mikael (19 May 2011). "Assertive Brazil, an emerging power and its implications" (PDF). Finnish Institute of International Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 June 2013. Retrieved 16 April 2012.
- ^ Schenoni, Luis (July–December 2015). "Unveiling the South American Balance". Estudos Internacionais. 2 (2): 215–232. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
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